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Blake JM, Thompson J, HogenEsch H, Ekenstedt KJ. Heritability and genome-wide association study of vaccine-induced immune response in Beagles: A pilot study. Vaccine 2024; 42:3099-3106. [PMID: 38604911 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to individual variation in the immune response to vaccination. Understanding how genetic background influences variation in both magnitude and persistence of vaccine-induced immunity is vital for improving vaccine development and identifying possible causes of vaccine failure. Dogs provide a relevant biomedical model for investigating mammalian vaccine genetics; canine breed structure and long linkage disequilibrium simplify genetic studies in this species compared to humans. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of the antibody response to vaccination against viral and bacterial pathogens, and to identify genes driving variation of the immune response to vaccination in Beagles. Sixty puppies were immunized following a standard vaccination schedule with an attenuated combination vaccine containing antigens for canine adenovirus type 2, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine parvovirus, and four strains of Leptospira bacteria. Serum antibody measurements for each viral and bacterial component were measured at multiple time points. Heritability estimations and GWAS were conducted using SNP genotypes at 279,902 markers together with serum antibody titer phenotypes. The heritability estimates were: (1) to Leptospira antigens, ranging from 0.178 to 0.628; and (2) to viral antigens, ranging from 0.199 to 0.588. There was not a significant difference between overall heritability of vaccine-induced immune response to Leptospira antigens compared to viral antigens. Genetic architecture indicates that SNPs of low to high effect contribute to immune response to vaccination. GWAS identified two genetic markers associated with vaccine-induced immune response phenotypes. Collectively, these findings indicate that genetic regulation of the immune response to vaccination is antigen-specific and influenced by multiple genes of small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanna M Blake
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - James Thompson
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Deng X, Su J, Hu B, Bai X. A method for screening CDV microneutralization activity in microvolume samples. J Virol Methods 2024; 325:114883. [PMID: 38195043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish a screening method for canine distemper virus (CDV) microneutralizing activity suitable for microvolume samples. METHODS This method is based on the Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) established on Vero-slam cells. First, by comparing the sensitivities of CDV neutralizing monoclonal antibody (1C42H11) and NP protein monoclonal antibody (CDV-NP) in IFA experiments, CDV-NP was selected as the primary antibody. Then, by detecting the infection rates of multi-concentrations of CDV neutralized with water, the minimum CDV concentration with an infection rate greater than 90% was defined as the minimum stable infection concentration, which was used as the neutralizing solution for this method. Finally, the CDV-positive neutralizing serum (neutralizing titer 1:708) was diluted into multiple dilution groups as test samples, and then neutralized in equal volumes with the neutralizing solution to detect the neutralizing activity detection rates of each dilution group and the lowest detection limit of this method. RESULTS The results showed that the neutralizing activity of serum with a CDV neutralizing titer of 1:708 diluted 212 times was the lowest limit of detection, and the detection rate of microneutralizing activity was 63.54 ± 4.774%. CONCLUSION This study established an economical, stable, and easy-to-operate CDV microneutralizing activity high-throughput screening method, laying a methodological foundation for the development of native CDV neutralizing antibodies based on single B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Deng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jiazi Su
- Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun 130507, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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Vetter Hiebert JR, Petters Cabrera JG, Benítez Del Puerto S, González Vatteone R, Florentín Morel M, Dacak Aguilera DA, Brítez Valinotti CE, Ramírez Diarte R, González González LM, Coronel Díaz C, Osorio P, Cardozo W, Bracho F, Soto CR, Domínguez Barreto NM, Sciabarrasi AA. Rescue and rehabilitation of maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in Paraguay: Case description. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1395. [PMID: 38459818 PMCID: PMC10924275 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, is the largest South American canid, with a natural distribution that stretches across Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The present study reports the case of a rescued specimen of maned wolf that underwent a rehabilitation process in Paraguay, starting in October 2020 with its rescue, and finalising in May 2021 with the reintroduction. Herein, we document findings regarding the general management, biometrics, feeding and environmental enrichment; chemical immobilisation and monitoring; haematology, blood biochemistry and specific serology-relevant pathogens; skin examination and bone marrow cytology; orthopaedic, ophthalmological and dental evaluation; abdominal and cardiac ultrasonography; radiology and copro-parasitology. Main findings include the feeding habits of the individual and enrichment opportunities. The animal weighed 7 kg on arrival, with an estimated age of 5 months, and 18 kg on reintroduction, with an estimated age of 1 year. The animal tested negative to serologic tests for Brucella canis, Dirofilaria, canine distemper, Toxoplasmosis and canine parvovirus. Leptospira testing showed antibodies against L. grippotyphosa on both samplings, L. wolffi and L. ictero on the first sampling, and L. pomona on the second sampling. Abdominal organs were examined and measured through ultrasound evaluation and kidneys showed no alterations. Echocardiography showed preserved mitral, tricuspid and aortic valve flows, but turbulent pulmonary valve flow. Copro-parasitology reported the presence of Lagochilascaris sp. and Balantidium sp. All the information gathered aided in diagnosing the health status of the individual, and the response to environmental enrichment helped assess the behaviour, which led to the suggestion of reintroducing the animal. These data constitute the first published health check of a maned wolf in Paraguay, which can contribute to the species' conservation in the country. The protocol presented in this study can serve as a basis for developing an action plan for the maned wolf in Paraguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Richard Vetter Hiebert
