1
|
Pei Y, Lin C, Li H, Feng Z. Genetic background influences pig responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1289570. [PMID: 37929286 PMCID: PMC10623566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1289570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly infectious and economically significant virus that causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in pigs. It results in reduced productivity and increased mortality in pigs, causing substantial economic losses in the industry. Understanding the factors affecting pig responses to PRRSV is crucial to develop effective control strategies. Genetic background has emerged as a significant determinant of susceptibility and resistance to PRRSV in pigs. This review provides an overview of the basic infection process of PRRSV in pigs, associated symptoms, underlying immune mechanisms, and roles of noncoding RNA and alternative splicing in PRRSV infection. Moreover, it emphasized breed-specific variations in these aspects that may have implications for individual treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chenghong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Bai X, Wang Y, Wang L, Wei L, Tan F, Zhou Z, Tian K. Pathogenicity characterization of PRRSV-1 181187-2 isolated in China. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106158. [PMID: 37201637 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PRRSV-1 has caused more clinical infections in pigs in Chinese swine herds in recent years, however, the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 in China is unclear. In order to study the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1, in this study, a PRRSV-1 strain, 181187-2, was isolated in primary alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells from a farm where abortions had been reported in China. The complete genome of 181187-2 was 14932 bp excluding Poly A, with 54-amino acid continuous deletion in the Nsp2 gene and 1 amino deletion in ORF3 gene compared with LV. Additionally, the piglets inoculated with strain 181187-2 by intranasal and intranasal plus intramuscular injection, animal experiments showed clinical symptoms including transient fever and depression, with no death. The obvious histopathological lesions including interstitial pneumonia and lymph node hemorrhage, and there were no significant differences in clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions with different challenge ways. Our results indicated that PRRSV -1 181187-2 was a moderately pathogenic strain in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wei
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; WOAH Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 17 Tiangui Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- WOAH Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 17 Tiangui Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; WOAH Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 17 Tiangui Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salmin AF, Pesant MJ, Burgher Y, Provost C, Labrie J, Jacques M, Gagnon CA, Beaudry F. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics reveal that adenosine nucleotides released in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae supernatant inhibit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Talanta 2022; 242:123315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Lee HS, Bui VN, Dao DT, Bui NA, Le TD, Kieu MA, Nguyen QH, Tran LH, Roh JH, So KM, Hur TY, Oh SI. Pathogenicity of an African swine fever virus strain isolated in Vietnam and alternative diagnostic specimens for early detection of viral infection. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33934707 PMCID: PMC8091783 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics and early detection by surveillance could help control its spread. However, the pathogenicity and methods for early detection of ASFV isolates from Vietnam have not been established. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of ASFV and explored alternative sampling methods for early detection. Results Ten pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with an ASFV strain from Vietnam (titer, 103.5 HAD50/mL), and their temperature, clinical signs, and virus excretion patterns were recorded. In addition, herd and environmental samples were collected daily. The pigs died 5–8 days-post-inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was 3.7 ± 0.5 dpi. ASFV genome was first detected in the blood (2.2 ± 0.8) and then in rectal (3.1 ± 0.7), nasal (3.2 ± 0.4), and oral (3.6 ± 0.7 dpi) swab samples. ASFV was detected in oral fluid samples collected using a chewed rope from 3 dpi. The liver showed the highest viral loads, and ear tissue also exhibited high viral loads among 11 tissues obtained from dead pigs. Overall, ASFV from Vietnam was classified as peracute to acute form. The rope-based oral fluid collection method could be useful for early ASFV detection and allows successful ASF surveillance in large pig farms. Furthermore, ear tissue samples might be a simple alternative specimen for diagnosing ASF infection in dead pigs. Conclusions Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of a typical ASFV strain isolated in Vietnam and suggest an alternative, non-invasive specimen collection strategy for early detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Duy Le
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Anh Kieu
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quang Huy Nguyen
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam.,Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Tran
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae-Hee Roh
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min So
