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Shakirova V, Markelova M, Davidyuk Y, Stott-Marshall RJ, Foster TL, Khaiboullina S, Rizvanov A, Martynova E. Rosuvastatin as a Supplemental Treatment for the Clinical Symptoms of Nephropathia Epidemica: A Pilot Clinical Study. Viruses 2024; 16:306. [PMID: 38400081 PMCID: PMC10892398 DOI: 10.3390/v16020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nephropathis epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), is an acute zoonotic disease endemic in the Republic of Tatarstan. This study aimed to assess the impact of rosuvastatin on the clinical and laboratory results of NE. A total of 61 NE patients and 30 controls were included in this study; 22 NE patients and 7 controls received a daily dose of rosuvastatin (10 mg) for ten consecutive days. Serum samples were collected on days 1, 5, and 10 after admission to the hospital. These samples were analyzed to determine the levels of lipids, cytokines, and kidney toxicity markers. Our findings indicate that rosuvastatin reduced the duration of the second wave of fever and alleviated back pain and headache symptoms. Additionally, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum levels were significantly decreased on days 5 and 10 upon rosuvastatin treatment. Furthermore, rosuvastatin decreased the levels of cytokines in the serum, particularly proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8. NE patients had significantly altered levels of the kidney toxicity markers albumin and osteopontin. The data from our study provide evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of rosuvastatin in NE cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venera Shakirova
- Department of Infection Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan 420012, Russia;
| | - Maria Markelova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (M.M.); (Y.D.); (S.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Yuriy Davidyuk
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (M.M.); (Y.D.); (S.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Robert J. Stott-Marshall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (R.J.S.-M.); (T.L.F.)
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (R.J.S.-M.); (T.L.F.)
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (M.M.); (Y.D.); (S.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (M.M.); (Y.D.); (S.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (M.M.); (Y.D.); (S.K.); (A.R.)
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2
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Züst R, Ackermann-Gäumann R, Liechti N, Siegrist D, Ryter S, Portmann J, Lenz N, Beuret C, Koller R, Staehelin C, Kuenzli AB, Marschall J, Rothenberger S, Engler O. Presence and Persistence of Andes Virus RNA in Human Semen. Viruses 2023; 15:2266. [PMID: 38005942 PMCID: PMC10675069 DOI: 10.3390/v15112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
When infecting humans, Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) may cause a severe disease called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Following non-specific symptoms, the infection may progress to a syndrome of hemorrhagic fever combined with hyper-acute cardiopulmonary failure. The case fatality rate ranges between 25-40%, depending on the outbreak. In this study, we present the follow-up of a male patient who recovered from HCPS six years ago. We demonstrate that the ANDV genome persists within the reproductive tract for at least 71 months. Genome sequence analysis early and late after infection reveals a low number of mutations (two single nucleotide variants and one deletion), suggesting limited replication activity. We can exclude the integration of the viral genome into the host genome, since the treatment of the specimen with RNAse led to a loss of signal. We demonstrate a long-lasting, strong neutralizing antibody response using pseudovirions expressing the ANDV glycoprotein. Taken together, our results show that ANDV has the potential for sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Züst
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
| | | | - Nicole Liechti
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
| | - Denise Siegrist
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
| | - Sarah Ryter
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
| | - Nicole Lenz
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, 3097 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beuret
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
| | - Roger Koller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Staehelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea B. Kuenzli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Marschall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Engler
- Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland (O.E.)
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3
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Ning T, Huang W, Min L, Yang Y, Liu S, Xu J, Zhang N, Xie SA, Zhu S, Wang Y. Pseudotyped Viruses for Orthohantavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:229-252. [PMID: 36920700 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses, members of the Orthohantavirus genus of Hantaviridae family of the Bunyavirales order, are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded, tripartite RNA viruses. They are emerging zoonotic pathogens carried by small mammals including rodents, moles, shrews, and bats and are the etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) among humans. With the characteristics of low biological risk but strong operability, a variety of pseudotyped viruses have been constructed as alternatives to authentic orthohantaviruses to help delineate the roles of host factors in viral entry and other virus-host interactions, to assist in deciphering mechanisms of immune response and correlates of protection, to enhance our understanding of viral antigenic property, to characterize viral entry inhibitors, and to be developed as vaccines. In this chapter, we will discuss the general property of orthohantavirus, construction of pseudotyped orthohantaviruses based on different packaging systems, and their current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Junxuan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Si-An Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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4
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Durdagi S, Avsar T, Orhan MD, Serhatli M, Balcioglu BK, Ozturk HU, Kayabolen A, Cetin Y, Aydinlik S, Bagci-Onder T, Tekin S, Demirci H, Guzel M, Akdemir A, Calis S, Oktay L, Tolu I, Butun YE, Erdemoglu E, Olkan A, Tokay N, Işık Ş, Ozcan A, Acar E, Buyukkilic S, Yumak Y. The neutralization effect of montelukaston SARS-CoV-2 is shown by multiscale in silicosimulations and combined in vitro studies. Mol Ther 2021; 30:963-974. [PMID: 34678509 PMCID: PMC8524809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors have previously been investigated in different studies as possible therapeutics in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the current drug repurposing study, we identified the leukotriene (D4) receptor antagonist montelukast as a novel agent that simultaneously targets two important drug targets of SARS-CoV-2. We initially demonstrated the dual inhibition profile of montelukast through multiscale molecular modeling studies. Next, we characterized its effect on both targets by different in vitro experiments including the enzyme (main protease) inhibition-based assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, pseudovirus neutralization on HEK293T/hACE2+TMPRSS2, and virus neutralization assay using xCELLigence MP real-time cell analyzer. Our integrated in silico and in vitro results confirmed the dual potential effect of montelukast both on the main protease enzyme inhibition and virus entry into the host cell (spike/ACE2). The virus neutralization assay results showed that SARS-CoV-2 virus activity was delayed with montelukast for 20 h on the infected cells. The rapid use of new small molecules in the pandemic is very important today. Montelukast, whose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are very well characterized and has been widely used in the treatment of asthma since 1998, should urgently be completed in clinical phase studies and, if its effect is proved in clinical phase studies, it should be used against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Timucin Avsar
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Didem Orhan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Serhatli
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Bertan Koray Balcioglu
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Hasan Umit Ozturk
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Alisan Kayabolen
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yuksel Cetin
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Seyma Aydinlik
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Tugba Bagci-Onder
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saban Tekin
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Demirci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Department of Pharmacology, Computer-aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyma Calis
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Istanbul Technical University, 34485 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lalehan Oktay
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilayda Tolu