- Departamento de Recursos Faunísticos y Medio Natural, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | | | - Roger González Vatteone
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Técnica Operatoria, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Coronel Díaz
- Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Dirección General de Protección y Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Dirección de Vida Silvestre, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | | | - Fátima Bracho
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Claudia Raquel Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Antonio Alejandro Sciabarrasi
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Centro de rescate e interpretación de la Fauna La Esmeralda, Gobierno de Santa Fe, Argentina
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Akhtardanesh B, Khedri J, Tokasi M, Tazerji SS, Shokrollahi N, Sadeghi B, Poursina M, Malik YS, Hajipour P. Survey of Common Infectious Diseases in Urban Foxes (Vulpes spp.) in Southeastern Iran. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:77-85. [PMID: 37924237 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is one of the most common species of wild Canidae and is relatively abundant in Iran. Foxes (Vulpes spp.) transmit many zoonotic diseases, the most important of which are visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, hydatidosis, toxocariasis, and trichinellosis. In this study, visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, ectoparasites, canine gastrointestinal helminths, dermatophytosis, distemper, parvovirus infection, and heartworm infections were evaluated among live-trapped and rescued foxes injured by traffic road accidents referred to the teaching hospital of Kerman, Iran, veterinary faculty. Skin scraping and direct microscopic examination were used to detect ectoparasites and dermatophytosis. Immunochromatography rapid kits were used to detect dirofilariasis, parvovirus infection, and distemper. Necropsy was used to check for gastrointestinal parasites. Rabies and visceral leishmaniosis were screened for with direct fluorescent antibody test and ELISA methods, respectively. Gastrointestinal helminth infections, including Toxocara canis, Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoids, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia hydatigena, Echinococcus granulosus, Rictolaria spp., Oxynema spp., Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, and Physaloptera spp., were detected. Skin scrapings showed dermatophytosis and various ectoparasites, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis, and Sarcoptes scabiei, in foxes with dermal lesions. Distemper and parvovirus infection (26.66%) were the common viral diseases, and rabies infection rate was quite high (16.66%). Dirofilariasis and leishmaniasis were detected in 10% of the population. This study showed that urban foxes which often cohabit with humans and domestic animals are carriers of many different pathogens. This interaction may facilitate indirect cross-species transmission of zoonotic disease. Periodic health monitoring and multidisciplinary cooperation for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of these zoonoses is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Akhtardanesh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran
| | - Javad Khedri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mahya Tokasi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran
| | - Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1477893855, Iran
| | - Nasim Shokrollahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Food Hygiene and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran
| | - Mansour Poursina
- Environmental Protection Organization of Kerman Province, Department of Wildlife Protection and Management, Kerman, 7618114735, Iran
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Pouneh Hajipour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran
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Gonzales-Viera O, Goldstein T, Duignan P, Eiamcharoen P, Keel MK. California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) lymph-node explant reveals involvement and possible transcriptional regulation of SLAM and nectin-4 during phocine distemper virus infection. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:125-134. [PMID: 37458158 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231186189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a significant cause of mortality for phocid seals; however, the susceptibility of otariids to this virus is poorly understood. The authors used a lymph-node explant culture system from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus, CSL) to investigate: (1) the role of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 in PDV infection and their cellular expression patterns, (2) if PDV induces transcriptional regulation of cell-entry receptors, and (3) the involvement of apoptosis in PDV infection. PDV replicated in the lymph-node explants with peak replication 3 days post-infection (dpi), but the replication was not sustained 4 to 5 dpi. The PDV+ cells co-localized SLAM and nectin-4. These cells expressed IBA1, indicating a histiocytic lineage. Comparison of receptor expression between infected and mock-infected lymph nodes suggested transcriptional downregulation of both receptors during the initial stage of infection and upregulation during the late stage of infection, but the values lack of statistical significance. Cleaved caspase-3+ cells were slightly increased in the infected lymph nodes compared with the mock-infected lymph node from 1 to 4 dpi, but without statistical significance, and a few apoptotic cells co-expressed PDV. The results suggest that lymph-node explants might be an important model to study PDV pathogenesis. CSLs have the potential to be infected with PDV, as they express both cell-entry receptors in histiocytes. The lack of statistical significance in the PDV replication, transcriptional regulation of viral receptors, and changes in apoptosis suggest that although CSL might be infected by PDV, they might be less susceptible than phocid species.
