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Zhan Z, Chen H, Liao X, Wu S, Lei X, Xu Q, Cao H, Qin Q, Wei J. Singapore grouper iridovirus VP128 inhibits STING-TBK1 mediated signaling to evade antiviral immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109774. [PMID: 39019127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) belongs to the family Iridoviridae and the genus Ranavirus, which is a large cytoplasmic DNA virus. Infection of grouper with SGIV can cause hemorrhage and swelling of the spleen of the fish. Previous work on genome annotation demonstrated that SGIV contained numerous uncharacterized or hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs), whose functions remained largely unknown. In the present study, the protein encoded by SGIV ORF128 (VP128) was identified. VP128 is predominantly localized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Overexpression of VP128 significantly promoted SGIV replication. VP128 inhibited the interferon (IFN)-3 promoter activity and mRNA level of IFN-related genes induced by poly(I:C), Epinephelus coioides cyclic GMP/AMP synthase (EccGAS)/stimulator of IFN genes (EcSTING), and TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1). Moreover, VP128 interacted with EcSTING and EcTBK1. The interaction between VP128 and EcSTING was independent of any specific structural domain of EcSTING. Together, our results demonstrated that SGIV VP128 negatively regulated the IFN response by inhibiting EcSTING-EcTBK1 signaling for viral evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Zhan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siting Wu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiongyue Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Helong Cao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 511400, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Jingguang Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
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2
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Advances on genomes studies of large DNA viruses in aquaculture: A minireview. Genomics 2023; 115:110720. [PMID: 37757975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Genomic studies of viral diseases in aquaculture have received more and more attention with the growth of the aquaculture industry, especially the emerging and re-emerging viruses whose genome could contain recombination, mutation, insertion, and so on, and may lead to more severe diseases and more widespread infections in aquaculture animals. The present review is focused on aquaculture viruses, which is belonged to two clades, Varidnaviria and Duplodnaviria, and one class Naldaviricetes, and respectively three families: Iridoviridae (ranaviruses), Alloherpesviridae (fish herpesviruses), and Nimaviridae (whispoviruses). The viruses possessed DNA genomes nearly or larger than 100 kbp with gene numbers more than 100 and were considered large DNA viruses. Genome analysis and experimental investigation have identified several genes involved in genome replication, transcription, and virus-host interactions. In addition, some genes involved in virus genetic variation or specificity were also discussed. A summary of these advances would provide reference to future discovery and research on emerging or re-emerging aquaculture viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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3
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Xu L, Liu M, Chen H, Zhang L, Xu Q, Zhan Z, Xu Z, Liu S, Wu S, Zhang X, Qin Q, Wei J. Singapore grouper iridovirus VP122 targets grouper STING to evade the interferon immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108990. [PMID: 37558148 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a highly pathogenic Iridoviridae that causes hemorrhage and spleen enlargement in grouper. Despite previous genome annotation efforts, many open reading frames (ORFs) in SGIV remain uncharacterized, with largely unknown functions. In this study, we identified the protein encoded by SGIV ORF122, now referred to as VP122. Notably, overexpression of VP122 promoted SGIV replication. Moreover, VP122 exhibited antagonistic effects on the natural antiviral immune response through the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. It specifically inhibited the cGAS-STING-triggered transcription of various immune-related genes, including IFN1, IFN2, ISG15, ISG56, PKR, and TNF-α in GS cells. Additionally, VP122 significantly inhibited the activation of the ISRE promoter mediated by EccGAS and EcSTING but had no effect on EccGAS or EcSTING alone. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting experiments revealed that VP122 specifically interacts with EcSTING but not EccGAS. Notably, this interaction between VP122 and EcSTING was independent of any specific domain of EcSTING. Furthermore, VP122 inhibited the self-interaction of EcSTING. Interestingly, VP122 did not affect the recruitment of EcTBK1 and EcIRF3 to the EcSTING complex. Collectively, our results demonstrate that SGIV VP122 targets EcSTING to evade the type I interferon immune response, revealing a crucial role for VP122 in modulating the host-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linting Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengke Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Luhao Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiongyue Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhouling Zhan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuqing Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaoli Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siting Wu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 528478, China.
