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Clinical Investigation of Leukocyte DNA Damage in COVID-19 Patients. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:963-974. [PMID: 36826007 PMCID: PMC9955698 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate leukocyte DNA damage in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. In this study, 50 COVID-19-positive patients attending the Erzurum City Hospital Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic and 42 control group patients were included. DNA damage was detected in living cells through leukocyte isolation in 50 COVID-19-positive patients using the comet assay method. DNA tail/head (olive) moments were evaluated and compared. White blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), neutrophils (NEU), lymphocytes (LYM), eosinophils (EO), monocytes (MONO), basophils (BASO), platelets (PLT), and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were analyzed. The RBC, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte means were significantly higher in the control group (p < 0.05), whereas the HGB and neutrophile means were significantly higher in the study group (p < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between COVID-19 and RBC (r = -0.863), LYM (r = -0.542), EO (r = -0.686), and MONO (r = -0.385). Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations between COVID-19 and HGB (r = 0.863), NEU (r = 0.307), tail moment (r = 0.598), and olive moment (r = 0.582). Both the tail and olive moment mean differences were significantly higher in the study group, with higher ranges (p < 0.05). COVID-19 infection caused statistically significant increases in both the tail and olive damage percentage in patients, causing DNA damage. Lastly, the NLR rate was associated with the presence and progression of COVID-19.
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Sharma J, Kumari R, Bhargava A, Tiwari R, Mishra PK. Mitochondrial-induced Epigenetic Modifications: From Biology to Clinical Translation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:159-176. [PMID: 32851956 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200826165735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are maternally inherited semi-autonomous organelles that play a central role in redox balance, energy metabolism, control of integrated stress responses, and cellular homeostasis. The molecular communication between mitochondria and the nucleus is intricate and bidirectional in nature. Though mitochondrial genome encodes for several key proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, several regulatory factors encoded by nuclear DNA are prominent contributors to mitochondrial biogenesis and function. The loss of synergy between this reciprocal control of anterograde (nuclear to mitochondrial) and retrograde (mitochondrial to nuclear) signaling, triggers epigenomic imbalance and affects mitochondrial function and global gene expressions. Recent expansions of our knowledge on mitochondrial epigenomics have offered novel perspectives for the study of several non-communicable diseases including cancer. As mitochondria are considered beacons for pharmacological interventions, new frontiers in targeted delivery approaches could provide opportunities for effective disease management and cure through reversible epigenetic reprogramming. This review focuses on recent progress in the area of mitochondrial-nuclear cross-talk and epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA methylation, mitochondrial micro RNAs, and post-translational modification of mitochondrial nucleoid-associated proteins that hold major opportunities for targeted drug delivery and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
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Fang X, Young KH. Hepatitis B virus antibody status provides new insights in diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:1281-1283. [PMID: 33648420 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1891233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Fang
- Hematopathology Division, Department of Pathology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Hematopathology Division, Department of Pathology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Sharma J, Parsai K, Raghuwanshi P, Ali SA, Tiwari V, Bhargava A, Mishra PK. Emerging role of mitochondria in airborne particulate matter-induced immunotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116242. [PMID: 33321436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is one of the primary targets of airborne particulate matter. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondria lie at the center of particulate matter-induced immunotoxicity. Particulate matter can directly interact with mitochondrial components (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and impairs the vital mitochondrial processes including redox mechanisms, fusion-fission, autophagy, and metabolic pathways. These disturbances impede different mitochondrial functions including ATP production, which acts as an important platform to regulate immunity and inflammatory responses. Moreover, the mitochondrial DNA released into the cytosol or in the extracellular milieu acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern and triggers the signaling pathways, involving cGAS-STING, TLR9, and NLRP3. In the present review, we discuss the emerging role of mitochondria in airborne particulate matter-induced immunotoxicity and its myriad biological consequences in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Kamakshi Parsai
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pragati Raghuwanshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Sophiya Anjum Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Vineeta Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes liver cell pyroptosis under oxidative stress through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:683-696. [PMID: 32347316 PMCID: PMC7261280 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a pivotal factor for HBV-induced hepatitis. Herein, we sought to investigate HBx-mediated NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pyroptosis under oxidative stress. Methods The effect of HBx on the NLRP3 inflammasome was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence in hepatic HL7702 cells. Pyroptosis was evaluated by western blotting, lactate dehydrogenase release, propidium iodide staining, and transmission electron microscopy. NLRP3 expression in the inflammasome from liver tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results In hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated HL7702 cells, HBx triggered the release of pro-inflammatory mediators apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); activated NLRP3; and initiated pro-inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). HBx localized to the mitochondria, where it induced mitochondrial damage and production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS). Treatment of HL7702 cells with a mitoROS scavenger attenuated HBx-induced NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis. Expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β in liver tissues from patients were positively correlated with HBV DNA concentration. Conclusions The NLRP3 inflammasome was activated by elevated mitoROS levels and mediated HBx-induced liver inflammation and hepatocellular pyroptosis under H2O2-stress conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-020-01351-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Yu DY. Relevance of reactive oxygen species in liver disease observed in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis B virus X protein. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:6. [PMID: 32206612 PMCID: PMC7081669 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects approximately 240 million people worldwide, causing chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver cancer. Although numerous studies have been performed to date, unfortunately there is no conclusive drug or treatment for HBV induced liver disease. The hepatitis B virus X (HBx) is considered a key player in inducing CLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HBx protein, inducing HCC at the age of 11–18 months. The incidence of histological phenotype, including liver tumor, differed depending on the genetic background of HBx Tg mice. Fatty change and tumor generation were observed much earlier in livers of HBx Tg hybrid (C57BL/6 and CBA) (HBx-Tg hybrid) mice than in HBx Tg C57BL/6 (HBx-Tg B6) mice. Inflammation was also enhanced in the HBx-Tg B6 mice as compared to HBx-Tg hybrid mice. HBx may be involved in inducing and promoting hepatic steatosis, glycemia, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was remarkably increased in livers of HBx Tg young mice compared to young wild type control mice. Previous studies on HBx Tg mice indicate that the HBx-induced ROS plays a role in inducing and promoting CLD and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeul Yu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806 South Korea
