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Wang T, Lei Q, Tao K, Liu S, Yao X, Zhu Q. Fluorescent octahydrophenazines as novel inhibitors against herpes simplex viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116580. [PMID: 38896994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A new series of racemic fluorescent octahydrophenazines (rac-PZ1-11) have been designed and synthesized via the efficient nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of tetrafluorobenzenedinitriles (1a-c) and racemic cyclohexane-1,2-diamines (rac-2a and b). The bioactivities of these racemic rac-PZs (20 μM) against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) were evaluated by the relative cell viability of Vero cells infected with HSV-1. It was found that rac-PZ3 shows much higher anti-HSV-1 activity than others, with EC50 = 9.2 ± 1.4 μM. Further investigation into the anti-HSV activities of rac-PZ3 and its enantiomers RR- and SS-PZ3 indicates that rac-PZ3 can also efficiently inhibit HSV-2 and even ACV-resistant HSV-2 (EC50 = 11.0 ± 2.3 and 14.9 ± 2.8 μM, respectively), SS-PZ3 has better activities against HSV-1, HSV-2 and ACV-resistant HSV-2 (EC50 = 4.1 ± 1.1, 5.8 ± 1.0 and 7.9 ± 1.2 μM, respectively), but RR-PZ3 has almost no antiviral activities. The primary mechanism study indicates that rac-PZ3 efficiently reverses the HSV-1/2-induced cytopathic effect and suppresses the expression of viral mRNA and proteins. In addition, rac-, RR- and SS-PZ3 possess excellent fluorescence properties with almost the same emission wavelength and high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF = 90.3-92.3 % in cyclohexane solutions and 54.4-57.3 % in solids) and can target endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane. The efficient anti-HSV bioactivities and excellent fluorescence of PZ3 prove its potential applications in antiviral therapy and biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, North Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiyun Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, North Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kuicheng Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, North Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, North Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xingang Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, North Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qiuhua Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, North Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Deng H, Cao H, Wang Y, Li J, Dai J, Li LF, Qiu HJ, Li S. Viral replication organelles: the highly complex and programmed replication machinery. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1450060. [PMID: 39144209 PMCID: PMC11322364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1450060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infections usually induce the rearrangement of cellular cytoskeletal proteins and organelle membrane structures, thus creating independent compartments [termed replication organelles (ROs)] to facilitate viral genome replication. Within the ROs, viral replicases, including polymerases, helicases, and ligases, play functional roles during viral replication. These viral replicases are pivotal in the virus life cycle, and numerous studies have demonstrated that the viral replicases could be the potential targets for drugs development. Here, we summarize primarily the key replicases within viral ROs and emphasize the advancements of antiviral drugs targeting crucial viral replicases, providing novel insights into the future development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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3
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Gustavsson E, Grünewald K, Elias P, Hällberg BM. Dynamics of the Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase holoenzyme during DNA synthesis and proof-reading revealed by Cryo-EM. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:7292-7304. [PMID: 38806233 PMCID: PMC11229320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a double-stranded DNA virus, replicates using seven essential proteins encoded by its genome. Among these, the UL30 DNA polymerase, complexed with the UL42 processivity factor, orchestrates leading and lagging strand replication of the 152 kb viral genome. UL30 polymerase is a prime target for antiviral therapy, and resistance to current drugs can arise in immunocompromised individuals. Using electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM), we unveil the dynamic changes of the UL30/UL42 complex with DNA in three distinct states. First, a pre-translocation state with an open fingers domain ready for nucleotide incorporation. Second, a halted elongation state where the fingers close, trapping dATP in the dNTP pocket. Third, a DNA-editing state involving significant conformational changes to allow DNA realignment for exonuclease activity. Additionally, the flexible UL30 C-terminal domain interacts with UL42, forming an extended positively charged surface binding to DNA, thereby enhancing processive synthesis. These findings highlight substantial structural shifts in the polymerase and its DNA interactions during replication, offering insights for future antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Per Elias
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Lin HS, Li CH, Chen LW, Wang SS, Chen LY, Hung CH, Lin CL, Chang PJ. The varicella-zoster virus ORF16 protein promotes both the nuclear transport and the protein abundance of the viral DNA polymerase subunit ORF28. Virus Res 2024; 345:199379. [PMID: 38643859 PMCID: PMC11061344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Although all herpesviruses utilize a highly conserved replication machinery to amplify their viral genomes, different members may have unique strategies to modulate the assembly of their replication components. Herein, we characterize the subcellular localization of seven essential replication proteins of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and show that several viral replication enzymes such as the DNA polymerase subunit ORF28, when expressed alone, are localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear import of ORF28 can be mediated by the viral DNA polymerase processivity factor ORF16. Besides, ORF16 could markedly enhance the protein abundance of ORF28. Noteworthily, an ORF16 mutant that is defective in nuclear transport still retained the ability to enhance ORF28 abundance. The low abundance of ORF28 in transfected cells was due to its rapid degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We additionally reveal that radicicol, an inhibitor of the chaperone Hsp90, could disrupt the interaction between ORF16 and ORF28, thereby affecting the nuclear entry and protein abundance of ORF28. Collectively, our findings imply that the cytoplasmic retention and rapid degradation of ORF28 may be a key regulatory mechanism for VZV to prevent untimely viral DNA replication, and suggest that Hsp90 is required for the interaction between ORF16 and ORF28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Shen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Shan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
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Palazzotti D, Sguilla M, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Astolfi A, Barreca ML. Small Molecule Drugs Targeting Viral Polymerases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:661. [PMID: 38794231 PMCID: PMC11124969 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that specifically target viral polymerases-crucial enzymes governing viral genome transcription and replication-play a pivotal role in combating viral infections. Presently, approved polymerase inhibitors cover nine human viruses, spanning both DNA and RNA viruses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these licensed drugs, encompassing nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (NIs), non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs), and mutagenic agents. For each compound, we describe the specific targeted virus and related polymerase enzyme, the mechanism of action, and the relevant bioactivity data. This wealth of information serves as a valuable resource for researchers actively engaged in antiviral drug discovery efforts, offering a complete overview of established strategies as well as insights for shaping the development of next-generation antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (A.A.)