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Obradovic MR, Segura M, Segalés J, Gottschalk M. Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:49. [PMID: 33743838 PMCID: PMC7980725 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang F, Yuan W, Li Z, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Li K, Ding Z, Chen Y, Cheng T, Wu Q, Tang Y, Song D. RNA-Seq-Based Whole Transcriptome Analysis of IPEC-J2 Cells During Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:492. [PMID: 32903570 PMCID: PMC7438718 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new emergence of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has resulted in high mortality in suckling pigs in China. To date, the transcriptional expression of host cells during SADS-CoV infection has not been documented. In this study, by means of RNA-Seq technology, we investigated the whole genomic expression profiles of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) infected with a SADS-CoV strain SADS-CoV-CH-FJWT-2018. A total of 24,676 genes were identified: 23,677 were known genes, and 999 were novel genes. A total of 1,897 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between SADS-CoV-infected and uninfected cells at 6, 24, and 48 h post infection (hpi). Of these, 1,260 genes were upregulated and 637 downregulated. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs in samples from 6, 24, and 48 hpi were enriched in 79, 383, and 233 GO terms, respectively, which were mainly involved in immune system process, response to stimulus, signal transduction, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions. The 1,897 DEGs were mapped to 109 KEGG Ontology (KO) pathways classified into four main categories. Most of the DEGs annotated in the KEGG pathways were related to the immune system, infectious viral disease, and signal transduction. The mRNA of porcine serum amyloid A-3 protein (SAA3), an acute phase response protein, was significantly upregulated during the infection. Over-expressed SAA3 in IPEC-J2 cells drastically inhibited the replication of SADS-CoV, while under-expressed SAA3 promoted virus replication. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the profiles of gene expression of IPEC-J2 cells infected by SADS-CoV by means of RNA-Seq technology. Our results indicate that SADS-CoV infection significantly modified the host cell gene expression patterns, and the host cells responded in highly specific manners, including immune response, signal and cytokine transduction, and antiviral response. The findings provide important insights into the transcriptome of IPEC-J2 in SADS-CoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunyan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Deping Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nga BTT, Tran Anh Dao B, Nguyen Thi L, Osaki M, Kawashima K, Song D, Salguero FJ, Le VP. Clinical and Pathological Study of the First Outbreak Cases of African Swine Fever in Vietnam, 2019. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:392. [PMID: 32733925 PMCID: PMC7360720 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of swine and the most important disease for the pork industry. Since the outbreaks in 2007 in the Caucasian region, it has been spreading to the West and East quite swiftly. In this study we have analyzed the clinical signs and pathological features of the first outbreaks on ASF in Vietnam in 2019, caused by an isolate with 100% similarity to the genotype II (p72) isolates from Georgia in 2007 and China in 2018. The disease onset with a peracute to acute clinical course with high mortality. Some animals showed very unspecific clinical signs with other showing severe hyperthermia, respiratory distress, diarrhea, or vomit. Hemorrhagic splenomegaly and lymphadenitis were the main lesions observed at post mortem examination, with histopathological changes confirming the lymphoid depletion and multiorganic hemorrhages. Monocyte-macrophages were identified by means of immunohistochemical methods as the main target cell for the ASF virus in tissue sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi To Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Tran Anh Dao
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lan Nguyen Thi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Makoto Osaki
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawashima
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | | | - Van Phan Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus E Protein Degrades Porcine Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00767-19. [PMID: 31341055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies from our group and other groups showed that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), a multitransmembrane endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme, catalyzes the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. However, PRRSV infection also actively decreases porcine CH25H (pCH25H) expression, through unidentified mechanisms. In this study, we found that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a major role in pCH25H degradation during PRRSV infection and that the PRRSV-encoded envelope (E) protein interacts with pCH25H. PRRSV E protein degraded pCH25H via ubiquitination, and the ubiquitination site was at pCH25H Lys28. Interestingly, PRRSV E protein appeared to specifically degrade pCH25H but not human CH25H, likely because of a Lys28Arg substitution in the human orthologue. As expected, ubiquitin-mediated degradation by E protein attenuated the antiviral effect of pCH25H by downregulating 25HC production. In addition, we found that knockdown of pCH25H decreased E protein-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and that pCH25H overexpression had the opposite effect. These findings suggested that regulation of pCH25H expression was associated with E protein-induced inflammatory responses. Taken together, our results and those of previous studies of the anti-PRRSV effects of CH25H highlight the complex interplay between PRRSV and pCH25H.IMPORTANCE CH25H has received significant attention due to its broad antiviral activity, which it mediates by catalyzing the production of 25HC. Most studies have focused on the antiviral mechanisms of CH25H; however, whether viruses also actively regulate CH25H expression has not yet been reported. Previous studies demonstrated that pCH25H inhibits PRRSV replication not only via production of 25HC but also by ubiquitination and degradation of viral nonstructural protein 1α. In this study, we expanded on previous work and found that PRRSV actively degrades pCH25H through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. PRRSV E protein, a viral structural protein, is involved in this process. This study reveals a novel mechanism of interaction between virus and host during PRRSV infection.