| | - Jingguang Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Li PH, Wang LQ, He JY, Zhu XL, Huang W, Wang SW, Qin QW, Sun HY. MicroRNA-124 Promotes Singapore Grouper Iridovirus Replication and Negatively Regulates Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767813. [PMID: 34858424 PMCID: PMC8631330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections seriously affect the health of organisms including humans. Now, more and more researchers believe that microRNAs (miRNAs), one of the members of the non-coding RNA family, play significant roles in cell biological function, disease occurrence, and immunotherapy. However, the roles of miRNAs in virus infection (entry and replication) and cellular immune response remain poorly understood, especially in low vertebrate fish. In this study, based on the established virus-cell infection model, Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV)-infected cells were used to explore the roles of miR-124 of Epinephelus coioides, an economically mariculture fish in southern China and Southeast Asia, in viral infection and host immune responses. The expression level of E. coioides miR-124 was significantly upregulated after SGIV infection; miR-124 cannot significantly affect the entry of SGIV, but the upregulated miR-124 could significantly promote the SGIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPEs), the viral titer, and the expressions of viral genes. The target genes of miR-124 were JNK3/p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Overexpression of miR-124 could dramatically inhibit the activation of NF-κB/activating protein-1 (AP-1), the transcription of proinflammatory factors, caspase-9/3, and the cell apoptosis. And opposite results happen when the expression of miR-124 was inhibited. The results suggest that E. coioides miR-124 could promote viral replication and negatively regulate host immune response by targeting JNK3/p38α MAPK, which furthers our understanding of virus and host immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hong Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qun Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yang He
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Long Zhu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Wen Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Hou S, Wang W, Chen G, Xia L, Wang Z, Lu Y. Identification of a secreted superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:63-72. [PMID: 32959416 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish nocardiosis is a chronic systemic granulomatous disease, and Nocardia seriolae is the main pathogen. The pathogenesis and virulence factors of N. seriolae are not fully understood. Secreted superoxide dismutase (SOD) may be a virulence factor found by a comparative bioinformatics analysis of the whole genome sequence of N. seriolae and the virulence factor database (VFDB). In order to determine the subcellular localization and study the preliminary function of SOD from N. seriolae (NsSOD), gene cloning, secreted protein identification, subcellular localization in fish cells, and apoptosis detection of NsSOD were carried out in this study. Subcellular localization research revealed that NsSOD-GFP fusion proteins were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, apoptotic bodies were observed in the transfected FHM cells by the overexpression of protein NsSOD. Then, assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase-3 activity and apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bid, Bad and Bcl-2) mRNA expression were conducted. The results showed that ΔΨm was decreased, and caspase-3 was significantly activated. The mRNA expression of the Bad gene showed significant up-regulated expression at 24 h.p.t., while Bid and Bax genes showed significant up-regulated expression at 72 and 96 h.p.t. and anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) was down-regulated in NsSOD overexpressed cells. Taken together, the results indicated that the protein NsSOD might be involved in apoptosis regulation. This study may lay the foundations for further studies on the function of NsSOD and promote the understanding of the virulence factors and the pathogenic mechanisms of N. seriolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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6
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Xia LQ, Chen JL, Zhang HL, Cai J, Zhou S, Lu YS. Identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) of SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter. Virol J 2019; 16:110. [PMID: 31481132 PMCID: PMC6724233 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses that cause diseases in fish, amphibians and insects. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is isolated from cultured grouper and characterized as a ranavirus. ICP46 is defined to be a core gene of the family Iridoviridae and SGIV ICP46 was demonstrated to be an immediate-early (IE) gene associated with cell growth control and could contribute to virus replication in previous research. METHODS The transcription start site (TSS) and 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of SGIV ICP46 were determined using 5' RACE. The core promoter elements of ICP46s were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. The core promoter region and the regulation model of SGIV ICP46 promoter were revealed by the construction of serially deleted promoter plasmids, transfections, drug treat and luciferase reporter assays. The identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) that interact with SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter were performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), DNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS SGIV ICP46 was found to have short 5'-UTR and a presumptive downstream promoter element (DPE), AGACA, which locates at + 36 to + 39 nt downstream of the TSS. The core promoter region of SGIV ICP46 located from - 22 to + 42 nt relative to the TSS. VATTs were involved in the promoter activation of SGIV ICP46 and further identified to be VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP. A 10-base DNA sequence "ATGGCTTTCG" between the TSS and presumptive DPE was determined to be the binding site of the VATTs. CONCLUSION Our study showed that four VAATs (VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP) might bind with the SGIV ICP46 promoter and be involved in the promoter activation. Further, the binding site of the VATTs on promoter was a 10-base DNA sequence between the TSS and presumptive DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Lin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Lian Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China.