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Zheng S, Rümke LW, Tello Rubio B, Rogers MRC, van Sluis GL, Kuball JHE, Riezebos-Brilman A, Lebbink RJ, Verduyn Lunel FM. Reactivation of Multidrug-Resistant HSV-1 in a Post-Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patient: Dynamic Detection of the Rare A605V Mutation by Next-Generation Sequencing. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae250. [PMID: 38798899 PMCID: PMC11127484 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We present an immunocompromised patient with a multiresistant herpes simplex virus-1 reactivation with a rare mutation (A605V) in the viral DNA polymerase gene. Next-generation sequencing suggests the presence of multiple drug-resistant strains before treatment and altered ratios during treatment, affecting the clinical response to aciclovir and foscarnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidewij W Rümke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Tello Rubio
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malbert R C Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chen LW, Wang SS, Chen LY, Huang HY, He SM, Hung CH, Lin CL, Chang PJ. Interaction and assembly of the DNA replication core proteins of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0225423. [PMID: 37874136 PMCID: PMC10715029 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02254-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic DNA replication is a highly regulated process that requires multiple replication enzymes assembled onto DNA replication origins. Due to the complexity of the cell's DNA replication machinery, most of what we know about cellular DNA replication has come from the study of viral systems. Herein, we focus our study on the assembly of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus core replication complex and propose a pairwise protein-protein interaction network of six highly conserved viral core replication proteins. A detailed understanding of the interaction and assembly of the viral core replication proteins may provide opportunities to develop new strategies against viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Wen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Shan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Si-min He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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8
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Schalkwijk HH, Georgala A, Gillemot S, Temblador A, Topalis D, Wittnebel S, Andrei G, Snoeck R. A Herpes Simplex Virus 1 DNA Polymerase Multidrug Resistance Mutation Identified in a Patient With Immunodeficiency and Confirmed by Gene Editing. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1505-1515. [PMID: 37224525 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus 1 can cause severe infections in individuals who are immunocompromised. In these patients, emergence of drug resistance mutations causes difficulties in infection management. METHODS Seventeen herpes simplex virus 1 isolates were obtained from orofacial/anogenital lesions in a patient with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency over 7 years, before and after stem cell transplantation. Spatial/temporal evolution of drug resistance was characterized genotypically-with Sanger and next-generation sequencing of viral thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (DP)-and phenotypically. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce the novel DP Q727R mutation, and dual infection-competition assays were performed to assess viral fitness. RESULTS Isolates had identical genetic backgrounds, suggesting that orofacial/anogenital infections derived from the same virus lineage. Eleven isolates proved heterogeneous TK virus populations by next-generation sequencing, undetectable by Sanger sequencing. Thirteen isolates were acyclovir resistant due to TK mutations, and the Q727R isolate additionally exhibited foscarnet/adefovir resistance. Recombinant Q727R mutant virus showed multidrug resistance and increased fitness under antiviral pressure. CONCLUSIONS Long-term follow-up of a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency revealed virus evolution and frequent reactivation of wild-type and TK mutant strains, mostly as heterogeneous populations. The DP Q727R resistance phenotype was confirmed with CRISPR/Cas9, a useful tool to validate novel drug resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aspasia Georgala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Arturo Temblador
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Dimitri Topalis
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Sebastian Wittnebel
- Department of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven
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de Souza Carneiro VC, Leon LAA, de Paula VS. miRNAs: Targets to Investigate Herpesvirus Infection Associated with Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15876. [PMID: 37958855 PMCID: PMC10650863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus is associated with various neurological disorders and a specific diagnosis is associated with a better prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of neurological diseases triggered by herpetic infection. In this review, we discuss miRNAs that have been associated with neurological disorders related to the action of herpesviruses. Human miRNAs and herpesvirus-encoded miRNAs were listed and discussed. This review article will be valuable in stimulating the search for new diagnostic and prognosis alternatives and understanding the role of these miRNAs in neurological diseases triggered by herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cristine de Souza Carneiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (V.C.d.S.C.); (V.S.d.P.)
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luciane Almeida Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (V.C.d.S.C.); (V.S.d.P.)
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Rahangdale R, Tender T, Balireddy S, Goswami K, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. A critical review on antiviral peptides derived from viral glycoproteins and host receptors to decoy herpes simplex virus. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2036-2052. [PMID: 37740682 PMCID: PMC10616652 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the human population has been continuously challenged by viral infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the common causes of illness and can lead to death in immunocompromised patients. Existing anti-HSV therapies are not completely successful in eliminating the infection due to anti-viral drug resistance, ineffectiveness against the latent virus and high toxicity over prolonged use. There is a need to update our knowledge of the current challenges faced in anti-HSV therapeutics and realize the necessity of developing alternative treatment approaches. Protein therapeutics are now being explored as a novel approach due to their high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the significance of HSV viral glycoproteins and host receptors in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. Proteins or peptides derived from HSV glycoproteins gC, gB, gD, gH and host cell receptors (HSPG, nectin and HVEM) that act as decoys to inhibit HSV attachment, entry, or fusion have been discussed. Few researchers have tried to improve the efficacy and stability of the identified peptides by modifying them using a peptidomimetic approach. With these efforts, we think developing an alternative treatment option for immunocompromised patients and drug-resistant organisms is not far off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Kamini Goswami
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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Carneiro VCDS, Moreira ODC, Coelho WLDCNP, Rio BC, Sarmento DJDS, Salvio AL, Alves-Leon SV, de Paula VS, Leon LAA. miRNAs in Neurological Manifestation in Patients Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Herpesvírus 6 (HHV-6). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11201. [PMID: 37446381 PMCID: PMC10342854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) can establish latency and be reactivated, also are neurotropic viruses that can trigger neurological disorders. HHV-6 is a herpesvirus that is associated with neurological disorders. Studies have reported the detection of HHV-6 in patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations. However, specific diagnoses of the neurological disorders caused by these viruses tend to be invasive or difficult to interpret. This study aimed to establish a relationship between miRNA and neurological manifestations in patients co-infected with COVID-19 and HHV-6 and evaluate miRNAs as potential biomarkers. Serum samples from COVID-19 patients in the three cohorts were analyzed. miRNA analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed miRNAs associated with neuroinflammation were highly expressed in patients with neurological disorders and HHV-6 detection. When compared with the group of patients without detection of HHVs DNA and without neurological alterations, the group with detection of HHV-6 DNA and neurological alteration, displayed significant differences in the expression of mir-21, mir-146a, miR-155 and miR-let-7b (p < 0.01). Our results reinforce the involvement of miRNAs in neurological disorders and provide insights into their use as biomarkers for neurological disorders triggered by HHV-6. Furthermore, understanding the expression of miRNAs may contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cristine de Souza Carneiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil (L.A.A.L.)
| | - Otacilio da Cruz Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Real Time PCR Platform RPT09A, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Chan Rio
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil (L.A.A.L.)
| | | | - Andreza Lemos Salvio
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro-UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luciane Almeida Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil (L.A.A.L.)
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Kovalishyn V, Severin O, Kachaeva M, Semenyuta I, Keith K, Harden E, Hartline C, James S, Metelytsia L, Brovarets V. Design and experimental validation of the oxazole and thiazole derivatives as potential antivirals against of human cytomegalovirus. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:523-541. [PMID: 37424376 PMCID: PMC10529337 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2232992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
QSAR studies of a set of previously synthesized azole derivatives tested against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) were performed using the OCHEM web platform. The predictive ability of the classification models has a balanced accuracy (BA) of 73-79%. The validation of the models using an external test set proved that the models can be used to predict the activity of newly designed compounds with a reasonable accuracy within the applicability domain (BA = 76-83%). The models were applied to screen a virtual chemical library with expected activity of compounds against HCMV. The five most promising new compounds were identified, synthesized and their antiviral activities against HCMV were evaluated in vitro. Two of them showed some activity against the HCMV strain AD169. According to the results of docking analysis, the most promising biotarget associated with HCMV is DNA polymerase. The docking of the most active compounds 1 and 5 in the DNA polymerase active site shows calculated binding energies of -8.6 and -7.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The ligand's complexation was stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acids Lys60, Leu43, Ile49, Pro77, Asp134, Ile135, Val136, Thr62 and Arg137.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kovalishyn
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 1 Academician Kukhar Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O. Severin
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 1 Academician Kukhar Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - M. Kachaeva
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 1 Academician Kukhar Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - I. Semenyuta
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 1 Academician Kukhar Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - K.A. Keith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - E.A. Harden
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - C.B. Hartline
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - S.H. James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - L. Metelytsia
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 1 Academician Kukhar Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - V. Brovarets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 1 Academician Kukhar Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
