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de Mariz E Miranda LS. The synergy between nucleotide biosynthesis inhibitors and antiviral nucleosides: New opportunities against viral infections? Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200217. [PMID: 36122181 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5'-Phosphorylated nucleoside derivatives are molecules that can be found in all living organisms and viruses. Over the last century, the development of structural analogs that could disrupt the transcription and translation of genetic information culminated in the development of clinically relevant anticancer and antiviral drugs. However, clinically effective broad-spectrum antiviral compounds or treatments are lacking. This viewpoint proposes that molecules that inhibit nucleotide biosynthesis may sensitize virus-infected cells toward direct-acting antiviral nucleosides. Such potentially synergistic combinations might allow the repurposing of drugs, leading to the development of new combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S de Mariz E Miranda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Chen Y, You Y, Wang S, Jiang L, Tian L, Zhu S, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Antiviral Drugs Screening for Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911250. [PMID: 36232553 PMCID: PMC9569988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses as possible cross-species viruses have caused several epidemics. The ongoing emergency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed severe threats to the global economy and public health, which has generated great concerns about zoonotic viruses. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), an alpha-coronavirus, was responsible for mass piglet deaths, resulting in unprecedented economic losses, and no approved drugs or vaccines are currently available for SADS-CoV infection. Given its potential ability to cause cross-species infection, it is essential to develop specific antiviral drugs and vaccines against SADS-CoV. Drug screening was performed on a total of 3523 compound-containing drug libraries as a strategy of existing medications repurposing. We identified five compounds (gemcitabine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, methylene blue and cepharanthine) exhibiting inhibitory effects against SADS-CoV in a dose-dependent manner. Cepharanthine and methylene blue were confirmed to block viral entry, and gemcitabine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid and methylene blue could inhibit viral replication after SADS-CoV entry. This is the first report on SADS-CoV drug screening, and we found five compounds from drug libraries to be potential anti-SADS-CoV drugs, supporting the development of antiviral drugs for a possible outbreak of SADS-CoV in the future.
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3
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Wen X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Xiao X, Huang W, Wang Y. Screening and Identification of HTNVpv Entry Inhibitors with High-throughput Pseudovirus-based Chemiluminescence. Virol Sin 2022; 37:531-537. [PMID: 35513270 PMCID: PMC9437608 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, such as Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Seoul virus, are the causative agents of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and are important zoonotic pathogens. China has the highest incidence of HFRS, which is mainly caused by HTNV and Seoul virus. No approved antiviral drugs are available for these hantaviral diseases. Here, a chemiluminescence-based high-throughput-screening (HTS) assay was developed and used to screen HTNV pseudovirus (HTNVpv) inhibitors in a library of 1813 approved drugs and 556 small-molecule compounds from traditional Chinese medicine sources. We identified six compounds with in vitro anti-HTNVpv activities in the low-micromolar range (EC50 values of 0.1–2.2 μmol/L; selectivity index of 40–900). Among the six selected compounds, cepharanthine not only showed good anti-HTNVpv activity in vitro but also inhibited HTNVpv-fluc infection in Balb/c mice 5 h after infection by 94% (180 mg/kg/d, P < 0.01), 93% (90 mg/kg/d, P < 0.01), or 92% (45 mg/kg/d, P < 0.01), respectively, in a bioluminescent imaging mouse model. A time-of-addition analysis suggested that the antiviral mechanism of cepharanthine involves the membrane fusion and entry phases. Overall, we have established a HTS method for antiviral drugs screening, and shown that cepharanthine is a candidate for HCPS and HFRS therapy. These findings may offer a starting point for the treatment of patients infected with hantaviruses. A chemiluminescence-based high-throughput-screening (HTS) assay was used to screen HTNV pseudovirus (HTNVpv) inhibitors. Cepharanthine showed good anti-HTNVpv activity in vitro and in vivo. A time-of-addition analysis suggested that cepharanthine involves the membrane fusion and entry phases.