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Lavorente FLP, Spera CG, Miyabe FM, Lorenzetti E, Fritzen JTT, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Serological Survey for Three Canine Viruses in Brazilian Wild Carnivores : Antibodies Against Canine Viruses in Wild Carnivores. Ecohealth 2023; 20:349-354. [PMID: 38110612 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of antibodies against CaHV-1, CDV, and CPV-2 in serum samples from Brazilian wild carnivore species. Nine maned wolves and six crab-eating foxes were tested for CaHV-1 and CDV by virus neutralization test and CPV-2 by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Antibodies to CaHV-1, CDV, and CPV-2 were detected in serum samples of 1 (6.7%), 5 (33.3%), and 10 (66.7%) wild carnivores, respectively. Two maned wolves and one crab-eating fox were seropositive simultaneously for CDV and CPV-2. Antibodies against all viruses were detected in one crab-eating fox. This is the first report of CaHV-1 antibody detection in crab-eating foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Louise Pereira Lavorente
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Caroline Giuseppa Spera
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Flavia Megumi Miyabe
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
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Haeder SF. Assessing vaccine hesitancy and support for vaccination requirements for pets and potential Spillovers from humans. Vaccine 2023; 41:7322-7332. [PMID: 37935596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing vaccination hesitancy is well-document among humans. However, we know very little about vaccination hesitancy for pets as well as whether the two phenomena are interconnected. Moreover, support for pet vaccination requirements also remain underassessed. METHODS We fielded a large, national survey (N = 3,958) on August 18 and August 19, 2023, to assess U.S. public opinion about the vaccination status of dogs (rabies, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, canine influenza, and Lyme disease) and cats (rabies, feline panleukopenia (parvo), feline herpesvirus-1, feline chlamydia, and feline Bordetella) in the United States. We also queried respondents about their support for vaccination requirements for the 10 diseases. RESULTS We find that the vast majority of cats and dogs are vaccinated. However, a substantial minority of pets is not, particularly for cats and for non-core vaccines. We find that attitudinal measures of human and pet vaccine hesitancy are closely related to each other. Moreover, they are strong predictors of vaccine behavior. Measures of vaccine hesitancy are also strong predictors of support for vaccination mandates. Common measures used to assess human vaccine hesitancy showed inconsistent effects. However, pet vaccinations appear to be less politically polarizing. CONCLUSION The high correlation between pet and human measures raises the stake for public health efforts to improve attitudes about vaccines and vaccination rates across the board. Strong support for vaccination requirements should encourage policymakers to explore policy change. Moreover, veterinarians and their associations should consider expanding the number of core vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Haeder
- Department of Health Policy & Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, TAMU 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Rd, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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Gonzalez SE, Gogal RM, Meindl AG, Boyer N, Nelson S, Everett SE, Vetter CA, Gonzalez JM. Influence of age and vaccination interval on canine parvovirus, distemper virus, and adenovirus serum antibody titers. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110630. [PMID: 37418822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Canine core vaccine titer screenings are becoming increasingly popular in veterinary practice as a tool to guide vaccination decisions, despite a lack of supportive, peer-reviewed evidence-based literature. Additionally, it has been suggested that the canine core vaccine duration of host protective immunity can persist past the currently recommended vaccination interval. Thus, this study evaluated serum antibody titers against three core antigens in dogs with known vaccination histories and lifestyles, analyzing the effect of life stage, exposure risk, and time since last vaccination (TSLV). Clinically healthy dogs (n = 188) presenting to the primary care services of three colleges of veterinary medicine were selected to represent a variety of ages, breeds, and vaccination history. Serum antibody titers for canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV), and canine adenovirus-2 (CAV2) were measured via virus neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition. CAV2 and CPV titers decreased, while CDV titers had a decreasing trend with increasing time since last vaccination or vaccination interval. When assessing circulating antibody levels historially associated with protective immunity across various vaccination intervals, 62% (95%CI 36-82%; 8/13) of dogs had positive titers for CDV 5 years post last vaccination, while 92% (95%CI 67-99%; 12/13) of dogs were positive for CAV2 and CPV. Both advanced age and life stage were associated with lower titers and thus, identify a canine population cohort likely at higher disease risk. The results of this study revealed that patient duration of core vaccine-mediated immunity changes with a number of variables, with animal aging and time since vaccination influencing host humoral immunity. This provides further support for the performance of canine core antibody titers to assess whether a vaccine booster and/or specific type of booster is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gonzalez
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, UGA Pet Health Center, 125 Veterinary Loop, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Robert M Gogal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Alison G Meindl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Neala Boyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, USA
| | - Susan Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, USA
| | - S Ellen Everett
