1
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Wallace MA, Obbard DJ. Naturally occurring viruses of Drosophila reduce offspring number and lifespan. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240518. [PMID: 38747703 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Drosophila remains a pre-eminent insect model system for host-virus interaction, but the host range and fitness consequences of the drosophilid virome are poorly understood. Metagenomic studies have reported approximately 200 viruses associated with Drosophilidae, but few isolates are available to characterize the Drosophila immune response, and most characterization has relied on injection and systemic infection. Here, we use a more natural infection route to characterize the fitness effects of infection and to study a wider range of viruses. We exposed laboratory Drosophila melanogaster to 23 naturally occurring viruses from wild-collected drosophilids. We recorded transmission rates along with two components of female fitness: survival and the lifetime number of adult offspring produced. Nine different viruses transmitted during contact with laboratory D. melanogaster, although for the majority, rates of transmission were less than 20%. Five virus infections led to a significant decrease in lifespan (D. melanogaster Nora virus, D. immigrans Nora virus, Muthill virus, galbut virus and Prestney Burn virus), and three led to a reduction in the total number of offspring. Our findings demonstrate the utility of the Drosophila model for community-level studies of host-virus interactions, and suggest that viral infection could be a substantial fitness burden on wild flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Wallace
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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2
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Labropoulou V, Wang L, Magkrioti C, Smagghe G, Swevers L. Single domain von Willebrand factor type C "cytokines" and the regulation of the stress/immune response in insects. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22071. [PMID: 38288483 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The single domain von Willebrand factor type C (SVWC) appears in small secreted peptides that are arthropod-specific and are produced following environmental stress or pathogen exposure. Most research has focused on proteins with SVWC domain that are induced after virus infection and are hypothesized to function as "cytokines" to regulate the innate immune response. The expansion of SVWC genes in insect species indicates that many other functions remain to be discovered. Research in shrimp has elucidated the adaptability of Vago-like peptides in the innate immune response against bacteria, fungi and viruses after activation by Jak-STAT and/or Toll/Imd pathways in which they can act as pathogen-recognition receptors or cytokine-like signaling molecules. SVWC factors also appear in scorpion venoms and tick saliva, underlining their versatility to acquire new functions. This review discusses the discovery and function of SVWC peptides from insects to crustaceans and chelicerates and reveals the enormous gaps in knowledge that remain to be filled to understand this enigmatic group of secreted peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Labropoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Luoluo Wang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guizhou, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, Athens, Greece
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3
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Kuyateh O, Obbard DJ. Viruses in Laboratory Drosophila and Their Impact on Host Gene Expression. Viruses 2023; 15:1849. [PMID: 37766256 PMCID: PMC10537266 DOI: 10.3390/v15091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has one of the best characterized antiviral immune responses among invertebrates. However, relatively few easily transmitted natural virus isolates are available, and so many Drosophila experiments have been performed using artificial infection routes and artificial host-virus combinations. These may not reflect natural infections, especially for subtle phenotypes such as gene expression. Here, to explore the laboratory virus community and to better understand how natural virus infections induce changes in gene expression, we have analysed seven publicly available D. melanogaster transcriptomic sequencing datasets that were originally sequenced for projects unrelated to virus infection. We have found ten known viruses-including five that have not been experimentally isolated-but no previously unknown viruses. Our analysis of host gene expression revealed that numerous genes were differentially expressed in flies that were naturally infected with a virus. For example, flies infected with nora virus showed patterns of gene expression consistent with intestinal vacuolization and possible host repair via the upd3 JAK/STAT pathway. We also found marked sex differences in virus-induced differential gene expression. Our results show that natural virus infection in laboratory Drosophila does indeed induce detectable changes in gene expression, suggesting that this may form an important background condition for experimental studies in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumie Kuyateh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK;
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK;
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4