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China.
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Claytor SC, Subramaniam K, Landrau-Giovannetti N, Chinchar VG, Gray MJ, Miller DL, Mavian C, Salemi M, Wisely S, Waltzek TB. Ranavirus phylogenomics: Signatures of recombination and inversions among bullfrog ranaculture isolates. Virology 2017; 511:330-343. [PMID: 28803676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are emerging pathogens of fish, amphibians, and reptiles that threaten aquatic animal industries and wildlife worldwide. Our objective was to genetically characterize ranaviruses isolated during separate bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus die-offs that occurred eight years apart on the same North American farm. The earlier outbreak was due to a highly pathogenic strain of common midwife toad virus (CMTV) previously known only from Europe and China. The later outbreak was due to a chimeric ranavirus that displayed a novel genome arrangement and a DNA backbone typical for Frog virus 3 (FV3) strains except for interspersed fragments acquired through recombination with the CMTV isolated earlier. Both bullfrog ranaviruses are more pathogenic than wild-type FV3 suggesting recombination may have resulted in the increased pathogenicity observed in the ranavirus isolated in the later outbreak. Our study underscores the role international trade in farmed bullfrogs may have played in the global dissemination of highly pathogenic ranaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieara C Claytor
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew J Gray
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Debra L Miller
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Carla Mavian
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samantha Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, USA.
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Xia L, Liang H, Xu L, Chen J, Bekaert M, Zhang H, Lu Y. Subcellular localization and function study of a secreted phospholipase C from Nocardia seriolae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3934650. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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9
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Ni S, Yan Y, Cui H, Yu Y, Huang Y, Qin Q. Fish miR-146a promotes Singapore grouper iridovirus infection by regulating cell apoptosis and NF-κB activation. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Huachun Cui
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yepin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
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10
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Yuan Y, Hong Y. Subcellular redistribution and sequential recruitment of macromolecular components during SGIV assembly. Protein Cell 2016; 7:651-61. [PMID: 27430948 PMCID: PMC5003786 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection consists of entry, synthesis of macromolecular components, virus assembly and release. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying each event is necessary for the intervention of virus infection in human healthcare and agriculture. Here we report the visualization of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) assembly in the medaka haploid embryonic stem (ES) cell line HX1. SGIV is a highly infectious DNA virus that causes a massive loss in marine aquaculture. Ectopic expression of VP88GFP, a fusion between green fluorescent protein and the envelope protein VP088, did not compromise the ES cell properties and susceptibility to SGIV infection. Although VP88GFP disperses evenly in the cytoplasm of non-infected cells, it undergoes aggregation and redistribution in SGIV-infected cells. Real-time visualization revealed multiple key stages of VP88GFP redistribution and the dynamics of viral assembly site (VAS). Specifically, VP88GFP entry into and condensation in the VAS occurred within a 6-h duration, a similar duration was observed also for the release of VP88GFP-containing SGIV out of the cell. Taken together, VP088 is an excellent marker for visualizing the SGIV infection process. Our results provide new insight into macromolecular component recruitment and SGIV assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yunhan Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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11
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Chen ZY, Chiou PP, Liou CJ, Lai YS. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against a late gene encoded by grouper iridovirus 64L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:129-141. [PMID: 25630349 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral envelope proteins play important roles in viral infection and assembly. The grouper iridovirus ORF 64L (GIV-64L) was predicted to encode an envelope protein and was conserved in all sequenced Ranaviruses. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of the GIV-64L gene (1215 bp) was cloned into the isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction prokaryotic expression vector pET23a. The approximately 50.2 kDa recombinant GIV-64L-His protein was induced, purified and used as an immunogen to immunize BALB/c mice. Three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), all IgG1 class antibodies against GIV-64L protein, were produced by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed GIV-64L to be a late gene when expressed in grouper kidney cells during GIV infection with cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis) or cytosine arabinoside (an inhibitor of DNA synthesis) present. Finally, one of the established mAbs, GIV-64L-mAb-17, was used in Western blotting and an immunofluorescence assay, which showed that GIV-64L protein was expressed at 24 h post-infection and localized only in the cytoplasm in GIV-infected cells, packed into a whole virus particle. The presently characterized GIV-64L mAbs should have widespread applications in GIV immunodiagnostics and other research, and these results should offer important insights into the pathogenesis of GIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - P P Chiou
