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Durnell LA, Hippee CE, Cattaneo R, Bartlett JA, Singh BK, Sinn PL. Interferon-independent processes constrain measles virus cell-to-cell spread in primary human airway epithelial cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0136123. [PMID: 37724882 PMCID: PMC10580916 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01361-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of measles virus (MeV) in human airway epithelia may contribute to its extremely high contagious nature. We use well-differentiated primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells (HAE) to model ex vivo how MeV spreads in human airways. In HAE, MeV spreads cell-to-cell for 3-5 days, but then, infectious center growth is arrested. What stops MeV spread in HAE is not understood, but interferon (IFN) is known to slow MeV spread in other in vitro and in vivo models. Here, we assessed the role of type I and type III IFN in arresting MeV spread in HAE. The addition of IFN-β or IFN-λ1 to the medium of infected HAE slowed MeV infectious center growth, but when IFN receptor signaling was blocked, infectious center size was not affected. In contrast, blocking type-I IFN receptor signaling enhanced respiratory syncytial virus spread. HAE were also infected with MeV mutants defective for the V protein. The V protein has been demonstrated to interact with both MDA5 and STAT2 to inhibit activation of innate immunity; however, innate immune reactions were unexpectedly muted against the V-defective MeV in HAE. Minimal innate immunity activation was confirmed by deep sequencing, quantitative RT-PCR, and single-cell RNA-seq analyses of the transcription of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. We conclude that in HAE, IFN-signaling can contribute to slowing infectious center growth; however, IFN-independent processes are most important for limiting cell-to-cell spread. IMPORTANCE Fundamental biological questions remain about the highly contagious measles virus (MeV). MeV amplifies within airway epithelial cells before spreading to the next host. This final step likely contributes to the ability of MeV to spread host-to-host. Over the course of 3-5 days post-infection of airway epithelial cells, MeV spreads directly cell-to-cell and forms infectious centers. Infectious center formation is unique to MeV. In this study, we show that interferon (IFN) signaling does not explain why MeV cell-to-cell spread is ultimately impeded within the cell layer. The ability of MeV to spread cell-to-cell in airway cells without appreciable IFN induction may contribute to its highly contagious nature. This study contributes to the understanding of a significant global health concern by demonstrating that infectious center formation occurs independent of the simplest explanation for limiting viral transmission within a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorellin A. Durnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Camilla E. Hippee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Bartlett
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick L. Sinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cells respond to apical measles virus infection by shedding multinucleated giant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013264118. [PMID: 33836570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013264118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is highly infectious by the respiratory route and remains an important cause of childhood mortality. However, the process by which MeV infection is efficiently established in the respiratory tract is controversial with suggestions that respiratory epithelial cells are not susceptible to infection from the apical mucosal surface. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that infection is initiated in lung macrophages or dendritic cells and that epithelial infection is subsequently established through the basolateral surface by infected lymphocytes. To better understand the process of respiratory tract initiation of MeV infection, primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cell cultures were established from rhesus macaque tracheal and nasal tissues. Infection of these cultures with MeV from the apical surface was more efficient than from the basolateral surface with shedding of viable MeV-producing multinucleated giant cell (MGC) syncytia from the surface. Despite presence of MGCs and infectious virus in supernatant fluids after apical infection, infected cells were not detected in the adherent epithelial sheet and transepithelial electrical resistance was maintained. After infection from the basolateral surface, epithelial damage and large clusters of MeV-positive cells were observed. Treatment with fusion inhibitory peptides showed that MeV production after apical infection was not dependent on infection of the basolateral surface. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MeV infection is initiated by apical infection of respiratory epithelial cells with subsequent infection of lymphoid tissue and systemic spread.
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Du Pont V, Jiang Y, Plemper RK. Bipartite interface of the measles virus phosphoprotein X domain with the large polymerase protein regulates viral polymerase dynamics. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007995. [PMID: 31381607 PMCID: PMC6695210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious, re-emerging, major human pathogen. Replication requires a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) consisting of the large (L) polymerase protein complexed with the homo-tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). In addition, P mediates interaction with the nucleoprotein (N)-encapsidated viral RNA genome. The nature of the P:L interface and RdRP negotiation of the ribonucleoprotein template are poorly understood. Based on biochemical interface mapping, swapping of the central P tetramerization domain (OD) for yeast GCN4, and functional assays, we demonstrate that the MeV P-to-L interface is bipartite, comprising a coiled-coil microdomain proximal to the OD and an unoccupied face of the triangular prism-shaped C-terminal P X-domain (P-XD), which is distinct from the known P-XD face that binds N-tail. Mixed null-mutant P tetramers regained L-binding competence in a ratio-dependent manner and fully reclaimed bioactivity in minireplicon assays and recombinant MeV, demonstrating that the individual L-binding interface elements are physically and mechanistically distinct. P-XD binding competence to L and N was likewise trans-complementable, which, combined with mathematical modeling, enabled the mechanistic characterization of P through two- and stoichiometrically-controlled three-way complementations. Only one each of the four XDs per P tetramer must be L or N binding-competent for bioactivity, but interaction of the same P-XD with L and N was mutually exclusive, and L binding superseded engaging N. Mixed P tetramers with a single, designated L binding-competent P-XD caused significant RdRP hyperactivity, outlining a model of iterative resolution and reformation of the P-XD:L interface regulating polymerase mobility. MeV belongs to the order of non-segmented negative polarity RNA viruses, which includes devastating human pathogens. While all feature encapsidated RNA genomes and P-L type polymerase complexes, insight into the intermolecular interactions within the polymerase hetero-oligomer and between the polymerase complex and the RNA-encapsidating N protein is rudimentary. Our mapping of the MeV P-to-L interaction revealed a bipartite interface with physically and mechanistically distinct contact zones, which provided a unique experimental platform to dissect the stoichiometry and dynamics of P interactions with L and N through functional trans-complementation assays in minireplicon settings and, ensuring physiological significance, recombinant virions. The identification and functional characterization of a novel L-binding face on the P-XD triangular prism, distinct from the side contacting N-tail, places P-XD at the center of a regulatory mechanism that controls the dynamics of polymerase advancement along the encapsidated genome through iterative separation and restoration of P-XD interaction with L. These observations and the high structural homology of polymerase components within the Paramyxoviridae recommend the P-XD:L protein-protein interface as premier target for directed drug discovery against emerging and re-emerging paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venice Du Pont