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Buhlke EG, Hobbs AM, Rajput S, Rokusek B, Carlson DJ, Gillan C, Carlson KA. Characterization of Cross-Species Transmission of Drosophila melanogaster Nora Virus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1913. [PMID: 36431048 PMCID: PMC9697521 DOI: 10.3390/life12111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster Nora virus (DmNV) is a novel picorna-like virus first characterized in 2006. Since then, Nora virus has been detected in several non-Drosophila species, including insects in the Orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera. The objective of this study was to determine if DmNV could infect individuals of other species of invertebrates besides D. melanogaster. The presence of DmNV in native invertebrates and commercially available stocks was determined. Laboratory-reared D. yakuba, D. mercatorum, Gryllodes sigillatus, Tenebrio molitor, Galleria mellonella, and Musca domestica were intentionally infected with DmNV. In addition, native invertebrates were collected and D. melanogaster stocks were purchased and screened for DmNV presence using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) before being intentionally infected for study. All Drosophila species and other invertebrates, except M. domestica, that were intentionally infected with DmNV ended up scoring positive for the virus via RT-PCR. DmNV infection was also detected in three native invertebrates (Spilosoma virginica, Diplopoda, and Odontotaenius disjunctus) and all commercially available stocks tested. These findings suggest that DmNV readily infects individuals of other species of invertebrates, while also appearing to be an endemic virus in both wild and laboratory D. melanogaster populations. The detection of DmNV in commercially available stocks presents a cautionary message for scientists using these stocks in studies of virology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella G. Buhlke
- Central City Senior High School, 1510 28th Street, Central City, NE 68826, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Alexis M. Hobbs
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Sunanda Rajput
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Blase Rokusek
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Darby J. Carlson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Chelle Gillan
- Central City Senior High School, 1510 28th Street, Central City, NE 68826, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Carlson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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5
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Li T, Guan R, Wu Y, Chen S, Yuan G, Miao X, Li H. The Novel Agrotis ipsilon Nora Virus Confers Deleterious Effects to the Fitness of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:727202. [PMID: 34867845 PMCID: PMC8634655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.727202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we identified a novel, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Chinese black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. It has a genome length of 11,312 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tails, and contains five open reading frames. The ORF2 encodes the conserved domains of RNA helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, while ORF4 and 5 encode three viral proteins. Herein, the A. ipsilon virus was clustered with a Helicoverpa armigera Nora virus and was thus provisionally named “Agrotis ipsilon Nora virus” (AINV). AINV was successfully transmitted into a novel host, Spodoptera frugiperda, through injection, causing a stable infection. This found the possibility of horizontal AINV transmission among moths belonging to the same taxonomic family. Nonetheless, AINV infection was deleterious to S. frugiperda and mainly mediated by antiviral and amino acid metabolism-related pathways. Furthermore, the infection significantly increased the S. frugiperda larval period but significantly reduced its moth eclosion rate. It suggests that AINV is probably to be a parasitic virus of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruobing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohui Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuexia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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6
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Demir E. The potential use of Drosophila as an in vivo model organism for COVID-19-related research: a review. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:559-569. [PMID: 34803454 PMCID: PMC8573831 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2104-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The world urgently needs effective antiviral approaches against emerging viruses, as shown by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has become an exponentially growing health crisis. Scientists from diverse backgrounds have directed their efforts towards identifying key features of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Reports of more transmissible variants of SARS-CoV-2 also raise concerns over the possibility of an explosive trajectory of the pandemic, so scientific attention should focus on developing new weapons to help win the fight against coronaviruses that may undergo further mutations in the future. Drosophila melanogaster offers a powerful and potential in vivo model that can significantly increase the efficiency of drug screening for viral and bacterial infections. Thanks to its genes with functional human homologs, Drosophila could play a significant role in such gene-editing studies geared towards designing vaccines and antiviral drugs for COVID-19. It can also help rectify current drawbacks of CRISPR-based therapeutics like off-target effects and delivery issues, representing another momentous step forward in healthcare. Here I present an overview of recent literature and the current state of knowledge, explaining how it can open up new avenues for Drosophila in our battle against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşref Demir
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya Turkey
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7