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasar Enes Butun
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Erdemoglu
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Alpsu Olkan
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Tokay
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Şeyma Işık
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli
| | - Aysenur Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Acar
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehriban Buyukkilic
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yesim Yumak
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Science and Letters, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
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5
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Meier K, Thorkelsson SR, Quemin ERJ, Rosenthal M. Hantavirus Replication Cycle-An Updated Structural Virology Perspective. Viruses 2021; 13:1561. [PMID: 34452426 PMCID: PMC8402763 DOI: 10.3390/v13081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses infect a wide range of hosts including insectivores and rodents and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, which can lead to severe disease with possible fatal outcomes. Hantavirus outbreaks are usually linked to the population dynamics of the host animals and their habitats being in close proximity to humans, which is becoming increasingly important in a globalized world. Currently there is neither an approved vaccine nor a specific and effective antiviral treatment available for use in humans. Hantaviruses belong to the order Bunyavirales with a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA genome. They encode only five viral proteins and replicate and transcribe their genome in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, many details of the viral amplification cycle are still unknown. In recent years, structural biology methods such as cryo-electron tomography, cryo-electron microscopy, and crystallography have contributed essentially to our understanding of virus entry by membrane fusion as well as genome encapsidation by the nucleoprotein. In this review, we provide an update on the hantavirus replication cycle with a special focus on structural virology aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Meier
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sigurdur R. Thorkelsson
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Emmanuelle R. J. Quemin
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Identification of Novel Antiviral Compounds Targeting Entry of Hantaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040685. [PMID: 33923413 PMCID: PMC8074185 DOI: 10.3390/v13040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever viruses, among them orthohantaviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses, are responsible for some of the most severe human diseases and represent a serious challenge for public health. The current limited therapeutic options and available vaccines make the development of novel efficacious antiviral agents an urgent need. Inhibiting viral attachment and entry is a promising strategy for the development of new treatments and to prevent all subsequent steps in virus infection. Here, we developed a fluorescence-based screening assay for the identification of new antivirals against hemorrhagic fever virus entry. We screened a phytochemical library containing 320 natural compounds using a validated VSV pseudotype platform bearing the glycoprotein of the virus of interest and encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). EGFP expression allows the quantitative detection of infection and the identification of compounds affecting viral entry. We identified several hits against four pseudoviruses for the orthohantaviruses Hantaan (HTNV) and Andes (ANDV), the filovirus Ebola (EBOV) and the arenavirus Lassa (LASV). Two selected inhibitors, emetine dihydrochloride and tetrandrine, were validated with infectious pathogenic HTNV in a BSL-3 laboratory. This study provides potential therapeutics against emerging virus infection, and highlights the importance of drug repurposing.
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7
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Vial C, Whitaker A, Wilhelm J, Ovalle J, Perez R, Valdivieso F, Ferres M, Martinez-Valdebenito C, Eisenhauer P, Mertz GJ, Hooper JW, Botten JW, Vial PA. Comparison of VSV Pseudovirus and Focus Reduction Neutralization Assays for Measurement of Anti- Andes orthohantavirus Neutralizing Antibodies in Patient Samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:444. [PMID: 33042854 PMCID: PMC7527604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is the etiologic agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which has a case fatality rate around 35%, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. ANDV neutralizing antibody (NAb) measurements are important for the evaluation of the immune response following infection, vaccination, or passive administration of investigational monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. The standard assay for NAb measurement is a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) featuring live ANDV and must be completed under biosafety level (BSL)-3 conditions. In this study, we compared neutralization assays featuring infectious ANDV or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudovirions decorated with ANDV glycoproteins for their ability to measure anti-ANDV NAbs from patient samples. Our studies demonstrate that VSV pseudovirions effectively measure NAb from clinical samples and have greater sensitivity compared to FRNT with live ANDV. Importantly, the pseudovirus assay requires less labor and sample materials and can be conducted at BSL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vial
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Annalis Whitaker
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jan Wilhelm
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Ovalle
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ruth Perez
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Marcela Ferres
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Martinez-Valdebenito
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philip Eisenhauer
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Gregory J. Mertz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Molecular Virology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Pablo A. Vial
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Vasmehjani AA, Salehi-Vaziri M, Azadmanesh K, Nejati A, Pouriayevali MH, Gouya MM, Parsaeian M, Shahmahmoodi S. Efficient production of a lentiviral system for displaying Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoproteins reveals a broad range of cellular susceptibility and neutralization ability. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1109-1120. [PMID: 32189084 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease with a mortality rate of up to 50% in humans. To avoid safety concerns associated with the use of live virus in virus neutralization assays and to detect human serum neutralizing antibodies, we prepared lentiviral particles containing the CCHF glycoprotein (lenti-CCHFV-GP). Incorporation of the GP into the lentiviral particle was confirmed by electron microscopy and Western blotting. Lenti-CCHFV-GP was found to be able to infect a wide range of cell lines, including BHK-21, HeLa, HepG2, and AsPC-1 cells. In addition, lenti-CCHFV-GP was successfully used as an alternative to CCHFV for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Sera collected from CCHF survivors neutralized lenti-CCHFV-GP particles in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the lenti-CCHFV-GP pseudovirus can be used as a safe tool for neutralization assays in low-containment laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- National Communicable Disease Control Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Parsaeian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran. .,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Mayor J, Torriani G, Rothenberger S, Engler O. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) contributes to the infection of human airway epithelial cells by pseudotype viruses containing Hantaan virus glycoproteins. Virology 2020; 543:54-62. [PMID: 32056847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses leading to serious diseases. Viral attachment and entry represent the first steps in virus transmission and are promising targets for antiviral therapeutic intervention. Here we investigated receptor use in human airway epithelium of the Old and New World hantaviruses Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus (ANDV). Using a biocontained recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform, we provide first evidence for a role of the cellular phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors of the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) protein family in HTNV and ANDV infection. In line with previous studies, HTNV, but not ANDV, was able to use glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate and αvβ3 integrin as co-receptors. In sum, our studies demonstrate for the first time that hantaviruses make use of apoptotic mimicry for infection of human airway epithelium, which may explain why these viruses can easily break the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayor
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Torriani
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700, Spiez, Switzerland.