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, UGA Pet Health Center, 125 Veterinary Loop, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Autumn Vetter
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, UGA Pet Health Center, 125 Veterinary Loop, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John M Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
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Neupane S, Wellehan JFX, Childress AL, Snook ER, Porter BF. Meningoencephalitis caused by concurrent infection with canine distemper virus and a unique Sarcocystis sp. in a gray fox. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:443-447. [PMID: 37042064 PMCID: PMC10331395 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231169768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A deceased 9-wk-old male gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) with a history of decreased ambulation and diarrhea was submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. No significant gross findings were evident on postmortem examination. Histologically, the cerebrum and brainstem had mild necrotizing meningoencephalitis with protozoal schizonts and merozoites. Additionally, glial cells contained intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. Sections of the cerebrum were positive for canine distemper virus (CDV) and negative for Sarcocystis neurona on immunohistochemistry. Bayesian analysis revealed that this Sarcocystis sp. clustered most closely with a clade of unnamed Sarcocystis sp. found in viperid snakes, with a posterior probability of 99%. CDV likely played a significant role in the expression of clinical sarcocystosis in this gray fox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Neupane
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - April L. Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Brian F. Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Chen F, Guo Z, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Hu B, Bai L, Zhao S, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. Canine distemper virus N protein induces autophagy to facilitate viral replication. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:60. [PMID: 36922800 PMCID: PMC10015816 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most contagious and lethal viruses known to the Canidae, with a very broad and expanding host range. Autophagy serves as a fundamental stabilizing response against pathogens, but some viruses have been able to evade or exploit it for their replication. However, the effect of autophagy mechanisms on CDV infection is still unclear. RESULTS In the present study, autophagy was induced in CDV-infected Vero cells as demonstrated by elevated LC3-II levels and aggregation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 spots. Furthermore, CDV promoted the complete autophagic process, which could be determined by the degradation of p62, co-localization of LC3 with lysosomes, GFP degradation, and accumulation of LC3-II and p62 due to the lysosomal protease inhibitor E64d. In addition, the use of Rapamycin to promote autophagy promoted CDV replication, and the inhibition of autophagy by Wortmannin, Chloroquine and siRNA-ATG5 inhibited CDV replication, revealing that CDV-induced autophagy facilitated virus replication. We also found that UV-inactivated CDV still induced autophagy, and that nucleocapsid (N) protein was able to induce complete autophagy in an mTOR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time revealed that CDV N protein induced complete autophagy to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zijing Guo
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yongshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Becker AS, Silva Júnior JVJ, Weiblen R, Flores EF. An appraisal of gene targets for phylogenetic classification of canine distemper virus: Is the hemagglutinin the best candidate? Virus Res 2023; 325:199043. [PMID: 36634899 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of the canine distemper virus (CDV) hemagglutinin (H) gene may provide important insights on virus-host interactions and has also been frequently used for CDV phylogenetic classification. Herein, we performed an in silico analysis of CDV complete genomes (CGs) available in GenBank in order to investigate the suitability of H for CDV classification into lineages/genotypes. In addition, we analyzed the other viral genes for their potential use in CDV classification. Initially, we collected 116 CDV CGs from GenBank and compared their phylogenetic classification with that of their respective H nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences. Subsequently, we calculated the geodesic distance between the CG and H phylogenetic trees. These analyses were later performed with other CDV genes. All CDV CGs were also evaluated for possible recombination events. Nucleotide and aa analyses of H misclassified some Vaccine/America 1/Asia 3 lineage sequences compared to CG analysis, finding supported by both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (B-MCMC) methods. Moreover, aa-based H analysis showed additional disagreements with the classification obtained by CG. The geodesic distance between the H and CG trees was 0.0680. Strong recombination signals were identified in the H gene, including Vaccine/America 1/Asia 3 lineage sequences. In contrast, C and P were the only genes that fully reproduced the CG classification (by ML and/or B-MCMC) and that did not show strong recombination signals. Furthermore, the P phylogenetic tree showed the lowest geodesic distance from the CG tree (0.0369). These findings suggest C and P as potential targets for CDV phylogenetic classification, especially when full genome sequencing is not possible. Finally, since our results were obtained considering the CDV CGs available to date, future analyses performed as more CDV sequences become available will be useful to assess probable issues of H-based phylogeny and to consolidate the suitability of the C and P genes for CDV classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Silveira Becker