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Silva JMF, Nagata T, Melo FL, Elena SF. Heterogeneity in the Response of Different Subtypes of Drosophila melanogaster Midgut Cells to Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2284. [PMID: 34835089 PMCID: PMC8623525 DOI: 10.3390/v13112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers the possibility to monitor both host and pathogens transcriptomes at the cellular level. Here, public scRNA-seq datasets from Drosophila melanogaster midgut cells were used to compare the differences in replication strategy and cellular responses between two fly picorna-like viruses, Thika virus (TV) and D. melanogaster Nora virus (DMelNV). TV exhibited lower levels of viral RNA accumulation but infected a higher number of cells compared to DMelNV. In both cases, viral RNA accumulation varied according to cell subtype. The cellular heat shock response to TV and DMelNV infection was cell-subtype- and virus-specific. Disruption of bottleneck genes at later stages of infection in the systemic response, as well as of translation-related genes in the cellular response to DMelNV in two cell subtypes, may affect the virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M. F. Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
| | - Fernando L. Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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8
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Schissel M, Best R, Liesemeyer S, Tan YD, Carlson DJ, Shaffer JJ, Avuthu N, Guda C, Carlson KA. Effect of Nora virus infection on native gut bacterial communities of Drosophila melanogaster. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:216-237. [PMID: 34250376 PMCID: PMC8255909 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microflora is a key component in the maintenance of health and longevity across many species. In humans and mice, nonpathogenic viruses present in the gastrointestinal tract enhance the effects of the native bacterial microbiota. However, it is unclear whether nonpathogenic gastrointestinal viruses, such as Nora virus that infects Drosophila melanogaster, lead to similar observations. Longevity analysis of Nora virus infected (NV+) and uninfected (NV-) D. melanogaster in relationship to presence (B+) or absence (B-) of the native gut bacteria using four different treatment groups, NV+/B+, NV+/B-, NV-/B+, and NV-/B-, was conducted. Data from the longevity results were tested via Kaplan-Meier analysis and demonstrated that Nora virus can be detrimental to the longevity of the organism, whereas bacterial presence is beneficial. These data led to the hypothesis that gastrointestinal bacterial composition varies from NV+ to NV- flies. To test this, NV+ and NV- virgin female flies were collected and aged for 4 days. Surface sterilization followed by dissections of the fat body and the gastrointestinal tract, divided into crop (foregut), midgut, and hindgut, were performed. Ribosomal 16S DNA samples were sequenced to determine the bacterial communities that comprise the microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of NV+ and NV- D. melanogaster. When analyzing operational taxonomic units (OTUs), the data demonstrate that the NV+ samples consist of more OTUs than NV- samples. The NV+ samples were both more rich and diverse in OTUs compared to NV-. When comparing whole body samples to specific organs and organ sections, the whole fly was more diverse in OTUs, whereas the crop was the most rich. These novel data are pertinent in describing where Nora virus infection may be occurring within the gastrointestinal tract, as well as continuing discussion between the relationship of persistent viral and bacterial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla Schissel
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Rebecca Best
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Shelby Liesemeyer
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Yuan-De Tan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA
| | - Darby J. Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Julie J. Shaffer
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Nagavardhini Avuthu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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9
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Gao Y, Kim JH, Jeong IH, Clark JM, Lee SH. Transcriptomic identification and characterization of genes commonly responding to sublethal concentrations of six different insecticides in the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104852. [PMID: 33993970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment with sublethal concentrations (LC10) of six insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, ivermectin, and spinosad) significantly elevated tolerance of the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to lethal concentration of the respective insecticide. Commonly responding genes to sublethal treatments of the six insecticides were identified by transcriptome analysis based on a fold change >1.5 or < -1.5, and p < 0.05 as selection criteria. Following treatment with all the six insecticides, 26 transcripts were commonly over-transcribed, whereas 30 transcripts were commonly under-transcribed. Reliability of the transcriptome data was confirmed by quantitative PCR. A majority of the over-transcribed genes included those related to olfactory behavior, such as odorant-binding proteins, as well as immune-related genes, including attacin, diptericin, and immune-induced molecule 18. In contrast, genes belonging to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, such as mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1/3/4/5 and mitochondrial cytochrome b/c, were commonly under-transcribed. Furthermore, genes related to eggshell formation and motion were also under-transcribed, which may indicate a possible energy trade-off for xenobiotic stress. In summary, most of the differentially expressed genes were not directly related to well-known detoxification genes, suggesting that the roles of commonly expressed tolerance-related genes are not likely related to direct metabolic detoxification, but rather are associated with restoration of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Hosseinzadeh S, Higgins SA, Ramsey J, Howe K, Griggs M, Castrillo L, Heck M. Proteomic Polyphenism in Color Morphotypes of Diaphorina citri, Insect Vector of Citrus Greening Disease. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2851-2866. [PMID: 33890474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri is a vector of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), associated with citrus greening disease. D. citri exhibit at least two color morphotypes, blue and non-blue, the latter including gray and yellow morphs. Blue morphs have a greater capacity for long-distance flight and transmit CLas less efficiently as compared to non-blue morphs. Differences in physiology and immunity between color morphs of the insect vector may influence disease epidemiology and biological control strategies. We evaluated the effect of CLas infection on color morph and sex-specific proteomic profiles of D. citri. Immunity-associated proteins were more abundant in blue morphs as compared to non-blue morphs but were upregulated at a higher magnitude in response to CLas infection in non-blue insects. To test for differences in color morph immunity, we measured two phenotypes: (1) survival of D. citri when challenged with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and (2) microbial load of the surface and internal microbial communities. Non-blue color morphs showed higher mortality at four doses of B. bassinana, but no differences in microbial load were observed. Thus, color morph polyphenism is associated with two distinct proteomic immunity phenotypes in D. citri that may impact transmission of CLas and resistance to B. bassiana under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseinzadeh
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Steven A Higgins
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - John Ramsey
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin Howe
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael Griggs
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Louela Castrillo
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Laurinmäki P, Shakeel S, Ekström JO, Mohammadi P, Hultmark D, Butcher SJ. Structure of Nora virus at 2.7 Å resolution and implications for receptor binding, capsid stability and taxonomy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19675. [PMID: 33184473 PMCID: PMC7661533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nora virus, a virus of Drosophila, encapsidates one of the largest single-stranded RNA virus genomes known. Its taxonomic affinity is uncertain as it has a picornavirus-like cassette of enzymes for virus replication, but the capsid structure was at the time for genome publication unknown. By solving the structure of the virus, and through sequence comparison, we clear up this taxonomic ambiguity in the invertebrate RNA virosphere. Despite the lack of detectable similarity in the amino acid sequences, the 2.7 Å resolution cryoEM map showed Nora virus to have T = 1 symmetry with the characteristic capsid protein β-barrels found in all the viruses in the Picornavirales order. Strikingly, α-helical bundles formed from the extended C-termini of capsid protein VP4B and VP4C protrude from the capsid surface. They are similar to signalling molecule folds and implicated in virus entry. Unlike other viruses of Picornavirales, no intra-pentamer stabilizing annulus was seen, instead the intra-pentamer stability comes from the interaction of VP4C and VP4B N-termini. Finally, intertwining of the N-termini of two-fold symmetry-related VP4A capsid proteins and RNA, provides inter-pentamer stability. Based on its distinct structural elements and the genetic distance to other picorna-like viruses we propose that Nora virus, and a small group of related viruses, should have its own family within the order Picornavirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Laurinmäki
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shabih Shakeel
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jens-Ola Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Nora Virus VP4b and ORF1 Circulate in Hemolymph of Infected D. melanogaster with Coordinate Expression of Vago and Vir-1. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030491. [PMID: 32878003 PMCID: PMC7565026 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Study of the novel RNA virus, Nora virus, which is a persistent, picorna-like virus that replicates in the gut of Drosophila melanogaster offers insight into human innate immunity and other picorna-like viruses. Nora virus infection leads to a locomotor abnormality and upregulation of two candidate target proteins, Vago and Virus-induced RNA 1 (Vir-1). These proteins are uncharacterized in response to Nora virus. We hypothesize that Nora virus is circulating in the hemolymph of Nora virus-infected D. melanogaster, allowing for migration beyond the primary site of replication in the gut. Analysis by qRT-PCR demonstrated biphasic viral load and corresponding vago and vir-1 transcription levels, suggesting transcription of vago and vir-1 occurs in response to viral infection. However, Vir-1 is also present in virus-free D. melanogaster suggesting basal expression or alternative functions. Presence of Nora virus RNA and the Viral Protein 4b (VP4b), in hemolymph of infected D. melanogaster supports the hypothesized circulation of Nora virus in the hemolymph. The study suggests that impaired locomotor function may be due to transport of Nora virus from the gut to the brain via the hemolymph.