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Li X, Peng T. Strategy, Progress, and Challenges of Drug Repurposing for Efficient Antiviral Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:660710. [PMID: 34017257 PMCID: PMC8129523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.660710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Xu J, Xue Y, Zhou R, Shi PY, Li H, Zhou J. Drug repurposing approach to combating coronavirus: Potential drugs and drug targets. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1375-1426. [PMID: 33277927 PMCID: PMC8044022 DOI: 10.1002/med.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and, recently, SARS-CoV-2, have caused pandemics of severe acute respiratory diseases with alarming morbidity and mortality. Due to the lack of specific anti-CoV therapies, the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a great challenge to clinical management and highlights an urgent need for effective interventions. Drug repurposing is a rapid and feasible strategy to identify effective drugs for combating this deadly infection. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic CoV targets, focus on the existing small molecule drugs that have the potential to be repurposed for existing and emerging CoV infections of the future, and discuss the clinical progress of developing small molecule drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Uematsu J, Sakai-Sugino K, Kihira-Nakanishi S, Yamamoto H, Hirai K, Kawano M, Nishio M, Tsurudome M, O'Brien M, Komada H. Inhibitions of human parainfluenza virus type 2 replication by ribavirin and mycophenolate mofetil are restored by guanosine and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 13:314-321. [PMID: 31956229 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activities of a nucleoside analog antiviral drug (ribavirin) and a non-nucleoside drug (mycophenolate mofetil) against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) were investigated, and the restoration of the inhibition by guanosine and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI: equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 inhibitor) were also investigated. Ribavirin (RBV) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) inhibited cell fusion induced by hPIV-2. Both RBV and MMF considerably reduced the number of viruses released from the cells. Virus genome synthesis was inhibited by RBV and MMF as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real time PCR. mRNA syntheses were also reduced. An indirect immunofluorescence study showed that RBV and MMF largely inhibited viral protein syntheses. Using a recombinant green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing hPIV-2 without matrix protein (rhPIV-2ΔMGFP), it was found that virus entry into the cells and multinucleated giant cell formation were almost completely blocked by RBV and MMF. RBV and MMF did not disrupt actin microfilaments or microtubules. Both guanosine and NBTI completely or partially reversed the inhibition by RBV and MMF in the viral replication, syntheses of genome RNA, mRNA and protein, and multinucleated giant cell formation. NBTI caused a little damage in actin microfilaments, but had no effect on microtubules. Both RBV and MMF inhibited the replication of hPIV-2, mainly by inhibiting viral genome RNA, mRNA and protein syntheses. The inhibition was almost completely recovered by guanosine. These results indicate that the major mechanism of the inhibition is the depletion of intracellular GTP pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uematsu
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kae Sakai-Sugino
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kihira-Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Myles O'Brien
- Graduate School of Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
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7
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Wu J, Liu Q, Xie H, Chen R, Huang W, Liang C, Xiao X, Yu Y, Wang Y. Screening and evaluation of potential inhibitors against vaccinia virus from 767 approved drugs. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2016-2024. [PMID: 31294846 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapies for human smallpox is needed due to the increasing concern over the potential use of smallpox virus as a biological weapon. Here, we report a high-throughput screening for anti-smallpox virus drugs from a 767-small-molecule library, employing two vaccinia virus (VACV) strains containing firefly luciferase (VTT-Fluc and VG9-Fluc) as surrogate viruses. Using an eight-point dose response format assay, 26 compounds of different pharmacological classes were identified with in vitro anti-VACV activities. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tranilast (TRA) were detected to possess the highest anti-VACV potency (selectivity index values of >334 and >74, respectively); they could inhibit VTT-Fluc replication in nude mice at 5 days post-infection by 99% (10 mg/kg, P < .01) and 59% (45 mg/kg, P = .01), respectively, as indicated by bioluminescent intensity. In conclusion, MMF and TRA are promising anti-smallpox virus candidates for further optimization and repurposing for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Wu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunnan Liang
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Xiao
- Institute for Reference Standards and Standardization, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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8