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Chen Y, Zheng X, Huang X, Huang X, Zhang J. A retrospective study of air quality associated with teratogenic pathogen screening in women of reproductive age in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:83615-83627. [PMID: 37347331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with a poor ambient atmospheric environment. Infections by teratogenic pathogens such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the main cause of the worse pregnant outcomes. However, environmental factors governing these infections are uncertain and epidemiological studies are limited. An epidemiological study on relationships between air pollutants and antibodies against teratogenic pathogens will be explored. In total, 5475 women of childbearing age were enrolled in the study between January 2018 and December 2019 in a hospital in Shantou, China. Antibodies against pathogens were measured by electrochemical luminescence. Everyday air quality data, concerning particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other parameters, were acquired from a government web site, and the relationships between them were evaluated with nonparametric and multivariate linear regression analyses. Not only titers of herpes simplex virus HSV(I+II) IgGs in spring, but also titers of cytomegalovirus IgG (CMV IgG) and HSV I IgG in autumn, both had positive associations with concentrations of SO2. When PM2.5 or PM10 exposure is elevated, HSV(I+II) IgGs, TOX IgM should be paid more attention in spring or summer. Air pollution may be crucial for teratogenic pathogen infections. This study highlights air pollution could increase the risk of teratogenic pathogen infection, implying stronger measures should be taken to protect air environment and screenings of associated antibody should be strengthened in different season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangbin Zheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofan Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Ordóñez CD, Redrejo-Rodríguez M. DNA Polymerases for Whole Genome Amplification: Considerations and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119331. [PMID: 37298280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the same way that specialized DNA polymerases (DNAPs) replicate cellular and viral genomes, only a handful of dedicated proteins from various natural origins as well as engineered versions are appropriate for competent exponential amplification of whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA). Different applications have led to the development of diverse protocols, based on various DNAPs. Isothermal WGA is currently widely used due to the high performance of Φ29 DNA polymerase, but PCR-based methods are also available and can provide competent amplification of certain samples. Replication fidelity and processivity must be considered when selecting a suitable enzyme for WGA. However, other properties, such as thermostability, capacity to couple replication, and double helix unwinding, or the ability to maintain DNA replication opposite to damaged bases, are also very relevant for some applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the different properties of DNAPs widely used in WGA and discuss their limitations and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Ordóñez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Modesto Redrejo-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Kyaw T, Drummond G, Bobik A, Peter K. Myocarditis: causes, mechanisms, and evolving therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:225-238. [PMID: 36946552 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2193330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocarditis is a severe lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disorder of the heart, mostly caused by viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Recently, myocarditis as a rare adverse event of mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 has caused global attention. The clinical consequences of myocarditis can be very severe, but specific treatment options are lacking or not yet clinically proven. AREAS COVERED This paper offers a brief overview of the biology of viruses that frequently cause myocarditis, focusing on mechanisms important for viral entry and replication following host infection. Current and new potential therapeutic targets/strategies especially for viral myocarditis are reviewed systematically. In particular, the immune system in myocarditis is dissected with respect to infective viral and non-infective, ICI-induced myocarditis. EXPERT OPINION Vaccination is an excellent emerging preventative strategy for viral myocarditis, but most vaccines still require further development. Anti-viral treatments that inhibit viral replication need to be considered following viral infection in host myocardium, as lower viral load reduces inflammation severity. Understanding how the immune system continues to damage the heart even after viral clearance will define novel therapeutic targets/strategies. We propose that viral myocarditis can be best treated using a combination of antiviral agents and immunotherapies that control cytotoxic T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Grant Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University Melbourne Australia
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16
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To EE. Cell and Tissue Specific Metabolism of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Drugs: Case Studies and Implications for Precision Medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:360-368. [PMID: 36446610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinically used antiviral drugs are nucleoside or nucleotide analog drugs, which have a unique mechanism of action that requires intracellular phosphorylation. This dependence on intracellular activation presents novel challenges for the discovery and development of nucleoside/nucleotide analog drugs. Contrary to many small molecule drug development programs that rely on plasma pharmacokinetics and systemic exposures, the precise mechanisms that result in efficacious intracellular nucleoside triphosphate concentrations must be understood in the process of nucleoside/nucleotide drug development. The importance is highlighted here, using the following as case studies: the herpes treatment acyclovir, the cytomegalovirus therapy ganciclovir, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatments based on tenofovir, which are also in use for HIV prophylaxis. For each drug, the specificity of metabolism that results in its activation in different cells or tissues is discussed, and the implications explored. Acyclovir's dependence on a viral enzyme for activation provides selective pressure for resistance mutations. Ganciclovir is also dependent on a viral enzyme for activation, and suicide gene therapy capitalizes on that for a novel oncology treatment. The tissue of most relevance for tenofovir activation depends on its use as treatment or as prophylaxis, and the pharmacogenomics and drug-drug interactions in those tissues must be considered. Finally, differential metabolism of different tenofovir prodrugs and its effects on toxicity risk are explored. Taken together, these examples highlight the importance of understanding tissue specific metabolism for optimal use of nucleoside/nucleotide drugs in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue drugs are cornerstones in current antiviral therapy and prevention efforts that require intracellular phosphorylation for activity. Understanding their cell and tissue specific metabolism enables their rational, precision use for maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine E To
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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17
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How Epstein-Barr Virus Induces the Reorganization of Cellular Chromatin. mBio 2023; 14:e0268622. [PMID: 36625581 PMCID: PMC9973336 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02686-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have discovered how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induces the reorganization of cellular chromatin (ROCC), in which host chromatin is compacted and marginated within the nucleus, with viral DNA replication occurring in the chromatin-free regions. Five families of DNA viruses induce ROCC: herpesviruses, adenoviruses, parvoviruses, baculoviruses, and geminiviruses. These families infect a variety of hosts, including vertebrates, insects, and plants. They also share several characteristics: they replicate and encapsidate their genomes in the host nucleus and package their genomes unbound by histones. We have identified the viral genes and processes required for EBV's ROCC. Each of EBV's seven core DNA synthesis genes and its origin of lytic replication (oriLyt), in trans, are required, while its protein kinase, BGLF4, and its true late genes are not. Following these findings, we tested the role of EBV lytic DNA amplification in driving ROCC. Surprisingly, the inhibition of EBV's lytic DNA synthesis still supports chromatin compaction but blocks its margination. We propose a two-step model for ROCC. First, the initiation of viral lytic DNA synthesis induces a cellular response that results in global chromatin compaction. Second, the histone-free, productive viral DNA synthesis leads to the margination of compacted chromatin to the nuclear periphery. We have tested this model by asking if the histone-associated simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA synthesis could substitute for oriLyt-mediated synthesis and found that EBV's ROCC is incompatible with SV40 DNA replication. Elucidating EBV's induction of ROCC both illuminates how other viruses can do so and indicates how this spatial control of cellular chromatin benefits them. IMPORTANCE Five families of viruses support the reorganization of cellular chromatin (ROCC), the compaction and margination of host chromatin, upon their productive infection. That they all share this phenotype implies the importance of ROCC in viral life cycles. With Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus, we show that the viral replication complex and origin of lytic replication (oriLyt) are essential for ROCC. In contrast, its protein kinase and true late genes are not. We show that, unexpectedly, the viral lytic amplification is not required for chromatin compaction but is required for its margination. We propose a two-step model for ROCC: first, global chromatin compaction occurs as a cellular response to the initiation of viral DNA synthesis; then, the accumulation of newly synthesized, histone-free viral DNA leads to cellular chromatin margination. Taken together, our findings provide insights into a process contributing to the productive phase of five families of viruses.
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Žigrayová D, Mikušová V, Mikuš P. Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030647. [PMID: 36992356 PMCID: PMC10054433 DOI: 10.3390/v15030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antiviral therapy research is focused on developing dosage forms that enable highly effective drug delivery, providing a selective effect in the organism, lower risk of adverse effects, a lower dose of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and minimal toxicity. In this article, antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of their action are summarized at the beginning as a prerequisite background to develop relevant drug delivery/carrier systems for them, classified and briefly discussed subsequently. Many of the recent studies aim at different types of synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural polymers serving as a favorable matrix for the antiviral drug carrier. Besides a wider view of different antiviral delivery systems, this review focuses on advances in antiviral drug delivery systems based on chitosan (CS) and derivatized CS carriers. CS and its derivatives are evaluated concerning methods of their preparation, their basic characteristics and properties, approaches to the incorporation of an antiviral drug in the CS polymer as well as CS nanoparticulate systems, and their recent biomedical applications in the context of actual antiviral therapy. The degree of development (i.e., research study, in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo preclinical testing), as well as benefits and limitations of CS polymer and CS nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, are reported for particular viral diseases and corresponding antivirotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Žigrayová
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Mikušová
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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19
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RNA helicase DDX3X modulates herpes simplex virus 1 nuclear egress. Commun Biol 2023; 6:134. [PMID: 36725983 PMCID: PMC9892522 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DDX3X is a mammalian RNA helicase that regulates RNA metabolism, cancers, innate immunity and several RNA viruses. We discovered that herpes simplex virus 1, a nuclear DNA replicating virus, redirects DDX3X to the nuclear envelope where it surprisingly modulates the exit of newly assembled viral particles. DDX3X depletion also leads to an accumulation of virions in intranuclear herniations. Mechanistically, we show that DDX3X physically and functionally interacts with the virally encoded nuclear egress complex at the inner nuclear membrane. DDX3X also binds to and stimulates the incorporation in mature particles of pUs3, a herpes kinase that promotes viral nuclear release across the outer nuclear membrane. Overall, the data highlights two unexpected roles for an RNA helicase during the passage of herpes simplex viral particles through the nuclear envelope. This reveals a highly complex interaction between DDX3X and viruses and provides new opportunities to target viral propagation.