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses represent a novel treatment modality that is unencumbered by the standard resistance mechanisms limiting the therapeutic efficacy of conventional antineoplastic agents. Attenuated engineered measles virus strains derived from the Edmonston vaccine lineage have undergone extensive preclinical evaluation with significant antitumor activity observed in a broad range of preclinical tumoral models. These have laid the foundation for several clinical trials in both solid and hematologic malignancies, which have demonstrated safety, biologic activity and the ability to elicit antitumor immune responses. Areas covered: This review examines the published preclinical data which supported the clinical translation of this therapeutic platform, reviews the available clinical trial data and expands on ongoing phase II testing. It also looks at approaches to optimize clinical applicability and offers future perspectives. Expert opinion: Reverse genetic engineering has allowed the generation of oncolytic MV strains retargeted to increase viral tumor specificity, or armed with therapeutic and immunomodulatory genes in order to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. Continuous efforts focusing on exploring methods to overcome resistance pathways and determining optimal combinatorial strategies will facilitate further development of this encouraging antitumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robinson
- a Division of Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- a Division of Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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Stobart CC, Moore ML. Development of next-generation respiratory virus vaccines through targeted modifications to viral immunomodulatory genes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1563-72. [PMID: 26434947 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1095096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the greatest contributions of the scientific community to global health. Yet, many pathogens remain either unchallenged or inadequately hindered by commercially available vaccines. Respiratory viruses pose distinct and difficult challenges due to their ability to rapidly spread, adapt, and modify the host immune response. Considerable research has been directed to understand the role of respiratory virus immunomodulatory proteins and how they influence the host immune response. We review here efforts to develop next-generation vaccines through targeting these key immunomodulatory genes in influenza virus, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, and mumps virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Stobart
- a 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,b 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- a 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,b 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Millar EL, Rennick LJ, Weissbrich B, Schneider-Schaulies J, Duprex WP, Rima BK. The phosphoprotein genes of measles viruses from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cases encode functional as well as non-functional proteins and display reduced editing. Virus Res 2015; 211:29-37. [PMID: 26428304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Products expressed from the second (P/V/C) gene are important in replication and abrogating innate immune responses during acute measles virus (MV) infection. Thirteen clone sets were derived from the P/V/C genes of measles virus (MV) RNA extracted from brains of a unique collection of seven cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) caused by persistent MV in the central nervous system (CNS). Whether these functions are fully maintained when MV replicates in the CNS has not been previously determined. Co-transcriptional editing of the P mRNAs by non-template insertion of guanine (G) nucleotides, which generates mRNAs encoding the viral V protein, occurs much less frequently (9%) in the SSPE derived samples than during the acute infection (30-50%). Thus it is likely that less V protein, which is involved in combatting the innate immune response, is produced. The P genes in MV from SSPE cases were not altered by biased hypermutation but exhibited a high degree of variation within each case. Most but not all SSPE derived phospho-(P) proteins were functional in mini genome replication/transcription assays. An eight amino acid truncation of the carboxyl-terminus made the P protein non-functional while the insertion of an additional glycine residue by insertion of G nucleotides at the editing site had no effect on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Millar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L J Rennick
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - B Weissbrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - W P Duprex
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - B K Rima
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK.
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Vijayan M, Seo YJ, Pritzl CJ, Squires SA, Alexander S, Hahm B. Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates measles virus replication. Virology 2013; 450-451:55-63. [PMID: 24503067 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) manipulates host factors to facilitate virus replication. Sphingosine kinase (SK) is an enzyme catalyzing the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate and modulates multiple cellular processes including the host defense system. Here, we determined the role of SK1 in MV replication. Overexpression of SK1 enhanced MV replication. In contrast, inhibition of SK impaired viral protein expression and infectious virus production from cells expressing MV receptor, SLAM or Nectin-4. The inhibition of virus replication was observed when the cells were infected by vaccine strain or wild type MV or V/C gene-deficient MV. Importantly, SK inhibition suppressed MV-induced activation of NF-κB. The inhibitors specific to NF-κB signal pathway repressed the synthesis of MV proteins, revealing the importance of NF-κB activation for efficient MV replication. Therefore, SK inhibition restricts MV replication and modulates the NF-κB signal pathway, demonstrating that SK is a cellular factor critical for MV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Vijayan
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Curtis John Pritzl
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sarah Angela Squires
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Stephen Alexander
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Coughlin MM, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Contribution of dendritic cells to measles virus induced immunosuppression. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:126-38. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Coughlin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch; Atlanta GA USA
| | - William J. Bellini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch; Atlanta GA USA
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Fletcher NF, Howard C, McKeating JA. Over the fence or through the gate: how viruses infect polarized cells. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:249-51. [PMID: 22401628 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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