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13
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Rogers A, Towery L, McCown A, Carlson KA. Impaired Geotaxis as a Novel Phenotype of Nora Virus Infection of Drosophila melanogaster. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:1804510. [PMID: 32802552 PMCID: PMC7414366 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1804510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nora virus (NV) is a picorna-like virus that contains a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The virus infects Drosophila melanogaster with no known characterized phenotype. In this study, geotaxis assays and longevity analyses were used to determine if Nora virus infection affects D. melanogaster's locomotor ability. In addition, Drosophila C virus (DCV), a well-characterized D. melanogaster virus, was used as a positive control, as it has previously shown a locomotor defect in infected flies. Stocks infected with NV (NV+) and DCV (DCV+) and virus-free (NV-/DCV-) stocks were established. Over a 3-year period, approximately 2,500 virgin female flies were tested for geotaxis and longevity using Kaplan-Meier analyses, as well as the Cox Proportional Hazards regression for survivorship. There was a significant decrease in the geotaxis when the D. melanogaster flies were infected with Nora virus compared to uninfected controls, but no difference was found between DCV+ and NV+ trials. There were not significant differences in longevity between the three groups. This is the first time that a phenotype has been recorded in association with Nora virus infection. Overall, the data demonstrate that geotaxis dysfunction may be a phenotypic hallmark of Nora virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Rogers
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Lesley Towery
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Amanda McCown
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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14
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Fu Y, Huang X, Zhang P, van de Leemput J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies novel cell types in Drosophila blood. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:175-186. [PMID: 32487456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila has been extensively used to model the human blood-immune system, as both systems share many developmental and immune response mechanisms. However, while many human blood cell types have been identified, only three were found in flies: plasmatocytes, crystal cells and lamellocytes. To better understand the complexity of fly blood system, we used single-cell RNA sequencing technology to generate comprehensive gene expression profiles for Drosophila circulating blood cells. In addition to the known cell types, we identified two new Drosophila blood cell types: thanacytes and primocytes. Thanacytes, which express many stimulus response genes, are involved in distinct responses to different types of bacteria. Primocytes, which express cell fate commitment and signaling genes, appear to be involved in keeping stem cells in the circulating blood. Furthermore, our data revealed four novel plasmatocyte subtypes (Ppn+, CAH7+, Lsp+ and reservoir plasmatocytes), each with unique molecular identities and distinct predicted functions. We also identified cross-species markers from Drosophila hemocytes to human blood cells. Our analysis unveiled a more complex Drosophila blood system and broadened the scope of using Drosophila to model human blood system in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Fu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaohu Huang
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Divisions of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joyce van de Leemput
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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15
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Ribeiro JM, Debat HJ, Boiani M, Ures X, Rocha S, Breijo M. An insight into the sialome, mialome and virome of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:616. [PMID: 31357943 PMCID: PMC6664567 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The horn fly (Haematobia irritans) is an obligate blood feeder that causes considerable economic losses in livestock industries worldwide. The control of this cattle pest is mainly based on insecticides; unfortunately, in many regions, horn flies have developed resistance. Vaccines or biological control have been proposed as alternative control methods, but the available information about the biology or physiology of this parasite is rather scarce. RESULTS We present a comprehensive description of the salivary and midgut transcriptomes of the horn fly (Haematobia irritans), using deep sequencing achieved by the Illumina protocol, as well as exploring the virome of this fly. Comparison of the two transcriptomes allow for identification of uniquely salivary or uniquely midgut transcripts, as identified by statistically differential transcript expression at a level of 16 x or more. In addition, we provide genomic highlights and phylogenetic insights of Haematobia irritans Nora virus and present evidence of a novel densovirus, both associated to midgut libraries of H. irritans. CONCLUSIONS We provide a catalog of protein sequences associated with the salivary glands and midgut of the horn fly that will be useful for vaccine design. Additionally, we discover two midgut-associated viruses that infect these flies in nature. Future studies should address the prevalence, biological effects and life cycles of these viruses, which could eventually lead to translational work oriented to the control of this economically important cattle pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Room 3E28, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Humberto Julio Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Boiani
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - X. Ures
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - S. Rocha
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M. Breijo
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125 Montevideo, Uruguay
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16
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Shultzaberger RK, Johnson SJ, Wagner J, Ha K, Markow TA, Greenspan RJ. Conservation of the behavioral and transcriptional response to social experience among Drosophilids. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12487. [PMID: 29797548 PMCID: PMC7379240 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