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Setor de Virologia, Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Allen C, Ellis A, Liang R, Lim A, Newbury S. Prolonged persistence of canine distemper virus RNA, and virus isolation in naturally infected shelter dogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280186. [PMID: 36662900 PMCID: PMC9858347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus remains an important source of morbidity and mortality in animal shelters. RT-PCR is commonly used to aid diagnosis and has been used to monitor dogs testing positive over time to gauge the end of infectious potential. Many dogs excrete viral RNA for prolonged periods which has complicated disease management. The goal of this retrospective study was to describe the duration and characteristics of viral RNA excretion in shelter dogs with naturally occurring CDV and investigate the relationship between that viral RNA excretion and infectious potential using virus isolation data. Records from 98 different humane organizations with suspect CDV were reviewed. A total of 5,920 dogs were tested with 1,393; 4,452; and 75 found to be positive, negative, or suspect on RT-PCR respectively. The median duration of a positive test was 34 days (n = 325), and 25% (82/325) of the dogs still excreting viral RNA after 62 days of monitoring. Virus isolation was performed in six dogs who were RT-PCR positive for > 60 days. Infectious virus was isolated only within the first two weeks of monitoring at or around the peak viral RNA excretion (as detected by the lowest cycle threshold) reported for each dog. Our findings suggest that peak viral RNA excretion and the days surrounding it might be used as a functional marker to gauge the end of infectious risk. Clarifying the earliest point in time when dogs testing positive for canine distemper by RT-PCR can be considered non-contagious will improve welfare and lifesaving potential of shelters by enabling recovered dogs to be cleared more quickly for live release outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Allen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Ellis
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ruibin Liang
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandra Newbury
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Gonzales-Viera O, Woolard KD, Keel MK. Lung and lymph node explants to study the interaction between host cells and canine distemper virus. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:44-51. [PMID: 36459718 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV, family Paramyxoviridae) is a widely known fatal disease in unvaccinated dogs and wild carnivores. The virus enters via the respiratory tract and rapidly spreads to the lymphoid organs. To investigate viral entry into these tissues, a dog tissue explant model was developed for lung and lymph nodes. Canine lung explants were cultured with CDV for three days. During this time CDV antigens were visible on alveolar cells, which were CD163-positive and SLAM-positive (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule), demonstrating that they were macrophages. The lymph node explants were maintained for five days. During this time the viral replication increased progressively by each day post infection and syncytia were observed by day three, post exposure. The microscopic distribution of CDV-positive cells in the lymph nodes, including the syncytia, and co-expression of CD163 and SLAM, demonstrated that they were macrophages. These findings suggest that alveolar macrophages are the first cells in the lung to become infected during CDV infection, and lymph node explants showed similar replication rates and virus-cell interactions as seen in experimental live animals. This demonstrates the utility of canine respiratory and lymphoid explant model to evaluate cell entry and viral replication of CDV and other morbilliviruses in dogs or other susceptible carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gonzales-Viera
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA; California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS), Davis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - M Kevin Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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Gastelum-Leyva F, Pena-Jasso A, Alvarado-Vera M, Plascencia-López I, Patrón-Romero L, Loera-Castañeda V, Gándara-Mireles JA, Lares-Asseff I, Leal-Ávila MÁ, Alvelais-Palacios JA, Almeida-Pérez J, Bogdanchikova N, Pestryakov A, Almanza-Reyes H. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Silver Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Non-Neurological and Neurological Distemper in Dogs: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Viruses 2022; 14:2329. [PMID: 36366427 PMCID: PMC9694365 DOI: 10.3390/v14112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), a multisystemic infectious disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate in dogs. Nanotechnology represents a development opportunity for new molecules with antiviral effects that may become effective treatments in veterinary medicine. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in 207 CDV, naturally infected, mixed-breed dogs exhibiting clinical signs of the non-neurological and neurological phases of the disease. Group 1a included 52 dogs (experimental group) diagnosed with non-neurologic distemper treated with 3% oral and nasal AgNPs in addition to supportive therapy. Group 1b included 46 dogs (control group) diagnosed with non-neurological distemper treated with supportive therapy only. Group 2a included 58 dogs with clinical signs of neurological distemper treated with 3% oral and nasal AgNPs in addition to supportive therapy. Group 2b included 51 dogs (control group) diagnosed with clinical signs of neurological distemper treated with supportive therapy only. Efficacy was measured by the difference in survival rates: in Group 1a, the survival rate was 44/52 (84.6%), versus 7/46 in Group 1b (15.2%), while both showed clinical signs of non-neurological distemper. The survival rate of dogs with clinical signs of neurological distemper in Group 2a (38/58; 65.6%) was significantly higher than those in Control Group 2b (0/51; 0%). No adverse reactions were detected in experimental groups treated with AgNPs. AgNPs significantly improved survival in dogs with clinical signs of neurological and non-neurological distemper. The use of AgNPs in the treatment of neurological distemper led to a drastic increase in the proportion of dogs recovered without sequels compared to dogs treated without AgNPs. The evidence demonstrates that AgNP therapy can be considered as a targeted treatment in dogs severely affected by canine distemper virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ismael Plascencia-López