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20
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Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex viruses: Prevalence and therapeutic alternatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Schalkwijk HH, Gillemot S, Reynders M, Selleslag D, Andrei G, Snoeck R. Heterogeneity and viral replication fitness of HSV-1 clinical isolates with mutations in the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3153-3162. [PMID: 36059135 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged antiviral therapy in immunocompromised individuals can result in the emergence of (multi)drug-resistant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections, forming a therapeutic challenge. OBJECTIVES To evaluate spatial and temporal differences in drug resistance of HSV-1 samples from a HSCT recipient and to determine the effect of resistance mutations on viral replication fitness. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five HSV-1 isolates were recovered from a HSCT recipient who suffered from persistent HSV-1 lesions, consecutively treated with aciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir and a combination of ganciclovir and cidofovir. Spatial and temporal differences in HSV-1 drug resistance were evaluated genotypically [Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the viral thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (DP)] and phenotypically (plaque reduction assay). Viral replication fitness was determined by dual infection competition assays. RESULTS Rapid evolution to aciclovir and foscarnet resistance was observed due to acquisition of TK (A189V and R222H) and DP (L778M and L802F) mutations. Virus isolates showed heterogeneous populations, spatial virus compartmentalization and minor viral variants in three out of five isolates (detectable by NGS but not by Sanger sequencing). Mutations in the TK and DP genes did not alter replication fitness without drug pressure. TK and/or DP mutants influenced replication fitness under antiviral pressure and showed increased fitness under pressure of the drug they showed resistance to. CONCLUSIONS The use of NGS and dual infection competition assays revealed rapid evolution of HSV-1 drug resistance in a HSCT recipient with spatial and temporal compartmentalization of viral variants that had altered replication fitness under antiviral pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Helena Schalkwijk
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Dominik Selleslag
- Department of Internal Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Molecular Modeling Study of Novel Lancifolamide Bioactive Molecule as an Inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1), and Anti-proliferative Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175480. [PMID: 36080247 PMCID: PMC9458197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combretaceae, an immense family involving species (500) or genera (20), originates in tropical and subtropical regions. This family has evinced medicinal values such as anti-leishmanial, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiprotozoal, and antifungal properties. Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius) methanol extract (CLM) was prepared, then compound isolation performed by open column chromatography, and compound structure was determined by spectroscopic techniques (13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry UV-visible, and 2D correlation techniques). Molecular docking studies of ligand were performed on transcriptional regulators 4EY7 and 2GV9 to observe possible interactions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites including steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, and flavonoids. The isolated compound was distinguished as lancifolamide (LFD). It showed cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer, murine lymphocytic leukemia, and normal cells, human embryonic kidney cells, and rat glioma cells with IC50 values of 0.72 µg/mL, 2.01 µg/mL, 1.55 µg/mL, and 2.40 µg/mL, respectively. Although no cytotoxic activity was noticed against human colon cancer and human lung cancer, LFD showed 24.04% inhibition against BChE and 60.30% inhibition against AChE and is therefore beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AChE and LFD interact mechanistically in a way that is optimum for neurodegenerative disorders, according to molecular docking studies. Methanol and dichloromethane extract of C. lancifolius and LFD shows antibacterial and antifungal activity against antibiotic resistance Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Salmonella Typhi, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans, respectively. LFD shows antiviral activity against HSV-1 with 26% inhibition IP. The outcomes of this study support the use of LFD for cognitive disorders and highlight its underlying mechanism, targeting AChE, DNA-POL, NF-KB, and TNF-α, etc., for the first time.
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Abstract
Human cells encode up to 15 DNA polymerases with specialized functions in chromosomal DNA synthesis and damage repair. In contrast, complex DNA viruses, such as those of the herpesviridae family, encode a single B-family DNA polymerase. This disparity raises the possibility that DNA viruses may rely on host polymerases for synthesis through complex DNA geometries. We tested the importance of error-prone Y-family polymerases involved in translesion synthesis (TLS) to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. We find most Y-family polymerases involved in the nucleotide insertion and bypass of lesions restrict HCMV genome synthesis and replication. In contrast, other TLS polymerases, such as the polymerase ζ complex, which extends past lesions, was required for optimal genome synthesis and replication. Depletion of either the polζ complex or the suite of insertion polymerases demonstrate that TLS polymerases suppress the frequency of viral genome rearrangements, particularly at GC-rich sites and repeat sequences. Moreover, while distinct from HCMV, replication of the related herpes simplex virus type 1 is impacted by host TLS polymerases, suggesting a broader requirement for host polymerases for DNA virus replication. These findings reveal an unexpected role for host DNA polymerases in ensuring viral genome stability.
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Deng L, Xu Z, Li F, Zhao J, Jian Z, Deng H, Lai S, Sun X, Geng Y, Zhu L. Insights on the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway During Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931885. [PMID: 35844623 PMCID: PMC9284214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses belong to large double-stranded DNA viruses. They are under a wide range of hosts and establish lifelong infection, which creates a burden on human health and animal health. Innate immunity is the host’s innate defense ability. Activating the innate immune signaling pathway and producing type I interferon is the host’s first line of defense against infectious pathogens. Emerging evidence indicates that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity in response to herpesvirus infections. In parallel, because of the constant selective pressure imposed by host immunity, herpesvirus also evolves to target the cGAS-STING signaling pathway to inhibit or escape the innate immune responses. In the current review, we insight on the classical cGAS-STING signaling pathway. We describe the activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway during herpesvirus infections and strategies of herpesvirus targeting this pathway to evade host antiviral response. Furthermore, we outline the immunotherapy boosting cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Zhu,
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Carneiro VCDS, Alves-Leon SV, Sarmento DJDS, Coelho WLDCNP, Moreira ODC, Salvio AL, Ramos CHF, Ramos Filho CHF, Marques CAB, da Costa Gonçalves JP, Leon LAA, de Paula VS. Herpesvirus and neurological manifestations in patients with severe coronavirus disease. Virol J 2022; 19:101. [PMID: 35676707 PMCID: PMC9174631 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mimic those associated with human herpesvirus (HHV) infection. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of herpesvirus in patients with COVID-19 and determined if coinfection is associated with poorer outcomes and neurological symptoms. Methods We analyzed samples of 53 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The samples were evaluated for the presence of alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses, and gammaherpesviruses, and the viral loads were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Results Among the patients, in 79.2% had detection at least one type of herpesvirus. HHV-6 (47.2%), cytomegalovirus (43.3%), and HHV-7 (39.6%) showed the highest detection rates. Patients with a high severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) load were more likely to show herpes simplex virus 1 detection (p = 0.037). Among patients coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 and HHVs, 26.4% showed central nervous system-associated neurological symptoms and herpetic manifestations. A statistically significant association was observed between neurological changes and HHV-6 detection (p = 0.034). Conclusions The findings showed a high prevalence of herpesvirus in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, even though SARS-CoV-2 and HHV coinfection was not associated with poorer outcomes, the findings demonstrated the association between neurological symptoms and HHV-6 detection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01828-9.