While social experience has been shown to significantly alter behaviors in a wide range of species, comparative studies that uniformly measure the impact of a single experience across multiple species have been lacking, limiting our understanding of how plastic traits evolve. To address this, we quantified variations in social feeding behaviors across 10 species of Drosophilids, tested the effect of altering rearing context on these behaviors (reared in groups or in isolation) and correlated observed behavioral shifts to accompanying transcriptional changes in the heads of these flies. We observed significant variability in the extent of aggressiveness, the utilization of social cues during food search, and social space preferences across species. The sensitivity of these behaviors to rearing experience also varied: socially naive flies were more aggressive than their socialized conspecifics in some species, and more reserved or identical in others. Despite these differences, the mechanism of socialization appeared to be conserved within the melanogaster subgroup as species could cross‐socialize each other, and the transcriptional response to social exposure was significantly conserved. The expression levels of chemosensory‐perception genes often varied between species and rearing conditions, supporting a growing body of evidence that behavioral evolution is driven by the differential regulation of this class of genes. The clear differences in behavioral responses to socialization observed in Drosophilids make this an ideal system for continued studies on the genetic basis and evolution of socialization and behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Shultzaberger
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - S J Johnson
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - J Wagner
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - K Ha
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - T A Markow
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica de la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - R J Greenspan
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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17
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Lopez W, Page AM, Carlson DJ, Ericson BL, Cserhati MF, Guda C, Carlson KA. Analysis of immune-related genes during Nora virus infection of Drosophila melanogaster using next generation sequencing. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:123-139. [PMID: 29707694 PMCID: PMC5915338 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster depends upon the innate immune system to regulate and combat viral infection. This is a complex, yet widely conserved process that involves a number of immune pathways and gene interactions. In addition, expression of genes involved in immunity are differentially regulated as the organism ages. This is particularly true for viruses that demonstrate chronic infection, as is seen with Nora virus. Nora virus is a persistent non-pathogenic virus that replicates in a horizontal manner in D. melanogaster. The genes involved in the regulation of the immune response to Nora virus infection are largely unknown. In addition, the temporal response of immune response genes as a result of infection has not been examined. In this study, D. melanogaster either infected with Nora virus or left uninfected were aged for 2, 10, 20 and 30 days. The RNA from these samples was analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) and the resulting immune-related genes evaluated by utilizing both the PANTHER and DAVID databases, as well as comparison to lists of immune related genes and FlyBase. The data demonstrate that Nora virus infected D. melanogaster exhibit an increase in immune related gene expression over time. In addition, at day 30, the data demonstrate that a persistent immune response may occur leading to an upregulation of specific immune response genes. These results demonstrate the utility of NGS in determining the potential immune system genes involved in Nora virus replication, chronic infection and involvement of antiviral pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Lopez
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Alexis M Page
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Darby J Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Brad L Ericson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Matyas F Cserhati
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kimberly A Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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18
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Complex Coding and Regulatory Polymorphisms in a Restriction Factor Determine the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Viral Infection. Genetics 2017. [PMID: 28630113 PMCID: PMC5560813 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.201970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common to find that major-effect genes are an important cause of variation in susceptibility to infection. Here we have characterized natural variation in a gene called pastrel that explains over half of the genetic variance in susceptibility to the Drosophila C virus (DCV) in populations of Drosophila melanogaster We found extensive allelic heterogeneity, with a sample of seven alleles of pastrel from around the world conferring four phenotypically distinct levels of resistance. By modifying candidate SNPs in transgenic flies, we show that the largest effect is caused by an amino acid polymorphism that arose when an ancestral threonine was mutated to alanine, greatly increasing resistance to DCV. Overexpression of the ancestral, susceptible allele provides strong protection against DCV; indicating that this mutation acted to improve an existing restriction factor. The pastrel locus also contains complex structural variation and cis-regulatory polymorphisms altering gene expression. We find that higher expression of pastrel is associated with increased survival after DCV infection. To understand why this variation is maintained in populations, we investigated genetic variation surrounding the amino acid variant that is causing flies to be resistant. We found no evidence of natural selection causing either recent changes in allele frequency or geographical variation in frequency, suggesting that this is an old polymorphism that has been maintained at a stable frequency. Overall, our data demonstrate how complex genetic variation at a single locus can control susceptibility to a virulent natural pathogen.
