1
|
Houta MH, Hassan KE, Kilany WH, Shany SAS, El-Sawah AA, ElKady MF, Abdel-Moneim AS, Ali A. Evaluation of different heterologous-homologous vaccine regimens against challenge with GI-23 lineage infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2024; 598:110193. [PMID: 39096773 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses different IBV vaccination regimens in broiler chickens using commercially available live attenuated GI-23 (Egyptian-VAR2) and GI-1 (H120) vaccines. Vaccines were administered at 1, 14 days of age, or both. The ciliostasis test, following wild-type VAR2 challenge at 28 days of age, indicated that classic H120+VAR2 at one day old followed by the VAR2 vaccine at 14 days of age provided the highest level of protection (89.58%). Similarly, administering VAR2 at 1 day of age and classic H120 at 14 days of age demonstrated substantial protection (85.42%). Conversely, administering only classic H120 and VAR2 at one day old resulted in the lowest protection level (54.17%). Tracheal virus shedding quantification and assessment of trachea and kidney degenerative changes were significantly lower in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated-challenged group. In conclusion, a carefully planned vaccination regimen based on homologous vaccination offers the most effective clinical protection in broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Kareem E Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 264, Giza, 12618, Egypt.
| | - Salama A S Shany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Azza A El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Magdy F ElKady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cuadrado C, Breedlove C, van Santen E, Joiner KS, van Santen VL, Toro H. Protection Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Recombinants and Chicken-Selected Vaccine Subpopulations. Avian Dis 2024; 68:89-98. [PMID: 38885050 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of infectious bronchitis (IB) continue to occur from novel variants of IB virus (IBV) emerging from selection of vaccine subpopulations and/or naturally occurring recombination events. S1 sequencing of Arkansas (Ark) -type viruses obtained from clinical cases in Alabama broilers and backyard chickens shows both Ark Delmarva Poultry Industry (ArkDPI) vaccine subpopulations as well as Ark vaccine viruses showing recombination with other IB vaccine viruses. IB Ark-type isolates AL5, most similar to an ArkDPI vaccine subpopulation selected in chickens, AL4, showing a cluster of three nonsynonymous changes from ArkDPI subpopulations selected in chickens, and AL9, showing recombination with Massachusetts (Mass) -type IBV, were examined for pathogenicity and ability to break through immunity elicited by vaccination with a commercial ArkDPI vaccine. Analysis of predicted S1 protein structures indicated the changes were in regions previously shown to comprise neutralizing epitopes. Thus, they were expected to contribute to immune escape and possibly virulence. Based on clinical signs, viral load, and histopathology, all three isolates caused disease in naïve chickens, although AL9 and AL5 viral loads in trachea were statistically significantly higher (30- and 40-fold) than AL4. S1 gene sequencing confirmed the stability of the relevant changes in the inoculated viruses in the chickens, although virus in some individual chickens exhibited additional S1 changes. A single amino acid deletion in the S1 NTD was identified in some individual chickens. The location of this deletion in the predicted structure of S1 suggested the possibility that it was a compensatory change for the reduced ability of AL4 to replicate in the trachea of naïve chickens. Chickens vaccinated with a commercial ArkDPI vaccine at day of hatch and challenged at 21 days of age showed that vaccination provided incomplete protection against challenge with these viruses. Moreover, based on viral RNA copy numbers in trachea, differences were detected in the ability of the vaccine to protect against these IBV isolates, with the vaccine protecting the most poorly against AL4. These results provide additional evidence supporting that IBV attenuated vaccines, especially ArkDPI vaccines, contribute to perpetuating the problem of IB in commercial chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cuadrado
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - Cassandra Breedlove
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - Edzard van Santen
- Statistical Consulting Unit and Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Kelly S Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - Vicky L van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - Haroldo Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Detection of Chicken Respiratory Pathogens in Live Markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Epidemiological Implications. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090503. [PMID: 36136719 PMCID: PMC9501380 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A moderate to high seroprevalence of exposure to Newcastle disease (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has recently been reported in Ethiopia, but it is unclear to what extent these contribute to clinical cases of respiratory disease. This study investigated the presence of these pathogens in chickens exhibiting respiratory disease in two live markets in Addis Ababa. Markets were visited weekly for three months, and 18 chickens displaying respiratory clinical signs were acquired. Swab samples were taken from the choana, trachea, air sac and larynx for bacteriology and PCR tests targeting these five pathogens. PCR-positive samples were sequenced. All 18 chickens were PCR-positive for aMPV, 50% for each of Mg and NDV, 39% for IBV and 11% for ILTV. Infections with >3 pathogens were detected in 17 of 18 chickens. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus were found in 16 to 44% of chickens. IBV-positive samples were of the 793B genotype. The results associate the presence of these organisms with clinical respiratory disease and are consistent with recent serological investigations, indicating a high level of exposure to multiple respiratory pathogens.
Collapse
|
4
|
The efficacy of the prime-boost regimen for heterologous infectious bronchitis vaccines mandates the administration of homologous vaccines. Virusdisease 2022; 33:291-302. [PMID: 36059721 PMCID: PMC9421637 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been frequently reported in chickens worldwide, including in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia (ERS). Several IBV outbreaks were recently reported in chickens despite the massive use of various vaccines. Based on partial sequencing of the S1 gene, at least three genotypes were reported (CK/CH/LDL/97I, IS/720/99, and IS/Variant2/98) in the ERS with no available homologous vaccines. Herein, we tried to evaluate the protection provided by some selected commercial-available vaccines against these three genotypes. We divided the experimental chickens into eight groups. Representative isolates from these genotypes were inoculated into three groups of broiler chickens vaccinated with the H-120 vaccine at the age of 1 day and boosted with the 4/91 vaccine at the age of 14 days (challenged groups). One group of chickens had received the same protocol of IBV vaccines but was kept without infection to serve as a vaccine control group. The three isolates were inoculated into three other similar but unvaccinated groups of broiler chickens (infected groups). Group eight chickens were neither vaccinated nor infected and used as a negative control group. Evaluation of the protection induced by the tested vaccination schedule was assessed by several criteria, including the ability to reduce the severe clinical signs caused by IBV infection, changes in the body temperature of various groups of chickens, the reduction in the magnitude of IBV-induced lesions, and the reduction in the viral loads in tracheas of a different group of chicken. Monitoring the immune status of chickens was also recorded based on the hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in sera of various groups of chickens. Our results show clinical and tracheal protection against IBV/IS/Variant2/98-like and IBV/IS/720/99-like strains. Moderate protection was observed in the IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-like pressure. The kidneys of the challenged groups of chickens showed minimal or no gross lesions compared with the infected groups, even in those chickens challenged with the IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-like strain. In conclusion, this is the first study to perform the protectotyping of some IBV strains from Saudi Arabia. It demonstrated the proficiency of the investigated vaccination schedule in control of infection of broiler chickens with IBV/IS/Variant2/98 and IBV/IS/720/99 strains. It is highly recommended to introduce the homologous IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-based vaccine to the vaccination protocols of chickens in the ERS to match the circulating strains and ensure better protection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Saito H, Nakagawa K, Kitamura Y, Kuwata K, Tanaka E. Molecular survey of infectious bronchitis virus on poultry farms in Gifu Prefecture, Japan from 2021 to 2022 by RT-PCR with an enhanced level of detection sensitivity for the S1 gene. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1157-1163. [PMID: 35793951 PMCID: PMC9523290 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis (IB) in chickens. There is a correlation between cross-protection and percentage of similarity between
nucleotide sequences encoding the S1 subunit, which is responsible for generating neutralizing and serotype-specific antibodies. Therefore, RT-PCR is commonly used to amplify the IBV-S1 gene
following DNA sequencing in order to predict the efficacy of vaccines against IBV strains. We successfully enhanced the sensitivity for detection of the IBV-S1 gene by second PCR after