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Yang L, Li T, Li W, Tang X, Li J, Long R, Fu Y, Allain JP, Li C. Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hyperlipidemia Patients. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 241:255-261. [PMID: 28381700 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with lower prevalence of hyperlipidemia (HLP). However, occult HBV infection (OBI) in HLP patients has not yet been explored. OBI is defined as the presence of detectable HBV DNA in serum or liver tissue but undetectable HBV surface antigen in serum. In this study, 1,036 HLP patients and 1,134 replacement blood donor controls were recruited. Among them, 252 HLP patients and 255 blood donors with antibody to HBV core positive were selected and analyzed. HBV DNA was confirmed by nucleic acid testing assays, and nucleotide mutations were analyzed. OBI was detected in 9.5% (24/252) of HLP patients and 2.4% (6/255) of blood donors, respectively (P < 0.001). In HLP population, 41.7% of OBI and 13.6% of non-OBI carriers were associated with daily alcohol consuming > 30 g/day (P < 0.01), while in control population those rates were not statistically different between OBI and non-OBI carriers (P > 0.05). Viral load of OBI in HLP patients was higher than that of OBI in blood donors (P < 0.05), which was a positive correlation between total cholesterol and HBV viral load levels (r = 0.474 P = 0.019). HBV vaccination rate was found significantly lower in OBI HLP patients than that in non-OBI HLP patients (P < 0.01). Importantly, mutations were found in basic core promoter region of HBV among OBI HLP patients. In conclusion, the frequency of OBI is significantly higher in HLP patients, especially those patients with heavy daily alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University
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Oxidative stress, a trigger of hepatitis C and B virus-induced liver carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3895-3932. [PMID: 27965466 PMCID: PMC5354803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virally induced liver cancer usually evolves over long periods of time in the context of a strongly oxidative microenvironment, characterized by chronic liver inflammation and regeneration processes. They ultimately lead to oncogenic mutations in many cellular signaling cascades that drive cell growth and proliferation. Oxidative stress, induced by hepatitis viruses, therefore is one of the factors that drives the neoplastic transformation process in the liver. This review summarizes current knowledge on oxidative stress and oxidative stress responses induced by human hepatitis B and C viruses. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses activate cellular enzymes/systems that generate or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control cellular redox homeostasis. The impact of an altered cellular redox homeostasis on the initiation and establishment of chronic viral infection, as well as on the course and outcome of liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis will be discussed The review neither discusses reactive nitrogen species, although their metabolism is interferes with that of ROS, nor antioxidants as potential therapeutic remedies against viral infections, both subjects meriting an independent review.
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Alavian SM, Showraki A. Hepatitis B and its Relationship With Oxidative Stress. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e37973. [PMID: 27822264 PMCID: PMC5088504 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.37973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the great breakthroughs we have witnessed in the last 50 years in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis B, we are still far from eradicating or even curing the disease. Achieving further progress in controlling this disease will not be possible without discovering the exact pathogenesis behind it. One prime suspect in the pathogenesis of various diseases is oxidative stress. This review will exclusively explore hepatitis B in the context of oxidative stress to obtain a more comprehensive clinical perspective on its pathogenesis and eventual medical therapy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus using an extensive list of keywords in the following three categories: 1) Hepatitis B and oxidation 2) Hepatitis B and antioxidant system 3) Effects of approved anti-hepatitis B drugs on redox status. All relevant articles were obtained and reviewed carefully after the exclusion criteria were deployed. RESULTS There is great evidence indicating extensive oxidative stress occurs in hepatitis B. This oxidative stress takes place on multiple levels, including lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, protein oxidation, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production. However, there are also conflicting results with regard to antioxidant therapy and antioxidant status in hepatitis B, some of which may be explained by the concept of "compensatory gaps." Nevertheless, further studies are indicated to reach a more thorough judgment. CONCLUSIONS Despite the presence of vast oxidative stress in hepatitis B, antioxidant therapy is not always effective as a treatment strategy, especially considering that antioxidants can act as "double-edged swords" or antioxidants; if not used at the right time or place or in the right combination, these substances can easily become pro-oxidants. Therefore, several studies will be needed to determine suitable antioxidant therapies. We propose the "2-step Combined Antioxidant Adjuvant Therapy for hepatitis B (2CAAT Hep B)" as a new strategy for antioxidant adjuvant therapy. We also suggest developing an international platform and database for antioxidant adjuvant therapy in hepatitis B (IPAATH and IDAATH) to canalize this field of research in a standardized direction, especially when complexity is a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Showraki
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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10
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Biological activities of leaves of ethnomedicinal plant, Borassus flabellifer Linn. (Palmyra palm): An antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hepatitis B virus replication is upregulated in proliferated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3581-7. [PMID: 26936285 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but at a low level. The present study aimed to establish a reliable and sensitive method that effectively detects HBV viral products for monitoring antiviral therapy, organ transplantation screening, and diagnosing occult HBV infection. In the present study, PBMCs (obtained from six healthy volunteers) were inoculated with HBV, and cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin‑2 (IL‑2) to stimulate cell proliferation. PBMCs were harvested, and quantitative detection of HBV DNA in cell suspension and intracellular hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was conducted on days 0, 1, 6 and 12, respectively. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) were performed to analyze the HBV infection. The results demonstrated that HBV DNA increased concurrently with proliferation of PBMCs isolated from three of six healthy volunteers, and the mean number of PBMCs on day 12 was 13.61 times higher than the initially seeded cell number (P<0.01). The mean copies of HBV DNA at day 12 were 2.98 times higher compared with initial levels (P<0.05). Furthermore, intracellular HBsAg levels increased concurrently with proliferation of PBMCs in one group of cultured PBMCs, which was accompanied by increased HBV DNA levels. In addition, HBV nucleic acids were detected in PBMCs using in situ hybridization. Intracellular HBsAg was observed in PBMCs and HBV RNA was also detected by RT‑PCR. The present study demonstrated that HBV replicates in proliferating PBMCs, which were induced by PHA and IL‑2. This method offers a novel investigative tool to detect HBV infection in PBMCs and to monitor the course of HBV infection.