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19
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Advances in Myeloid-Like Cell Origins and Functions in the Model Organism Drosophila melanogaster. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. [PMID: 28102122 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0038-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has long served as a valuable model for deciphering many biological processes, including immune responses. Indeed, the genetic tractability of this organism is particularly suited for large-scale analyses. Studies performed during the last 3 decades have proven that the signaling pathways that regulate the innate immune response are conserved between Drosophila and mammals. This review summarizes the recent advances on Drosophila hematopoiesis and immune cellular responses, with a particular emphasis on phagocytosis.
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20
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Croze M, Wollstein A, Božičević V, Živković D, Stephan W, Hutter S. A genome-wide scan for genes under balancing selection in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:15. [PMID: 28086750 PMCID: PMC5237213 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the history of population genetics balancing selection has been considered as an important evolutionary force, yet until today little is known about its abundance and its effect on patterns of genetic diversity. Several well-known examples of balancing selection have been reported from humans, mice, plants, and parasites. However, only very few systematic studies have been carried out to detect genes under balancing selection. We performed a genome scan in Drosophila melanogaster to find signatures of balancing selection in a derived (European) and an ancestral (African) population. We screened a total of 34 genomes searching for regions of high genetic diversity and an excess of SNPs with intermediate frequency. RESULTS In total, we found 183 candidate genes: 141 in the European population and 45 in the African one, with only three genes shared between both populations. Most differences between both populations were observed on the X chromosome, though this might be partly due to false positives. Functionally, we find an overrepresentation of genes involved in neuronal development and circadian rhythm. Furthermore, some of the top genes we identified are involved in innate immunity. CONCLUSION Our results revealed evidence of genes under balancing selection in European and African populations. More candidate genes have been found in the European population. They are involved in several different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Croze
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Andreas Wollstein
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vedran Božičević
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Živković
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Center of Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stephan
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Natural History Museum Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Hutter
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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21
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Ericson BL, Carlson DJ, Carlson KA. Characterization of Nora Virus Structural Proteins via Western Blot Analysis. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:9067848. [PMID: 27298753 PMCID: PMC4889860 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9067848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nora virus is a single stranded RNA picorna-like virus with four open reading frames (ORFs). The coding potentials of the ORFs are not fully characterized, but ORF3 and ORF4 are believed to encode the capsid proteins (VP3, VP4a, VP4b, and VP4c) comprising the virion. To determine the polypeptide composition of Nora virus virions, polypeptides from purified virus were compared to polypeptides detected in Nora virus infected Drosophila melanogaster. Nora virus was purified from infected flies and used to challenge mice for the production of antisera. ORF3, ORF4a, ORF4b, and ORF4c were individually cloned and expressed in E. coli; resultant recombinant proteins purified and were used to make monospecific antisera. Antisera were evaluated via Western blot against whole virus particles and Nora virus infected fly lysates. Viral purification yielded two particle types with densities of ~1.31 g/mL (empty particles) and ~1.33 g/mL (complete virions). Comparison of purified virus polypeptide composition to Nora virus infected D. melanogaster lysate showed the number of proteins in infected cell lysates is less than purified virus. Our results suggest the virion is composed of 6 polypeptides, VP3, VP4a, two forms of VP4b, and two forms of VP4c. This polypeptide composition is similar to other small RNA insect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad L. Ericson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Avenue, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Darby J. Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Avenue, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Avenue, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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22
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Manfredini F, Shoemaker D, Grozinger CM. Dynamic changes in host-virus interactions associated with colony founding and social environment in fire ant queens (Solenopsis invicta). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:233-44. [PMID: 26811788 PMCID: PMC4716520 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of host-parasite interactions can change dramatically over the course of a chronic infection as the internal (physiological) and external (environmental) conditions of the host change. When queens of social insects found a colony, they experience changes in both their physiological state (they develop their ovaries and begin laying eggs) and the social environment (they suddenly stop interacting with the other members of the mother colony), making this an excellent model system for examining how these factors interact with chronic infections. We investigated the dynamics of host-viral interactions in queens of Solenopsis invicta (fire ant) as they transition from mating to colony founding/brood rearing to the emergence of the first workers. We examined these dynamics in naturally infected queens in two different social environments, where queens either founded colonies as individuals or as pairs. We hypothesized that stress associated with colony founding plays an important role in the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. We also hypothesized that different viruses have different modalities of interaction with the host that can be quantified by physiological measures and genomic analysis of gene expression in the host. We found that the two most prevalent viruses, SINV-1 and SINV-2, are associated with different fitness costs that are mirrored by different patterns of gene expression in the host. In fact SINV-2, the virus that imposes the significant reduction of a queen's reproductive output is also associated with larger changes of global gene expression in the host. These results show the complexity of interactions between S. invicta and two viral parasites. Our findings also show that chronic infections by viral parasites in insects are dynamic processes that may pose different challenges in the host, laying the groundwork for interesting ecological and evolutionary considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manfredini