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Cho J, Yi H, Jang EY, Lee MS, Lee JY, Kang C, Lee CH, Kim K. Mycophenolic mofetil, an alternative antiviral and immunomodulator for the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:298-304. [PMID: 29017920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus results in a high incidence of mortality in humans. Severe complications from infection are often associated with hypercytokinemia. However, current neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have several limitations including the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 virus and the inability to completely ameliorate hyper-immune responses. To overcome these limitations, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) against A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus infection using MDCK cells and mice. The IC50 of MMF (0.94 μM) was comparable to that of zanamivir (0.87 μM) in H5N1 virus-infected MDCK cells based on ELISA. Time-course assays demonstrated that MMF completely inhibited H5N1 viral mRNA replication and protein expression for approximately 8 h after the initiation of treatment. In addition, MMF treatment protected 100% of mice, and lung viral titers were substantially reduced. The anti-viral mechanism of MMF against H5N1 virus infection was further confirmed to depend on the inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by exogenous guanosine, which inhibits viral mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, IL-1β, IFN-β, IL-6, and IP-10 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in MDCK cells with MMF treatment. These results indicated that MMF could represent a novel inhibitor of viral replication and a potent immunomodulator for the treatment of H5N1 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Cho
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Yi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Technology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Daunting but Worthy Goal: Reducing the De Novo Cancer Incidence After Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 100:2569-2583. [PMID: 27861286 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid-organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of developing de novo malignancies compared with the general population, and malignancies become a major limitation in achieving optimal outcomes. The prevention and the management of posttransplant malignancies must be considered as a main goal in our transplant programs. For these patients, immunosuppression plays a major role in oncogenesis by both impairement of immunosurveillance, enhancement of chronic viral infection, and by direct prooncogenic effects. It is essential to manage the recipient with a long-term adapted screening program beginning before transplantation to use a prophylaxis to decrease infection-related cancer, to propose a viral monitoring, and to modulate the immunosuppression toward lower doses especially for calcineurin inhibitors. Indeed, strategies to induce tolerance or to allow a dramatic reduction of the immunosuppression burden are the more promising approaches for the reduction of the posttransplant malignancies.
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10
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Fang S, Su J, Liang B, Li X, Li Y, Jiang J, Huang J, Zhou B, Ning C, Li J, Ho W, Li Y, Chen H, Liang H, Ye L. Suppression of autophagy by mycophenolic acid contributes to inhibition of HCV replication in human hepatoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44039. [PMID: 28276509 PMCID: PMC5343675 DOI: 10.1038/srep44039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mycophenolic acid (MPA) has an anti-HCV activity. However, the mechanism of MPA-mediated inhibition of HCV replication remains to be determined. This study investigated whether MPA has an effect on autophagy, a cellular machinery required for HCV replication, thereby, inhibits HCV replication in Huh7 cells. MPA treatment of Huh7 cells could suppress autophagy, evidenced by decreased LC3B-II level and conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, decreased autophagosome formation, and increased p62 level compared to MPA-untreated cells. Tunicamycin treatment or HCV infection could induce cellular autophagy, however, MPA also exhibited its inhibitory effect on tunicamycin- or HCV infection-induced autophagy. The expression of three autophagy-related genes, Atg3, Atg5, and Atg7 were identified to be inhibited by MPA treatment. Over-expression of these genes could partly recover HCV replication inhibited by MPA; however, silencing their expression by siRNAs could enhance the inhibitory effect of MPA on HCV. Collectively, these results reveal that suppression of autophagy by MPA plays a role in its anti-HCV activity. Down-regulating the expression of three autophagy-related genes by MPA involves in its antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoucai Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Division of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jieliang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
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11
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Mycophenolic acid potently inhibits rotavirus infection with a high barrier to resistance development. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:41-9. [PMID: 27468950 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection has emerged as an important cause of complications in organ transplantation recipients. Immunosuppressants used to prevent alloreactivity can also interfere with virus infection, but the direct effects of the specific type of immunosuppressants on rotavirus infection are still unclear. Here we profiled the effects of different immunosuppressants on rotavirus using a 2D culture model of Caco2 human intestinal cell line and a 3D model of human primary intestinal organoids inoculated with laboratory and patient-derived rotavirus strains. We found that the responsiveness of rotavirus to Cyclosporine A treatment was moderate and strictly regulated in an opposite direction by its cellular targets cyclophilin A and B. Treatment with mycophenolic acid (MPA) resulted in a 99% inhibition of viral RNA production at the clinically relevant concentration (10 μg/ml) in Caco2 cells. This effect was further confirmed in organoids. Importantly, continuous treatment with MPA for 30 passages did not attenuate its antiviral potency, indicating a high barrier to drug resistance development. Mechanistically, the antiviral effects of MPA act via inhibiting the IMPDH enzyme and resulting in guanosine nucleotide depletion. Thus for transplantation patients at risk for rotavirus infection, the choice of MPA as an immunosuppressive agent appears rational.