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Bhargava A, Khare NK, Bunkar N, Lenka RK, Mishra PK. Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on lymphocyte homeostasis in patients diagnosed with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Biol Int 2015; 40:166-76. [PMID: 26431927 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is often an underrated illness. Recent clinical studies have pointed out that lymphocyte homeostasis is dramatically disturbed as revealed through a series of signs and symptoms. Lymphocytes, the known effector cells of our immune system, play an important role in providing immunologic resistance against Mycobacterium infection. It is important to have quantitative insights into the lifespan of these cells; therefore, we aimed to study the precise effect of gastrointestinal tuberculosis infection on peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and function. Our results indicated that gastrointestinal tuberculosis could increase mitochondrial oxidative stress, lower mitochondrial DNA copy number, promote nuclear DNA damage and repair response, decrease mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, and upregulate Bcl-2 and caspase-3 gene expression in lymphocytes. We further revealed that Mycobacterium infection induces autophagy for selective sequestration and subsequent degradation of the dysfunctional mitochondrion before activating cellular apoptosis in the peripheral lymphocyte pool. Together, these observations uncover a new role of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk that apparently contributes to lymphocyte homeostasis in gastrointestinal tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Khare
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Lenka
- Department of Microbiology, I.M.S. & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Weng MT, Tung TH, Lee JH, Wei SC, Lin HL, Huang YJ, Wong JM, Luo J, Sheu JC. Enhancer of rudimentary homolog regulates DNA damage response in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9357. [PMID: 25880358 PMCID: PMC4399501 DOI: 10.1038/srep09357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH) gene is required for the expression of multiple cell cycle and DNA damage response (DDR) genes. The present study investigated the role of ERH and its target DNA damage repair genes in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We observed positive correlation between ERH and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) expression in liver tissues. Expression of ERH, ATR as well as checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) were higher in HCCs than in normal liver tissues. Knocking-down ERH augmented ultraviolet light induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. ATR protein level is reduced upon ERH depletion as a result of defect in the splicing of ATR mRNA. Consequently, the ATR effector kinase Chk1 failed to be phosphorylated upon ultraviolet light or hydroxyurea treatment in ERH knocked-down HepG2 cells. Finally, we observed Chk1 inhibitor AZD7762 enhanced the effect of doxorubicin on inhibiting growth of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. This study suggested that ERH regulates the splicing of the DNA damage response proteins ATR in HCC cells, and targeting DNA damage response by Chk1 inhibitor augments chemotherapy to treat HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tzu Weng
- 1] Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan [2] Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsun Tung
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu-Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Li Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Huang
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Min Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ji Luo
- Cancer Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jin-Chuan Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Mishra PK, Bunkar N, Raghuram GV, Khare NK, Pathak N, Bhargava A. Epigenetic dimension of oxygen radical injury in spermatogonial epithelial cells. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 52:40-56. [PMID: 25687723 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports a direct role of mitochondrial oxidative stress induced aberrant chromatin regulation, as a central phenomenon, to perturbed genomic integrity in the testicular milieu. Oxygen-radical injury following N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate treatment in mouse spermatogonial epithelial (GC-1 spg) cells induced functional derailment of mitochondrial machinery. Mitophagy resulted in marked inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and reduced mtDNA copy number. Impaired cell cycle progression along with altered H3K9me1, H4K20me3, H3, AcH3 and uH2A histone modifications were observed in the treated cells. Dense heterochromatin foci and aberrant expression of HP1α in nuclei of treated cells implied onset of senescence associated secretory phenotype mediated through nuclear accumulation of NF-κB. Neoplastic nature of daughter clones, emerged from senescent mother phenotypes was confirmed by cytogenetic instability, aberrant let-7a and let-7b miRNA expression and anchorage independent growth. Together, our results provide the first insights of redox-dependent epigenomic imbalance in spermatogonia, a previously unknown molecular paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna K Mishra
- Translational Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India; Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Translational Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Gorantla V Raghuram
- Translational Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India; Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Naveen K Khare
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Translational Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Translational Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India; Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India
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Ozkal-Baydin P. How did hepatitis B virus effect the host genome in the last decade? World J Hepatol 2014; 6:851-859. [PMID: 25544872 PMCID: PMC4269904 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i12.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal reason of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is chronic viral hepatitis all over the world. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has some mutagenic effects on the host genome. HBV may be exhibiting these mutagenic effects through integrating into the host genome, through its viral proteins or through some epigenetic mechanisms related with HBV proteins. This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms used by HBV for effecting host genome determined in the last decade. The focus will be on the effects of integration, HBV proteins, especially HBV X protein and epigenetic mechanisms on the host genome. These interactions between HBV and the host genome also forms the underlying mechanisms of the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Powell EA, Gededzha MP, Rentz M, Rakgole NJ, Selabe SG, Seleise TA, Mphahlele MJ, Blackard JT. Mutations associated with occult hepatitis B in HIV-positive South Africans. J Med Virol 2014; 87:388-400. [PMID: 25164924 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B is characterized by the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but the presence of HBV DNA. Because diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) typically includes HBsAg detection, occult HBV remains largely undiagnosed. Occult HBV is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, reactivation to chronic HBV during immune suppression, and transmission during