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
- Department of Entomology and Center for Pollinator ResearchThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | | | - Christina M. Grozinger
- Department of Entomology and Center for Pollinator ResearchThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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23
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Rückert C, Bell-Sakyi L, Fazakerley JK, Fragkoudis R. Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances. Virusdisease 2014; 25:249-60. [PMID: 25674592 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. Arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. For future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve our understanding of virus-vector interactions. In the last decade knowledge of arthropod antiviral immunity has increased rapidly. RNAi has been proposed as the most important antiviral response in mosquitoes and it is likely to be the most important antiviral response in all arthropods. However, other newly-discovered antiviral strategies such as melanisation and the link between RNAi and the JAK/STAT pathway via the cytokine Vago have been characterised in the last few years. This review aims to summarise the most important and most recent advances made in arthropod antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rückert
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UK ; The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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24
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Lamiable O, Imler JL. Induced antiviral innate immunity in Drosophila. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:62-8. [PMID: 24907422 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to viral infections in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster involves both RNA interference and additional induced responses. The latter include not only cellular mechanisms such as programmed cell death and autophagy, but also the induction of a large set of genes, some of which contribute to the control of viral replication and resistance to infection. This induced response to infection is complex and involves both virus-specific and cell-type specific mechanisms. We review here recent developments, from the sensing of viral infection to the induction of signaling pathways and production of antiviral effector molecules. Our current understanding, although still partial, validates the Drosophila model of antiviral induced immunity for insect pests and disease vectors, as well as for mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lamiable
- CNRS-UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- CNRS-UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France; Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France.
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25
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Panayidou S, Ioannidou E, Apidianakis Y. Human pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses in Drosophila: disease modeling, lessons, and shortcomings. Virulence 2014; 5:253-69. [PMID: 24398387 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has been the invertebrate model organism of choice for the study of innate immune responses during the past few decades. Many Drosophila-microbe interaction studies have helped to define innate immunity pathways, and significant effort has been made lately to decipher mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Here we catalog 68 bacterial, fungal, and viral species studied in flies, 43 of which are relevant to human health. We discuss studies of human pathogens in flies revealing not only the elicitation and avoidance of immune response but also mechanisms of tolerance, host tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and predisposition to cancer. Prominent among those is the emerging pattern of intestinal regeneration as a defense response induced by pathogenic and innocuous bacteria. Immunopathology mechanisms and many microbial virulence factors have been elucidated, but their relevance to human health conventionally necessitates validation in mammalian models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavria Panayidou
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cyprus; Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Ioannidou
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cyprus; Nicosia, Cyprus
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Kingsolver MB, Huang Z, Hardy RW. Insect antiviral innate immunity: pathways, effectors, and connections. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4921-36. [PMID: 24120681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insects are infected by a wide array of viruses some of which are insect restricted and pathogenic, and some of which are transmitted by biting insects to vertebrates. The medical and economic importance of these viruses heightens the need to understand the interaction between the infecting pathogen and the insect immune system in order to develop transmission interventions. The interaction of the virus with the insect host innate immune system plays a critical role in the outcome of infection. The major mechanism of antiviral defense is the small, interfering RNA pathway that responds through the detection of virus-derived double-stranded RNA to suppress virus replication. However, other innate antimicrobial pathways such as Imd, Toll, and Jak-STAT and the autophagy pathway have also been shown to play important roles in antiviral immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main insect antiviral pathways and examine recent findings that further our understanding of the roles of these pathways in facilitating a systemic and specific response to infecting viruses.
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