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Kondo H, Koshizuka T, Majima R, Takahashi K, Ishioka K, Suzutani T, Inoue N. Characterization of a thiourea derivative that targets viral transactivators of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral Res 2021; 196:105207. [PMID: 34774602 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although currently available antivirals against certain herpesviruses are effective, the development of resistance during long-term use has necessitated the search for seed compounds that work against novel target molecules. In this report, we identified a thiourea derivative compound, 147B3, that inhibits the infection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in fibroblasts and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero cells at a 50% effective concentration of 0.5 μM and 1.9 μM, respectively. Characterization of the compound provided the following clues regarding its mode of action. 1) Time-of-addition and block-release assays showed that 147B3 behaved similarly to ganciclovir. 2) 147B3 reduced the expression of early and late but not immediate-early gene products and the accumulation of viral genomic DNA in both HCMV-infected and HSV-1-infected cells. 3) 147B3 inhibited the HCMV IE2-dependent activation of viral early gene promoters. 4) Four HSV-1 clones resistant to 147B3 were isolated and next-generation sequencing analysis of their genome DNA revealed that all of them had a mutation(s) in the infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) gene, which encodes a viral transcriptional factor. 5) Although 147B3 did not reduce the amount of ICP4 in an immunoblotting analysis, it changed the localization of the ICP4 from the speckles in the nuclei to diffused dots in the cytoplasm. 6) 147B3 did not affect the localization of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies. Our findings suggest that 147B3 targets viral transactivators, potentially through their interaction with factors required for the viral gene expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kondo
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Majima
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Ken Ishioka
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Suzutani
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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Packard JE, Dembowski JA. HSV-1 DNA Replication-Coordinated Regulation by Viral and Cellular Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102015. [PMID: 34696446 PMCID: PMC8539067 DOI: 10.3390/v13102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an integral step in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) life cycle that is coordinated with the cellular DNA damage response, repair and recombination of the viral genome, and viral gene transcription. HSV-1 encodes its own DNA replication machinery, including an origin binding protein (UL9), single-stranded DNA binding protein (ICP8), DNA polymerase (UL30), processivity factor (UL42), and a helicase/primase complex (UL5/UL8/UL52). In addition, HSV-1 utilizes a combination of accessory viral and cellular factors to coordinate viral DNA replication with other viral and cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to outline the roles of viral and cellular proteins in HSV-1 DNA replication and replication-coupled processes, and to highlight how HSV-1 may modify and adapt cellular proteins to facilitate productive infection.
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Herpesvirus Infection in a Breeding Population of Two Coexisting Strix Owls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092519. [PMID: 34573485 PMCID: PMC8464810 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although infection with herpesvirus in owls has commonly been described as a highly lethal disease, there is very little information about the presence of herpesvirus and its potential impact in living owls in wild populations. Our study detected herpesvirus in a breeding population of Ural owls, which showed no clinical signs of illness nor productivity deviances (i.e., in clutch and brood size). Herpesvirus was detected in Ural owl adults and chicks, but not in a young tawny owl (despite the fact that they were in same nest and in persistent contact). Furthermore, herpesviruses were also detected in yellow-necked mice as both owls’ main prey. However, comparison of the herpesviruses detected showed that different herpesviruses are present in the owls and mice. The results of this study show that herpesvirus may be present in a Ural owl breeding population without any consequences on health and breeding performance. However, in the case of tawny owls, it seems that they are not susceptible to infection, which could be related to their polymorphism. It seems that small rodents are not a source of herpesvirus infection in owls and that the probable herpesvirus transmission pathway takes place intraspecifically, mostly from adults to young. Abstract Birds are a frequent host of a large variety of herpesviruses, and infections in them may go unnoticed or may result in fatal disease. In wild breeding populations of owls, there is very limited information about the presence, impact, and potential transmission of herpesvirus. The herpesvirus partial DNA polymerase gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction in oropharyngeal swabs of 16 out of 170 owls examined that were captured in or near nest boxes. Herpesvirus was detected in Ural owls (Strix uralensis), in both adults and young, but not in tawny owls (Strix aluco). In yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), as the main prey of tawny owls and Ural owls in the area, herpesvirus was detected in the organs of 2 out of 40 mice captured at the same locations as the owls. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the herpesvirus sequences detected in the Ural owls differed from the herpesvirus sequences detected in the yellow-necked mice. The results indicate that herpesvirus infection exists in the breeding wild Ural owl population. However, herpesvirus-infected owls did not show any clinical or productivity deviances and, based on a phylogenetic comparison of detected herpesvirus sequences and sequences obtained from Genbank database, it seems that mice and other rodents are not the source of owl infections. The most probable transmission pathway is intraspecific, especially from adults to their chicks, but the origin of herpesvirus in owls remains to be investigated.
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Rose R, Brunnemann AK, Baukmann S, Bühler S, Fickenscher H, Sauerbrei A, Zell R, Krumbholz A. Antiviral susceptibility of recombinant Herpes simplex virus 1 strains with specific polymerase amino acid changes. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105166. [PMID: 34419483 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) and penciclovir and their prodrugs are recommended for therapy or prophylaxis of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections. Their administration, however, can lead to the emergence of resistant strains with altered viral thymidine kinase (TK) function, especially in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, amino acid (aa) changes of the viral deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase (POL) may contribute to resistance to the aforementioned nucleoside analogues. Given this, treatment with foscarnet (FOS) or cidofovir (CDV) may represent an important alternative. Both drugs directly affect POL activity. Several aa changes of POL, such as L49I, E70K, L359I, E421V, P829S, T1121M, and M1226I, have been observed in ACV-resistant clinical strains which also carried relevant aa changes in their TK. Their contribution to ACV, FOS, and CDV resistance is not fully understood. In this study, these seven aa changes with unknown significance for ACV, FOS and CDV resistance were introduced separately into the POL of a recombinant HSV-1 strain rHSV-1(17+)Lox, equipped with or without information for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The GFP-expressing variants were tested for susceptibility to ACV, FOS and CDV. An rHSV-1(17+)Lox GFP strain with the S724N change conferring resistance to ACV and FOS was generated and included as a control. Only the S724N change was confirmed to induce ACV and FOS resistance, whereas the other changes did not contribute to resistance. The underlying nucleotide substitutions of the POL gene should be therefore considered as natural polymorphism. These data will improve sequence-based prediction of antiviral susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Brunnemann
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Baukmann
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Bühler
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Characteristics of Helicase-primase Inhibitor Amenamevir-resistant Herpes Simplex Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0049421. [PMID: 34228537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00494-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiherpetic drug amenamevir (AMNV) inhibits the helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus directly as well as inhibiting the replication of these viruses. Although several mutated HSV viruses resistant to helicase-primase inhibitors have been reported, the mutations contributing to the resistance remain unclear as recombinant viruses containing a single mutation have not been analyzed. We obtained AMNV-resistant viruses with amino acid substitutions by several passages under AMNV-treatment. Twenty HSV-1 and 19 HSV-2 mutants with mutation(s) in UL5 helicase and/or UL52 primase, but not in co-factor UL8, were isolated. The mutations in UL5 were located downstream of motif IV, with UL5 K356N in HSV-1 and K355N in HSV-2, in particular, identified as having the highest frequency: 9/20 and 9/19, respectively. We generated recombinant AMNV-resistant HSV-1 with a single amino acid substitution using BAC mutagenesis. As a result, G352C in UL5 helicase and F360C/V and N902T in UL52 primase were identified as novel mutations. The virus with K356N in UL5 showed 10-fold higher AMNV resistance than did other mutants, and showed equivalent viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo as the parent HSV-1, although other mutants showed attenuated virulence. All recombinant viruses were susceptible to the other antiherpetic drugs, acyclovir and foscarnet. In conclusion, based on BAC mutagenesis, this study identified for the first time mutations in UL5 and UL52 that contributed to AMNV resistance, and found that a mutant with the most frequent K356N mutation in HSV-1 maintained viral growth and virulence equivalent to the parent virus.