blood transfusion and liver transplant. The mechanisms leading to occult HBV infection are unclear, although viral mutations are likely a significant factor. In this study, sera from 394 HIV-positive South Africans were tested for HBV DNA and HBsAg. For patients with detectable HBV DNA, the overlapping surface and polymerase open reading frames (ORFs) were sequenced. Occult-associated mutations-those mutations found exclusively in individuals with occult HBV infection but not in individuals with chronic HBV infection from the same cohort or GenBank references-were identified. Ninety patients (22.8%) had detectable HBV DNA. Of these, 37 had detectable HBsAg, while 53 lacked detectable surface antigen. The surface and polymerase ORFs were cloned successfully for 19 patients with chronic HBV and 30 patients with occult HBV. In total, 235 occult-associated mutations were identified. Ten occult-associated mutations were identified in more than one patient. Additionally, 15 amino acid positions had two distinct occult-associated mutations at the same residue. Occult-associated mutations were common and present in all regions of the surface and polymerase ORFs. Further study is underway to determine the effects of these mutations on viral replication and surface antigen expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Powell
- Division of Digestive Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Immune modulations and protection by translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in Fenneropenaeus indicus harboring white spot syndrome virus infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 120:33-9. [PMID: 24837973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fenneropenaeus indicus translationally controlled tumor protein (Fi-TCTP) was cloned and expressed using pET 100a-D-TOPO in prokaryotic expression system and it exhibited putative antioxidant activity as assessed in vitro by enhanced growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in presence of hydrogen peroxide. The protective efficacy of recombinant Fi-TCTP (rFi-TCTP) was evaluated in F. indicus by intramuscular and oral administration. Intramuscular injection of rFi-TCTP to shrimps, on subsequent white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection exhibited 42% relative percent survival. To understand the mechanism of protection, immunological parameters such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), phenoloxidase and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed in early (24h) and late (60h) stages of infection. rFi-TCTP pretreatment significantly lowers the WSSV induced ROS generation and respiratory burst during early and late stages of infection. Further, WSSV induced apoptotic changes such as reduced haemocyte count, loss in MMP and DNA fragmentation were significantly reduced during early and late stage of infection upon rFi-TCTP administration. Hence, the immunomodulatory studies suggest that protective effect of rFi-TCTP in treated shrimps, might be due to the reduction in ROS and apoptosis, following decreased mitochondrial damage together with reduced phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst.
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Pathak N, Khan S, Bhargava A, Raghuram GV, Jain D, Panwar H, Samarth RM, Jain SK, Maudar KK, Mishra DK, Mishra PK. Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of the Flavonoid-Rich Fraction Isolated from Papaya Seeds. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:857-71. [PMID: 24820939 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.904912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mishra PK, Raghuram GV, Jain D, Jain SK, Khare NK, Pathak N. Mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced epigenetic modifications in pancreatic epithelial cells. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:116-29. [PMID: 24563415 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814524064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies have linked prooxidative carbamate compound exposures with various human pathologies including pancreatic cancer. In these studies, our aim was to examine mitochondrial oxidative stress-mediated aberrant chromatin responses in human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Posttranslational histone modifications, promoter DNA methylation, and micro-RNA (miRNA) expression patterns were evaluated following induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress by N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate exposure. In treated cells, perturbation in mitochondrial machinery led to hypermethylation of p16 and smad4 gene promoters and downregulation of respective gene products. Posttranslational histone modifications that include hypoacetylation of acetylated histone (AcH) 3 and AcH4, hypermethylation of monomethylated histone 3 at lysine 9 and trimethylated histone 4 at lysine 20 ubiquitinated histone (uH) 2A/uH2B, and increased phosphorylation of H2AX and H3 were observed in the treated cells. Altered expression of miRNAs denoted possible location of corresponding genes at oxidatively damaged fragile sites. Collectively, our results provide a direct role of mitochondrial oxidative stress-mediated epigenetic imbalance to perturbed genomic integrity in oxygen radical-induced pancreatic injury. Further, identification and characterization of molecular switches that affect these epigenomic signatures and targets thereof will be imperative to understand the complex role of redox-regulatory network in pancreatic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Translational Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Anand SK, Tikoo SK. Viruses as modulators of mitochondrial functions. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:738794. [PMID: 24260034 PMCID: PMC3821892 DOI: 10.1155/2013/738794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles with diverse roles including energy production and distribution, apoptosis, eliciting host immune response, and causing diseases and aging. Mitochondria-mediated immune responses might be an evolutionary adaptation by which mitochondria might have prevented the entry of invading microorganisms thus establishing them as an integral part of the cell. This makes them a target for all the invading pathogens including viruses. Viruses either induce or inhibit various mitochondrial processes in a highly specific manner so that they can replicate and produce progeny. Some viruses encode the Bcl2 homologues to counter the proapoptotic functions of the cellular and mitochondrial proteins. Others modulate the permeability transition pore and either prevent or induce the release of the apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Viruses like Herpes simplex virus 1 deplete the host mitochondrial DNA and some, like human immunodeficiency virus, hijack the host mitochondrial proteins to function fully inside the host cell. All these processes involve the participation of cellular proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and virus specific proteins. This review will summarize the strategies employed by viruses to utilize cellular mitochondria for successful multiplication and production of progeny virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K. Anand
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
| | - Suresh K. Tikoo
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
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Abstract