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12
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To KKW, Mok KY, Chan ASF, Cheung NN, Wang P, Lui YM, Chan JFW, Chen H, Chan KH, Kao RYT, Yuen KY. Mycophenolic acid, an immunomodulator, has potent and broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity against pandemic, seasonal and avian influenza viruses affecting humans. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1807-1817. [PMID: 27259985 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators have been shown to improve the outcome of severe pneumonia. We have previously shown that mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunomodulator, has antiviral activity against influenza A/WSN/1933(H1N1) using a high-throughput chemical screening assay. This study further investigated the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of MPA against contemporary clinical isolates of influenza A and B viruses. The 50 % cellular cytotoxicity (CC50) of MPA in Madin Darby canine kidney cell line was over 50 µM. MPA prevented influenza virus-induced cell death in the cell-protection assay, with significantly lower IC50 for influenza B virus B/411 than that of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus H1/415 (0.208 vs 1.510 µM, P=0.0001). For H1/415, MPA interfered with the early stage of viral replication before protein synthesis. For B/411, MPA may also act at a later stage since MPA was active against B/411 even when added 12 h post-infection. Virus-yield reduction assay showed that the replication of B/411 was completely inhibited by MPA at concentrations ≥0.78 µM, while there was a dose-dependent reduction of viral titer for H1/415. The antiviral effect of MPA was completely reverted by guanosine supplementation. Plaque reduction assay showed that MPA had antiviral activity against eight different clinical isolates of A(H1N1), A(H3N2), A(H7N9) and influenza B viruses (IC50 <1 µM). In summary, MPA has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against human and avian-origin influenza viruses, in addition to its immunomodulatory activity. Together with a high chemotherapeutic index, the use of MPA as an antiviral agent should be further investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Ka-Yi Mok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Andy S F Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Nam N Cheung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Pui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Ming Lui
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Richard Y T Kao
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
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Ardestani F. Effects of Phenylglyoxal and N-ethylmaleimide Concentration on Mycophenolic Acid Production by Penicillium brevi-compactum ATCC16024. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:925-931. [PMID: 28243291 PMCID: PMC5316273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid is a secondary extracellular metabolite of Penicillium strains with numerous pharmaceutical properties such as antibiotic and immunosuppressive uses. The aim of this work is the survey of the effect of phenylglyoxal and n-ethylmaleimide concentration in culture medium on mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevi-compactum ATCC16024 was investigated. Batch submerged fermentation was performed in 250 mL shake flasks at 24 °C and 200 rpm in a rotary shaker for 300 h using a basic culture medium containing different concentrations of phenylglyoxal and n-ethylmaleimide ranged from 0 to 20 mg. L-1. For the basic medium without any amounts of phenylglyoxal and n-ethylmaleimide (control), maximum MPA production, product yield and productivity of process was in order, 1.5042 g. L-1, 20.3 mg. g-1 consumed glucose and 5.37 mg. L-1h-1. Maximum produced MPA of 2.9032 g. L-1, MPA yield of 39.23 mg. g-1 of consumed glucose, productivity of 10.37 mg. L-1 h-1 and total enhancement of 93.11% was obtained when the culture medium was contained 18 mg. L-1 of phenylglyoxal, represented more than 93% raising in compare to control. Maximum MPA concentration, yield and productivity in order was obtained 3.1123 g. L-1, 42.06 mg. g-1 of consumed glucose and 11.11 mg. L-1 h-1, with using 6 mg. L-1 of n-ethylmaleimide. N-ethylmaleimide was caused to 2.138 folds (106.89%) increase in MPA production by P. brevi-compactum ATCC16024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ardestani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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14
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Abstract
From the early days of transplantation onwards, increased cancer development in transplant recipients, who require immunosuppression to avoid graft rejection, has been recognized. Registry data indicate that approximately 10-30% of deaths are attributed to post-transplant malignancy, with an upward trend in this incidence as more patients have been exposed to chronic lifelong immunosuppression. In this Review, the overall incidence and most frequent types of cancer encountered are summarized, along with information about which transplant recipients are at the greatest risk of malignancy. Reasons for why differences exist in susceptibility to cancer in this patient population are examined, and approaches that might improve our understanding of the options available for reducing the incidence of this adverse effect of immunosuppression are described. Whether anti-rejection drugs have been successful in diminishing overall immunosuppressive burden, and consequently show any promise for decreasing post-transplant malignancies is also discussed. The topic shifts to one class of conventional anti-rejection drugs, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, which paradoxically have both immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic properties. The complex activities of mTOR are reviewed in order to provide context for how these seemingly opposing effects are possible, and the latest clinical data on use of mTOR inhibitors in the clinic are discussed. The current and future perspectives on how best to normalize these unacceptably high rates of post-transplantation malignancies are highlighted.