purification of the 1st RT-PCR product. Using that method, we obtained detailed information on the prevalence of IBV on poultry farms in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The IBV-S1 gene detection
method used in the current study will enable accurate information on the prevalence of IBV in Japan to be obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Nakagawa
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University
| | - Yuko Kitamura
- Gifu Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Blood Spots technology for veterinary applications and biological investigations: technical aspects, retrospective analysis, ongoing status and future perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:655-698. [PMID: 35771305 PMCID: PMC9244892 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dried Blood Spots (DBS) technology has become a valuable tool in medical studies, however, in veterinary and biological research DBS technology applications are still limited. Up-to-date no review has comprehensively integrated all the evidence existing across the fields, technologies and animal species. In this paper we summarize the current applications of DBS technology in the mentioned areas, and provide a scope of different types of dried sample carriers (cellulose and non-cellulose), sampling devices, applicable methods for analyte extraction and detection. Mammals, birds, insects and other species are represented as the study objects. Besides the blood, the review considers a variety of specimens, such as milk, saliva, tissue samples and others. The main applications of dried samples highlighted in the review include epidemiological surveys and monitoring for infections agents or specific antibodies for disease/vaccination control in households and wildlife. Besides the genetic investigations, the paper describes detection of environmental contaminants, pregnancy diagnosis and many other useful applications of animal dried samples. The paper also analyses dried sample stability and storage conditions for antibodies, viruses and other substances. Finally, recent developments and future research for DBS technology in veterinary medicine and biological sciences are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne V Samsonova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bali K, Kaszab E, Marton S, Hamdiou SH, Bentaleb RK, Kiss I, Palya V, Bányai K. Novel Lineage of Infectious Bronchitis Virus from Sub-Saharan Africa Identified by Random Amplification and Next-Generation Sequencing of Viral Genome. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040475. [PMID: 35454966 PMCID: PMC9028189 DOI: 10.3390/life12040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is among the major viral respiratory and reproductive diseases of chickens caused by Avian coronavirus. In the African continent, IB was first described in countries located in the Mediterranean basin. In other parts of the continent, the epidemiological situation of IB remains unclear. In this study, the complete genome sequences of five IBV strains, originating from the sub-Saharan area were determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length S1 sequences identified three lineages (GI-14, GI-16, and GI-19) common in Africa and revealed that a strain, D2334/11/2/13/CI, isolated in Ivory Coast may represent a novel lineage within genotype GI. The maximum inter- and intragenotype sequence identities between this strain and other IBVs were 67.58% and 78.84% (nucleotide) and 64.44% and 78.6% (amino acid), respectively. The whole-genome nucleotide identity of the novel variant shared the highest values with a reference Belgian nephropathogenic strain (B1648, 92.4%) and with another study strain from Ivory Coast (D2334/12/2/13/CI, 94.6%). This study illustrates the importance of epidemiological monitoring of IBV in sub-Saharan Africa, as the area may serve as a focal point for newly emerging viral lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | | | | | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Wit JJS, Herdt PD, Cook JKA, Andreopoulou M, Jorna I, Koopman HCR. The inactivated Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) vaccine used as booster in layer hens influences the breadth of protection against challenge with IBV variants. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:244-256. [PMID: 35137663 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IBV vaccination is essential as an aid in protecting laying hens against IBV infectionLive priming is a beneficial part of the IBV vaccination programmeIBV inactivated vaccine improves IBV protectionHeterologous IBV protection is confirmed in laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter De Herdt
- MSD Animal Health Belgium, Lynx Binnenhof 5, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jane K A Cook
- 138, Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambs., United Kingdom
| | | | | | - H C Rik Koopman
- MSD Animal Health/Intervet International BV, Boxmeer, 5831 AN Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marchenko V, Kolosova N, Danilenko A, Bragina M, Nhai T, Ryzhikov A. Diversity of coronaviruses in wild and domestic birds in Vietnam. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.359785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
10
|
Ghetas AM. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotypes in the Middle East. Avian Dis 2021; 65:647-651. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-21-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Ghetas
- Poultry Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Toro H. Global Control of Infectious Bronchitis Requires Replacing Live Attenuated Vaccines by Alternative Technologies. Avian Dis 2021; 65:637-642. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 264 Greene Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kannaki TR, Venkatesh Yadav J, Priyanka E, Lakshman M. Pathology, tissue tropism and antibody response of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Indian isolate in experimentally infected chicken. Virusdisease 2021; 32:568-575. [PMID: 34631981 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus isolate (IND/AHL/16/01) from a disease outbreak characterized by nephritis, gout and mortality in coloured layer pureline at Directorate of Poultry Research, India was characterized as nephropathogenic strain by S1 genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. Serotyping with homologous and heterologous serum (M41) by virus neutralization assay in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) showed indices of 7.3 and 2.3 respectively. Pathogenesis, tissue tropism and host immune response induced by this isolate were investigated in experimentally infected chicken. A total of 150, twenty days old seronegative Vanaraja birds were inoculated through intranasal and intravenous route using 104.7 Embryo infective dose50 (EID50/ml). Infected chickens were sacrificed at 4 h, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15- and 20-days post-infection (dpi) for necropsy. Tissues were collected for histopathology and virus detection by isolation in ECE and by reverse transcription- PCR (RT-PCR). Serum was also collected at these intervals to investigate the specific antibody response induced. The symptoms started as early as 3 dpi and included primarily wet droppings, diarrhoea, dehydration rather than respiratory symptoms. Gross lesions were prominent in kidneys including mottling and congestion. Virus isolation and RT-PCR detection indicated the presence of virus as early as 4 h post-infection in trachea and 24 h in kidney and lungs and from 2 dpi in caecal tonsil. The host antibody response after experimental infection in serum by ELISA indicated that the protective titres were induced from 13 dpi and peaked at 35 dpi and declined thereafter. Overall, this isolate is nephropathogenic and capable of inducing severe nephritis and production loss in broilers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00693-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Kannaki
- Avian Health Lab, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - J Venkatesh Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - E Priyanka
- Avian Health Lab, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - M Lakshman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:587-594. [PMID: 33892367 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus) strain Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune response to infection. Chicks from each line were grouped into either infected or control. Following Q1 infection at day-old, fast (Line-A) and slow (Line-B) growing chicks were monitored for clinical signs and body weights. At 3, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi), five birds were humanely euthanised, and trachea, kidney and proventriculus tissues were collected for quantitative RT-PCR and histopathology. Blood was collected weekly to determine IBV-specific ELISA antibody titres. Q1 infection significantly reduced the body weights of Line-A chicks at 14 and 21 dpi, but there were no significant differences in Line-B. Through qRT-PCR, significantly higher viral loads were found in the trachea, proventriculus and kidney tissues of Line-A chicks at 7-9 dpi. At day-old and at 28 dpi, the mean antibody titre in Line-B was notably higher than Line-A. Significant IFN-α mRNA expression was noted in the trachea and kidneys of Line-A, whereas no change occurred in Line-B. Chicks in Line-B, compared to those in Line-A, demonstrated a tissue-dependent increase of IFN-β, TLR3, IL-1β and IL-6 and LITAF gene transcription responses to IBV Q1. It appears that the level of maternal antibodies, growth rates, and other inherent host genetic factors could have influenced the differences in viral loads and immune responses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Singleton DA, Ball C, Rennie C, Coxon C, Ganapathy K, Jones PH, Welchman D, Tulloch JSP. Backyard poultry cases in UK small animal practices: Demographics, health conditions and pharmaceutical prescriptions. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e71. [PMID: 33835557 PMCID: PMC8638672 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Backyard poultry ownership is of keen interest in the United Kingdom. However, despite this, little is known about veterinary care engagement and outcomes of visits in this group of species. METHODS This study described and characterised veterinary practice-visiting backyard poultry, utilising electronic health record data supplied by veterinary practices voluntarily participating in the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network between 1st April 2014 and 31st March 2019. RESULTS In total, 4424 recorded poultry consultations originating from 197 veterinary practices (352 sites) were summarised. Chicken consultation (n = 3740) peak incidence was in early summer (April-June), relative to all recorded species. More chickens resided in rural (incident rate ratio = 2.5, confidence interval [CI] 2.3-2.6, p <0.001) or less deprived areas. Non-specific clinical signs were commonly recorded (17.6% of chicken consultations, CI 15.9-19.2), as were those indicative of advanced disease. This latter finding was reflected in prescribed management strategies, with euthanasia comprising 29.8% (CI 27.0-32.6) of consultations. Antimicrobials were commonly prescribed (33.0% of consultations, CI 29.8-36.2), 43.8% of which included antimicrobials considered 'highest priority critically important' by the World Health Organisation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a need to tailor antimicrobial prescription guidance to the backyard poultry setting. In addition, late presentation of disease, vague clinical descriptions in clinical narratives and high euthanasia rates show that disease identification, management and knowledge of poultry health and welfare among owners and veterinary surgeons can be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Singleton
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Christopher Ball
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Cameron Rennie
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Coxon
- International Disease Monitoring and Risk Assessment (EU Exit), Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Phil H Jones
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - David Welchman
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Winchester, UK
| | - John S P Tulloch
- Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Houta MH, Hassan KE, El-Sawah AA, Elkady MF, Kilany WH, Ali A, Abdel-Moneim AS. The emergence, evolution and spread of infectious bronchitis virus genotype GI-23. Arch Virol 2021; 166:9-26. [PMID: 33416996 PMCID: PMC7791962 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease, caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), that leads to severe losses in the poultry industry all over the world. Since the 1950s, IBV has circulated in the Middle East and North Africa, and no tangible evidence has shown any effects of measures taken to control its spread or evolution. Furthermore, new IBV variants are continually discovered. Although several genetic studies on IBV have been conducted, many IBV strains from this region have either been misclassified or remain unclassified. The genotype 23 (GI-23) variant emerged and has prevailed in the Middle East by continuously evolving through inter- and/or intra-genotypic recombination. The GI-23 genotype is currently enzootic throughout Europe and Asia. Although many studies of protection against the circulating strains have been conducted, they have not been standardized according to regulatory requirements. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolution and genetic diversity of IBV genotypes and a genetic classification of IBV strains, with a focus on the GI-23 genotype. The high prevalence of IBV GI-23 strains necessitates the adoption of vaccination schemes using GI-23-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Kareem E Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Azza A El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Magdy F Elkady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 264, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt. .,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus Q1 in specific pathogen free chicks. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104535. [PMID: 32980469 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Q1, was investigated in specific pathogen free chicks. Following infection, chicks exhibited respiratory clinical signs and reduced body weight. Oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal (CL) swabs were collected at intervals and found to be RT-PCR positive, with a greater number of partial-S1 amino acid changes noted in CL swabs compared to OP swabs. In tissue samples, IBV viral load peaked 9 days post infection (dpi) in the trachea and kidneys, and 14 dpi in the proventriculus. At 28 dpi, ELISA data showed that 63% of infected chicks seroconverted. There was significantly higher mRNA up-regulation of IFN-α, TLR3, MDA5, LITAF, IL-1β and IL-6 in the trachea compared to the kidneys. Findings presented here demonstrate that this Q1 isolate induces greater lesions and host innate immune responses in chickens' tracheas compared to the kidneys.
Collapse
|
17
|
Alhatami AO, Alaraji F, Abdulwahab HM, Khudhair YI. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus variant strain from an outbreak in egg-layer flocks in Baghdad, Iraq. Vet World 2020; 13:1358-1362. [PMID: 32848311 PMCID: PMC7429401 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1358-1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Infectious bronchitis (IB) has an influential economic impact on the poultry industry, causing huge losses each year due to the condemnation of infected chickens. Despite the use of many kinds of vaccines in Iraq, it is common to find IB problems in vaccinated chickens. Information about the strains that affect Iraqi chickens is very limited. Therefore, we aimed to detect the currently circulating strains of IB virus that cause frequent outbreaks in egg layers despite the use of vaccination against the virus. Materials and Methods: Isolate detection, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed using a rapid IB virus antigen kit (32 tracheal swabs), flinders technology associates (FTA) card (32 tracheal swabs), and partial gene sequencing (16 positive FTA samples). Results: The isolated strain was different from other strains, especially the strain isolated in the North of Iraq (Sulemania Strain) and shares 98% homology with an Israeli strain (Israel variant 2, IS 1494). Conclusion: Although more studies are needed to detect IB virus strains circulating in Iraq, this work lays the foundation for making a good strategy to control the disease and selecting vaccines that should be used in farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Alhatami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Furkan Alaraji
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Husam Muhsen Abdulwahab
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Yahia Ismail Khudhair
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Al-Mubarak AIA, Al-Kubati AAG. Cocirculation of Four Infectious Bronchitis Virus Lineages in Broiler Chickens in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2014. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6037893. [PMID: 32292579 PMCID: PMC7150681 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6037893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an evolving and dynamic virus that causes major economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous evolution and emergence of new variants of this virus are the major challenges for controlling the disease with routine vaccination. Successful vaccination usually requires the use of a homologous vaccine, which in turn necessitates continuous investigation of the circulating strains. Herein, we performed a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction- (RT-PCR-) based investigation in broiler chicken flocks of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. IBV was detected in 36.5% of the tested flocks (42 out of 115) from January 2012 to March 2014. Direct sequencing of hypervariable region-3 (HVR-3) of the Spike (S)-1 gene was performed, followed by phylogenetic analysis to determine the circulating IBV genotypes. Four lineages appear to coexist in this region, including the GI-13 or 4/91 IBV (31%), GI-16 or CK/CH/LDL/97I IBV (28.6%), GI-1 or Mass IBV (19%), and GI-23 or Middle East IBV (21.4%). The latter lineage include two subgroups: IS/720/99 IBV (16.7%) and IS/Variant2/98 IBV (4.7%). Some of the detections made in the 4/91 and Mass lineages are expected to belong to the vaccine strains. Lineages without a homologous vaccine in use (CK/CH/LDL/97I and Middle East) represent 50% of the isolates recovered in this study. Based on identity with the vaccine sequences, field observations, and frequent detection, these two lineages appear to be out of coverage of the IBV vaccines used in Saudi Arabia. This is the first time to identify Middle East lineage (IS/720/99 IBV and IS/Variant2/98 IBV) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ababneh M, Ababneh O, Al-Zghoul MB. High-resolution melting curve analysis for infectious bronchitis virus strain differentiation. Vet World 2020; 13:400-406. [PMID: 32367941 PMCID: PMC7183480 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.400-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Belonging to the Coronaviridae family, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory, reproductive, and renal diseases in poultry. Preventative measures lie mainly in vaccination, while the gold standard for IBV classification and differentiation is based on the sequence analysis of the spike 1 (S1) gene. In this study, we tested a new assay for IBV strain