The field of anatomic pathology has changed significantly over the last decades and, as a result of the technological developments in molecular pathology and genetics, has had increasing pressures put on it to become quantitative and to provide more information about protein expression on a cellular level in tissue sections. Multispectral imaging (MSI) has a long history as an advanced imaging modality and has been used for over a decade now in pathology to improve quantitative accuracy, enable the analysis of multicolor immunohistochemistry, and drastically reduce the impact of contrast-robbing tissue autofluorescence common in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. When combined with advanced software for the automated segmentation of different tissue morphologies (eg, tumor vs stroma) and cellular and subcellular segmentation, MSI can enable the per-cell quantitation of many markers simultaneously. This article covers the role that MSI has played in anatomic pathology in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, discusses the technological aspects of why MSI has been adopted, and provides a review of the literature of the application of MSI in anatomic pathology.
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Avanzi S, Alvisi G, Ripalti A. How virus persistence can initiate the tumorigenesis process. World J Virol 2013; 2:102-9. [PMID: 24175234 PMCID: PMC3785046 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oncogenic viruses are defined as necessary but not sufficient to initiate cancer. Experimental evidence suggests that the oncogenic potential of a virus is effective in cells that have already accumulated a number of genetic mutations leading to cell cycle deregulation. Current models for viral driven oncogenesis cannot explain why tumor development in carriers of tumorigenic viruses is a very rare event, occurring decades after virus infection. Considering that viruses are mutagenic agents per se and human oncogenic viruses additionally establish latent and persistent infections, we attempt here to provide a general mechanism of tumor initiation both for RNA and DNA viruses, suggesting viruses could be both necessary and sufficient in triggering human tumorigenesis initiation. Upon reviewing emerging evidence on the ability of viruses to induce DNA damage while subverting the DNA damage response and inducing epigenetic disturbance in the infected cell, we hypothesize a general, albeit inefficient hit and rest mechanism by which viruses may produce a limited reservoir of cells harboring permanent damage that would be initiated when the virus first hits the cell, before latency is established. Cells surviving virus generated damage would consequently become more sensitive to further damage mediated by the otherwise insufficient transforming activity of virus products expressed in latency, or upon episodic reactivations (viral persistence). Cells with a combination of genetic and epigenetic damage leading to a cancerous phenotype would emerge very rarely, as the probability of such an occurrence would be dependent on severity and frequency of consecutive hit and rest cycles due to viral reinfections and reactivations.
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Khan S, Raghuram GV, Pathak N, Jain SK, Chandra DH, Mishra PK. Impairment of mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Clin Biochem 2013; 29:38-44. [PMID: 24478547 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased leukocyte apoptosis is intrinsically linked to disease patho-physiology, susceptibility to and severity of infections in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. A consistent defect in neutrophil function is considered central to this increased risk for infections. Although redox imbalance is considered a potential mediator of these associated complications, detailed molecular evidence in clinical samples remains largely undetected. The study consisted of three groups (n = 50 each) of Asian Indians: early diagnosed diabetic patients, cases with late-onset diabetic complications and age and gender-matched healthy controls. We evaluated mitochondrial oxidative stress, levels of nuclear DNA damage and apoptosis in peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from T2DM patients. We observed that in both early and late diabetic subjects, the HbA1c levels in neutrophils were altered considerably with respect to healthy controls. Increased oxidative stress observed in both early and late diabetics imply the disentanglement of fine equilibrium of mitochondria-nuclear cross talk which eventually effected the augmentation of downstream nuclear γH2AX activation and caspase-3 expression. It would be overly naïve to refute the fact that mitochondrial deregulation in neutrophils perturbs immunological balance in type 2 diabetic conditions. By virtue of our data, we posit that maneuvering mitochondrial function might offer a prospective and viable method to modulate neutrophil function in T2DM. Nevertheless, similar investigations from other ethnic groups in conjunction with experimental evidences would be a preeminent need. Obviously, our study might aid to comprehend this complex interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and neutrophil homeostasis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. HS Gour Central University, Sagar, India ; Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Gorantla V Raghuram
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. HS Gour Central University, Sagar, India ; Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India ; Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, 410 210 India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Subodh K Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. HS Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Dolly H Chandra
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India ; Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, 410 210 India
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24
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Valdiglesias V, Giunta S, Fenech M, Neri M, Bonassi S. γH2AX as a marker of DNA double strand breaks and genomic instability in human population studies. Mutat Res 2013; 753:24-40. [PMID: 23416207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are the gravest form of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Failure to detect DSB and activate appropriate DNA damage responses can cause genomic instability, leading to tumorigenesis and possibly accelerated aging. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) is used as a biomarker of cellular response to DSB and its potential for monitoring DNA damage and repair in human populations has been explored in this review. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed for articles, in English, on human studies reporting γH2AX as a biomarker of either DNA repair or DNA damage. A total of 68 publications were identified. Thirty-four studies (50.0%) evaluated the effect of medical procedures or treatments on γH2AX levels; 20 (29.4%) monitored γH2AX in specific pathological conditions with a case/control or case/case design; 5 studies (7.4%) evaluated the effect of environmental genotoxic exposures, and 9 (13.2%) were descriptive studies on cancer and aging. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (44.6%) or biopsies/tissue specimens (24.3%) were the most commonly used samples. γH2AX was scored by optical microscopy as immunostained foci (78%), or by flow cytometry (16%). Critical features affecting the reliability of the assay, including protocols heterogeneity, specimen, cell cycle, kinetics, study design, and statistical analysis, are hereby discussed. Because of its sensitivity, efficiency and mechanistic relevance, the γH2AX assay has great potential as a DNA damage biomarker; however, the technical and epidemiological heterogeneity highlighted in this review infer a necessity for experimental standardization of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Giunta
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Monica Neri
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy.