- Faculty of Accounting and Administration, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
| | - Leslie Patrón-Romero
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - María Ángeles Leal-Ávila
- School of Heath Sciences, Valle de Las Palmas, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
| | - J. A. Alvelais-Palacios
- School of Heath Sciences, Valle de Las Palmas, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
| | | | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, UNAM (CNyN-UNAM), Ensenada 22860, Mexico
| | - Alexey Pestryakov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Horacio Almanza-Reyes
- Cluster de Bioeconomía de Baja California, A.C., Tijuana 22040, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
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Geiselhardt F, Peters M, Kleinschmidt S, Chludzinski E, Stoff M, Ludlow M, Beineke A. Neuropathologic and molecular aspects of a canine distemper epizootic in red foxes in Germany. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14691. [PMID: 36038706 PMCID: PMC9424316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last fifteen years, an epidemic of canine distemper virus (CDV) with marked neurotropism has occurred in Europe after a longer period of endemic transmission. Many wildlife species have been infected, with red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) being particularly affected. Given that this species is assumed to mediate cross-species CDV infections to domestic and wild animals, tissue samples from foxes with confirmed CDV infection in North-Western Germany were investigated to better understand the neurotropic aspects of the disease. This analysis included histopathology, virus distribution and cell tropism, phenotyping of inflammatory responses and determination of the genotype of the viruses based on the phylogeny of the hemagglutinin (H) gene. The predominant lesion type is gliosis in both gray and white matter areas associated with an accumulation of Iba1+ macrophages/microglia and upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in the brain, while sequestration of CD3+ T and Pax5+ B cell in CDV-infected foxes is limited. Demyelination is found in few foxes, characterized by reduced myelin staining with loss of CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in the cerebellar white matter and brainstem. In addition, axonal damage, characterized by β-amyloid precursor protein expression, is found mainly in these brain regions. In situ hybridization reveals a primary infection of the cerebral and cerebellar gray matter and brain stem. Iba1+ cells and NeuN+ neurons represent the main CDV targets. Sequencing of the CDV H open reading frame from fox tissues reveals that the virus strains belongs to three different sub-lineages of the Europe-1/South America-1 genotype, suggesting independent transmission lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Geiselhardt
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Westfalen, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food- and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Elisa Chludzinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
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Weyna AAW, Niedringhaus KD, Kunkel MR, Fenton HMA, Keel MK, Webb AH, Bahnson C, Radisic R, Munk B, Sánchez S, Nemeth NM. Listeriosis with viral coinfections in 8 gray foxes, 8 wild turkeys, and 2 young cervids in the southeastern United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:654-661. [PMID: 35686438 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that can cause disease in many species, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. Increased interactions via shared habitats may promote pathogen transmission among these groups. Our objectives were to evaluate the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study diagnostic data to characterize and compare L. monocytogenes-induced lesions and comorbidities in gray foxes and wild turkeys, and to describe cases of listeriosis in 2 cervids. From 1991-2020, 8 gray foxes, 8 wild turkeys, a neonatal elk, and a white-tailed deer fawn from several eastern states in the United States were diagnosed with listeriosis. All 8 foxes had hepatitis and/or hepatic necrosis with intralesional gram-positive bacilli, and concurrent canine distemper virus (CDV) infection; 2 of the foxes had been vaccinated recently for CDV. L. monocytogenes was cultured from the liver (6 of 8) or lung (2 of 8) of foxes. Lesions in wild turkeys included hepatocellular necrosis (3 of 8), heterophilic hepatitis (1 of 8), heterophilic granulomas (1 of 8), intrasinusoidal gram-positive bacilli without hepatic lesions (1 of 8), granulomatous dermatitis (1 of 8), and/or granulomatous myocarditis (2 of 8). Lymphoproliferative disease viral DNA was detected in 5 of 6 turkeys tested; reticuloendotheliosis viral DNA was detected in 2 of 3 turkeys tested. Both cervids had systemic listeriosis, with L. monocytogenes isolated from liver. Immunohistochemistry for Listeria spp. on select cases revealed immunolabeling in affected organs. Listeriosis was thus established as a cause of morbidity and mortality in 3 wildlife species, which often suffered from concurrent infections and likely immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisia A W Weyna
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin D Niedringhaus
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melanie R Kunkel
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather M A Fenton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St. Kitts & Nevis
| | - M Kevin Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amy H Webb
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Radisic
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brandon Munk