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernelin-Cottet C, Urien C, Fretaud M, Langevin C, Trus I, Jouneau L, Blanc F, Leplat JJ, Barc C, Boulesteix O, Riou M, Dysart M, Mahé S, Studsrub E, Nauwynck H, Bertho N, Bourry O, Schwartz-Cornil I. A DNA Prime Immuno-Potentiates a Modified Live Vaccine against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus but Does Not Improve Heterologous Protection. Viruses 2019; 11:E576. [PMID: 31242645 PMCID: PMC6631340 DOI: 10.3390/v11060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus inducing abortion in sows and respiratory disease in young pigs, is a leading infectious cause of economic losses in the swine industry. Modified live vaccines (MLVs) help in controlling the disease, but their efficacy is often compromised by the high genetic diversity of circulating viruses, leading to vaccine escape variants in the field. In this study, we hypothesized that a DNA prime with naked plasmids encoding PRRSV antigens containing conserved T-cell epitopes may improve the protection of MLV against a heterologous challenge. Plasmids were delivered with surface electroporation or needle-free jet injection and European strain-derived PRRSV antigens were targeted or not to the dendritic cell receptor XCR1. Compared to MLV-alone, the DNA-MLV prime- boost regimen slightly improved the IFNγ T-cell response, and substantially increased the antibody response against envelope motives and the nucleoprotein N. The XCR1-targeting of N significantly improved the anti-N specific antibody response. Despite this immuno-potentiation, the DNA-MLV regimen did not further decrease the serum viral load or the nasal viral shedding of the challenge strain over MLV-alone. Finally, the heterologous protection, achieved in absence of detectable effective neutralizing antibodies, was not correlated to the measured antibody or to the IFNγ T-cell response. Therefore, immune correlates of protection remain to be identified and represent an important gap of knowledge in PRRSV vaccinology. This study importantly shows that a naked DNA prime immuno-potentiates an MLV, more on the B than on the IFNγ T-cell response side, and has to be further improved to reach cross-protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Maxence Fretaud
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Christelle Langevin
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- VIM, EMERG'IN-Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale IERP, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Fany Blanc
- GABI, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- GABI, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Barc
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mickaël Riou
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Marilyn Dysart
- Pharmajet, 400 Corporate Circle Suite N, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Sophie Mahé
- Unité Virologie et Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Anses, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Unité Virologie et Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Anses, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bernelin-Cottet C, Urien C, Stubsrud E, Jakob V, Bouguyon E, Bordet E, Barc C, Boulesteix O, Contreras V, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Trus I, Nauwynck H, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. A DNA-Modified Live Vaccine Prime-Boost Strategy Broadens the T-Cell Response and Enhances the Antibody Response against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E551. [PMID: 31207934 PMCID: PMC6630347 DOI: 10.3390/v11060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory illnesses in growing pigs and is considered as one of the main pathogenic agents responsible for economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. Modified live PRRSV vaccines (MLVs) are very effective vaccine types against homologous strains but they present only partial protection against heterologous viral variants. With the goal to induce broad and cross-protective immunity, we generated DNA vaccines encoding B and T antigens derived from a European subtype 1 strain that include T-cell epitope sequences known to be conserved across strains. These antigens were expressed either in a native form or in the form of vaccibodies targeted to the endocytic receptor XCR1 and CD11c expressed by different types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When delivered in skin with cationic nanoparticles and surface electroporation, multiple DNA vaccinations as a stand-alone regimen induced substantial antibody and T-cell responses, which were not promoted by targeting antigens to APCs. Interestingly, a DNA-MLV prime-boost strategy strongly enhanced the antibody response and broadened the T-cell responses over the one induced by MLV or DNA-only. The anti-nucleoprotein antibody response induced by the DNA-MLV prime-boost was clearly promoted by targeting the antigen to CD11c and XCR1, indicating a benefit of APC-targeting on the B-cell response. In conclusion, a DNA-MLV prime-boost strategy, by enhancing the potency and breadth of MLV vaccines, stands as a promising vaccine strategy to improve the control of PRRSV in infected herds.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization Schedule
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Swine
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Elise Bordet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Barc