classification that is less expensive and requires reduced time and effort to perform. We carried out a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by high-resolution melting (qRT-PCR/HRM) curve analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, qRT-PCR was conducted on a partial fragment S1 gene followed by a high resolution melting curve analysis (qRT-PCR/HRM) on 23 IBV-positive samples in Jordan. For this assay, we utilized the most common IBV vaccine strains (Mass and 4/91) as a reference in the HRM assay. To evaluate the discrimination power of the qRT-PCR/HRM, we did the sequencing of the partial S1 gene. Results: It was shown that HRM was able to classify IBV samples into four clusters based on the degree of similarity between their melting points: The first cluster exhibited the highest similarity to the 4/91 strain, while the second was similar to the Mass-related IBV strain. Although the third cluster contained the highest number of samples, it displayed no similarity to any of the reference vaccine strains, and, after comparing them with the sequencing results, we found that the samples in the third cluster were similar to the variant II-like (IS-1494-06) IBV field strain. Finally, the fourth cluster comprised one unique sample that was found to belong to the Q1 IBV strain. Conclusion: Our developed qRT-PCR/HRM curve analysis was able to detect and rapidly identify novel and vaccine-related IBV strains as confirmed by S1 gene nucleotide sequences, making it a rapid and cost-effective tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ola Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Munyahongse S, Pohuang T, Nonthabenjawan N, Sasipreeyajan J, Thontiravong A. Genetic characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses in Thailand, 2014-2016: identification of a novel recombinant variant. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1888-1895. [PMID: 32241468 PMCID: PMC7173020 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide owing to frequent emergence of novel infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants, which potentially affect the effectiveness of the currently used IBV vaccine. Therefore, continuous monitoring of IBV genotypes and lineages recently circulating in chickens worldwide is essential. In this study, we characterized the complete S1 gene from 120 IBVs circulating in chickens in Thailand from 2014 to 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S1 gene of 120 Thai IBVs revealed that the 2014–2016 Thai IBVs were divided into 3 lineages (GI-1, GI-13, and GI-19) and a novel IBV variant. Our results also showed that GI-19 lineage has become the predominant lineage of IBV circulating in chicken flocks in Thailand from 2014 to 2016. It is interesting to note that a novel IBV variant, which was genetically different from the established IBV lineages, was identified in this study. The recombination analysis demonstrated that this novel IBV variant was a recombinant virus, which was originated from the GI-19 and GI-13 lineage viruses. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the circulation of different lineages of IBV and the presence of a novel recombinant IBV variant in chicken flocks in Thailand. This study highlights the high genetic diversity and continued evolution of IBVs in chickens in Thailand, and the importance of continued IBV surveillance for effective control and prevention of IB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirorat Munyahongse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Pohuang
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ball C, Forrester A, Herrmann A, Lemiere S, Ganapathy K. Comparative protective immunity provided by live vaccines of Newcastle disease virus or avian metapneumovirus when co-administered alongside classical and variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus in day-old broiler chicks. Vaccine 2019; 37:7566-7575. [PMID: 31607602 PMCID: PMC7127460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the simultaneous administration of live NDV or aMPV subtype B vaccines alongside two live IBV (Massachusetts-H120 and 793B-CR88) vaccines in day-old maternal-antibody positive commercial broiler chicks. In the first experiment, chicks were divided into four groups; one unvaccinated and three groups vaccinated with live NDV VG/GA-Avinew, live H120 + CR88, or VG/GA-Avinew + H120 + CR88. In the second experiment, live aMPV subtype B vaccine was used in place of NDV. Clinical signs were monitored daily and oropharyngeal swabs were taken at regular intervals for vaccine virus detection. Blood was collected at 21 dpv for serology. 10 chicks from each group were challenged with virulent strains of M41 or QX or aMPV subtype B. For IBV, after 5 days post challenge (dpc), tracheal ciliary protection was assessed. For aMPV, clinical scores were recorded up to 10 dpc. For NDV, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres were assayed as an indicator of protective immunity. In both experiments, ciliary protection for IBV vaccinated groups was maintained above 90%. The protection against virulent aMPV challenge was not compromised when aMPV, H120 and CR88 were co-administered. NDV HI mean titres in single and combined NDV-vaccinated groups remained above the protective titre (>3 log2). Both experiments demonstrated that simultaneous administration of live NDV VG/GA-Avinew or aMPV subtype B alongside H120 and CR88 vaccines does not interfere with protection conferred against NDV, IBV or aMPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Stephane Lemiere
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Legnardi M, Franzo G, Koutoulis KC, Wiśniewski M, Catelli E, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M. Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6388-6392. [PMID: 31399745 PMCID: PMC6870560 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), account for severe economic losses in the poultry industry. The continuous emergence of a multitude of IBV variants poses many challenges for its diagnosis and control, and live attenuated vaccines, despite their routine use, still plays a significant role in driving IBV evolution, further complicating the epidemiological scenario. Unfortunately, the impact of different vaccination strategies on IB control, epidemiology, and diagnosis has rarely been investigated. This work presents the results of a large-scale diagnostic survey performed in Poland to study IBV molecular epidemiology and how vaccination may affect the viral circulation in the field. To this purpose, 589 samples were collected between May 2017 and January 2019, tested by reverse transcription-PCR for IBV and sequenced. Vaccine and field strains were discriminated based on genetic and anamnestic information. The most commonly detected lineages were 793B (79%) and variant 2 (17.4%), with sporadic detections of QX, Mass, and D274-like strains. Most of the detected strains had a vaccine origin: 46.3% matched one of the applied vaccines, while 36.5% were genetically related to vaccines not implemented in the respective protocol. Besides their practical value for the proper planning of vaccination protocols in Poland, these results suggest that only a fraction (17.2%) of the circulating strains are field ones, imposing a careful assessment of the actual IBV field menaces. Moreover, phenomena like vaccine spreading and persistence seem to occur commonly, stressing the need to further study the epidemiological consequences of the extensive use of live vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Ceva Animal Health Polska Sp. z o.o., ul. Okrzei, 1A, 03–715 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to Coronaviridae family. The disease is prevalent in all countries with almost 100% incidence rate. Chicken and commercially reared pheasant are the natural host for IBV. Virus causes respiratory diseases, poor weight gain, feed efficiency in broiler, damage to oviduct, and abnormal egg production in mature hens resulting in economic losses. IBV also replicates in tracheal and renal epithelial cells leading to prominent tracheal and kidney lesions. Virus undergoes spontaneous mutation leading to continual emergence of new variants. The effectiveness of immunization program is diminished because of poor cross-protection among the serotypes. Identification of circulating serotypes is important in controlling IBV infection. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR21 are involved in early recognition of virus resulting in induction of inflammatory cytokines. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are important in the control of infection. Humoral immunity plays an important role in recovery and clearance of viral infection. IBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes induce lysis of IBV-infected cells. Effective diagnostic tools are required at field level to identify different IBV variants. Embryonated chicken eggs are effective model for virus isolation. Identification by other specific methods like virus neutralization (VN), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, or nucleic acid analysis or by electron microscopy is also indispensable. VN test in tracheal organ culture is the best method for antigenic typing for surveillance purposes. Continuous epidemiological surveillance, strict biosecurity measures, and vaccine effective against various serotypes are necessary for controlling IB in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Hosseini H, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Ghafouri SA, Modiri Hamdan A, Ziafati Z, Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji R, Mohammadi P. Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Iran: Detection of D274 and changing in the genotypes rate. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:110-115. [PMID: 31300098 PMCID: PMC7112693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An updating data about avian infectious bronchitis genotypes circulating in Iran. First detection of D274 genotype in Iran.
