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Finger A, Ashash U, Goldenberg D, Raviv Z. Lessons Learnt on Infectious Bronchitis Virus Lineage GI-23. Avian Pathol 2024:1-50. [PMID: 39190026 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2398030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTInfectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first Coronavirus discovered in the world in the early 1930s and despite decades of extensive immunoprophylaxis efforts, it remains a major health concern to poultry producers worldwide. Rapid evolution due to large poultry population sizes coupled with high mutation and recombination events and the reliance of the antiviral immune response on specific antibodies against the epitopes of the S1 glycoprotein, render the control of IBV extremely challenging. The numerous and rapidly evolving genetic and antigenic IBV types are currently classified based on the whole S1 gene sequence, into 36 lineages clustered in 8 genotypes. Most lineages (29) are grouped in Genotype I (GI). "Variant 2" (Israel/Variant 2/1998) is the prototype strain of lineage GI-23 and since this lineage emergence during the mid-1990s in the Middle East, it has evolved into numerous genetically related strains and disseminated to 5 continents. The hallmarks of IBV Variant 2-like strain infections are high virulence and remarkable nephrotropism and nephropathogenicity, however the molecular mechanisms of these traits remain to be elucidated. Limited protection from previously utilized vaccine strains and accumulated losses to poultry producers have urged the development and implementation of homologous Variant 2-like vaccine strains. The latest Avian Coronavirus biology with specific emphasis on the cumulative knowledge about IBV "Variant 2" and related strains' emergence, characteristics and control are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Finger
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, 2 Ha'Negev st., Airport City, 7010000 Israel
| | - Udi Ashash
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, 2 Ha'Negev st., Airport City, 7010000 Israel
| | - Dana Goldenberg
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, 2 Ha'Negev st., Airport City, 7010000 Israel
| | - Ziv Raviv
- Poultry PathoScience Solutions, Inc., Plantation, FL, USA
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Al-Natour MQ, Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Abdelsabour MA, Afify AF, Madbouly YM, Munir M. Respiratory disease complex due to mixed viral infections in chicken in Jordan. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103565. [PMID: 38417340 PMCID: PMC10907842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of avian respiratory viruses highlights the need for effective surveillance programs and international collaboration to monitor viral circulation and implement timely control measures. In the current study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of avian respiratory viral infections in the poultry flocks in Jordan, focusing on the major viruses involved, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and evolution based on viroinformatics that will be helpful to improve the diagnostic methods, and control strategies including vaccines in the region. In this research, various poultry broiler groups in Jordan experiencing respiratory symptoms were tested for respiratory viral pathogens from January 2021 to February 2022. The mortality rates observed in the examined groups varied between 6% and 40%. The identified strains were authenticated using the RT-qPCR assay. Furthermore, they underwent in-depth characterisation through the sequencing of the complete spike (S1) gene for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and the haemagglutinin (HA) gene for avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2. Co-infection of IBV and AIV H9N2 viruses was detected through molecular analysis. The IBV strains showed affiliation with the variant groups GI-16 (3 strains) and GI-23 (9 strains) and exhibited numerous mutations. Meanwhile, H9N2 avian influenza viruses displayed various changes in amino acids within the HA gene, suggesting the influence of antibody-driven selection pressure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H9N2 viruses identified in this investigation shared close genetic ties with EG3 (3 strains) and the Middle East group (ME1; 8 strains). These strains have been recently found in Jordan and nearby countries in the Middle East. Moreover, their HA genes exhibited similarities to viruses belonging to the G1-like lineage. In conclusion, avian respiratory viral infections remain a significant concern for the poultry industry, requiring constant vigilance and proactive measures to minimise their impact. Continued surveillance, robust diagnostic methods, effective vaccines, and international cooperation are essential components of a comprehensive approach to combat avian respiratory viral infections (AI, IBV, ND and ILT 'viruses) and safeguard avian health and global poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Q Al-Natour
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Pathology & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdelsabour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Yahia M Madbouly
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
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Rafique S, Jabeen Z, Pervaiz T, Rashid F, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z. Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) review by continent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325346. [PMID: 38375362 PMCID: PMC10875066 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus responsible for substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide by causing a highly contagious respiratory disease. The virus can spread quickly through contact, contaminated equipment, aerosols, and personal-to-person contact. We highlight the prevalence and geographic distribution of all nine genotypes, as well as the relevant symptoms and economic impact, by extensively analyzing the current literature. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was performed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA-6), which provided insights into the global molecular diversity and evolution of IBV strains. This review highlights that IBV genotype I (GI) is prevalent worldwide because sporadic cases have been found on many continents. Conversely, GII was identified as a European strain that subsequently dispersed throughout Europe and South America. GIII and GV are predominant in Australia, with very few reports from Asia. GIV, GVIII, and GIX originate from North America. GIV was found to circulate in Asia, and GVII was identified in Europe and China. Geographically, the GVI-1 lineage is thought to be restricted to Asia. This review highlights that IBV still often arises in commercial chicken flocks despite immunization and biosecurity measures because of the ongoing introduction of novel IBV variants and inadequate cross-protection provided by the presently available vaccines. Consequently, IB consistently jeopardizes the ability of the poultry industry to grow and prosper. Identifying these domains will aid in discerning the pathogenicity and prevalence of IBV genotypes, potentially enhancing disease prevention and management tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zohra Jabeen