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Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM, Slough MM, Chandran K, Jangra RK. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:185-224. [PMID: 31439149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interventions is largely due to an incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of virus replication, including cellular entry. Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins are the only viral proteins exposed on the surface of virions and are necessary and sufficient to orchestrate virus attachment and entry. In vitro studies have implicated integrins (β1-3), DAF/CD55, and gC1qR as candidate receptors that mediate viral attachment for both Old World and New World hantaviruses. Recently, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) was demonstrated as a requirement for cellular attachment and entry of New World hantaviruses in vitro and lethal HPS in vivo, making it the first clade-specific host factor to be identified. Attachment of hantavirus particles to cellular receptors induces their internalization by clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by particle trafficking to an endosomal compartment where the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes can occur. Following membrane fusion, which requires cholesterol and acid pH, viral nucleocapsids escape into the cytoplasm and launch genome replication. In this review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of hantavirus entry, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and suggest areas for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Bignon EA, Albornoz A, Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA, Tischler ND. Molecular organization and dynamics of the fusion protein Gc at the hantavirus surface. eLife 2019; 8:46028. [PMID: 31180319 PMCID: PMC6609335 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hantavirus envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc mediate virion assembly and cell entry, with Gc driving fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. Although the X-ray structures and overall arrangement of Gn and Gc on the hantavirus spikes are known, their detailed interactions are not. Here we show that the lateral contacts between spikes are mediated by the same 2-fold contacts observed in Gc crystals at neutral pH, allowing the engineering of disulfide bonds to cross-link spikes. Disrupting the observed dimer interface affects particle assembly and overall spike stability. We further show that the spikes display a temperature-dependent dynamic behavior at neutral pH, alternating between ‘open’ and ‘closed’ forms. We show that the open form exposes the Gc fusion loops but is off-pathway for productive Gc-induced membrane fusion and cell entry. These data also provide crucial new insights for the design of optimized Gn/Gc immunogens to elicit protective immune responses. Hantaviruses infect rodents and other small mammals, but do not harm them. When transmitted to humans, often through rodent urine, feces or saliva, they can cause serious and even fatal diseases. Currently, there are no known methods that effectively prevent hantavirus infections or treat the diseases that they cause. During an infection, viruses invade the cells of their host. A hantavirus interacts with target cells through proteins on its surface called Gn and Gc glycoproteins. Previous work has shown that these glycoproteins are organized in bundles of four Gn and four Gc proteins, termed spikes, which project from the membrane that surrounds the virus. The Gc protein changes shape when it is activated and exposes a hidden region that can insert into the membrane of the target cell. The Gc proteins then change shape again to force the cell to fuse with the viral membrane. This process allows the virus to be taken up into the cell, where it can replicate. While the structures of each viral glycoprotein have been determined in isolation, it was not known how they interact within the Gn/Gc spike. Such information is crucial to understand how the viruses infect cells and which areas are exposed to the immune system of the host – and so could be targeted by antiviral treatments. Bignon et al. have now identified the molecular contacts that occur between spikes and interconnect them into a grid-like lattice on the surface of the virus. Genetically altering specific sections of the Gc glycoprotein strengthened or weakened these contacts, which correspondingly increased or decreased how stable the spike was. Preventing the contacts from forming resulted in cells releasing fewer virus-like particles. Bignon et al. also show that at the body temperature of mammals, the shape of the spike fluctuates between an ‘open’ form that exposes the region of Gc that inserts into the cell membrane, and a ‘closed’ form that hides this region. However, when Gc is activated, the open form becomes unable to cause the viral and cell membranes to fuse together. Together, the results presented by Bignon et al. help us to understand how changes to the hantavirus surface enable the virus to infect cells. This knowledge will help researchers to design vaccines that protect against hantavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Bignon
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amelina Albornoz
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
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Identification of Clotrimazole Derivatives as Specific Inhibitors of Arenavirus Fusion. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01744-18. [PMID: 30626681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01744-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are a large family of emerging enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fevers. For cell entry, human-pathogenic arenaviruses use different cellular receptors and endocytic pathways that converge at the level of acidified late endosomes, where the viral envelope glycoprotein mediates membrane fusion. Inhibitors of arenavirus entry hold promise for therapeutic antiviral intervention and the identification of "druggable" targets is of high priority. Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform, we identified the clotrimazole-derivative TRAM-34, a highly selective antagonist of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1, as a specific entry inhibitor for arenaviruses. TRAM-34 specifically blocked entry of most arenaviruses, including hemorrhagic fever viruses, but not Lassa virus and other enveloped viruses. Anti-arenaviral activity was likewise observed with the parental compound clotrimazole and the derivative senicapoc, whereas structurally unrelated KCa3.1 inhibitors showed no antiviral effect. Deletion of KCa3.1 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology did not affect the antiarenaviral effect of TRAM-34, indicating that the observed antiviral effect of clotrimazoles was independent of the known pharmacological target. The drug affected neither virus-cell attachment, nor endocytosis, suggesting an effect on later entry steps. Employing a quantitative cell-cell fusion assay that bypasses endocytosis, we demonstrate that TRAM-34 specifically inhibits arenavirus-mediated membrane fusion. In sum, we uncover a novel antiarenaviral action of clotrimazoles that currently undergo in vivo evaluation in the context of other human diseases. Their favorable in vivo toxicity profiles and stability opens the possibility to repurpose clotrimazole derivatives for therapeutic intervention against human-pathogenic arenaviruses.IMPORTANCE Emerging human-pathogenic arenaviruses are causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality and represent serious public health problems. The current lack of a licensed vaccine and the limited treatment options makes the development of novel antiarenaviral therapeutics an urgent need. Using a recombinant pseudotype platform, we uncovered that clotrimazole drugs, in particular TRAM-34, specifically inhibit cell entry of a range of arenaviruses, including important emerging human pathogens, with the exception of Lassa virus. The antiviral effect was independent of the known pharmacological drug target and involved inhibition of the unusual membrane fusion mechanism of arenaviruses. TRAM-34 and its derivatives currently undergo evaluation against a number of human diseases and show favorable toxicity profiles and high stability in vivo Our study provides the basis for further evaluation of clotrimazole derivatives as antiviral drug candidates. Their advanced stage of drug development will facilitate repurposing for therapeutic intervention against human-pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Torriani G, Mayor J, Zimmer G, Kunz S, Rothenberger S, Engler O. Macropinocytosis contributes to hantavirus entry into human airway epithelial cells. Virology 2019; 531:57-68. [PMID: 30852272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne negative-strand RNA viruses associated with severe human diseases. Zoonotic transmission occurs via aerosols of contaminated rodent excreta and cells of the human respiratory epithelium represent likely early targets. Here we investigated cellular factors involved in entry of the pathogenic Old and New World hantaviruses Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) into human respiratory epithelial cells. Screening of a kinase inhibitor library using a biocontained recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform revealed differential requirement for host kinases for HTNV and ANDV entry and provided first hints for an involvement of macropinocytosis. Examination of a selected panel of well-defined inhibitors of endocytosis confirmed that both HTNV and ANDV enter human respiratory epithelial cells via a pathway that critically depends on sodium proton exchangers and actin, hallmarks of macropinocytosis. However, HTNV and ANDV differed in their individual requirements for regulatory factors of macropinocytosis, indicating virus-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Torriani
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Mayor
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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Two Point Mutations in Old World Hantavirus Glycoproteins Afford the Generation of Highly Infectious Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02372-18. [PMID: 30622188 PMCID: PMC6325249 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02372-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hantavirus infections cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. No FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutics exist for these deadly viruses, and their development is limited by the requirement for high biocontainment. In this study, we identified and characterized key amino acid changes in the surface glycoproteins of HFRS-causing Hantaan virus that enhance their incorporation into recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) particles. The replication-competent rVSVs encoding Hantaan virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus glycoproteins described in this work provide a powerful and facile system to study hantavirus entry under lower biocontainment and may have utility as hantavirus vaccines. Rodent-to-human transmission of hantaviruses is associated with severe disease. Currently, no FDA-approved, specific antivirals or vaccines are available, and the requirement for high biocontainment (biosafety level 3 [BSL-3]) laboratories limits hantavirus research. To study hantavirus entry in a BSL-2 laboratory, we set out to generate replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) bearing the Gn and Gc (Gn/Gc) entry glycoproteins. As previously reported, rVSVs bearing New World hantavirus Gn/Gc were readily rescued from cDNAs, but their counterparts bearing Gn/Gc from the Old World hantaviruses, Hantaan virus (HTNV) or Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), were refractory to rescue. However, serial passage of the rescued rVSV-HTNV Gn/Gc virus markedly increased its infectivity and capacity for cell-to-cell spread. This gain in viral fitness was associated with the acquisition of two point mutations: I532K in the cytoplasmic tail of Gn and S1094L in the membrane-proximal stem of Gc. Follow-up experiments with rVSVs and single-cycle VSV pseudotypes confirmed these results. Mechanistic studies revealed that both mutations were determinative and contributed to viral infectivity in a synergistic manner. Our findings indicate that the primary mode of action of these mutations is to relocalize HTNV Gn/Gc from the Golgi complex to the cell surface, thereby affording significantly enhanced Gn/Gc incorporation into budding VSV particles. Finally, I532K/S1094L mutations in DOBV Gn/Gc permitted the rescue of rVSV-DOBV Gn/Gc, demonstrating that incorporation of cognate mutations into other hantaviral Gn/Gc proteins could afford the generation of rVSVs that are otherwise challenging to rescue. The robust replication-competent rVSVs, bearing HTNV and DOBV Gn/Gc, reported herein may also have utility as vaccines.
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Protocadherin-1 is essential for cell entry by New World hantaviruses. Nature 2018; 563:559-563. [PMID: 30464266 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic transmission of hantaviruses from their rodent hosts to humans in North and South America is associated with a severe and frequently fatal respiratory disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)1,2. No specific antiviral treatments for HPS are available, and no molecular determinants of in vivo susceptibility to hantavirus infection and HPS are known. Here we identify the human asthma-associated gene protocadherin-1 (PCDH1)3-6 as an essential determinant of entry and infection in pulmonary endothelial cells by two hantaviruses that cause HPS, Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV). In vitro, we show that the surface glycoproteins of ANDV and SNV directly recognize the outermost extracellular repeat domain of PCDH1-a member of the cadherin superfamily7,8-to exploit PCDH1 for entry. In vivo, genetic ablation of PCDH1 renders Syrian golden hamsters highly resistant to a usually lethal ANDV challenge. Targeting PCDH1 could provide strategies to reduce infection and disease caused by New World hantaviruses.