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25
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Panwar H, Jain D, Khan S, Pathak N, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Banerjee S, Mishra PK. Imbalance of mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk in isocyanate mediated pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction. Redox Biol 2013; 1:163-71. [PMID: 24024149 PMCID: PMC3757684 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic investigations coupled with epidemiology, case-control, cohort and observational studies have increasingly linked isocyanate exposure (both chronic and acute) with pulmonary morbidity and mortality. Though ascribed for impairment in endothelial cell function, molecular mechanisms of these significant adverse pulmonary outcomes remains poorly understood. As preliminary studies conducted in past have failed to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between isocyanate toxicity and compromised pulmonary endothelial cell function, we hypothesized that direct exposure to isocyanate may disrupt endothelial structural lining, resulting in cellular damage. Based on this premise, we comprehensively evaluated the molecular repercussions of methyl isocyanate (MIC) exposure on human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAE-26). We examined MIC-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine response, oxidative DNA damage response and apoptotic index. Our results demonstrate that exposure to MIC, augment mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, depletion in antioxidant defense enzymes, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine response and induced endothelial cell apoptosis via affecting the balance of mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk. We herein delineate the first and direct molecular cascade of isocyanate-induced pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction. The results of our study might portray a connective link between associated respiratory morbidities with isocyanate exposure, and indeed facilitate to discern the exposure-phenotype relationship in observed deficits of pulmonary endothelial cell function. Further, understanding of inter- and intra-cellular signaling pathways involved in isocyanate-induced endothelial damage would not only aid in biomarker identification but also provide potential new avenues to target specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Panwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- School of Studies in Zoology & Biotechnology, Vikram University, Ujjain, India
| | - Deepika Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Saba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Gorantla V. Raghuram
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Smita Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Pradyumna K. Mishra
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
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26
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Becker N, Byl A, Friedrich S, Jauch A, Schnitzler P, Egerer G, Ho AD, Goldschmidt H, Neben K. Hepatitis B virus infection is associated with deletion of chromosome 8p in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2012; 90:279-85. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Becker
- Clinical Cancer Registry; National Center of Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anne Byl
- Clinical Cancer Registry; National Center of Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Susanne Friedrich
- Clinical Cancer Registry; National Center of Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Gerlinde Egerer
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University of Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Kai Neben
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
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Redon CE, Weyemi U, Parekh PR, Huang D, Burrell AS, Bonner WM. γ-H2AX and other histone post-translational modifications in the clinic. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1819:743-56. [PMID: 22430255 PMCID: PMC3371125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin is a dynamic complex of DNA and proteins that regulates the flow of information from genome to end product. The efficient recognition and faithful repair of DNA damage, particularly double-strand damage, is essential for genomic stability and cellular homeostasis. Imperfect repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can lead to oncogenesis. The efficient repair of DSBs relies in part on the rapid formation of foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) at each break site, and the subsequent recruitment of repair factors. These foci can be visualized with appropriate antibodies, enabling low levels of DSB damage to be measured in samples obtained from patients. Such measurements are proving useful to optimize treatments involving ionizing radiation, to assay in vivo the efficiency of various drugs to induce DNA damage, and to help diagnose patients with a variety of syndromes involving elevated levels of γ-H2AX. We will survey the state of the art of utilizing γ-H2AX in clinical settings. We will also discuss possibilities with other histone post-translational modifications. The ability to measure in vivo the responses of individual patients to particular drugs and/or radiation may help optimize treatments and improve patient care. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe E. Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Urbain Weyemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Palak R. Parekh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dejun Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Allison S. Burrell
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University
| | - William M. Bonner
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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28
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Outinen TK, Kuparinen T, Jylhävä J, Leppänen S, Mustonen J, Mäkelä S, Pörsti I, Syrjänen J, Vaheri A, Hurme M. Plasma cell-free DNA levels are elevated in acute Puumala hantavirus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31455. [PMID: 22347483 PMCID: PMC3274523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) causes a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome called nephropathia epidemica (NE). The aim of the present study was to evaluate plasma cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) levels and urinary cf-DNA excretion in acute NE as well as their associations with the severity of the disease. Methods Total plasma cf-DNA was quantified directly in plasma of 61 patients and urine of 20 patients with acute NE. We also carried out a qualitative high-sensitivity lab-on-a-chip DNA assay in 20 patients to elucidate the appearance of cf-DNA in plasma and urine. Results The maximum plasma cf-DNA values taken during acute NE were significantly higher than the control values taken after the hospitalization period (median 1.33 µg/ml, range 0.94–3.29 µg/ml vs. median 0.77 µg/ml, range 0.55–0.99 µg/ml, P<0.001). The maximum plasma cf-DNA levels correlated positively with maximum blood leukocyte count (r = 0.388, P = 0.002) and the length of hospital stay (r = 0.376, P = 0.003), and inversely with minimum blood platelet count (r = −0.297, P = 0.020). Qualitative analysis of plasma cf-DNA revealed that in most of the patients cf-DNA displayed a low-molecular weight appearance, corresponding to the size of apoptotic DNA (150–200 bp). The visually graded maximum cf-DNA band intensity correlated positively with the maximum quantity of total plasma cf-DNA (r = 0.513, P = 0.021). Maximum urinary excretion of cf-DNA in turn was not markedly increased during the acute phase of NE and did not correlate with any of the variables reflecting severity of the disease or with the maximum plasma cf-DNA level. Conclusions The plasma levels of cf-DNA are elevated during acute PUUV infection and correlate with the apoptotic cf-DNA-band intensity. The plasma cf-DNA concentration correlates with some variables reflecting the severity of the disease. The urinary excretion of cf-DNA does not reflect the degree of inflammation in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula K Outinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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29