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | - Susan Sánchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Stokholm I, Härkönen T, Harding KC, Siebert U, Lehnert K, Dietz R, Teilmann J, Galatius A, Worsøe Havmøller L, Carroll EL, Hall A, Olsen MT. Phylogenomic insights to the origin and spread of phocine distemper virus in European harbour seals in 1988 and 2002. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 133:47-56. [PMID: 31089002 DOI: 10.3354/dao03328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus (PDV) outbreaks in European harbour seals Phoca vitulina are among the largest mass mortality events recorded in marine mammals. Despite its large impact on harbour seal population numbers, and 3 decades of studies, many questions regarding the spread and temporal origin of PDV remain unanswered. Here, we sequenced and analysed 7123 bp of the PDV genome, including the coding and non-coding regions of the entire P, M, F and H genes in tissues from 44 harbour seals to shed new light on the origin and spread of PDV in 1988 and 2002. The phylogenetic analyses trace the origin of the PDV strain causing the 1988 outbreak to between May 1987 and April 1988, while the origin of the strain causing the 2002 outbreak can be traced back to between June 2001 and May 2002. The analyses further point to several independent introductions of PDV in 1988, possibly linked to a southward mass immigration of harp seals in the winter and spring of 1987-1988. The vector for the 2002 outbreak is unknown, but the epidemiological analyses suggest the subsequent spread of PDV from the epicentre in the Kattegat, Denmark, to haul-out sites in the North Sea through several independent introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Stokholm
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Furtado MM, Hayashi EMK, Allendorf SD, Coelho CJ, de Almeida Jácomo AT, Megid J, Ramos Filho JD, Silveira L, Tôrres NM, Ferreira Neto JS. Exposure of Free-Ranging Wild Carnivores and Domestic Dogs to Canine Distemper Virus and Parvovirus in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Ecohealth 2016; 13:549-557. [PMID: 27469023 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human population growth around protected areas increases the contact between wild and domestic animals, promoting disease transmission between them. This study investigates the exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus (CDV) and parvovirus in Emas National Park (ENP) in the Cerrado savanna of central Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 169 wild carnivores, including the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), hoary fox (Pseudalopex vetulus), puma (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), striped hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus semistriatus) and coati (Nasua nasua), and from 35 domestic dogs living on rural properties bordering ENP. Serological tests showed that 10.6% of wild carnivores (maned wolves, crab-eating foxes and ocelots) and 71.4% of domestic dogs were exposed to CDV, and 56.8% of wild carnivores, including all species sampled except coatis, and 57.1% of domestic dogs were exposed to parvovirus. This report is the first to indicate that the free-ranging pampas cat, jaguarundi and striped hog-nosed skunk are exposed to parvovirus. CDV and parvovirus deserve attention in ENP, and it is extremely important to monitor the health of carnivore populations and perform molecular diagnosis of the viruses to determine the possible involvement of the domestic dog in their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Malzoni Furtado
- Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros, GO, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Erika Midori Kida Hayashi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Susan Dora Allendorf
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jane Megid
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Silveira
- Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros, GO, Brazil
| | - Natália Mundim Tôrres
- Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros, GO, Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - José Soares Ferreira Neto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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CABASSO VJ, STEBBINS MR, AVAMPATO JM. A bivalent live virus vaccine against canine distemper (CD) and infectious canine hepatitis (ICH). Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2000; 99:46-51. [PMID: 13601762 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-99-24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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CABASSO VJ, KISER KH, STEBBINS MR. Distemper and measles viruses. I. lack of immunogenic crossing in dogs and chickens. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2000; 101:227-30. [PMID: 13675194 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-101-24892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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SCHWARZ AJ, BOYER PA, ZIRBEL LW, YORK CJ. Experimental vaccination against measles. I. Tests of live measles and distemper vaccine in monkeys and two human volunteers under laboratory conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 173:861-7. [PMID: 14444038 DOI: 10.1001/jama.1960.03020260001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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SHAVER DN, BUSSELL RH, BARRON AL. COMPARATIVE CYTOPATHOLOGY OF CANINE DISTEMPER AND MEASLES VIRUSES IN FERRET KIDNEY CELL CULTURES. Arch Virol 1996; 14:487-98. [PMID: 14184624 DOI: 10.1007/bf01555080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kraft W. [Clinical case. A mixed breed female dog about 6 months old]. Tierarztl Prax 1990; 18:235, 309-10. [PMID: 2377985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Vandevelde M, Fankhauser R. [Neuroimmunological diseases in domestic animals]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1983; 90:310-3. [PMID: 6354669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Maurer KE, Nielsen SW. Neurologic disorders in the raccoon in northeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981; 179:1095-8. [PMID: 7035419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The clinical severity of EAE is enhanced by pre-treatment with distemper, measles and BCG vaccine, measles vaccine gives a more severe onset of disease. Rubella vaccine and TAB leads to mild disease which recurs on re-treatment with the appropriate vaccine. These findings and their possible significance in MS are briefly discussed.
