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Wu Q, Wei L, Du X, Sun W, Li S, Guo X, Jiang M, Liu J, Xue Z, Li H, Zhang T, Wang W, Ren G. Development and evaluation of Newcastle disease - avian influenza bivalent vector vaccines in commercial chickens. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110363. [PMID: 37245299 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are regarded as the leading viral infectious diseases affecting the global poultry industry. Vaccination is a successful therapeutic intervention to safeguard birds against both ND and AI infections. In this research, ND-AI bivalent vaccines were developed through the incorporation of HA and IRES-GMCSF gene fragments at varying locations of NDV rClone30 vectors. The two constructed vaccines were rClone30-HA-IRES-GMCSF(PM) and rClone30-HA(PM)-IRES-GMCSF(NP). Next, 27-day-old Luhua chickens (the maternal antibody level was reduced to 1.4 log2) were inoculated with the same dose of the vaccines, and humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed at multiple time points. Compared to the commercial vaccine, the levels of anti-NDV antibodies following the administration of the ND-AI vaccines were above the theoretical protection value of 4 log2. The levels of anti-AIV antibodies in the bivalent vaccine group were notably higher than those in the commercial vaccine group. Furthermore, the content of inflammatory factors and transcription levels were significantly increased in chickens administered ND-AI vaccines. The ND-AI vaccines induced stronger proliferative responses of B cells or CD3+, CD8+, and CD4 + T cells. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the tissue damage induced by the two recombinant vaccines was similar to that of commercial vaccines. The outcomes of the study suggest that the two bivalent ND-AI vaccine candidates produced using the reverse genetics approach are both secure and effective. This approach not only enables the multiuse of one vaccine but also provides a new concept for the development of other vaccines against infectious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Du
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenying Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaochen Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinmiao Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Research Center of Genetic Engineering of Pharmaceuticals of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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2
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Liao Y, Guo S, Mao N, Li Y, Li J, Long E. Animal experiments on respiratory viruses and analogous studies of infection factors for interpersonal transmission. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66209-66227. [PMID: 37097557 PMCID: PMC10125856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in human settlements will have a great impact on human health, but also a great risk of transmission. The transmission power of the virus can be represented by quanta number in the Wells-Riley model. In order to solve the problem of different dynamic transmission scenarios, only a single influencing factor is considered when predicting the infection rate, which leads to large differences in quanta calculated in the same space. In this paper, an analog model is established to define the indoor air cleaning index RL and the space ratio parameter. Based on infection data analysis and rule summary in animal experiments, factors affecting quanta in interpersonal communication were explored. Finally, by analogy, the factors affecting person-to-person transmission mainly include viral load of infected person, distance between individuals, etc., the more severe the symptoms, the closer the number of days of illness to the peak, and the closer the distance to the quanta. In summary, there are many factors that affect the infection rate of susceptible people in the human settlement environment. This study provides reference indicators for environmental governance under the COVID-19 epidemic, provides reference opinions for healthy interpersonal communication and human behavior, and provides some reference for accurately judging the trend of epidemic spread and responding to the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Room 112, College of Architecture and Environment, Administration Building, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Loop South First Section, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shurui Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Room 112, College of Architecture and Environment, Administration Building, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Loop South First Section, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ning Mao
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Room 112, College of Architecture and Environment, Administration Building, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Loop South First Section, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Room 112, College of Architecture and Environment, Administration Building, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Loop South First Section, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Enshen Long
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Room 112, College of Architecture and Environment, Administration Building, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Loop South First Section, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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James J, Warren CJ, De Silva D, Lewis T, Grace K, Reid SM, Falchieri M, Brown IH, Banyard AC. The Role of Airborne Particles in the Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Commercial Poultry Production Units. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041002. [PMID: 37112981 PMCID: PMC10142477 DOI: 10.3390/v15041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since October 2021, Europe has experienced the largest avian influenza virus (AIV) epizootic, caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV), with over 284 poultry infected premises (IPs) and 2480 dead H5N1-positive wild birds detected in Great Britain alone. Many IPs have presented as geographical clusters, raising questions about the lateral spread between premises by airborne particles. Airborne transmission over short distances has been observed for some AIV strains. However, the risk of airborne spread of this strain remains to be elucidated. We conducted extensive sampling from IPs where clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIVs were confirmed during the 2022/23 epizootic, each representing a major poultry species (ducks, turkeys, and chickens). A range of environmental samples were collected inside and outside houses, including deposited dust, feathers, and other potential fomites. Viral RNA (vRNA) and infectious viruses were detected in air samples collected from inside and outside but in close proximity to infected houses, with vRNA alone being detected at greater distances (≤10 m) outside. Some dust samples collected outside of the affected houses contained infectious viruses, while feathers from the affected houses, located up to 80 m away, only contained vRNA. Together, these data suggest that airborne particles harboring infectious HPAIV can be translocated short distances (<10 m) through the air, while macroscopic particles containing vRNA might travel further (≤80 m). Therefore, the potential for airborne transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV between premises is considered low. Other factors, including indirect contact with wild birds and the efficiency of biosecurity, represent greater importance in disease incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katherine Grace
- Epidemiology and Risk Policy Advice, Advice Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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Li Y, Mao N, Guo L, Guo L, Chen L, Zhao L, Wang Q, Long E. Review of animal transmission experiments of respiratory viruses: Implications for transmission risk of SARS-COV-2 in humans via different routes. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023. [PMID: 36973964 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exploring transmission risk of different routes has major implications for epidemic control. However, disciplinary boundaries have impeded the dissemination of epidemic information, have caused public panic about "air transmission," "air-conditioning transmission," and "environment-to-human transmission," and have triggered "hygiene theater." Animal experiments provide experimental evidence for virus transmission, but more attention is paid to whether transmission is driven by droplets or aerosols and using the dichotomy to describe most transmission events. Here, according to characteristics of experiment setups, combined with patterns of human social interactions, we reviewed and grouped animal transmission experiments into four categories-close contact, short-range, fomite, and aerosol exposure experiments-and provided enlightenment, with experimental evidence, on the transmission risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) in humans via different routes. When referring to "air transmission," context should be showed in elaboration results, rather than whether close contact, short or long range is uniformly described as "air transmission." Close contact and short range are the major routes. When face-to-face, unprotected, horizontally directional airflow does promote transmission, due to virus decay and dilution in air, the probability of "air conditioning transmission" is low; the risk of "environment-to-human transmission" highly relies on surface contamination and human behavior based on indirect path of "fomite-hand-mucosa or conjunctiva" and virus decay on surfaces. Thus, when discussing the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2, we should comprehensively consider the biological basis of virus transmission, environmental conditions, and virus decay. Otherwise, risk of certain transmission routes, such as long-range and fomite transmission, will be overrated, causing public excessive panic, triggering ineffective actions, and wasting epidemic prevention resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Wang
- China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, China
| | - Enshen Long
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lou C, Bai Y, Chai T, Yu H, Lin T, Hu G, Guan Y, Wu B. Research progress on distribution and exposure risk of microbial aerosols in animal houses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1015238. [PMID: 36439349 PMCID: PMC9684608 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1015238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental aerosols in animal houses are closely related to the productive performance and health level of animals living in the houses. Preferable housing environments can improve animal welfare and production efficiency, so it is necessary to monitor and study these environments. In recent years, there have been many large-scale outbreaks of respiratory diseases related to biological aerosols, especially the novel coronavirus that has been sweeping the world. This has attracted much attention to the mode of aerosol transmission. With the rapid development of large-scale and intensive breeding, microbial aerosols have gradually become the main factor of environmental pollution in animal houses. They not only lead to a large-scale outbreak of infectious diseases, but they also have a certain impact on the health of animals and employees in the houses and increase the difficulty of prevention and control of animal-borne diseases. This paper reviews the distribution, harm, and control measures of microbial aerosols in animal house environments in order to improve people's understanding of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Animal Disease of Shandong Province, Tai'an, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Tai'an, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Tuorong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Guangming Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuling Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Wu
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Cáceres CJ, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101919. [PMID: 34696349 PMCID: PMC8540072 DOI: 10.3390/v13101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype, which circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world, have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. In this review, we discuss the mammalian transmission of H9N2 and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover, focusing on the HA segment. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species. The summarized information shows that minimal amino acid changes in the HA and/or the combination of H9N2 surface genes with internal genes of human influenza viruses are enough for the generation of H9N2 viruses with the ability to transmit via aerosol.