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15
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Xia S, Liu Q, Wang Q, Sun Z, Su S, Du L, Ying T, Lu L, Jiang S. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein. Virus Res 2014; 194:200-10. [PMID: 25451066 PMCID: PMC7114414 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection has led to more than 800 laboratory-confirmed MERS cases with a high case fatality rate (∼35%), posing a serious threat to global public health and calling for the development of effective and safe therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to treat and prevent MERS-CoV infection. Here we discuss the most recent studies on the structure of the MERS-CoV spike protein and its role in virus binding and entry, and the development of MERS-CoV entry/fusion inhibitors targeting the S1 subunit, particularly the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the S2 subunit, especially the HR1 region, of the MERS-CoV spike protein. We then look ahead to future applications of these viral entry/fusion inhibitors, either alone or in combination with specific and nonspecific MERS-CoV replication inhibitors, for the treatment and prevention of MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xia
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwu Sun
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shan Su
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Wollmann G, Paglino JC, Maloney PR, Ahmadi SA, van den Pol AN. Attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus infection of brain using antiviral drugs and an adeno-associated virus-interferon vector. Virology 2014; 475:1-14. [PMID: 25462341 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) shows promise as a vaccine-vector and oncolytic virus. However, reports of neurotoxicity of VSV remain a concern. We compared 12 antiviral compounds to control infection of VSV-CT9-M51 and VSV-rp30 using murine and human brain cultures, and in vivo mouse models. Inhibition of replication, cytotoxicity and infectivity was strongest with ribavirin and IFN-α and to some extent with mycophenolic acid, chloroquine, and adenine 9-β-d-arabinofuranoside. To generate continuous IFN exposure, we made an adeno-associated virus vector expressing murine IFN; AAV-mIFN-β protected mouse brain cells from VSV, as did a combination of IFN, ribavirin and chloroquine. Intracranial AAV-mIFN-β protected the brain against VSV-CT9-M51. In SCID mice bearing human glioblastoma, AAV-mIFN-β moderately enhanced survival. VSV-CT9-M51 doubled median survival when administered after AAV-mIFN-β; some surviving mice showed complete tumor destruction. Together, these data suggest that AAV-IFN or IFN with ribavirin and chloroquine provide an optimal anti-virus combination against VSV in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Wollmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Justin C Paglino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Patrick R Maloney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Sebastian A Ahmadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Anthony N van den Pol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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Discovering novel anti-HCV compounds with inhibitory activities toward HCV NS3/4A protease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1074-81. [PMID: 25066323 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To discover novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors and elucidate the mechanism of action of the active compounds. METHODS HCV subgenomic replicon-based luciferase reporter cell line was used to screen 1200 synthetic compounds with novel structures. Huh7.5.1 cell line stably transfected with HCV NS3/4A protease reporter was established to investigate the anti-HCV mechanism of the active compounds. The active compounds were further examined in an in vitro HCV infection assay to confirm their anti-HCV activity. RESULTS After two-round screening in the anti-HCV replicon assay, some 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives and carboxamide analogues were found to possess anti-HCV replicon activities (the IC50 values were less than 5 μmol/L). Among them, two representative compounds HZ-1157 and LZ-110618-6 inhibited HCV NS3/4A protease with IC50 values of 1.0 and 0.68 μmol/L, respectively. Furthermore, HZ-1157 and LZ-110618-6 inhibited HCV infection in vitro with IC50 values of 0.82 and 0.11 μmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Some 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives and carboxamide analogues have been identified as novel anti-HCV compounds.