The coronavirus avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses economic threats to poultry farms worldwide, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. To define the evolution of recent IBVs in Iran, a genetic analysis based on hypervariable nucleotide sequences of S1 gene was carried out. Tracheal swab samples were collected from 170 Broiler flocks during 2017. Ten tracheal swabs from each flock pooled. From a total number of 170 flocks tested, 84.71% found to be positive. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the presence of D274 as a first time in Iran. IS/1494/06 was showed to be dominant IBV type circulating in broiler farms with a significantly higher prevalence than other four genotypes. Considering fluctuations in QX-type prevalence in recent years, continuous monitoring is necessary to reduce economic consequences in layer and broiler farms. The findings highlight the importance of using modified vaccination strategies that are adapted to the changing disease scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Modiri Hamdan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ziafati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abozeid HH, Paldurai A, Varghese BP, Khattar SK, Afifi MA, Zouelfakkar S, El-Deeb AH, El-Kady MF, Samal SK. Development of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus variant strains circulating in Egypt. Vet Res 2019; 50:12. [PMID: 30744668 PMCID: PMC6371441 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a major disease problem for the poultry industry worldwide. The currently used live-attenuated vaccines have the tendency to mutate and/or recombine with circulating field strains resulting in the emergence of vaccine-derived variant viruses. In order to circumvent these issues, and to develop a vaccine that is more relevant to Egypt and its neighboring countries, a recombinant avirulent Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strain LaSota was constructed to express the codon-optimized S glycoprotein of the Egyptian IBV variant strain IBV/Ck/EG/CU/4/2014 belonging to GI-23 lineage, that is prevalent in Egypt and in the Middle East. A wild type and two modified versions of the IBV S protein were expressed individually by rNDV. A high level of S protein expression was detected in vitro by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. All rNDV-vectored IBV vaccine candidates were genetically stable, slightly attenuated and showed growth patterns comparable to that of parental rLaSota virus. Single-dose vaccination of 1-day-old SPF White Leghorn chicks with the rNDVs expressing IBV S protein provided significant protection against clinical disease after IBV challenge but did not show reduction in tracheal viral shedding. Single-dose vaccination also provided complete protection against virulent NDV challenge. However, prime-boost vaccination using rNDV expressing the wild type IBV S protein provided better protection, after IBV challenge, against clinical signs and significantly reduced tracheal viral shedding. These results indicate that the NDV-vectored IBV vaccines are promising bivalent vaccine candidates to control both infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassanein H Abozeid
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anandan Paldurai
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sunil K Khattar
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Manal A Afifi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman H El-Deeb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A Rohaim M, F El Naggar R, M Helal A, M Bayoumi M, A El-Saied M, A Ahmed K, Z Shabbir M, Munir M. Genetic Diversity and Phylodynamics of Avian Coronaviruses in Egyptian Wild Birds. Viruses 2019; 11:E57. [PMID: 30646528 PMCID: PMC6356246 DOI: 10.3390/v11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronaviruses (ACoVs) are continuously evolving and causing serious economic consequences in the poultry industry and around the globe. Owing to their extensive genetic diversity and high mutation rates, controlling ACoVs has become a challenge. In this context, the potential contribution of wild birds in the disease dynamics, especially in domesticated birds, remains largely unknown. In the present study, five hundred fifty-seven (n = 557) cloacal/fecal swabs were collected from four different wild bird species from eight Egyptian governorates during 2016 and a total of fourteen positive isolates were used for phylodynamics and evolutionary analysis. Genetic relatedness based on spike (S1) gene demonstrated the clustering of majority of these isolates where nine isolates grouped within Egy/variant 2 (IS/885 genotype) and five isolates clustered within Egy/variant 1 (IS/1494/06 genotype). Interestingly, these isolates showed noticeable genetic diversity and were clustered distal to the previously characterized Egy/variant 1 and Egy/variant 2 in Egyptian commercial poultry. The S1 gene based comparison of nucleotide identity percentages revealed that all fourteen isolates reported in this study were genetically related to the variant GI-23 lineage with 92⁻100% identity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ACoVs are circulating in Egyptian wild birds and highlight their possible contributions in the disease dynamics. The study also proposes that regular monitoring of the ACoVs in wild birds is required to effectively assess the role of wild birds in disease spread, and the emergence of ACoVs strains in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat University, Sadat 32897, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Helal
- Central Lab for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia 11381, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Bayoumi
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Saied
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Z Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Wit JJS, Malo A, Cook JKA. Induction of IBV strain-specific neutralizing antibodies and broad spectrum protection in layer pullets primed with IBV Massachusetts (Mass) and 793B vaccines prior to injection of inactivated vaccine containing Mass antigen. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:135-147. [PMID: 30518248 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1556778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In an initial study in specified pathogen free (SPF) chickens, a heterologous virus neutralizing (VN) antibody response to IBV variants Q1, Variant 2 (Var 2), D388/QX (D388), D274 and Arkansas (DPI) was observed using a vaccination programme incorporating two different live-attenuated IBV vaccines, followed by boosting with an inactivated vaccine containing IBV Massachusetts (Mass) antigen. Therefore, a more detailed study was undertaken in SPF layer-type chickens primed with IBV Mass and 793B vaccines. The efficacy of single or repeated vaccination with a multivalent inactivated vaccine containing IBV antigen was determined against challenge with five virulent IBVs: Mass (M41), 793B (4/91), D388, Q1 and Var 2. The parameters assessed were serological response, respiratory signs, egg production, post mortem abnormalities in the reproductive organs and abdomen, and incidence of IBV antigen in kidneys. Increased VN titres were recorded against the five IBV challenge strains, with a significantly higher level of protection against drops in egg production following challenge. The difference between one or two vaccinations with inactivated vaccine was not significant in terms of egg production. However, a significantly increased level of protection was seen in the lower percentage of hens with free yolk in the abdomen and/or peritonitis post challenge with IBV variants, D388, Q1 and Var 2 not included in the vaccination programme. A lower incidence of acute, degenerated ovaries was found in groups given one injection of inactivated vaccine following live priming, and this was significantly lower than in groups given only live priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aris Malo
- b Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH Ingelheim am 8 Rhein , Germany
| | - Jane K A Cook
- c 138 Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 1XQ , UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lounas A, Oumouna-Benachour K, Medkour H, Oumouna M. The first evidence of a new genotype of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus circulating in vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler flocks in Algeria. Vet World 2018; 11:1630-1636. [PMID: 30587900 PMCID: PMC6303496 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1630-1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) frequently infects broilers and is responsible for severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. It has also been associated with kidney damage in the broiler flocks. The aim of the present study is to determine the presence of IBV and its possible involvement in kidney damage of broiler chicks. Materials and Methods 14 clinically diseased broiler flocks from Western and Central Algeria were sampled and analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by phylogenic analysis. Results The QX (100%) and 4/91 (60%) IBV serotypes were the most prevalent in the kidney damaged broilers regardless of vaccination status. The molecular detection of avian IBV by RT-PCR identified six samples as positive, of which only two isolates were typable by sequencing. We identified a novel IBDZ13a genotype which showed 93% sequence homology to the partial-S1 gene sequence of the IB 4/91 commercial vaccine strain. Sequencing analysis characterized this virus as a novel and divergent IB 4/91 field virus with eight amino acid substitutions that might have resulted in altered immunogenicity. Conclusion The isolation of a new IBV strain (IBDZ13a) from vaccinated broiler flocks may explain the failure of the vaccination programs against IBV field strains. Combination of the HI test and RT-PCR indicated that the nephropathogenic IB outbreaks in broilers are related to this novel strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lounas
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Blida, Algeria
| | - K Oumouna-Benachour
- Department of natural sciences and life, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Algeria
| | - H Medkour