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A quantitative approach to assess influenza A virus fitness and transmission in guinea pigs. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02320-20. [PMID: 33731462 PMCID: PMC8139685 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02320-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to estimate the risk posed by potentially pandemic influenza A viruses (IAV), and to understand the mechanisms governing interspecies transmission, have been hampered by a lack of animal models that yield relevant and statistically robust measures of viral fitness. To address this gap, we monitored several quantitative measures of fitness in a guinea pig model: infectivity, magnitude of replication, kinetics of replication, efficiency of transmission, and kinetics of transmission. With the goal of identifying metrics that distinguish human- and non-human-adapted IAV we compared strains derived from humans to those circulating in swine and canine populations. Influenza A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), A/Netherlands/602/2009 (H1N1), A/swine/Kansas/77778/2007 (H1N1), A/swine/Spain/53207/2004 [M1 P41A] (H1N1), and A/canine/Illinois/41915/2015 (H3N2) viruses were evaluated. Our results revealed higher infectivity and faster kinetics of viral replication and transmission for human and canine strains compared to the swine viruses. Conversely, peak viral titers and efficiency of transmission were higher for human strains relative to both swine and canine IAVs. Total viral loads were comparable among all strains tested. When analyzed together, data from all strains point to peak viral load as a key driver of transmission efficiency and replication kinetics as a key driver of transmission kinetics. While the dose initiating infection did not strongly impact peak viral load, dose was found to modulate kinetics of viral replication and, in turn, timing of transmission. Taken together, our results point to peak viral load and transmission efficiency as key metrics differentiating human and non-human IAVs and suggest that high peak viral load precipitates robust transmission.ImportanceInfluenza pandemics occur when an IAV from non-human hosts enters the human population and adapts to give rise to a lineage capable of sustained transmission among humans. Despite recurring zoonotic infections involving avian or swine adapted IAVs, influenza pandemics occur infrequently because IAVs typically exhibit low fitness in a new host species. Anticipating when a zoonosis might lead to a pandemic is both critical for public health preparedness and extremely challenging. The approach to characterizing IAVs reported here is designed to aid risk assessment efforts by generating rigorous and quantitative data on viral phenotypes relevant for emergence. Our data suggest that the ability to replicate to high titers and transmit efficiently irrespective of initial dose are key characteristics distinguishing IAVs that have established sustained circulation in the human population from IAVs that circulate in non-human mammalian hosts.
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Adaptation of H9N2 Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts: A Review of Molecular Markers. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050541. [PMID: 32423002 PMCID: PMC7290818 DOI: 10.3390/v12050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of human infections with avian and swine influenza viruses continues to rise, the pandemic risk posed by zoonotic influenza viruses cannot be underestimated. Implementation of global pandemic preparedness efforts has largely focused on H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses; however, the pandemic threat posed by other subtypes of avian influenza viruses, especially the H9 subtype, should not be overlooked. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the emergence, prevalence and risk assessment of H9N2 viruses, and add new molecular analyses of key mammalian adaptation markers in the hemagglutinin and polymerase proteins. Available evidence has demonstrated that H9N2 viruses within the Eurasian lineage continue to evolve, leading to the emergence of viruses with an enhanced receptor binding preference for human-like receptors and heightened polymerase activity in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of certain mammalian adaptation markers and the enhanced transmissibility of selected viruses in mammalian animal models add to the pandemic risk posed by this virus subtype. Continued surveillance of zoonotic H9N2 influenza viruses, inclusive of close genetic monitoring and phenotypic characterization in animal models, should be included in our pandemic preparedness efforts.