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Gelatt KN, Henderson JD, Steffen GR. Fluorescein angiography of the normal and diseased ocular fundi of the laboratory dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 169:980-4. [PMID: 977471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A method was determined for fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus of the laboratory Beagle, using a portable fluorescein fundus camera. A 10% solution of sodium fluorescein was injected by a syringe pump in the right cephalic vein of each dog. Acepromazine maleate (0.5 mg/kg, IV) with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, IM) provided chemical restraint. Of the 10-, 25-, and 50-mg/kg dosages of fluorescein, 25 mg/kg permitted satisfactory fluorescence of the choroidal and retinal vasculature and the recirculation phase. High-speed color film permitted good quality photography of the tapetal and nontapetal retinal vessels. Reduced retinal blood vessel and pigment epithelium permeability was demonstrated by fluorescein angiography in dogs with chorioretinitis associated with systemic blastomycosis, retinitis associated with distemper, serous retinal detachment, and preretinal hemorrhage.
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Arnold P, Birnbaum C, Christoph HJ, Grünbaum EG, Oettel M, Schimke E, Sommer I. [Clinical aspects of distemper in dogs (Febris contagiosa canum)]. Monatsh Veterinarmed 1968; 23:791-4. [PMID: 5748926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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OTT RL, GORHAM JR, FARRELL RK. A NOTE ON THE USE OF ADJUVATED DISTEMPER VACCINES IN FERRETS. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1965; 29:214-5. [PMID: 14318540 PMCID: PMC1494437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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FISH JG, MORGAN DW. A SEROLOGIC STUDY OF CANINE DISTEMPER ANTIBODY TITERS FOLLOWING VACCINATION. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1965; 60:731-5. [PMID: 14301301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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MEBUS CA, COLES EH. SERUM PROTEIN ALTERATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIC CANINE DISTEMPER. Cornell Vet 1965; 55:462-71. [PMID: 14343838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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MEBUS CA, COLES EH. SERUM GLYCOPROTEIN ALTERATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIC CANINE DISTEMPER. Cornell Vet 1965; 55:453-61. [PMID: 14343837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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ROBERTS JA. A STUDY OF THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN MEASLES VIRUS AND CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS. J Immunol 1965; 94:622-8. [PMID: 14299038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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MALMQUIST WA. TISSUE CULTURE OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS. Vet Rec 1965; 77:349-50. [PMID: 14320637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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CHANG JC. SIMULTANEOUS GROWTH OF RABIES AND CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUSES IN CHICK EMBRYOS. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1965; 29:38-41. [PMID: 14290942 PMCID: PMC1494365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus and canine distemper virus were grown simultaneously, and possibly symbiotically, in the same chick embryos. There seemed to be no adverse effect on either virus when cultured in such manner.Bivalent vaccines for rabies and canine distemper were produced. The potencies and the virus titers of such vaccines were comparable to those of rabies vaccine and canine distemper vaccine produced separately.
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GILLESPIE JH. A STUDY OF INACTIVATED DISTEMPER VIRUS IN THE DOG. Cornell Vet 1965; 55:1-8. [PMID: 14284447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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BENSON TF, MICKLE E. A FILTER PAPER DISC METHOD FOR COLLECTING CANINE BLOOD SAMPLES FOR SEROLOGICAL PROCEDURES. Cornell Vet 1964; 54:331-4. [PMID: 14193055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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