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Structural Transitions of the Conserved and Metastable Hantaviral Glycoprotein Envelope. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00378-17. [PMID: 28835498 PMCID: PMC5640846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00378-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever and pulmonary syndrome. The outer membrane of the hantavirus envelope displays a lattice of two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which orchestrate host cell recognition and entry. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the Gn glycoprotein ectodomain from the Asiatic Hantaan virus (HTNV), the most prevalent pathogenic hantavirus. Structural overlay analysis reveals that the HTNV Gn fold is highly similar to the Gn of Puumala virus (PUUV), a genetically and geographically distinct and less pathogenic hantavirus found predominantly in northeastern Europe, confirming that the hantaviral Gn fold is architecturally conserved across hantavirus clades. Interestingly, HTNV Gn crystallized at acidic pH, in a compact tetrameric configuration distinct from the organization at neutral pH. Analysis of the Gn, both in solution and in the context of the virion, confirms the pH-sensitive oligomeric nature of the glycoprotein, indicating that the hantaviral Gn undergoes structural transitions during host cell entry. These data allow us to present a structural model for how acidification during endocytic uptake of the virus triggers the dissociation of the metastable Gn-Gc lattice to enable insertion of the Gc-resident hydrophobic fusion loops into the host cell membrane. Together, these data reveal the dynamic plasticity of the structurally conserved hantaviral surface. IMPORTANCE Although outbreaks of Korean hemorrhagic fever were first recognized during the Korean War (1950 to 1953), it was not until 1978 that they were found to be caused by Hantaan virus (HTNV), the most prevalent pathogenic hantavirus. Here, we describe the crystal structure of HTNV envelope glycoprotein Gn, an integral component of the Gn-Gc glycoprotein spike complex responsible for host cell entry. HTNV Gn is structurally conserved with the Gn of a genetically and geographically distal hantavirus, Puumala virus, indicating that the observed α/β fold is well preserved across the Hantaviridae family. The combination of our crystal structure with solution state analysis of recombinant protein and electron cryo-microscopy of acidified hantavirus allows us to propose a model for endosome-induced reorganization of the hantaviral glycoprotein lattice. This provides a molecular-level rationale for the exposure of the hydrophobic fusion loops on the Gc, a process required for fusion of viral and cellular membranes.
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Li W, Cao S, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang S, Wu W, Qu J, Li C, Liang M, Li D. Comparison of serological assays to titrate Hantaan and Seoul hantavirus-specific antibodies. Virol J 2017; 14:133. [PMID: 28720142 PMCID: PMC5516384 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hantaan and Seoul viruses, in the Hantavirus genus, are known to cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), as conventional neutralization test for hantaviruses, is laborious and time-consuming. Alternatives to PRNT for hantaviruses are required. METHODS In this study, the methods for Hantaan and Seoul viruses serological typing including microneutralization test (MNT), pseudoparticle neutralization test (PPNT) and immunofluorescence assay based on viral glycoproteins (IFA-GP) were developed and compared with PRNT using a panel of 74 sera including 44 convalescent sera of laboratory confirmed HFRS patients and 30 patients sera of non-hantavirus infection. Antibody titres and serotyping obtained with different methods above were analyzed by paired-t, linear correlation, McNemar χ2 and Kappa agreement tests. RESULTS Antibody titres obtained with MNT50, PPNT50 and IFA-GP were significantly correlated with that obtained with PRNT50 (p < 0.001). GMT determined by PPNT50 was statistically higher than that determined by PRNT50 (p < 0.001), while GMT determined by MNT50 and IFA-GP were equal with (p > 0.05) and less than (p < 0.001) that obtained with PRNT50 respectively. Serotyping obtained with MNT50 and PRNT50, PPNT50 and PRNT50 were highly consistent (p < 0.001), whereas that obtained with IFA-GP and PRNT50 were moderately consistent (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences for serotyping between PRNT50 and MNT50, as well as PRNT50 and PPNT50 (p > 0.05). IFA-GP was less sensitive than PRNT50 and MNT50 for serotyping of hantaviruses infection (p < 0.05). However, for 79.5% (35/44) samples, serotyping determined by IFA-GP and PRNT50 were consistent. CONCLUSIONS MNT50 and PPNT50 both can be used as simple and rapid alternatives to PRNT50, and MNT50 is more specific while PPNT50 is more sensitive than other assays for neutralizing antibody determination. So far, this work has been the most comprehensive comparison of alternatives to PRNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing CDC, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouchun Cao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Crystal Structure of Glycoprotein C from a Hantavirus in the Post-fusion Conformation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005948. [PMID: 27783673 PMCID: PMC5081248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are important emerging human pathogens and are the causative agents of serious diseases in humans with high mortality rates. Like other members in the Bunyaviridae family their M segment encodes two glycoproteins, GN and GC, which are responsible for the early events of infection. Hantaviruses deliver their tripartite genome into the cytoplasm by fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes in response to the reduced pH of the endosome. Unlike phleboviruses (e.g. Rift valley fever virus), that have an icosahedral glycoprotein envelope, hantaviruses display a pleomorphic virion morphology as GN and GC assemble into spikes with apparent four-fold symmetry organized in a grid-like pattern on the viral membrane. Here we present the crystal structure of glycoprotein C (GC) from Puumala virus (PUUV), a representative member of the Hantavirus genus. The crystal structure shows GC as the membrane fusion effector of PUUV and it presents a class II membrane fusion protein fold. Furthermore, GC was crystallized in its post-fusion trimeric conformation that until now had been observed only in Flavi- and Togaviridae family members. The PUUV GC structure together with our functional data provides intriguing evolutionary and mechanistic insights into class II membrane fusion proteins and reveals new targets for membrane fusion inhibitors against these important pathogens. Hantaviruses (family: Bunyaviridae) encompass pathogens responsible to serious human diseases and economic burden worldwide. Following endocytosis, these enveloped RNA viruses are directed to an endosomal compartment where a sequence of pH-dependent conformational changes of the viral envelope glycoproteins mediates the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes. The lack of high-resolution structural information for the entry of hantaviruses impair our ability to rationalize new treatments and prevention strategies. We determined the three-dimensional structure of a glycoprotein C from Puumala virus (PUUV) using X-ray crystallography. The two structures (at pH 6.0 and 8.0) were determined to 1.8 Å and 2.3 Å resolutions, respectively. Both structures reveal a class II membrane fusion protein in its post-fusion trimeric conformation with novel structural features in the trimer assembly and stabilization. Our structures suggest that neutralizing antibodies against GC target its conformational changes as inhibition mechanism and highlight new molecular targets for hantavirus-specific membrane fusion inhibitors. Furthermore, combined with the available structures of other class II proteins, we remodeled the evolutionary relationships between virus families encompassing these proteins.