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection, UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M Oumouna
- Department of natural sciences and life, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ball C, Forrester A, Ganapathy K. Co-circulation of genetically diverse population of vaccine related and unrelated respiratory mycoplasmas and viruses in UK poultry flocks with health or production problems. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:132-138. [PMID: 30322525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases continue to have a major impact on poultry health, welfare and productivity. However, little information is available on their current status in UK poultry flocks. We investigated the presence of four economically important respiratory pathogens in healthy or problematic flocks; infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms). Samples from 131 UK poultry flocks were received during the 12 month study period. Oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were taken from eight birds per flock and accompanied with flock health information. The study included 118 chicken, 6 pheasant and 5 turkey flocks, and 1 quail and 1 partridge flock. Chicken flocks were of layers (n = 98), broilers (n = 15), breeders (n = 3) and undisclosed (n = 2). Flock ages ranged from 3 to 72 weeks old, and the average flock size was 17,633 birds. PCR detected 65 (49.6%), 59 (45%) and 8 (6.1%) flocks as positive for IBV, Mg/Ms and aMPV respectively. Analysis of the mgc2 gene of the Mg isolates revealed high similarities to Mg TS-11 and Mg 6/85. Further gene analysis found that the TS-11-like isolates were unrelated to the TS-11 vaccine. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis identified the majority of positive Ms as ST21, along with ST2 (MS-H-like), ST6 and ST43. IBV S1 gene sequencing identified strains as 793B (66.7%), Arkansas (23.8%) and Massachusetts (9.5%). All aMPV positive samples belonged to subtype B. Findings indicate that over half of the flocks sampled were positive for at least one of the four vaccine or field strains of mycoplasmas or viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Manswr B, Ball C, Forrester A, Chantrey J, Ganapathy K. Evaluation of full S1 gene sequencing of classical and variant infectious bronchitis viruses extracted from allantoic fluid and FTA cards. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:418-426. [PMID: 29712443 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1471196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variability in the S1 gene determines the genotype of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains. A single RT-PCR assay was developed to amplify and sequence the full S1 gene for six classical and variant IBVs (M41, D274, 793B, IS/885/00, IS/1494/06 and Q1) enriched in allantoic fluid (AF) or the same AF inoculated onto Flinders Technology Association (FTA) cards. Representative strains from each genotype were grown in specific-pathogen-free eggs and RNA was extracted from AF. Full S1 gene amplification was achieved using primer A and primer 22.51. Products were sequenced using primers A, 1050+, 1380+ and SX3+ to obtain short sequences covering the full gene. Following serial dilutions of AF, detection limits of the partial assay were higher than those of the full S1 gene. Partial S1 sequences exhibited higher-than-average nucleotide similarity percentages (79%; 352 bp) compared to full S1 sequences (77%; 1756 bp), suggesting that full S1 analysis allows greater strain differentiation. For IBV detection from AF-inoculated FTA cards, four serotypes were incubated for up to 21 days at three temperatures, 4°C, room temperature (approximately 24°C) and 40°C. RNA was extracted and tested with partial and full S1 protocols. Through partial sequencing, all IBVs were successfully detected at all sampling points and storage temperatures. In contrast, using full S1 sequencing it was not possible to amplify the gene beyond 14 days or when stored at 40°C. Data presented show that for full S1 sequencing, a substantial amount of RNA is needed. Field samples collected onto FTA cards are unlikely to yield such quantity or quality. ABBREVIATIONS AF: allantoic fluid; CD50: ciliostatic dose 50; FTA: Flinders Technology Association; IB: infectious bronchitis; IBV: infectious bronchitis virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basim Manswr
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Cheshire , UK.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Diyala University , Baqubah , Iraq
| | - Christopher Ball
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Cheshire , UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Cheshire , UK
| | - Julian Chantrey
- c Institute of Veterinary Science , University of Liverpool , Cheshire , UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Cheshire , UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Wit JJ, Cazaban C, Dijkman R, Ramon G, Gardin Y. Detection of different genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus and of infectious bursal disease virus in European broilers during an epidemiological study in 2013 and the consequences for the diagnostic approach. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:140-151. [PMID: 28972403 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1387231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To gather recent data regarding the infectious bronchitis (IB) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) situation in Europe, a large-scale field epidemiological survey using diagnostic samples has been implemented in 2013 for about six months in several European countries: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Spain and the UK. In 234 flocks that were sampled, strains from 10 different IBV genotypes were detected: the 793B genotype was detected most frequently, followed by QX, Massachusetts (Mass) and the Xindadi-like strains. Strains belonging to the Q1, Ark, D274, D1466, Italy-02 and B1648 genotypes were detected as well, although less frequently. The separate sampling of tracheas and kidneys for IBV detection using reverse transcriptase PCR was very useful, as different genotypes or significant differences in sequences of the same genotype were detected between both organs. The data of this survey also provided valuable information about the replication of IBD vaccines and subsequent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) antibody responses under field conditions. The detection of five non-vvIBDV field strains of two different genotypes shows the presence of non-vvIBDV non-vaccine strains, which can easily be undetected in Europe due to the focus on sampling of clinically ill birds. Detection of vaccine virus in the bursa and antibody response to the IBD vaccination in flocks that had been vaccinated by the drinking water with a live attenuated vaccine compared to a vaccination in the hatchery using an immune-complex vaccine showed a delayed replication of the vaccines that had been applied by the drinking water, indicating mistakes in the timing and/or application of the vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J de Wit
- a GD Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands
| | - C Cazaban
- b Ceva Santé Animale , Libourne , France
| | - R Dijkman
- a GD Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands
| | - G Ramon
- b Ceva Santé Animale , Libourne , France
| | - Y Gardin
- b Ceva Santé Animale , Libourne , France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kalokhoran AY, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Hosseini H, Madadgar O, Karimi V, Hashemzadeh M, Hesari P, Zabihi Petroudi MT, Najafi H. Co-circulation of three clusters of 793/B-like avian infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in Iranian chicken flocks. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3183-3189. [PMID: 28689232 PMCID: PMC7086655 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease causing severe economic losses in the poultry industry. The 793/B IB virus is an important infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotype currently circulating in several countries, including Iran. One hundred confirmed IBV samples (between 2014 and 2015; from 15 provinces in Iran) were selected for genotyping based on S1 sequencing. After phylogenetic analysis, it was found that 30% of the IBV isolates belonged to the 793/B genotype. Results showed that the Iranian 793/B-like IBV isolates could be divided in to three clusters: 4/91-like (50%), 1/96-like (40%), and IB88-like (10%). The sequence similarity between Iranian 793/B-like IBV isolates is 87.69%-100%. The highest identity is between the 4/91 and IB88 clusters (96.38%), and the lowest similarity is between the 1/96 and IB88 clusters (87.62%). This study provides a comprehensive analysis of 793/B-type IBV in Iran and characterization of IBV molecular epidemiology in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yousefzadeh Kalokhoran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Karimi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Hashemzadeh
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taha Zabihi Petroudi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamideh Najafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants: Molecular Analysis and Pathogenicity Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102030. [PMID: 28937583 PMCID: PMC5666712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants constantly emerge and pose economic threats to poultry farms worldwide. Numerous studies on the molecular and pathogenic characterization of IBV variants have been performed between 2007 and 2017, which we have reviewed herein. We noted that viral genetic mutations and recombination events commonly gave rise to distinct IBV genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes. In addition to characterizing the S1 genes, full viral genomic sequencing, comprehensive antigenicity, and pathogenicity studies on emerging variants have advanced our understanding of IBV infections, which is valuable for developing countermeasures against IBV field outbreaks. This review of IBV variants provides practical value for understanding their phylogenetic relationships and epidemiology from both regional and worldwide viewpoints.