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, INSERM U1184-CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses et 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frossard JP, Grierson S, Cheney T, Steinbach F, Choudhury B, Williamson S. UK Pigs at the Time of Slaughter: Investigation into the Correlation of Infection with PRRSV and HEV. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060110. [PMID: 28598352 PMCID: PMC5490802 DOI: 10.3390/v9060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and are both globally prevalent in the pig population. While HEV does not cause clinical disease in pigs, its zoonotic potential has raised concerns in the food safety sector. PRRS has become endemic in the United Kingdom (UK) since its introduction in 1991, and continues to cause considerable economic losses to the swine industry. A better understanding of the current prevalence and diversity of PRRSV and HEV in the UK, and their potential association, is needed to assess risks and target control measures appropriately. This study used plasma, tonsil, and cecal content samples previously collected from pigs in 14 abattoirs in England and Northern Ireland to study the prevalence of several pathogens including PRRSV and HEV. The diversity of PRRSV strains detected in these samples was analyzed by sequencing open reading frame 5 (ORF5), revealing no substantial difference in PRRSV strains from these clinically unaffected pigs relative to those from clinical cases of disease in the UK. Despite the potential immuno-modulatory effect of PRRSV infection, previously demonstrated to affect Salmonella and HEV shedding profiles, no significant association was found between positive PRRSV status and positive HEV status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Grierson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Tanya Cheney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Susanna Williamson
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
UK Pigs at the Time of Slaughter: Investigation into the Correlation of Infection with PRRSV and HEV. Viruses 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/v9050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
13
|
Stadejek T, Larsen LE, Podgórska K, Bøtner A, Botti S, Dolka I, Fabisiak M, Heegaard PMH, Hjulsager CK, Huć T, Kvisgaard LK, Sapierzyński R, Nielsen J. Pathogenicity of three genetically diverse strains of PRRSV Type 1 in specific pathogen free pigs. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:13-19. [PMID: 28554869 PMCID: PMC7127113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of two PRRSV-1 strains BOR59, ILI6 and 18794 was compared specific pathogen free pigs. The most pronounced clinical signs, the highest viremia and the earliest acute phase proteins response were in pigs infected with BOR59 strain. BOR59 strain can be considered a highly virulent strain, while the virulence of strain ILI6 was intermediate between BOR59 and 18794.
Studies from Eastern European countries proved that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Type 1 (PRRSV-1) harbours high genetic diversity and that genetically divergent subtypes 2–4 circulate in this area. In the present study, we compared the pathogenicity of two different PRRSV-1 subtype 2 strains and a strain representing PRRSV-1 subtype 1. Four groups of 8-week-old specific pathogen free pigs were either infected with subtype 2 strain ILI6, subtype 2 strain or BOR59, subtype 1 strain 18794, or mock inoculated. The most pronounced clinical signs were observed in pigs infected with BOR59. Pigs from both subtype 2 strain infected groups exhibited significantly elevated mean body temperatures on DPI 2 compared to the other two groups, the difference remaining significant up to DPI 13 for the BOR59 group, only. The pigs in the latter group also displayed significantly highest levels of early viremia together with the most rapid APP response. Overall, the results indicated that BOR59 strain can be considered a highly pathogenic strain, similarly to subtype 3 strains Lena and SU1-bel, while the virulence of the other subtype 2 strain ILI6 was intermediate between BOR59 and subtype 1 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Swine Diseases Department, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anette Bøtner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Polo Universitario, Via Einstein 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Izabella Dolka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Fabisiak
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Huć
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lise K Kvisgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jens Nielsen
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Swine Diseases Department, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Genetic engineering alveolar macrophages for host resistance to PRRSV. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:124-129. [PMID: 28215617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Standard strategies for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have not been effective, as vaccines have not reduced the prevalence of disease and many producers depopulate after an outbreak. Another method of control would be to prevent the virus from infecting the pig. The virus was thought to infect alveolar macrophages by interaction with a variety of cell surface molecules. One popular model had PRRSV first interacting with heparin sulfate followed by binding to sialoadhesin and then being internalized into an endosome. Within the endosome, PRRSV was thought to interact with CD163 to uncoat the virus so the viral genome could be released into the cytosol and infect the cell. Other candidate receptors have included vimentin, CD151 and CD209. By using genetic engineering, it is possible to test the importance of individual entry mediators by knocking them out. Pigs engineered by knockout of sialoadhesin were still susceptible to infection, while CD163 knockout resulted in pigs that were resistant to infection. Genetic engineering is not only a valuable tool to determine the role of specific proteins in infection by PRRSV (in this case), but also provides a means to create animals resistant to disease. Genetic engineering of alveolar macrophages can also illuminate the role of other proteins in response to infection. We suggest that strategies to prevent infection be pursued to reduce the reservoir of virus.