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Mechanistic Insight into Bunyavirus-Induced Membrane Fusion from Structure-Function Analyses of the Hantavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Gc. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005813. [PMID: 27783711 PMCID: PMC5082683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses transmitted to humans by persistently infected rodents, giving rise to serious outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), depending on the virus, which are associated with high case fatality rates. There is only limited knowledge about the organization of the viral particles and in particular, about the hantavirus membrane fusion glycoprotein Gc, the function of which is essential for virus entry. We describe here the X-ray structures of Gc from Hantaan virus, the type species hantavirus and responsible for HFRS, both in its neutral pH, monomeric pre-fusion conformation, and in its acidic pH, trimeric post-fusion form. The structures confirm the prediction that Gc is a class II fusion protein, containing the characteristic β-sheet rich domains termed I, II and III as initially identified in the fusion proteins of arboviruses such as alpha- and flaviviruses. The structures also show a number of features of Gc that are distinct from arbovirus class II proteins. In particular, hantavirus Gc inserts residues from three different loops into the target membrane to drive fusion, as confirmed functionally by structure-guided mutagenesis on the HPS-inducing Andes virus, instead of having a single "fusion loop". We further show that the membrane interacting region of Gc becomes structured only at acidic pH via a set of polar and electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, the structure reveals that hantavirus Gc has an additional N-terminal "tail" that is crucial in stabilizing the post-fusion trimer, accompanying the swapping of domain III in the quaternary arrangement of the trimer as compared to the standard class II fusion proteins. The mechanistic understandings derived from these data are likely to provide a unique handle for devising treatments against these human pathogens.
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Barriga GP, Villalón-Letelier F, Márquez CL, Bignon EA, Acuña R, Ross BH, Monasterio O, Mardones GA, Vidal SE, Tischler ND. Inhibition of the Hantavirus Fusion Process by Predicted Domain III and Stem Peptides from Glycoprotein Gc. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004799. [PMID: 27414047 PMCID: PMC4945073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. To enter cells, hantaviruses fuse their envelope membrane with host cell membranes. Previously, we have shown that the Gc envelope glycoprotein is the viral fusion protein sharing characteristics with class II fusion proteins. The ectodomain of class II fusion proteins is composed of three domains connected by a stem region to a transmembrane anchor in the viral envelope. These fusion proteins can be inhibited through exogenous fusion protein fragments spanning domain III (DIII) and the stem region. Such fragments are thought to interact with the core of the fusion protein trimer during the transition from its pre-fusion to its post-fusion conformation. Based on our previous homology model structure for Gc from Andes hantavirus (ANDV), here we predicted and generated recombinant DIII and stem peptides to test whether these fragments inhibit hantavirus membrane fusion and cell entry. Recombinant ANDV DIII was soluble, presented disulfide bridges and beta-sheet secondary structure, supporting the in silico model. Using DIII and the C-terminal part of the stem region, the infection of cells by ANDV was blocked up to 60% when fusion of ANDV occurred within the endosomal route, and up to 95% when fusion occurred with the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the fragments impaired ANDV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion, and cross-inhibited the fusion mediated by the glycoproteins from Puumala virus (PUUV). The Gc fragments interfered in ANDV cell entry by preventing membrane hemifusion and pore formation, retaining Gc in a non-resistant homotrimer stage, as described for DIII and stem peptide inhibitors of class II fusion proteins. Collectively, our results demonstrate that hantavirus Gc shares not only structural, but also mechanistic similarity with class II viral fusion proteins, and will hopefully help in developing novel therapeutic strategies against hantaviruses. The infection of cells by enveloped viruses involves the fusion of membranes between viruses and cells. This process is mediated by viral fusion proteins that have been grouped into at least three structural classes. Membrane-enveloped hantaviruses are worldwide spread pathogens that can cause human disease with mortality rates reaching up to 50%, however, neither a therapeutic drug nor preventive measures are currently available. Here we show that the entrance of Andes hantavirus into target cells can be blocked by fragments derived from the Gc fusion protein that are analogous to inhibitory fragments of class II fusion proteins. The Gc fragments acted directly over the viral fusion process, preventing its late stages. Together, our data demonstrate that the hantavirus Gc protein shares not only structural, but also mechanistic similarity with class II fusion proteins, suggesting its evolution from a common or related ancestral fusion protein. Furthermore, the results outline novel approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo P. Barriga
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Chantal L. Márquez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Bignon
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Acuña
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Breyan H. Ross
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Octavio Monasterio
- Laboratorio de Biología Estructural y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Simon E. Vidal
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Albornoz A, Hoffmann AB, Lozach PY, Tischler ND. Early Bunyavirus-Host Cell Interactions. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050143. [PMID: 27213430 PMCID: PMC4885098 DOI: 10.3390/v8050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyaviridae is the largest family of RNA viruses, with over 350 members worldwide. Several of these viruses cause severe diseases in livestock and humans. With an increasing number and frequency of outbreaks, bunyaviruses represent a growing threat to public health and agricultural productivity globally. Yet, the receptors, cellular factors and endocytic pathways used by these emerging pathogens to infect cells remain largely uncharacterized. The focus of this review is on the early steps of bunyavirus infection, from virus binding to penetration from endosomes. We address current knowledge and advances for members from each genus in the Bunyaviridae family regarding virus receptors, uptake, intracellular trafficking and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelina Albornoz
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Anja B Hoffmann
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Santiago, Chile.