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Khan S, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Pathak N, Chandra DH, Jain SK, Mishra PK. Role and clinical significance of lymphocyte mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Transl Res 2011; 158:344-59. [PMID: 22061042 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased susceptibility to infections. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is implicated primarily in the immune pathophysiology of diabetes; however, the molecular underpinnings of lymphocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and ensuing downstream cellular effects are hitherto unreported. Both in early diagnosed patients and patients with late complications, we observed an inverse correlation between mitochondrial DNA content in lymphocytes and hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c) levels. This relation established for the first time might serve as a general, yet direct, predictor or indicator for mitochondrial dysfunction in T2DM. Compared with controls, nuclear DNA damage response was higher (P ≤ 0.001) in diabetic subjects with increased accumulation of phospho-ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM), γ-H2AX, along with active recruitment of repair proteins (Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1). A higher frequency (>2%) of stable chromosomal anomalies with loss of telomere integrity was observed in cases with late complications. A significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in enzyme activity of complex II, III, and IV of mitochondrial respiratory chain was evident in both diabetic groups in comparison with healthy controls. Activation in the cascade of nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κβ)-mediated feed-forward proinflammatory cytokine response was noted among T2DM subjects. Increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, activation of caspase-3, and PARP observed in diabetic groups indicated bax triggered mitochondrial mediated cellular apoptosis. Our results provide the first insights of lymphocyte mitochondrial dysfunction that might be helpful in explaining the clinical significance of immunologic perturbation observed in type 2 diabetic conditions. Our data also indicate that maneuvering through the mitochondrial function might be a viable, indirect method to modulate lymphocyte homeostasis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khan
- Research Wing, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
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Bhargava A, Raghuram GV, Pathak N, Varshney S, Jatawa SK, Jain D, Mishra PK. Occult hepatitis C virus elicits mitochondrial oxidative stress in lymphocytes and triggers PI3-kinase-mediated DNA damage response. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1806-14. [PMID: 21893189 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Occult hepatitis C viral infection (OHCI) is a newly reported pathological entity associated with increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma and lymphoproliferative disorders. Although hepatocytes are the primary sites of viral replication, hepatitis C virus is potentially lymphotropic, invading and propagating in cells of the immune system. Lymphocytes, the extrahepatic viral reservoirs, are differentially implicated in the occult and the active forms of the disease. This study aimed to elucidate the implications of mitochondrial oxidative stress on the immune pathophysiological mechanisms of OHCI. We herein report that OHCI induces mitochondrial oxidative stress, leading to DNA double-strand breaks and elicitation of a phosphoinositol 3-kinase-mediated cellular response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Compared to controls, OHCI subjects showed higher accumulation of pATM, pATR, γH2AX, and p-p53, along with active recruitment of repair proteins (Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) and altered mitochondrial DNA content. Increased mitochondrial membrane depolarization and circulating nucleosome levels along with chromatid-type aberrations and decreased T-cell proliferative index observed in the OHCI group further indicated that this damage might lead to Bax-triggered mitochondria-mediated cellular apoptosis. Together our results provide the mechanistic underpinnings of mitochondrial dysfunction in OHCI, a previously unknown paradigm, for explaining the immune pathogenesis in a redox-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Research Wing, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
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Utsunomiya T, Shimada M. Molecular characteristics of non-cancerous liver tissue in non-B non-C hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:711-21. [PMID: 21682827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most important risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, the proportion of HCC patients negative for the hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody, so-called "non-B non-C HCC", is rapidly increasing, especially in Japan. The background liver diseases of non-B non-C HCC patients can be multifactorial, including occult HBV infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. It is reasonable to investigate the non-cancerous liver tissues to identify the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the processes of hepatocarcinogenesis of non-B non-C HCC. However, to date, only a few studies have focused on this research concept based on the idea of "field cancerization". This review highlights the potential importance of the molecular analysis of non-cancerous liver tissues to clarify the molecular characteristics in patients with non-B non-C HCC. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the individual predisposition to non-B non-C HCC will lead to improvements in the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of this neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Utsunomiya