Collapse
|
34
|
Genotyping of Avian infectious bronchitis viruses in Iran (2015-2017) reveals domination of IS-1494 like virus. Virus Res 2017; 240:101-106. [PMID: 28789874 PMCID: PMC7114540 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is causing major economic losses to the poultry industry. The analysis of the S1 gene has been used to determine IBV genotype. The aim of this study was genotyping of IBVs circulating among the Iranian broiler flocks in the period between 2015 to 2017. Trachea samples from 278 broiler flocks were collected from broiler farms in eight provinces of Iran. After Real-time RT-PCR, IBV-positive samples were further characterized based on S1 gene. The results of the Real-time RT-PCR showed that 52.16% of flocks were IBV positive. Four genotypes were detected and the frequency of occurrence rates of IS-1494-like, 793/B, QX and Massachusetts IBV genotypes were 70.34%, 19.31%, 7.58% and 2.75%, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that nucleotide identities within IS-1494-like group ranged between 98.86-100%, while each of the QX, Massachusetts and 793/B groups were 98.05-100%, 98.20-100% and 93.29-100% respectively. These results show that the IS-1494-like IBV is the dominant IBV genotype in Iran. Proper control strategies are essential to overcoming the high frequency of occurrence of IS-1494-like IBV. The phylogenetic relationship of the strains with respect to different sequences and geographical regions displayed complexity and diversity. Further studies are needed and should include the isolation and full-length molecular characterization of IBV in Iran.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ball C, Awad F, Hutton S, Forrester A, Baylis M, Ganapathy K. Infectious bronchitis vaccine virus detection and part-S1 genetic variation following single or dual inoculation in broiler chicks. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:309-318. [PMID: 27917677 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1268675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was undertaken of the extent of genetic variation occurring within infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine strains following vaccination of day-old broiler chicks. Chicks were divided into seven groups, with two groups receiving single Massachusetts (Mass) vaccinations while the other four were inoculated with combinations of different IBV serotypes; Mass, 793B, D274 and Arkansas (Ark). The remaining group was maintained as an unvaccinated control. Following vaccination, swabs and tissues collected at intervals were pooled and RNA was extracted for detection of IBV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Positive amplicons were sequenced for the part-S1 gene and compared to the original vaccine strain sequences. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, amino acid variations and hydrophobicity changes were identified and recorded for each sampling point. A total of 106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected within 28 isolates. The average single nucleotide polymorphism counts of swab isolates were greater than those found in tissue samples. This translated into 64 amino acid changes; however only six resulted in a change to the hydrophobicity properties. All hydrophobic alterations occurred within swab isolates and the majority were recovered at 3 days post vaccination suggesting such changes to be detrimental to early virus survival. Nucleotide deletions were seen only in the group given the combination of Mass and Ark. Of the 16 sequenced samples in this group, 13 contained the same AAT deletion at position 1033 1035 in the Ark strains. Findings presented in this study demonstrate alteration in the S1 nucleotide sequence following co-administration of live IBV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Cheshire , UK
| | - Faez Awad
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Cheshire , UK.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Omar Al-Mukhtar , Al-Bayda , Libya
| | - Sally Hutton
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Cheshire , UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Cheshire , UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Cheshire , UK.,c NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Cheshire , UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hutton S, Bettridge J, Christley R, Habte T, Ganapathy K. Detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793B, avian metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:317-322. [PMID: 27924415 PMCID: PMC5253144 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted into respiratory infectious diseases of poultry on a chicken breeder farm run by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), located in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 117 randomly selected birds, and blood was taken from a subset of 73 of these birds. A combination of serological and molecular methods was used for detection of pathogens. For the first time in Ethiopia, we report the detection of variant infectious bronchitis virus (793B genotype), avian metapneumovirus subtype B and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was also found to be present; however, infectious laryngotracheitis virus was not detected by PCR. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was not detected by PCR, but variable levels of anti-NDV HI antibody titres shows possible exposure to virulent strains or poor vaccine take, or both. For the burgeoning-intensive industry in Ethiopia, this study highlights several circulating infectious respiratory pathogens that can impact on poultry welfare and productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hutton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Bettridge
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Habte
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - K Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ball C, Bennett S, Forrester A, Ganapathy K. Genetic mutations in live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses following single or dual in vitro infection of tracheal organ cultures. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3232-3237. [PMID: 27902312 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite regular co-vaccination of two different strains of live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses, little is known about possible mutations in these viruses following vaccination. As an alternative to chicks, this study used an in vitro infection model to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the part-S1 gene of two live infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains (793B and Massachusetts) following single or dual inoculation onto tracheal organ cultures. Results indicate that viral titres reduced over the duration of the study; conversely, the amount of detected infectious bronchitis virus genome increased. Results demonstrate a greater number of non-synonymous SNPs in both vaccine strains when they are co-inoculated, compared with the single inoculations. The influence of the increased SNP and hydrophobic properties of the translated proteins on the vaccine viruses' virulence is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sarah Bennett
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xia J, He X, Yao KC, Du LJ, Liu P, Yan QG, Wen YP, Cao SJ, Han XF, Huang Y. Phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southwestern China, 2012-2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:11-19. [PMID: 27530216 PMCID: PMC7106097 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to decipher the molecular epidemiological and antigenic characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus strains (IBVs) isolated in recent years in southwestern China. A total of 24 field strains were isolated from diseased chickens between 2012 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis based on S1 nucleotide sequences showed that 16 of the 24 isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypes: QX (37.5%), TW (16.7%, TWI and TWII), Mass (8.3%), and J2 (4.2%). The QX genotype was still the prevalent genotype in southwestern China. Recombination analysis of the S1 subunit gene showed that eight of the 24 field strains were recombinant variants that originated from field strains and vaccine strains. A new potential recombination hotspot [ATTTT(T/A)] was identified, implying that recombination events may become more and more common. The antigenicity of ten IBVs, including seven field strains and commonly used vaccine strains, were assayed with a viral cross-neutralization assay in chicken embryonated kidney cells (CEK). The results showed that the ten IBVs could be divided into four serotypes (Massachusetts, 793B, Sczy3, and SCYB). Sczy3 and 793B were the predominant serotypes. Six of the seven field isolates (all except for cK/CH/SCYB/140913) cross-reacted well with anti-sera against other field strains. In conclusion, the genetic and antigenic features of IBVs from southwestern China in recent years have changed when compared to the previous reports. The results could provide a reference for vaccine development and the prevention of infectious bronchitis in southwestern China. The QX genotype was still the prevalent genotype in southwestern China, 2012–2016. The Sczy3 and 793B were the predominant serotypes in analyzed IBVs. A new potential recombination hotspot [ATTTT(T/A)] in S1 gene was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Xiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Ke-Chang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Li-Jing Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kiss I, Mató T, Homonnay Z, Tatár-Kis T, Palya V. Successive occurrence of recombinant infectious bronchitis virus strains in restricted area of Middle East. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew021. [PMID: 29492274 PMCID: PMC5822880 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine molecular diagnostic testing by our laboratory, based on using a primer pair with conservative binding sites on the spike glycoprotein coding sequence, has indicated the recurring of a unique phylogenetic cluster of chicken infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) in the Middle East since 2010. The nearly full-length S1 subunit of the spike gene phylogeny of selected strains, however, split up this grouping, suggesting potential recombination in the S1 gene. In order to clarify this, various bioinformatic analyses of the strains were carried out, which confirmed this supposition. Two patterns of recombination were found among the strains, one of which could also be identified in GenBank-deposited IBV sequences from the region. These findings demonstrate that IBV strains of different recombinant patterns occur simultaneously in the same geographic region and could circulate for an extended period of time, thus contributing to the knowledge on IBV evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- István Kiss
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mató
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Zalán Homonnay
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Tímea Tatár-Kis
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Detection of variant infectious bronchitis viruses in Sri Lanka (2012-2015). Arch Virol 2016; 161:1697-9. [PMID: 27020570 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Poultry production is an important sector of agriculture in Sri Lanka; however, there is a lack of information regarding circulation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). RNA was extracted from chicken tissues, subjected to IBV S1 RT-PCR, and sequenced. Overall, 19 out of 34 (55.88 %) samples were IBV positive and contained the genotype 793B (n = 13; 68.42 %), D274 (n = 4; 21.05 %) or Massachusetts (n = 2; 10.53 %). All three genotypes contained at least one strain with less than 99 % nucleotide sequence identity to the corresponding vaccine strains. This report identified co-circulation of IBV strains 793B, Massachusetts and D274, in Sri Lanka that are divergent from the respective vaccine strains.
Collapse
|
41
|
Seger W, GhalyanchiLangeroudi A, Karimi V, Madadgar O, Marandi MV, Hashemzadeh M. Genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses from broiler farms in Iraq during 2014-2015. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1229-37. [PMID: 26887967 PMCID: PMC7086866 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most critical pathogens in the poultry industry, causing serious economic losses in all countries including Iraq. IBV has many genotypes that do not confer any cross-protection. This virus has been genotyped by sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene. A total of 100 tracheal and kidney tissue specimens from different commercial broiler flocks in the middle and south of Iraq were collected from September 2013 to September 2014. Thirty-two IBV-positive samples were selected from among the total and were further characterized by nested PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates belong to four groups (group I, variant 2 [IS/1494-like]; group II, 793/B-like; group III, QX-like; group IV, DY12-2-like). Sequence analysis revealed nucleotide sequence identities within groups I, II, and III of 99.68 %-100 %, 99.36 %-100 %, and 96.42 %-100 %, respectively. Group I (variant 2) was the dominant IBV genotype. One Chinese-like recombinant virus (DY12-2-like) that had not been reported in the Middle East was detected. In addition, the presence of QX on broiler chicken farms in the area studied was confirmed. This is the first comprehensive study on the genotyping of IBV in Iraq with useful information regarding the molecular epidemiology of IBV. The phylogenetic relationship of the strains with respect to different time sequences and geographical regions displayed complexity and diversity. Further studies are needed and should include the isolation and full-length molecular characterization of IBV in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Seger
- Department of Pathology and poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi Ave, Tehran, PO.Cod:1419963111, Iran
| | - Arash GhalyanchiLangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi Ave, Tehran, PO.Cod:1419963111, Iran.
| | - Vahid Karimi
- Department of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi Ave, Tehran, PO.Cod:1419963111, Iran
| | - Mehdi Vasfi Marandi
- Department of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Hashemzadeh
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Valastro V, Holmes EC, Britton P, Fusaro A, Jackwood MW, Cattoli G, Monne I. S1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: An attempt to harmonize virus classification. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:349-364. [PMID: 26883378 PMCID: PMC7172980 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease that results in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. The virus exists in a wide variety of genetically distinct viral types, and both phylogenetic analysis and measures of pairwise similarity among nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been used to classify IBV strains. However, there is currently no consensus on the method by which IBV sequences should be compared, and heterogeneous genetic group designations that are inconsistent with phylogenetic history have been adopted, leading to the confusing coexistence of multiple genotyping schemes. Herein, we propose a simple and repeatable phylogeny-based classification system combined with an unambiguous and rationale lineage nomenclature for the assignment of IBV strains. By using complete nucleotide sequences of the S1 gene we determined the phylogenetic structure of IBV, which in turn allowed us to define 6 genotypes that together comprise 32 distinct viral lineages and a number of inter-lineage recombinants. Because of extensive rate variation among IBVs, we suggest that the inference of phylogenetic relationships alone represents a more appropriate criterion for sequence classification than pairwise sequence comparisons. The adoption of an internationally accepted viral nomenclature is crucial for future studies of IBV epidemiology and evolution, and the classification scheme presented here can be updated and revised novel S1 sequences should become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Valastro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Britton
- Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, UK
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Mark W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Awad F, Chhabra R, Forrester A, Chantrey J, Baylis M, Lemiere S, Hussein HA, Ganapathy K. Experimental infection of IS/885/00-like infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free and commercial broiler chicks. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:15-22. [PMID: 27033901 PMCID: PMC7111892 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of an IS/885/00-like (IS/885) strain of variant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was examined in one day old specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial broiler chicks. Chicks were humanely euthanized at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi) for necropsy examination, and tissues were collected for histopathology and virus detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Respiratory clinical signs and gross lesions consisting of tracheal caseous exudate and plugs, and swollen kidneys (with or without) urate deposits were observed in SPF and broiler chicks. The onset of disease developed more slowly and were of lesser severity in broiler compared to SPF chicks, reflecting the inhibitory effects of the IBV maternal-antibodies in the broiler chicks or genetic/strain susceptibility, or both. Head swelling was observed in one infected broiler chick at 15 dpi and the virus was recovered by RT-PCR and isolation. In the IS/885-infected SPF chicks, cystic oviducts were found in two female chicks. IS/885 was isolated from the cystic fluid. Using ELISA, low to moderate levels of the antibodies to IBV was detected in the SPF compared to broiler infected chicks. Pathogenesis of IBV IS/885 was examined in one day old SPF and broiler chicks. The virus caused respiratory distress, tracheal and kidney lesions in infected chicks. Head swelling was observed in one infected broiler chick at 15 dpi. Cystic oviducts were found in two female SPF chicks. IBV IS/885 examined in this study was pathogenic for both SPF and broiler chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faez Awad
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK; University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Bayda, Libya
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Julian Chantrey
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Hussein Aly Hussein
- Cairo University, Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|