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Beltrán-Ortiz CE, Starck-Mendez MF, Fernández Y, Farnós O, González EE, Rivas CI, Camacho F, Zuñiga FA, Toledo JR, Sánchez O. Expression and purification of the surface proteins from Andes virus. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 139:63-70. [PMID: 26374989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Andes virus is the main causative agent of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in South America. There are currently no vaccines or treatments against Andes virus. However, there are several evidences suggesting that antibodies against Andes virus envelope glycoproteins may be enough to confer full protection against Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. The goal of the present work was to express, purify and characterize the extracellular domains of Andes virus glycoproteins Gn and Gc. We generated two adenoviral vectors encoding the extracellular domains of Andes virus glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Both molecules were expressed by adenoviral transduction in SiHa cells. We found that sGc ectodomain was mainly secreted into the culture medium, whereas sGn was predominantly retained inside the cells. Both molecules were expressed at very low concentrations (below 1 μg/mL). Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor ALLN raised sGc concentration in the cell culture medium, but did not affect expression levels of sGn. Both ectodomains were purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, and were recognized by sera from persons previously exposed to Andes virus. To our knowledge, this is the first work that addresses the expression and purification of Andes virus glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Our results demonstrate that sGn and sGc maintain epitopes that are exposed on the surface of the viral envelope. However, our work also highlights the need to explore new strategies to achieve high-level expression of these proteins for development of a vaccine candidate against Andes virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila E Beltrán-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Maria F Starck-Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Yaiza Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Omar Farnós
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Eddy E González
- Department of Physiopathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Coralia I Rivas
- Department of Physiopathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - F Camacho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Felipe A Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Pharmacia, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Jorge R Toledo
- Department of Physiopathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine Spa., Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine Spa., Chile.
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Acuña R, Bignon EA, Mancini R, Lozach PY, Tischler ND. Acidification triggers Andes hantavirus membrane fusion and rearrangement of Gc into a stable post-fusion homotrimer. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3192-3197. [PMID: 26310672 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The hantavirus membrane fusion process is mediated by the Gc envelope glycoprotein from within endosomes. However, little is known about the specific mechanism that triggers Gc fusion activation, and its pre- and post-fusion conformations. We established cell-free in vitro systems to characterize hantavirus fusion activation. Low pH was sufficient to trigger the interaction of virus-like particles with liposomes. This interaction was dependent on a pre-fusion glycoprotein arrangement. Further, low pH induced Gc multimerization changes leading to non-reversible Gc homotrimers. These trimers were resistant to detergent, heat and protease digestion, suggesting characteristics of a stable post-fusion structure. No acid-dependent oligomerization rearrangement was detected for the trypsin-sensitive Gn envelope glycoprotein. Finally, acidification induced fusion of glycoprotein-expressing effector cells with non-susceptible CHO cells. Together, the data provide novel information on the Gc fusion trigger and its non-reversible activation involving lipid interaction, multimerization changes and membrane fusion which ultimately allow hantavirus entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Acuña
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zanartu 1482, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Bignon
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zanartu 1482, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberta Mancini
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago, Chile.,Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zanartu 1482, Santiago, Chile
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Haploid Genetic Screen Reveals a Profound and Direct Dependence on Cholesterol for Hantavirus Membrane Fusion. mBio 2015; 6:e00801. [PMID: 26126854 PMCID: PMC4488941 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00801-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and a highly fatal hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the New World. No vaccines or antiviral therapies are currently available to prevent or treat hantavirus disease, and gaps in our understanding of how hantaviruses enter cells challenge the search for therapeutics. We performed a haploid genetic screen in human cells to identify host factors required for entry by Andes virus, a highly virulent New World hantavirus. We found that multiple genes involved in cholesterol sensing, regulation, and biosynthesis, including key components of the sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway, are critical for Andes virus entry. Genetic or pharmacological disruption of the membrane-bound transcription factor peptidase/site-1 protease (MBTPS1/S1P), an SREBP control element, dramatically reduced infection by virulent hantaviruses of both the Old World and New World clades but not by rhabdoviruses or alphaviruses, indicating that this pathway is broadly, but selectively, required by hantaviruses. These results could be fully explained as arising from the modest depletion of cellular membrane cholesterol that accompanied S1P disruption. Mechanistic studies of cells and with protein-free liposomes suggested that high levels of cholesterol are specifically needed for hantavirus membrane fusion. Taken together, our results indicate that the profound dependence on target membrane cholesterol is a fundamental, and unusual, biophysical property of hantavirus glycoprotein-membrane interactions during entry. IMPORTANCE Although hantaviruses cause important human diseases worldwide, no specific antiviral treatments are available. One of the major obstacles to the development of new therapies is a lack of understanding of how hantaviruses hijack our own host factors to enter cells. Here, we identified multiple cellular genes that control the levels of cholesterol in cellular membranes to be important for hantavirus entry. Our findings suggest that high concentrations of cholesterol in cellular membranes are required at a specific step in the entry process-fusion between viral and cellular membranes-that allows escape of the hantavirus genome into the host cell cytoplasm to initiate infection. Our findings uncover a fundamental feature of the hantavirus infection mechanism and point to cholesterol-lowering drugs as a potential new treatment of hantaviral infections.