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31
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Impact of Amino Acid Substitutions in Region II and Helix K of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Polymerases on Resistance to Foscarnet. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0039021. [PMID: 33875432 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00390-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions conferring resistance of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to foscarnet (PFA) are located in the genes UL30 and UL54, respectively, encoding the DNA polymerase (pol). In this study, we analyzed the impact of substitutions located in helix K and region II that are involved in the conformational changes of the DNA pol. Theoretical substitutions were identified by sequences alignment of the helix K and region II of human herpesviruses (susceptible to PFA) and bacteriophages (resistant to PFA) and introduced in viral genomes by recombinant phenotyping. We characterized the susceptibility of HSV-1 and HCMV mutants to PFA. In UL30, the substitutions I619K (helix K), V715S, and A719T (both in region II) increased mean PFA 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) by 2.5-, 5.6-, and 2.0-fold, respectively, compared to the wild type (WT). In UL54, the substitution Q579I (helix K) conferred hypersusceptibility to PFA (0.17-fold change), whereas the substitutions Q697P, V715S, and A719T (all in region II) increased mean PFA EC50s by 3.8-, 2.8- and 2.5-fold, respectively, compared to the WT. These results were confirmed by enzymatic assays using recombinant DNA pol harboring these substitutions. Three-dimensional modeling suggests that substitutions conferring resistance/hypersusceptibility to PFA located in helix K and region II of UL30 and UL54 DNA pol favor an open/closed conformation of these enzymes, resulting in a lower/higher drug affinity for the proteins. Thus, this study shows that both regions of UL30 and UL54 DNA pol are involved in the conformational changes of these proteins and can influence the susceptibility of both viruses to PFA.
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32
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Poetranto AL, Wakata A, Tjan LH, Nishimura M, Arii J, Mori Y. Human herpesvirus 6A U27 plays an essential role for the virus propagation. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 64:703-711. [PMID: 32827324 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is a member of the genus Roseolovirus and the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. It is similar to and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). HHV-6A encodes a 41 kDa nuclear phosphoprotein, U27, which acts as a processivity factor in the replication of the viral DNA. HHV-6A U27 has 43% amino acid sequence homology with HCMV UL44, which is important for DNA replication. A previous study on HHV-6A U27 revealed that it greatly increases the in vitro DNA synthesis activity of HHV-6A DNA polymerase. However, the role of U27 during the HHV-6A virus replication process remains unclear. In this study, we constructed a U27-deficient HHV-6A mutant (HHV-6ABACU27mut) with a frameshift insertion at the U27 gene using an HHV-6A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system. Viral reconstitution from the mutant BAC DNA was not detected, in contrast to the wild type and the revertant from the U27 mutant. This suggests that U27 plays a critical role in the life cycle of HHV-6A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lystia Poetranto
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Aika Wakata
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Lidya Handayani Tjan
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimura
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Arii
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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33
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Hayes RP, Heo MR, Mason M, Reid J, Burlein C, Armacost KA, Tellers DM, Raheem I, Shaw AW, Murray E, McKenna PM, Abeywickrema P, Sharma S, Soisson SM, Klein D. Structural understanding of non-nucleoside inhibition in an elongating herpesvirus polymerase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3040. [PMID: 34031403 PMCID: PMC8144222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
All herpesviruses encode a conserved DNA polymerase that is required for viral genome replication and serves as an important therapeutic target. Currently available herpesvirus therapies include nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNI) that target the DNA-bound state of herpesvirus polymerase and block replication. Here we report the ternary complex crystal structure of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 DNA polymerase bound to DNA and a 4-oxo-dihydroquinoline NNI, PNU-183792 (PNU), at 3.5 Å resolution. PNU bound at the polymerase active site, displacing the template strand and inducing a conformational shift of the fingers domain into an open state. These results demonstrate that PNU inhibits replication by blocking association of dNTP and stalling the enzyme in a catalytically incompetent conformation, ultimately acting as a nucleotide competing inhibitor (NCI). Sequence conservation of the NCI binding pocket further explains broad-spectrum activity while a direct interaction between PNU and residue V823 rationalizes why mutations at this position result in loss of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Hayes
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Mee Ra Heo
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Mark Mason
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - John Reid
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Kira A Armacost
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Izzat Raheem
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anthony W Shaw
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Edward Murray
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Philip M McKenna
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Sujata Sharma
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Stephen M Soisson
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Klein
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, more than 100 antiviral drugs or their combinations have been approved for clinical use. Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e.g., small-molecules, peptides, biologics) or mechanisms of drug actions against specific viral proteins (e.g., polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, glycoprotein inhibitors). This article provides an overview of antiviral classifications in 10 important human viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), variola virus (human smallpox), varicella zoster virus (VZV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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35
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Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral Drugs Against Herpesviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:1-30. [PMID: 34258735 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the nucleoside analogue, acyclovir, represented a milestone in the management of infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Ganciclovir, another nucleoside analogue, was then used for the management of systemic and organ-specific human cytomegalovirus diseases. The pyrophosphate analogue, foscarnet, and the nucleotide analogue, cidofovir, have been approved subsequently and constitute the second-line antiviral drugs. However, the viral DNA polymerase is the ultimate target of all these antiviral agents with a possible emergence of cross-resistance between these drugs. Recently, letermovir that targets the viral terminase complex was approved for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Other viral targets such as the protein kinase and the helicase-primase complex are also evaluated for the development of novel potent inhibitors against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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36
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Badria FA, Abdelaziz AE, Hassan AH, Elgazar AA, Mazyed EA. Development of Provesicular Nanodelivery System of Curcumin as a Safe and Effective Antiviral Agent: Statistical Optimization, In Vitro Characterization, and Antiviral Effectiveness. Molecules 2020; 25:E5668. [PMID: 33271831 PMCID: PMC7731007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural compound that has many medical applications. However, its low solubility and poor stability could impede its clinical applications. The present study aimed to formulate dry proniosomes to overcome these pitfalls and improve the therapeutic efficacy of Curcumin. Curcumin-loaded proniosomes were fabricated by the slurry method according to 32 factorial design using Design-Expert software to demonstrate the impact of different independent variables on entrapment efficiency (EE%) and % drug released after 12 h (Q12h). The optimized formula (F5) was selected according to the desirability criteria. F5 exhibited good flowability and appeared, after reconstitution, as spherical nanovesicles with EE% of 89.94 ± 2.31% and Q12h of 70.89 ± 1.62%. F5 demonstrated higher stability and a significant enhancement of Q12h than the corresponding niosomes. The docking study investigated the ability of Curcumin to bind effectively with the active site of DNA polymerase of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). The antiviral activity and the safety of F5 were significantly higher than Curcumin. F5 improved the safety of Acyclovir (ACV) and reduced its effective dose that produced a 100% reduction of viral plaques. Proniosomes could be promising stable carriers of Curcumin to be used as a safe and efficient antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid A. Badria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Abdelaziz E. Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Amira H. Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah A. Elgazar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Eman A. Mazyed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
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37
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Novel Antibiotics Targeting Bacterial Replicative DNA Polymerases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110776. [PMID: 33158178 PMCID: PMC7694242 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a worldwide problem that is an increasing threat to global health. Therefore, the development of new antibiotics that inhibit novel targets is of great urgency. Some of the most successful antibiotics inhibit RNA transcription, RNA translation, and DNA replication. Transcription and translation are inhibited by directly targeting the RNA polymerase or ribosome, respectively. DNA replication, in contrast, is inhibited indirectly through targeting of DNA gyrases, and there are currently no antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication by directly targeting the replisome. This contrasts with antiviral therapies where the viral replicases are extensively targeted. In the last two decades there has been a steady increase in the number of compounds that target the bacterial replisome. In particular a variety of inhibitors of the bacterial replicative polymerases PolC and DnaE have been described, with one of the DNA polymerase inhibitors entering clinical trials for the first time. In this review we will discuss past and current work on inhibition of DNA replication, and the potential of bacterial DNA polymerase inhibitors in particular as attractive targets for a new generation of antibiotics.