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anticarcinogenic and cancer chemopreventive potential of a flavonoid-rich fraction from a traditional Indian herb Selaginella bryopteris. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1154-68. [PMID: 21736819 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of cancer through nutritional intervention has gained significant recognition in recent years. Evidence revealed from mechanistic investigations coupled with molecular epidemiology show an inverse association of dietary flavonoids intake with cancer risk. The chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic potential of Selaginella bryopteris, a traditional Indian herb referred to as ‘Sanjeevani’ in the Ayurvedic system of medicine, was examined in the present study. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted on the flavonoid-rich benzene fraction of the aqueous extract that demonstrated a significant cytoprotective activity. Biomarkers of chemoprevention such as proliferative index and status of cell-cycle regulatory proteins, antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory effect, reversal of stress-induced senescence and genoprotective effect were investigated in human and murine cell cultures. Chemopreventive potential was assessed in benzopyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis and 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-mediated skin papillomagenesis test models. Inhibition of DNA fragmentation, unperturbed cell-cycle regulation, maintenance of intracellular antioxidant defence, anti-inflammatory activity, prevention of stress-induced senescence and genoprotective effects against methyl isocyanate carcinogenicity was observed. Medium-term anticarcinogenicity and two-stage skin papillomagenesis tests strongly substantiated our in vitro observations. Results from the present study provide evidence of anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive activities of S. bryopteris hitherto unreported and reaffirm the nutritional significance of flavonoids in cancer prevention.
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Waldbaum S, Patel M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: a contributing link to acquired epilepsy? J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 42:449-55. [PMID: 21132357 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to several neurologic disorders and have recently been implicated in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Acquired epilepsy is typically initiated by a brain injury followed by a "latent period" whereby molecular, biochemical and other cellular alterations occur in the brain leading to chronic epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are emerging as factors that not only occur acutely as a result of precipitating injuries such as status epilepticus (SE), but may also contribute to epileptogenesis and chronic epilepsy. Mitochondria are the primary site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) making them uniquely vulnerable to oxidative damage that may affect neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. This mini-review provides an overview of evidence suggesting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as acute consequences of injuries that are known to incite chronic epilepsy and their involvement in the chronic stages of acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Waldbaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Mishra PK, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Pathak N. Translation research in molecular disease diagnosis: bridging gap from laboratory to practice. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3:205-6. [PMID: 21731314 PMCID: PMC3125040 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.81705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna K Mishra
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Gorantla V Raghuram
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
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Molecular surveillance of hepatitis and tuberculosis infections in a cohort exposed to methyl isocyanate. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2011; 24:94-101. [PMID: 21468906 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-011-0006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential toxic effects on the immune system exerted by occupational and accidental environmental exposures and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in the etiology and progression of infectious diseases are now being characterized. The Bhopal gas tragedy is undoubtedly one of the worst industrial disasters in the history of mankind. After 25 years of accidental exposure to methyl isocyanate (MIC), severe systemic ailments still continue to pre-occupy the lives of the affected population that survived this tragedy. We have performed a molecular surveillance study to characterize hepatitis and tuberculosis infections amongst the first and the second generation of survivors exposed to MIC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both outdoor and indoor patients referred for molecular diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) were examined. Qualitative analysis for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HCV through ELISA was performed, while BacT/ALERT and Ziehl-Neelson technique were utilized for the assessment of tuberculosis. Detection and quantification of viral and bacterial nucleic acid and characterization of hepatitis genotypes were analyzed using real-time and end-point PCR techniques. RESULTS The results suggest that HBV infections are most common among the MIC-exposed cohort, followed by extra-pulmonary and pulmonary MTB and HCV infections. Genotype 3 is the most prevalent HCV genotype among the survivors. Failure to detect HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV through ELISA, and tuberculosis by culture and Ziehl-Neelson stain, indicates higher prevalence of occult hepatitis and latent tuberculosis in the affected population. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores the importance of hospital-based records used as a data source for monitoring possible environmental health hazards. As the risk of progress of infection is often influenced by conditions and periods of environmental chemical exposure, therefore, insights of interconnected molecular pathways will further illuminate the gene-environment association and might offer valuable information for rational drug design.
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Circulating Biomarkers and their Possible Role in Pathogenesis of Chronic Hepatitis B and C Viral Infections. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011; 26:161-8. [PMID: 22468043 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the plausible role of circulating biomarkers in immune pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis considered a priority in clinical hepatology. Total viral load of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients was quantified and correlation studies were performed with circulating levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines; C reactive protein and circulating nucleosomes; glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase. To our knowledge, the study is first among its kind that validates strong positive correlation of viral load with IL-4, IL-6, GR in HBV and IL-6, IL-10, GR in HCV infections. Although, multi-centric studies including large cohorts are required for translating our findings to clinical practice, however, role of these biomarkers with potential diagnostic or prognostic significance might be helpful in clinical assessment of high-risk individuals, thereby, designing interventional strategies, towards development of personalized medicare. The results of our study also offer valuable insights of immune signaling mediators engaged in development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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