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Ghabeshi S, Ebrahimie E, Salimi V, Ghanizadeh A, Khodakhah F, Yavarian J, Norouzbabaei Z, Sasani F, Rezaie F, Azad TM. Experimental direct-contact transmission of influenza A/H9N2 virus in the guinea pig model in Iran. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The present study aims to evaluate risk factors for the transmission of A/H9N2 viruses in guinea pig model. Materials & methods: Lung tissue samples were collected from the chicken clinically infected with influenza A/H9N2 virus in 2018. Next, virus isolation and titration, as well as reverse transcription PCR were performed. Then, hemagglutnation and neuraminidase genes was sequenced to identify different positions (hotspots) involved in transmission and host adaptation. Results: Influenza A/H9N2 virus could replicate in low titers in the nasal turbinate and transmit from infected to noninfected guinea pigs. Conclusion: Hotspots on the surface glycoproteins had the potential to alter transmission properties in the new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad Ghabeshi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Animal and VeterinarySciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Genomics Research Platform, Schoolof Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghanizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Farshad Khodakhah
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Norouzbabaei
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaie
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gao S, Zhao Y, Yu J, Wang X, Zheng D, Cai Y, Liu H, Wang Z. Comparison between class I NDV and class II NDV in aerosol transmission under experimental condition. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5040-5044. [PMID: 31064012 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological surveys have shown that class I Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is widely distributed in China. However, little is currently known about its transmission. Therefore, in this study, we compared the transmission of class I and class II NDV. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were divided into a class I NDV inoculation group and an aerosol-exposed infection group and kept in 2 separate isolators (A and B, respectively) that were connected with an airtight plastic pipe. After inoculation, air samples were collected regularly with an All-Glass Impinger-30 (Liaoyang, China), and the airborne virus contents were analyzed using the plaque count method. In addition, oral and cloacal swabs were collected regularly to detect virus shedding using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Similar trials were conducted simultaneously with class II NDV in isolators C and D. We consistently detected class I NDV aerosols in both isolators A and B up to 40 D post-inoculation (dpi). The aerosol concentration reached a maximum of 13.81 × 103 plague-forming units per cubic meter of air at 18 dpi and was significantly higher than that of class II NDV at 21 and 24 dpi. We also detected class I virus shedding from 2 to 40 dpi in the inoculated chickens and from 7 to 40 D post-aerosol-exposed infection in the aerosol-exposed chickens. This phenomenon may explain why class I NDV has been the primary epidemic strain of NDV in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbin Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunling Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiarong Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongxia Zheng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
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Li G, Yu G, Niu Y, Cai Y, Liu S. Airborne Transmission of a Serotype 4 Fowl Adenovirus in Chickens. Viruses 2019; 11:E262. [PMID: 30875756 PMCID: PMC6466269 DOI: 10.3390/v11030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) is the main pathogen for hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) in chickens. It has caused major economic losses in the global poultry industry. Currently, FAdV-4's transmission routes in chickens remain unclear. Here we investigate the airborne transmission routes of FAdV-4 in chickens. A total of 45 ten-day-old chickens were equally divided into three groups (infected group/isolator A, airborne group/isolator B, and control group/isolator C). Of note, isolators A and B were connected by a leak-free pipe. The results showed that the virus could form a viral aerosol, detected in isolators two days post infection (dpi). The viral aerosol reached a peak at 4 dpi in the infected group. Healthy chickens in the airborne group were infected by the virus at 8 dpi. The chickens of the airborne group demonstrated subclinical symptoms capable of shedding the virus for some time. This finding suggests that FAdV-4 can be efficiently transmitted among chickens by aerosol transmission. These findings have significant implications for developing strategies to control this infectious disease epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Guanliu Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yujuan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
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12
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Umar S, Munir MT, Kaboudi K, Rehman A, Asif S, Usman M, Ali A, Shahzad M, Subhan S, Shah MAA. Effect of route of inoculation on replication of avian influenza virus (H9N2) and interferon gene expression in guinea fowl (Numida meleagridis). Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:451-61. [PMID: 27057651 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1174979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the replication of a re-assortant H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and induction of the interferon (IFNγ) response after aerosol or intranasal inoculation with the virus in guinea fowl. To determine virus shedding pattern, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue specimens of trachea, lungs, spleen and caecal tonsils were collected post-inoculation (pi). Infected guinea fowl showed mild clinical signs, while negative control guinea fowl remained healthy and active throughout the experiment irrespective of the inoculation route. However, the clinical signs were more prominent in guinea fowl infected through the aerosol route. Virus was detected in all oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 7 d pi in guinea fowl from both inoculation groups. However, virus was detected more frequently and in higher titres in oropharyngeal swabs and specimens of trachea and lungs from the group exposed to aerosols than in the group given intranasal drops. In accordance with viral replication findings, expression of IFNγ was up-regulated on 1, 2 and 4 d pi to a significantly higher level in lung tissue specimens from the group exposed to virus aerosol than from controls treated with PBS intranasally. On the other hand, IFNγ was up-regulated above that of controls in lung tissue specimens from the group treated with intranasal drops of virus only on 4 d pi. These findings indicate that virus administered in aerosols was more efficient in infecting the lower respiratory tract and in inducing activity of the IFNγ gene than virus administered as intranasal drops. The results of this study suggest that virus aerosols cause more intense respiratory infection and increase the shedding of the H9N2 AIV in guinea fowl, highlighting the potential role of guinea fowl as a mixing bowl for transmission and maintenance of H9N2 AIV between poultry premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Umar
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - M T Munir
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - K Kaboudi
- b Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary School , Sidi Thabet Ariana , Tunisia
| | - A Rehman
- c Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - S Asif
- d Department of Microbiology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M Usman
- e Department of Poultry Production , Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- f Department of Livestock & Dairy Development , Punjab , Pakistan
| | - M Shahzad
- g Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - S Subhan
- d Department of Microbiology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M A A Shah
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
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Song L, Chen X, Liu X, Zhang F, Hu L, Yue Y, Li K, Li P. Characterization and Comparison of the Structural Features, Immune-Modulatory and Anti-Avian Influenza Virus Activities Conferred by Three Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides. Mar Drugs 2015; 14:4. [PMID: 26729137 PMCID: PMC4728501 DOI: 10.3390/md14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three marine macroalgae, i.e., Grateloupia filicina, Ulva pertusa and Sargassum qingdaoense, were selected as the deputies of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Ochrophyta for comparative analysis of the molecular structures and biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides (SP). The ratio of water-soluble polysaccharides, the monosaccharide composition and the sulfated contents of three extracted SPs were determined, and their structures were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. In addition, biological activity analysis showed that all three SPs had immune-modulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo, and SPs from S. qingdaoense had the best effect. Further bioassays showed that three SPs could not only enhance the immunity level stimulated by inactivated avian influenza virus (AIV) in vivo but also significantly inhibited the activity of activated AIV (H9N2 subtype) in vitro. G. filicina SP exhibited the strongest anti-AIV activity. These results revealed the variations in structural features and bioactivities among three SPs and indicated the potential adjuvants for immune-enhancement and anti-AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agriculture University, No.700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Fubo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agriculture University, No.700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kecheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Guan J, Fu Q, Sharif S. Replication of an H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus and Cytokine Gene Expression in Chickens Exposed by Aerosol or Intranasal Routes. Avian Dis 2015; 59:263-8. [DOI: 10.1637/10972-110714-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The ability of an influenza virus to transmit efficiently from human-to-human is a major factor in determining the epidemiological impact of that strain. The use of a relevant animal model to identify viral determinants of transmission, as well as host and environmental factors affecting transmission efficiency, is therefore critical for public health. The characterization of newly emerging influenza viruses in terms of their potential to transmit in a mammalian host is furthermore an important part of pandemic risk assessment. For these reasons, a guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission was developed in 2006. The guinea pig provides an important alternative to preexisting models for influenza. Most influenza viruses do not readily transmit among mice. Ferrets, while highly relevant, are expensive and can be difficult to obtain in high numbers. Moreover, it is generally accepted that efforts to accurately model human disease are strengthened by the use of multiple animal species. Herein, we provide an overview of influenza virus infectivity, growth, and transmission in the guinea pig and highlight knowledge gained on the topic of influenza virus transmission using the guinea pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Sun Y, Liu J. H9N2 influenza virus in China: a cause of concern. Protein Cell 2014; 6:18-25. [PMID: 25384439 PMCID: PMC4286136 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent human infection with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 influenza virus is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses infecting humans. The crucial role of H9N2 viruses at the animal-human interface might be due to the wide host range, adaptation in both poultry and mammalian, and extensive gene reassortment. As the most prevalent subtype of influenza viruses in chickens in China, H9N2 also causes a great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. The history, epidemiology, biological characteristics, and molecular determinants of H9N2 influenza virus are reviewed in this paper. The contribution of H9N2 genes, especially RNP genes, to the infection of humans needs to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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17