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38
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Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C 2254/H 752 Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101160. [PMID: 33066315 PMCID: PMC7650556 DOI: 10.3390/v12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 is one of the most common viral pathogens in the horse population and is associated with respiratory disease, abortion and still-birth, neonatal death and neurological disease. A single point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30: A2254G, N752D) has been widely associated with neuropathogenicity of strains, although this association has not been exclusive. This study describes the fortuitous isolation of a strain carrying a new genotype C2254 (H752) from an outbreak in France that lasted several weeks in 2018 and involved 82 horses, two of which showed neurological signs of disease. The strain was characterised as UL clade 10 using the equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) classification but has not been identified or isolated since 2018. The retrospective screening of EHV-1 strains collected between 2016 and 2018 did not reveal the presence of the C2254 mutation. When cultured in vitro, the C2254 EHV-1 strain induced a typical EHV-1 syncytium and cytopathic effect but no significant difference was observed when compared with A2254 and G2254 EHV-1 strains. An experimental infection was carried out on four Welsh mountain ponies to confirm the infectious nature of the C2254 strain. A rapid onset of marked respiratory disease lasting at least 2 weeks, with significant virus shedding and cell-associated viraemia, was observed. Finally, an in vitro antiviral assay using impedance measurement and viral load quantification was performed with three antiviral molecules (ganciclovir (GCV), aciclovir (ACV) and aphidicolin (APD)) on the newly isolated C2254 strain and two other A/G2254 field strains. The three strains showed similar sensitivity to ganciclovir and aphidicolin but both C2254 and A2254 strains were more sensitive to aciclovir than the G2254 strain, based on viral load measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Alexis Pléau
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Alain Deslis
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Edouard Guitton
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3147-1919
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Dai SS, Zhou K. [Clinical effect of recombinant human interferon α1b adjuvant therapy in infectious mononucleosis: a prospective randomized controlled trial]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2020; 22:953-957. [PMID: 32933625 PMCID: PMC7499438 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2002204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical effect of recombinant human interferon α1b assisting acyclovir on immune function, inflammatory factors, and myocardial zymogram in children with infectious mononucleosis (IM). METHODS A total of 182 children with IM who were admitted to the hospital from January to December, 2018, were divided into an observation group with 91 children and a control group with 91 children using a random number table. The children in the control group were treated with intravenous drip of acyclovir, and those in the observation group were treated with inhalation of recombinant human interferon α1b in addition to the treatment in the control group. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical symptoms, immune function, inflammatory response, myocardial zymogram, and adverse reactions. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly shorter time to body temperature recovery and disappearance of isthmopyra, cervical lymph node enlargement, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly (P<0.05). After treatment, both groups had significant increases in CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and CD19+, and the observation group had significantly higher levels of these markers than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, both groups had significant reductions in the levels of CD8+, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-6, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB, and the treatment group had significantly lower levels of these markers than the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups after treatment (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS For children with IM, recombinant human interferon α1b assisting acyclovir can effectively improve immune function, inhibit inflammatory reaction, reduce myocardial injury, and thus alleviate clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Dai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China.
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40
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Mendes AF, Goncalves P, Serrano-Solis V, Silva PMD. Identification of candidate microRNAs from Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and their potential role in the infection of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Mol Immunol 2020; 126:153-164. [PMID: 32853878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oyster production is an economic activity of great interest worldwide. Recently, oysters have been suffering significant mortalities from OsHV-1infection, which has resulted in substantial economic loses in several countries around the world. Understanding viral pathogenicity mechanisms is of central importance for the establishment of disease control measures. Thus, the present work aimed to identify and characterize miRNAs from OsHV-1 as well as to predict their target transcripts in the virus and the host. OsHV-1 genome was used for the in silico discovery of pre-miRNAs. Subsequently, viral and host target transcripts of the OsHV-1 miRNAs were predicted according to the base pairing interaction between mature miRNAs and mRNA 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Six unique pre-miRNAs were found in different regions of the viral genome, ranging in length from 85 to 172 nucleotides. A complex network of self-regulation of viral gene expression mediated by the miRNAs was identified. These sequences also seem to have a broad ability to regulate the expression of host immune-related genes, especially those associated with pathogen recognition. Our results suggest that OsHV-1 encodes miRNAs with important functions in the infection process, inducing self-regulation of viral transcripts, as well as affecting the regulation of Pacific oyster transcripts related to immunity. Understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions can help mitigate the recurrent events of oyster mass mortalities by OsHV-1 observed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Félix Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Priscila Goncalves
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Victor Serrano-Solis
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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41
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Wang YQ, Zhao XY. Human Cytomegalovirus Primary Infection and Reactivation: Insights From Virion-Carried Molecules. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1511. [PMID: 32765441 PMCID: PMC7378892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus, is able to establish lifelong latency after initial infection. Periodical reactivation occurs after immunosuppression, remaining a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. HCMV has to reach a structural and functional balance with the host at its earliest entry. Virion-carried mediators are considered to play pivotal roles in viral adaptation into a new cellular environment upon entry. Additionally, one clear difference between primary infection and reactivation is the idea that virion-packaged factors are already formed such that those molecules can be used swiftly by the virus. In contrast, virion-carried mediators have to be transcribed and translated; thus, they are not readily available during reactivation. Hence, understanding virion-carried molecules helps to elucidate HCMV reactivation. In this article, the impact of virion-packaged molecules on viral structure, biological behavior, and viral life cycle will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,PKU-THU Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
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42
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Kappler-Gratias S, Bucher L, Desbois N, Rousselin Y, Bystricky K, Gros CP, Gallardo F. A 3- and A 2B-fluorocorroles: synthesis, X-ray characterization and antiviral activity evaluation against human cytomegalovirus infection. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:783-801. [PMID: 33479675 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine fluorinated corroles were prepared, spectroscopically characterized, and studied for their antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus infection. Six corroles were also fully characterized by X-ray crystallography giving insights on their geometrical features. The halogenated corroles reported herein exhibit significantly improved antiviral activity over their non-halogenated counterparts and over nitro-corrole analogs previously reported. Full activity of thirteen A3-corroles is achieved with four fluorine atoms present on the meso-phenyl ring reaching a selectivity index above 300. The maximum activity is achieved for A2B-corroles with selectivity indexes above 400. We thus demonstrate that the fluorocorrole is a highly potent platform to synthesize a new generation of anti hCMV molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Kappler-Gratias
- NeoVirTech , SAS , Institut des Technologies Avancées en sciences du Vivant (CNRS USR3505) , 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole , 31106 Toulouse , France .
| | - Léo Bucher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
| | - Nicolas Desbois
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
| | - Kerstin Bystricky
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI) , Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote (LBME) , University of Toulouse , UPS , CNRS , Route de Narbonne , F-31062 Toulouse , France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , France
| | - Claude P Gros
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
| | - Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech , SAS , Institut des Technologies Avancées en sciences du Vivant (CNRS USR3505) , 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole , 31106 Toulouse , France .
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43
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Liao YT, Lin SJ, Ko TP, Liu CY, Hsu KC, Wang HC. Structural insight into the differential interactions between the DNA mimic protein SAUGI and two gamma herpesvirus uracil-DNA glycosylases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:903-914. [PMID: 32502608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are conserved DNA-repair enzymes that can be found in many species, including herpesviruses. Since they play crucial roles for efficient viral DNA replication in herpesviruses, they have been considered as potential antiviral targets. In our previous work, Staphylococcus aureus SAUGI was identified as a DNA mimic protein that targets UDGs from S. aureus, human, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Interestingly, SAUGI has the strongest inhibitory effects with EBVUDG. Here, we determined complex structures of SAUGI with EBVUDG and another γ-herpesvirus UDG from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHVUDG), which SAUGI fails to effectively inhibit. Structural analysis of the SAUGI/EBVUDG complex suggests that the additional interaction between SAUGI and the leucine loop may explain why SAUGI shows the highest binding capacity with EBVUDG. In contrast, SAUGI appears to make only partial contacts with the key components responsible for the compression and stabilization of the DNA backbone in the leucine loop extension of KSHVUDG. The findings in this study provide a molecular explanation for the differential inhibitory effects and binding strengths that SAUGI has on these two UDGs, and the structural basis of the differences should be helpful in developing inhibitors that would interfere with viral DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Liao
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Yi Liu
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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44
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Bucher L, Kappler-Gratias S, Desbois N, Bystricky K, Gallardo F, Gros CP. A 3- and A 2B-nitrocorroles: synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation against human cytomegalovirus infection. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:771-782. [PMID: 33479674 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is responsible for several pathologies impacting immunocompromised patients and can trigger life-threatening infection. Several antivirals are available and are used in the clinic, but hCMV resistant strains have appeared and patients have encountered therapeutic failure. Hence, there is a constant need for new best in class or first in class antiviral molecules. We have previously shown that nitrocorroles could be used as a potent anti-hCMV agent without acute toxicity in mice. They therefore represent an excellent platform to perform structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and to increase efficiency or reduce toxicity. We have generated original A2B- and A3-substituted nitrocorroles and have discovered optimized compounds with selectivity indices above 200. These compounds are easily synthesized in only one to two-step reactions; they are up-scalable and cost efficient. They are therefore excellent candidates for hCMV therapies and they pave the way for a new generation of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Bucher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
| | | | - Nicolas Desbois
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
| | - Kerstin Bystricky
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI) , Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote (LBME) , University of Toulouse , UPS , CNRS , Route de Narbonne , F-31062 Toulouse , France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , France
| | - Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech , SAS , 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole , 31106 Toulouse , France .
| | - Claude P Gros
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB) , UMR CNRS 6302 , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , 21078 Dijon Cedex , France .