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Hantavirus Gn and Gc envelope glycoproteins: key structural units for virus cell entry and virus assembly. Viruses 2014; 6:1801-22. [PMID: 24755564 PMCID: PMC4014721 DOI: 10.3390/v6041801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ultrastructural studies of viral surface spikes from three different genera within the Bunyaviridae family have revealed a remarkable diversity in their spike organization. Despite this structural heterogeneity, in every case the spikes seem to be composed of heterodimers formed by Gn and Gc envelope glycoproteins. In this review, current knowledge of the Gn and Gc structures and their functions in virus cell entry and exit is summarized. During virus cell entry, the role of Gn and Gc in receptor binding has not yet been determined. Nevertheless, biochemical studies suggest that the subsequent virus-membrane fusion activity is accomplished by Gc. Further, a class II fusion protein conformation has been predicted for Gc of hantaviruses, and novel crystallographic data confirmed such a fold for the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) Gc protein. During virus cell exit, the assembly of different viral components seems to be established by interaction of Gn and Gc cytoplasmic tails (CT) with internal viral ribonucleocapsids. Moreover, recent findings show that hantavirus glycoproteins accomplish important roles during virus budding since they self-assemble into virus-like particles. Collectively, these novel insights provide essential information for gaining a more detailed understanding of Gn and Gc functions in the early and late steps of the hantavirus infection cycle.
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Hantavirus Gn and Gc glycoproteins self-assemble into virus-like particles. J Virol 2013; 88:2344-8. [PMID: 24335294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03118-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How hantaviruses assemble and exit infected cells remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the expression of Andes (ANDV) and Puumala (PUUV) hantavirus Gn and Gc envelope glycoproteins lead to their self-assembly into virus-like particles (VLPs) which were released to cell supernatants. The viral nucleoprotein was not required for particle formation. Further, a Gc endodomain deletion mutant did not abrogate VLP formation. The VLPs were pleomorphic, exposed protrusions and reacted with patient sera.
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A rapid method for infectivity titration of Andes hantavirus using flow cytometry. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:291-4. [PMID: 23806566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The focus assay is currently the most commonly used technique for hantavirus titer determination. This method requires an incubation time of between 5 and 11 days to allow the appearance of foci after several rounds of viral infection. The following work presents a rapid Andes virus (ANDV) titration assay, based on viral nucleocapsid protein (N) detection in infected cells by flow cytometry. To this end, an anti-N monoclonal antibody was used that was developed and characterized previously. ANDV N could be detected as early as 6 h post-infection, while viral release was not observed until 24-48 h post-infection. Given that ANDV detection was performed during its first round of infection, a time reduction for titer determination was possible and provided results in only two days. The viral titer was calculated from the percentage of N positive cells and agreed with focus assay titers. Furthermore, the assay was applied to quantify the inhibition of ANDV cell entry by patient sera and by preventing endosome acidification. This novel hantavirus titration assay is a highly quantitative and sensitive tool that facilitates infectivity titration of virus stocks, rapid screening for antiviral drugs, and may be further used to detect and quantify infectious virus in human samples.
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Hepojoki J, Strandin T, Lankinen H, Vaheri A. Hantavirus structure--molecular interactions behind the scene. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1631-1644. [PMID: 22622328 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.042218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the genus Hantavirus, carried and transmitted by rodents and insectivores, are the exception in the vector-borne virus family Bunyaviridae, since viruses of the other genera are transmitted via arthropods. The single-stranded, negative-sense, RNA genome of hantaviruses is trisegmented into small, medium and large (S, M and L) segments. The segments, respectively, encode three structural proteins: nucleocapsid (N) protein, two glycoproteins Gn and Gc and an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. The genome segments, encapsidated by the N protein to form ribonucleoproteins, are enclosed inside a lipid envelope that is decorated by spikes composed of Gn and Gc. The virion displays round or pleomorphic morphology with a diameter of roughly 120-160 nm depending on the detection method. This review focuses on the structural components of hantaviruses, their interactions, the mechanisms behind virion assembly and the interactions that maintain virion integrity. We attempt to summarize recent results on the virion structure and to suggest mechanisms on how the assembly is driven. We also compare hantaviruses to other bunyaviruses with known structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Lankinen
- Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Efficient production of Hantaan and Puumala pseudovirions for viral tropism and neutralization studies. Virology 2011; 423:134-42. [PMID: 22209230 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Puumala (PUUV) and Hantaan (HTNV) viruses are hantaviruses within the family Bunyaviridae and associated with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Little is known about how these viruses interact with host cells, though pathogenic hantaviruses interact with α(v)β(3) integrin. To study host cell interactions and rapidly test the ability of antibodies to prevent infection, we produced HTNV and PUUV pseudovirions on a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) core. Similar to replication-competent hantaviruses, infection was low-pH-dependent. Despite broad cell tropism, several human T cell lines were poorly permissive to hantavirus pseudovirions, compared to VSV, indicating a relative block to infection at the level of entry. Stable expression of α(v)β(3) integrin in SupT1 cells did not restore infectivity. Finally, the pseudovirion system provided a rapid, quantitative, and specific method to screen for neutralizing antibodies in immune sera.
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Aromatic and polar residues spanning the candidate fusion peptide of the Andes virus Gc protein are essential for membrane fusion and infection. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:552-63. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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