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Dalby AR, Iqbal M. A global phylogenetic analysis in order to determine the host species and geography dependent features present in the evolution of avian H9N2 influenza hemagglutinin. PeerJ 2014; 2:e655. [PMID: 25374791 PMCID: PMC4217197 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete phylogenetic analysis of all of the H9N2 hemagglutinin sequences that were collected between 1966 and 2012 was carried out in order to build a picture of the geographical and host specific evolution of the hemagglutinin protein. To improve the quality and applicability of the output data the sequences were divided into subsets based upon location and host species. The phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin reveals that the protein has distinct lineages between China and the Middle East, and that wild birds in both regions retain a distinct form of the H9 molecule, from the same lineage as the ancestral hemagglutinin. The results add further evidence to the hypothesis that the current predominant H9N2 hemagglutinin lineage might have originated in Southern China. The study also shows that there are sampling problems that affect the reliability of this and any similar analysis. This raises questions about the surveillance of H9N2 and the need for wider sampling of the virus in the environment. The results of this analysis are also consistent with a model where hemagglutinin has predominantly evolved by neutral drift punctuated by occasional selection events. These selective events have produced the current pattern of distinct lineages in the Middle East, Korea and China. This interpretation is in agreement with existing studies that have shown that there is widespread intra-country sequence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Dalby
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster , Westminster , UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory , Newbury, Berkshire , UK
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Yao M, Lv J, Huang R, Yang Y, Chai T. Determination of infective dose of H9N2 Avian Influenza virus in different routes: aerosol, intranasal, and gastrointestinal. Intervirology 2014; 57:369-74. [PMID: 25341409 DOI: 10.1159/000365925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been spreading worldwide, leading to huge economic losses to poultry husbandry, but few studies were concerned about its aerosol infection. METHODS This study compared the infective doses of H9N2 AIV to chickens by three different routes, aerosol infection, intranasal and gastrointestinal infection, and determination of the results was conducted by detecting virus shedding and seroconversion of chickens. RESULTS The results indicated that chickens were susceptible to H9N2 AIV with a different infection rate which depended on the route of inoculation. H9N2 AIV media aerosol-infective dose (aID₅₀) to chickens was about 491 TCID₅₀, intranasal infection was 398 TCID₅₀, and gastrointestinal infection was 19,952 TCID₅₀. CONCLUSION The infection ability of H9N2 AIV to chickens was related to its way of invading. The respiratory infection ability was about 40 times more effective than gastrointestinal infection, which suggested that urgent attention should be paid to environmental disinfection to block airborne transmission of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Yao
- Zaozhuang Vocational College, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, PR China
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Hao H, Li C, Qiu Y, Wang F, Ai W, Gao J, Wei L, Li X, Sun L, Wu J, Qin G, Li R, Liu J, Lv J, Huang R, Wang H, Chai T. Generation, transmission and infectiosity of chicken MDV aerosols under experimental conditions. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:400-6. [PMID: 24999232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To further investigate the airborne infection mechanism of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a MDV aerosol infection model was established, and the generation, transmission and infectiosity of MDV aerosols were monitored in this study. Two positive/negative pressure isolators, in which SPF chickens were raised, were connected with a closed conduit. Two repetitive trials, Trial 1 (T1) and Trial 2 (T2) were carried out for objective assessment. Air samples were collected using the AGI-30 sampler. Viral DNA in air samples and feather follicle samples were detected using real-time quantitative PCR (QRT-PCR). MDV in air and blood samples was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). In chickens of isolator A (MDV inoculation group), MDV was detected in feather follicles in 100% of the tested chickens at 6 days post inoculation (dpi) in both trials; and MDV was isolated from blood samples at 9-10 dpi. MDV DNA was detected in air samples from isolator A at 12 dpi in T1 and 14 dpi in T2 and concentration of aerosolized MDV DNA was peaked at 3.84 × 10(6)copies/m(3) air at 40 dpi in T1, and 6.17 × 10(5)copies/m(3) air at 38 dpi in T2, respectively. Infectious MDV (cell culture) was isolated from isolator A at 17 in T1 and 19 dpi in T2, respectively. MDV aerosol in Isolator B was almost same as isolator A. Viremia was detected in isolator B at 26-30 dpi. The incidence of viremia in isolator B reached 70% at 3 months post inoculation. These results demonstrated that infected chicken could discharge virus, the MDV could form aerosols and infect neighboring chickens. Understanding the mechanism of generation and infection of MDV aerosols is helpful to prevent and control MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Hao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China.
| | - Chao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuyu Qiu
- Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Fangshan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenhao Ai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiping Qin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Disease Control Centre of Tai'an City, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China.
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, China.
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Zhang K, Zhang Z, Yu Z, Li L, Cheng K, Wang T, Huang G, Yang S, Zhao Y, Feng N, Fu J, Qin C, Gao Y, Xia X. Domestic cats and dogs are susceptible to H9N2 avian influenza virus. Virus Res 2013; 175:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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