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45
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Hypersusceptibility of Human Cytomegalovirus to Foscarnet Induced by Mutations in Helices K and P of the Viral DNA Polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01910-19. [PMID: 32015044 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01910-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we phenotypically and enzymatically characterize the theoretical mutation Q579I in helix K and the already described clinical mutation K805Q in helix P of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase for susceptibility to foscarnet. Q579I and K805Q recombinant viruses were hypersusceptible to foscarnet (respective mean 50% effective concentrations [EC50] of 0.12- and 0.19-fold that of the wild type). Three-dimensional modeling analysis suggested that both mutations favor the closed conformation of the enzyme to which foscarnet binds with a higher affinity.
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46
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Michaelis M, Kleinschmidt MC, Bojkova D, Rabenau HF, Wass MN, Cinatl J. Omeprazole Increases the Efficacy of Acyclovir Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2790. [PMID: 31849920 PMCID: PMC6901432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Omeprazole was shown to improve the anti-cancer effects of the nucleoside analogue 5-fluorouracil. Here, we combined omeprazole with the antiviral nucleoside analogues ribavirin and acyclovir. Omeprazole did not affect the antiviral effects of ribavirin in non-toxic concentrations up to 80 μg/mL but increased the acyclovir-mediated effects on herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) replication in a dose-dependent manner. Omeprazole alone reduced HSV-1 and -2 titers [but not HSV-induced formation of cytopathogenic effects (CPE)] at concentrations ≥40 μg/mL. However, it exerted substantially stronger effects on acyclovir activity and also increased acyclovir activity at lower concentrations that did not directly interfere with HSV replication. Omeprazole 80 μg/mL caused a 10.8-fold (Vero cells) and 47.7-fold (HaCaT cells) decrease of the acyclovir concentrations that reduced HSV-1-induced CPE formation by 50% (IC50). In HSV-2-infected cells, omeprazole 80 μg/mL reduced the acyclovir IC50 by 7.3- (Vero cells) and 12.9-fold (HaCaT cells). In HaCaT cells, omeprazole 80 μg/mL reduced the HSV-1 titer in the presence of acyclovir 1 μg/mL by 1.6 × 105-fold and the HSV-2 titer in the presence of acyclovir 2 μg/mL by 9.2 × 103-fold. The proton pump inhibitors pantoprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and dexlansoprazole increased the antiviral effects of acyclovir in a similar fashion as omeprazole, indicating this to be a drug class effect. In conclusion, proton pump inhibitors increase the anti-HSV activity of acyclovir and are candidates for antiviral therapies in combination with acyclovir, in particular for topical preparations for the treatment of immunocompromised individuals who are more likely to suffer from severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Malte C Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger F Rabenau
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mark N Wass
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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47
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Trimpert J, Osterrieder N. Herpesvirus DNA Polymerase Mutants—How Important Is Faithful Genome Replication? CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Mechanisms Mediating Nuclear Trafficking Involved in Viral Propagation by DNA Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111035. [PMID: 31703327 PMCID: PMC6893576 DOI: 10.3390/v11111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical viral propagation involves sequential viral entry, uncoating, replication, gene transcription and protein synthesis, and virion assembly and release. Some viral proteins must be transported into host nucleus to facilitate viral propagation, which is essential for the production of mature virions. During the transport process, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) play an important role in guiding target proteins into nucleus through the nuclear pore. To date, some classical nuclear localization signals (cNLSs) and non-classical NLSs (ncNLSs) have been identified in a number of viral proteins. These proteins are involved in viral replication, expression regulation of viral genes and virion assembly. Moreover, other proteins are transported into nucleus with unknown mechanisms. This review highlights our current knowledge about the nuclear trafficking of cellular proteins associated with viral propagation.
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49
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Molecular Surveillance of EHV-1 Strains Circulating in France during and after the Major 2009 Outbreak in Normandy Involving Respiratory Infection, Neurological Disorder, and Abortion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100916. [PMID: 31590336 PMCID: PMC6832873 DOI: 10.3390/v11100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an Alphaherpesvirus infecting not only horses but also other equid and non-equid mammals. It can cause respiratory distress, stillbirth and neonatal death, abortion, and neurological disease. The different forms of disease induced by EHV-1 infection can have dramatic consequences on the equine industry, and thus the virus represents a great challenge for the equine and scientific community. This report describes the progress of a major EHV-1 outbreak that took place in Normandy in 2009, during which the three forms of disease were observed. A collection of EHV-1 strains isolated in France and Belgium from 2012 to 2018 were subsequently genetically analysed in order to characterise EHV-1 strain circulation. The open reading frame 30 (ORF30) non-neuropathogenic associated mutation A2254 was the most represented among 148 samples analysed in this study. ORF30 was also sequenced for 14 strains and compared to previously published sequences. Finally, a more global phylogenetic approach was performed based on a recently described Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) method. French and Belgian strains were clustered with known strains isolated in United Kingdom and Ireland, with no correlation between the phylogeny and the time of collection or location. This new MLST approach could be a tool to help understand epidemics in stud farms.
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50
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Hernández Durán A, Grünewald K, Topf M. Conserved Central Intraviral Protein Interactome of the Herpesviridae Family. mSystems 2019; 4:e00295-19. [PMID: 31575665 PMCID: PMC6774017 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00295-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are major driving forces behind the functional phenotypes of biological processes. As such, evolutionary footprints are reflected in system-level collections of protein-protein interactions (PPIs), i.e., protein interactomes. We conducted a comparative analysis of intraviral protein interactomes for representative species of each of the three subfamilies of herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus 1, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus), which are highly prevalent etiologic agents of important human diseases. The intraviral interactomes were reconstructed by combining experimentally supported and computationally predicted protein-protein interactions. Using cross-species network comparison, we then identified family-wise conserved interactions and protein complexes, which we defined as a herpesviral "central" intraviral protein interactome. A large number of widely accepted conserved herpesviral protein complexes are present in this central intraviral interactome, encouragingly supporting the biological coherence of our results. Importantly, these protein complexes represent most, if not all, of the essential steps required during a productive life cycle. Hence the central intraviral protein interactome could plausibly represent a minimal infectious interactome of the herpesvirus family across a variety of hosts. Our data, which have been integrated into our herpesvirus interactomics database, HVint2.0, could assist in creating comprehensive system-level computational models of this viral lineage.IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are an important socioeconomic burden for both humans and livestock. Throughout their long evolutionary history, individual herpesvirus species have developed remarkable host specificity, while collectively the Herpesviridae family has evolved to infect a large variety of eukaryotic hosts. The development of approaches to fight herpesvirus infections has been hampered by the complexity of herpesviruses' genomes, proteomes, and structural features. The data and insights generated by our study add to the understanding of the functional organization of herpesvirus-encoded proteins, specifically of family-wise conserved features defining essential components required for a productive infectious cycle across different hosts, which can contribute toward the conceptualization of antiherpetic infection strategies with an effect on a broader range of target species. All of the generated data have been made freely available through our HVint2.0 database, a dedicated resource of curated herpesvirus interactomics purposely created to promote and assist future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hernández Durán
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibnitz Institute of Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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