Collapse
|
15
|
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome type 1 viruses induce hypoplasia of erythroid cells and myeloid cell hyperplasia in the bone marrow of experimentally infected piglets independently of the viral load and virulence. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:126-135. [PMID: 28284598 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) present a wide phenotypic and genetic diversity. Experimental infections have demonstrated viral replication, including highly pathogenic strains (HP-PRRSV), in primary lymphoid organs such as the thymus. However, studies of the bone marrow are scarce but necessary to help elucidate the immunobiology of PRRSV strains of differing virulence. In this study, whereas viral RNA was detected within the bone marrow of animals experimentally infected with both low virulent Lelystad (LV) and 215-06 PRRSV-1 strains and with the highly virulent SU1-bel strain, PRRSV positive cells were only occasionally detected in one SU1-bel infected animal. PRRSV RNA levels were associated to circulating virus with the highest levels detected in LV-infected pigs. At 3 dpi, a decrease in the proportion of haematopoietic tissue and number of erythroid cells in all infected groups was associated with an increase in TUNEL or cleaved caspase 3 labelling and higher counts of myeloid cells compared to control. The expression of IL-1α and IL-6 was elevated at the beginning of the infection in all infected animals. The expression of TNF-α was increased at the end of the study in all infected groups with respect to control. Different PRRSV-1 strains induced, presummably by indirect mechanisms and independently of viral load and strain virulence, moderate and sustained hypoplasia of erythroid cells and myeloid cell hyperplasia at early stages of infection. These changes were paralleled by a peak in the local expression of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α in all infected groups.
Collapse
|
16
|
Singleton H, Graham SP, Bodman-Smith KB, Frossard JP, Steinbach F. Establishing Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Systems for Studying the Interaction with PRRSV-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:832. [PMID: 27313573 PMCID: PMC4889594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMØ) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) are two model systems well established in human and rodent systems that can be used to study the interaction of pathogens with host cells. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect myeloid cells, such as macrophages (MØ) and dendritic cells (DC). Therefore, this study aimed to establish systems for the differentiation and characterization of MoMØ and MoDC for subsequent infection with PRRSV-1. M-CSF differentiated MoMØ were stimulated with activators for classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation. GM-CSF and IL-4 generated MoDC were activated with the well established maturation cocktail containing PAMPs and cytokines. In addition, MoMØ and MoDC were treated with dexamethasone and IL-10, which are known immuno-suppressive reagents. Cells were characterized by morphology, phenotype, and function and porcine MØ subsets highlighted some divergence from described human counterparts, while MoDC, appeared more similar to mouse and human DCs. The infection with PRRSV-1 strain Lena demonstrated different replication kinetics between MoMØ and MoDC and within subsets of each cell type. While MoMØ susceptibility was significantly increased by dexamethasone and IL-10 with an accompanying increase in CD163/CD169 expression, MoDC supported only a minimal replication of PRRSV These findings underline the high variability in the susceptibility of porcine myeloid cells toward PRRSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Singleton
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| | | | | | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amarilla SP, Gómez-Laguna J, Carrasco L, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Caridad Y Ocerín JM, Graham SP, Frossard JP, Steinbach F, Salguero FJ. Thymic depletion of lymphocytes is associated with the virulence of PRRSV-1 strains. Vet Microbiol 2016; 188:47-58. [PMID: 27139029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) exists as two distinct viruses, type 1 (PRRSV-1) and type 2 (PRRSV-2). Atrophy of the thymus in PRRSV-2 infected piglets has been associated with a loss of thymocytes. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of PRRSV-1 strains of differing virulence on the thymus of infected piglets by analysing the histomorphometry, the presence of apoptotic cells and cells producing cytokines. Thymic samples were taken from animals experimentally infected (with LV, SU1-bel, and 215-06 strains) or mock inoculated animals at 3, 7 and 35days post-infection (dpi) and processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. PRRSV antigen was detected in the thymus from 3dpi until the end of the study in all virus-infected animals with the highest numbers of infected cells detected in SU1-bel group. The histomorphometry analysis and counts of CD3(+) thymocytes in the thymic cortex displayed significant differences between strains at different time-points (p≤0.011), with SU1-bel group showing the most severe changes at 7dpi. Cell death displayed statistically significant increase in the cortex of all infected animals, with SU1-bel group showing the highest rate at 3 and 7dpi. The number of cells immunostained against IL-1α, TNF-α and IL-10 were predominantly detected in the medulla (p≤0.01). An increase in the number of TNF-α and IL-10 positive cells was observed in LV and SU-1bel groups. Our results demonstrate that different PRRSV-1 strains induced depletion of the thymic cortex due to apoptosis of thymocytes and that the most severe depletion was associated with the highly virulent SU1-bel strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyrley Paola Amarilla
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M Caridad Y Ocerín
- Department of Statistics, Econometrics, Operations Research, Business Organization and Applied Economics, Faculty of Law and Economics, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Simon P Graham
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Frossard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|