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Laws PM, Kingston TP, Walsh S, Shear NH. Cytomegalovirus retinitis: a rare but preventable cause of blindness in dermatology patients. J Cutan Med Surg 2014; 18:287-90. [PMID: 25008449 DOI: 10.2310/7750.2013.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dermatologists are using an increasing range of immunomodulatory therapies to treat an expanding number of skin diseases. Complications of therapy are broad and include infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis has not been reported in association with dermatologic disease. OBSERVATIONS We report two cases of CMV retinitis associated with immunosuppression for eczema and pemphigus vulgaris. In both cases, patients were receiving corticosteroid and a second-line immunosuppressive agent (cyclosporine or mycophenolate mofetil). Disease presented in both patients with painless visual loss. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy should be monitored for blurred vision, floaters, or visual loss and referred for urgent assessment to ensure accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of possible CMV retinitis.
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Chan JFW, Chan KH, Kao RYT, To KKW, Zheng BJ, Li CPY, Li PTW, Dai J, Mok FKY, Chen H, Hayden FG, Yuen KY. Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect 2013; 67:606-16. [PMID: 24096239 PMCID: PMC7112612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has emerged to cause fatal infections in patients in the Middle East and traveler-associated secondary cases in Europe and Africa. Person-to-person transmission is evident in outbreaks involving household and hospital contacts. Effective antivirals are urgently needed. METHODS We used small compound-based forward chemical genetics to screen a chemical library of 1280 known drugs against influenza A virus in Biosafety Level-2 laboratory. We then assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified compounds and of interferons, nelfinavir, and lopinavir because of their reported anti-coronavirus activities in terms of cytopathic effect inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assays in Biosafety Level-3 laboratory. RESULTS Ten compounds were identified as primary hits in high-throughput screening. Only mycophenolic acid exhibited low EC50 and high selectivity index. Additionally, ribavirin and interferons also exhibited in-vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity. The serum concentrations achievable at therapeutic doses of mycophenolic acid and interferon-β1b were 60-300 and 3-4 times higher than the concentrations at which in-vitro anti-MERS-CoV activities were demonstrated, whereas that of ribavirin was ∼2 times lower. Combination of mycophenolic acid and interferon-β1b lowered the EC50 of each drug by 1-3 times. CONCLUSIONS Interferon-β1b with mycophenolic acid should be considered in treatment trials of MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Should we consider patients with coexistent hepatitis B or C infection for orthotopic heart transplantation? J Transplant 2013; 2013:748578. [PMID: 24307939 PMCID: PMC3838814 DOI: 10.1155/2013/748578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart transplantation (HTX) is the gold standard surgical treatment for patients with advanced heart failure. The prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in HTX recipients is over 10%. Despite its increased prevalence, the long-term outcome in this cohort is still not clear. There is a reluctance to place these patients on transplant waiting list given the increased incidence of viral reactivation and chronic liver disease after transplant. The emergence of new antiviral therapies to treat this cohort seems promising but their long-term outcome is yet to be established. The aim of this paper is to review the literature and explore whether it is justifiable to list advanced heart failure patients with coexistent hepatitis B/C infection for HTX.
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Sheldon J, Grande-Pérez A, Tejero H, Gregori J, Quer J, Esteban JI, Domingo E, Perales C. Extinction of hepatitis C virus by ribavirin in hepatoma cells involves lethal mutagenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71039. [PMID: 23976977 PMCID: PMC3745404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal mutagenesis, or virus extinction produced by enhanced mutation rates, is under investigation as an antiviral strategy that aims at counteracting the adaptive capacity of viral quasispecies, and avoiding selection of antiviral-escape mutants. To explore lethal mutagenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV), it is important to establish whether ribavirin, the purine nucleoside analogue used in anti-HCV therapy, acts as a mutagenic agent during virus replication in cell culture. Here we report the effect of ribavirin during serial passages of HCV in human hepatoma Huh-7.5 cells, regarding viral progeny production and complexity of mutant spectra. Ribavirin produced an increase of mutant spectrum complexity and of the transition types associated with ribavirin mutagenesis, resulting in HCV extinction. Ribavirin-mediated depletion of intracellular GTP was not the major contributory factor to mutagenesis since mycophenolic acid evoked a similar decrease in GTP without an increase in mutant spectrum complexity. The intracellular concentration of the other nucleoside-triphosphates was elevated as a result of ribavirin treatment. Mycophenolic acid extinguished HCV without an intervening mutagenic activity. Ribavirin-mediated, but not mycophenolic acid-mediated, extinction of HCV occurred via a decrease of specific infectivity, a feature typical of lethal mutagenesis. We discuss some possibilities to explain disparate results on ribavirin mutagenesis of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ortega-Prieto
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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