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-J Liou
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Y-S Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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Lin HY, Cheng CF, Chiou PP, Liou CJ, Yiu JC, Lai YS. Identification and characterization of a late gene encoded by grouper iridovirus 2L (GIV-2L). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:881-890. [PMID: 25271832 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grouper iridovirus (GIV) belongs to the Ranavirus genus and is one of the most important viral pathogens in grouper, particularly at the fry and fingerling stages. In this study, we identified and characterized the GIV-2L gene, which encodes a protein of unknown function. GIV-2L is 1242 bp in length, with a predicted protein mass of 46.2 kDa. It displayed significant identity only with members of the Ranavirus and Iridovirus genera. We produced mouse monoclonal antibodies against the GIV-2L protein by immunizing mice with GIV-2L-His-tag recombinant protein. By inhibiting de novo protein and DNA synthesis in GIV-infected cells, we showed that GIV-2L was a late gene during the viral replication. Finally, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that GIV-2L protein accumulated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. These results offer important insights into the pathogenesis of GIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
- Department of Horticulture, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - C-F Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - P P Chiou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-J Liou
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - J-C Yiu
- Department of Horticulture, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Y-S Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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Chen ZY, Hsieh WY, Lai YS. Identification and characterization of a late gene of grouper iridovirus 61l and antibody production against the protein encoded by it. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:386-399. [PMID: 26180031 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a late gene encoded by grouper iridovirus, giv-61L, was identified and classified, and mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were raised against this protein. Giv-61L homologues were found only in the genus Ranavirus. Three mAbs to Giv-61L protein were produced. In drug inhibition assays, giv-61L was identified as a late gene. Finally, GIV-61L-mAb-8 was used in western blotting and immunofluorescence assays to demonstrate that Giv-61L protein was included in the GIV particle, expressed at 18 h, and localized only in the cytoplasm of GIV-infected cells. The results of this study provide insight into GIV pathogenesis and GIV-61L-mAbs will have broad applications in GIV immunodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University 1, Sec. 1, Shen-Lung Road, Yilan, 26047, Taiwan
| | - W Y Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University 1, Sec. 1, Shen-Lung Road, Yilan, 26047, Taiwan
| | - Y S Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University 1, Sec. 1, Shen-Lung Road, Yilan, 26047, Taiwan
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Chen ZY, Chiou PP, Liou CJ, Lai YS. Monoclonal antibody against a putative myristoylated membrane protein encoded by grouper iridovirus 59L gene. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:215-226. [PMID: 25850399 DOI: 10.3354/dao02834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Groupers (Epinephelus spp.) are economically important fish species worldwide, and ranaviruses are major viral pathogens causing heavy economic losses in grouper aquaculture. In this study, the 59L gene of grouper iridovirus (GIV-59L) was cloned and characterized. This gene is 1521 bp and encodes a protein of 506 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 53.9 kDa. Interestingly, GIV-59L and its homologs are found in all genera of the family Iridoviridae. A mouse monoclonal antibody specific for the C-terminal domain (amino acid positions 254-506) of the GIV-59L protein, GIV-59L(760-1518)-MAb-21, was produced and proved to be well suited for use in a number of GIV immunoassays. RT-PCR, Western blotting, and cycloheximide and cytosine arabinoside drug inhibition analyses indicated that GIV-59L is a viral late gene in GIV-infected grouper kidney cells. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that GIV-59L protein mainly accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and is finally packed into a whole virus particle. The GIV-59L(760-1518)-MAb-21 characterized in this study could have widespread application in GIV immunodiagnostics and other research on GIV. In addition, the results presented here offer important insights into the pathogenesis of GIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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Hu SL, Liou CJ, Cheng YH, Yiu JC, Chiou PP, Lai YS. Development and characterization of two monoclonal antibodies against grouper iridovirus 55L and 97L proteins. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:249-258. [PMID: 24476022 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grouper iridovirus (GIV) is one of the most important viral pathogens in grouper, particularly at the fry and fingerling stages. The study of GIV pathogenicity has been hampered by the lack of proper immunological reagents to study the expression and function of viral proteins in the infected cells. In this study, two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against GIV 55L and 97L proteins were produced. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting were used to screen these hybridomas, resulting in the identification of two high-affinity mAbs named GIV55L-mAb-2 and GIV97L-mAb-3, respectively. Both mAbs belong to the IgG1 isotype and were effective in detecting their respective target viral protein. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses of GIV-infected GK cells revealed that GIV 97L is an immediate early gene, whereas GIV 55L a late one. The localization of 55L and 97L in GIV-infected cells was further characterized by immunofluorescence microscopy with the mAbs. The 55L protein mainly aggregated in the cytoplasm while 97L distributed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected cells. These studies demonstrate the validity of the two mAbs as immunodiagnostic and research reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Hu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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Development and application of a monoclonal antibody against grouper iridovirus (GIV) major capsid protein. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Xie JF, Lai YX, Huang LJ, Huang RQ, Yang SW, Shi Y, Weng SP, Zhang Y, He JG. Genome-wide analyses of proliferation-important genes of Iridovirus-tiger frog virus by RNAi. Virus Res 2014; 189:214-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Huang X, Gong J, Huang Y, Ouyang Z, Wang S, Chen X, Qin Q. Characterization of an envelope gene VP19 from Singapore grouper iridovirus. Virol J 2013; 10:354. [PMID: 24341864 PMCID: PMC3878628 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral envelope proteins are always proposed to exert important function during virus infection and replication. Vertebrate iridoviruses are enveloped large DNA virus, which can cause great economic losses in aquaculture and ecological destruction. Although numerous iridovirus envelope proteins have been identified using bioinformatics and proteomic methods, their roles in virus infection remained largely unknown. Methods Using SMART and TMHMM programs, we investigated the structural characteristics of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) VP19. A specific antibody against VP19 was generated and the expression profile of VP19 was clarified. The subcellular localization of VP19 in the absence or presence of other viral products was determined via transfection and immune fluorescence assay. In addition, Western blot assay and electron microscopy examination were performed to demonstrate whether SGIV VP19 was an envelope protein or a capsid protein. Results Here, SGIV VP19 was cloned and characterized. Among all sequenced iridoviruses, VP19 and its orthologues shared common features, including 19 invariant cysteines, a proline-rich motif and a predicted transmembrane domain. Subsequently, the protein synthesis of VP19 was only detected at the late stage of SGIV infection and inhibited obviously by treating with AraC, confirming that VP19 was a late expressed protein. Ectopic expression of EGFP-VP19 in vitro displayed a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm. In SGIV infected cells, the newly synthesized VP19 protein was initially localized in the cytoplasm in a punctate pattern, and then aggregated into the virus assembly site at the late stage of SGIV infection, suggesting that other viral protein products were essential for VP19’s function during SGIV infection. In addition, Western blot assay and electron microscopy observation revealed that SGIV VP19 was associated with viral envelope, which was different from major capsid protein (MCP). Conclusion Taken together, the current data suggested that VP19 represented a conserved envelope protein in iridovirus, and might contribute greatly to virus assembly during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Huang X, Huang Y, Cai J, Wei S, Gao R, Qin Q. Identification and characterization of a tumor necrosis factor receptor like protein encoded by Singapore grouper iridovirus. Virus Res 2013; 178:340-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lei XY, Ou T, Zhang QY. Rana grylio virus (RGV) 50L is associated with viral matrix and exhibited two distribution patterns. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43033. [PMID: 22912781 PMCID: PMC3418244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complete genome of Rana grylio virus (RGV) was sequenced and analyzed recently, which revealed that RGV 50 L had homologues in many iridoviruses with different identities; however, the characteristics and functions of 50 L have not been studied yet. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We cloned and characterized RGV50L, and revealed 50 L functions in virus assembly and gene regulation. 50 L encoded a 499-amino acid structural protein of about 85 kDa in molecular weight and contained a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a helix- extension-helix motif. Drug inhibition assay demonstrated that 50 L was an immediate-early (IE) gene. Immuno-fluorescence assay revealed that 50 L appeared early and persisted in RGV-infected cells following two distribution patterns. One pattern was that 50 L exhibited a cytoplasm-nucleus- viromatrix distribution pattern, and mutagenesis of the NLS motif revealed that localization of 50 L in the nucleus was NLS-dependent; the other was that 50 L co-localized with viral matrix which plays important roles in virus assembly and the life circle of viruses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE RGV 50L is a novel iridovirus IE gene encoded structural protein which plays important roles in virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Chinchar VG, Yu KH, Jancovich JK. The molecular biology of frog virus 3 and other iridoviruses infecting cold-blooded vertebrates. Viruses 2011; 3:1959-85. [PMID: 22069524 PMCID: PMC3205390 DOI: 10.3390/v3101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the best characterized member of the family Iridoviridae. FV3 study has provided insights into the replication of other family members, and has served as a model of viral transcription, genome replication, and virus-mediated host-shutoff. Although the broad outlines of FV3 replication have been elucidated, the precise roles of most viral proteins remain unknown. Current studies using knock down (KD) mediated by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (asMO) and small, interfering RNAs (siRNA), knock out (KO) following replacement of the targeted gene with a selectable marker by homologous recombination, ectopic viral gene expression, and recombinant viral proteins have enabled researchers to systematically ascertain replicative- and virulence-related gene functions. In addition, the application of molecular tools to ecological studies is providing novel ways for field biologists to identify potential pathogens, quantify infections, and trace the evolution of ecologically important viral species. In this review, we summarize current studies using not only FV3, but also other iridoviruses infecting ectotherms. As described below, general principles ascertained using FV3 served as a model for the family, and studies utilizing other ranaviruses and megalocytiviruses have confirmed and extended our understanding of iridovirus replication. Collectively, these and future efforts will elucidate molecular events in viral replication, intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to disease outbreaks, and the role of the host immune system in protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gregory Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Yan Y, Cui H, Jiang S, Huang Y, Huang X, Wei S, Xu W, Qin Q. Identification of a novel marine fish virus, Singapore grouper iridovirus-encoded microRNAs expressed in grouper cells by Solexa sequencing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19148. [PMID: 21559453 PMCID: PMC3084752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ubiquitous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. An increasing number of studies has revealed that viruses can also encode miRNAs, which are proposed to be involved in viral replication and persistence, cell-mediated antiviral immune response, angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a pathogenic iridovirus that has severely affected grouper aquaculture in China and Southeast Asia. Comprehensive knowledge about the related miRNAs during SGIV infection is helpful for understanding the infection and the pathogenic mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine whether SGIV encoded miRNAs during infection, a small RNA library derived from SGIV-infected grouper (GP) cells was constructed and sequenced by Illumina/Solexa deep-sequencing technology. We recovered 6,802,977 usable reads, of which 34,400 represented small RNA sequences encoded by SGIV. Sixteen novel SGIV-encoded miRNAs were identified by a computational pipeline, including a miRNA that shared a similar sequence to herpesvirus miRNA HSV2-miR-H4-5p, which suggests miRNAs are conserved in far related viruses. Generally, these 16 miRNAs are dispersed throughout the SGIV genome, whereas three are located within the ORF057L region. Some SGIV-encoded miRNAs showed marked sequence and length heterogeneity at their 3′ and/or 5′ end that could modulate their functions. Expression levels and potential biological activities of these viral miRNAs were examined by stem-loop quantitative RT-PCR and luciferase reporter assay, respectively, and 11 of these viral miRNAs were present and functional in SGIV-infected GP cells. Conclusions Our study provided a genome-wide view of miRNA production for iridoviruses and identified 16 novel viral miRNAs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of miRNAs encoded by aquatic animal viruses. The results provide a useful resource for further in-depth studies on SGIV infection and iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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