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Treeza Pervaiz
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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Trevisol IM, Caron L, Mores MAZ, Voss-Rech D, da Silva Zani G, Back A, Marchesi JAP, Esteves PA. Pathogenicity of GI-23 Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051200. [PMID: 37243283 DOI: 10.3390/v15051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IBV variants belonging to the GI-23 lineage have circulated since 1998 in the Middle East and have spread to several countries over time. In Brazil, the first report of GI-23 occurred in 2022. The study aimed to evaluate the in vivo pathogenicity of exotic variant GI-23 isolates. Biological samples were screening by real-time RT-PCR and classified in to GI-1 or G1-11 lineages. Interestingly, 47.77% were not classified in these lineages. Nine of the unclassified strains were sequenced and showed a high similarity to the GI-23 strain. All nine were isolated and three, were studied for pathogenicity. At necropsy, the main observations were the presence of mucus in the trachea and congestion in the tracheal mucosa. In addition, lesions on the tracheas showed marked ciliostasis, and the ciliary activity confirmed the high pathogenicity of isolates. This variant is highly pathogenic to the upper respiratory tract and can cause severe kidney lesions. This study confirm a circulation of GI-23 strain in the country and report, to first time, the isolation of an exotic variant of IBV in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel da Silva Zani
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Alberto Back
- MercoLab Laboratórios, Cascavel 85816-280, PR, Brazil
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Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Fernando FS, Filho TF, Martins NRDS, Lunge VR. Emergence and molecular characterization of the avian infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 in commercial broiler farms from South America. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3167-3172. [PMID: 36197069 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry. The spike protein (S1 subunit) is responsible for the molecular diversity of the virus and many genetic types, and lineages are described worldwide. IBV genetic type I-strain 23 (GI-23) has spread across different continents (including Asia, Europe and Africa), causing multiple outbreaks and severe economic losses throughout the poultry industry in the last decade. The present study aimed to report the emergence and molecular characterization of GI-23 in South Brazil, being detected for the first time in South America. Eighty-two broiler flocks presenting clinical suspicion of infectious bronchitis were selected for this study. Tracheal, renal and intestinal samples were collected for IBV detection and genotyping. A total of 57 flocks were positive for IBV by generic RT-qPCR targeting 5' untranslated region and 31 also tested positive for GI-11 by a specific RT-qPCR targeting S1 gene for this lineage. The remaining 26 IBV-positive samples were genotyped by partial and one by complete S1 gene/protein sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all of them clustered into a specific branch of the GI-23. S1 protein sequence analysis evidenced that all Brazilian GI-23 IBVs had the two characteristic amino acid substitutions A93T and S/H118P/L, but other changes were also observed, such as S37F (n = 21; 81%), G117S (n = 17, 65%), P122S (n = 16; 61%) and W71R (n = 9; 35%). This study brings new insights into the epidemiology of the IBV GI-23 in the world, highlighting its emergence and molecular characteristics in Brazil, South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tobias Fernandes Filho
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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de Wit JJS, Herdt PD, Cook JKA, Andreopoulou M, Jorna I, Koopman HCR. The inactivated Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) vaccine used as booster in layer hens influences the breadth of protection against challenge with IBV variants. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:244-256. [PMID: 35137663 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IBV vaccination is essential as an aid in protecting laying hens against IBV infectionLive priming is a beneficial part of the IBV vaccination programmeIBV inactivated vaccine improves IBV protectionHeterologous IBV protection is confirmed in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter De Herdt
- MSD Animal Health Belgium, Lynx Binnenhof 5, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jane K A Cook
- 138, Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambs., United Kingdom
| | | | | | - H C Rik Koopman
- MSD Animal Health/Intervet International BV, Boxmeer, 5831 AN Netherlands
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de Wit JJ, de Wit MK, Cook JKA. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types Affecting European Countries—A Review. Avian Dis 2021; 65:643-648. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. de Wit
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M. K. de Wit
- Demetris, Impact 14, 6921 RZ, Duiven, the Netherlands
| | - J. K. A Cook
- 138 Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 1XQ, United Kingdom
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Houta MH, Hassan KE, Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Abdel-Moneim AS, Cecchinato M, El-Sawah AA, Ali A, Franzo G. Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113182. [PMID: 34827914 PMCID: PMC8614413 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the main infectious agents affecting the avian industry. The remarkable evolutionary rate of this virus represents an often unsurmountable challenge to its control, leading to the emergence of different lineages featured by different biological properties and limited cross-protection. In the present study, the origin, spreading and evolution of GI-23, one of the most important IBV emerging lineages, has been reconstructed using a phylodynamic approach. To this purpose, the broadest available collection of complete and partial S1 sequences was downloaded from GenBank and merged with specifically sequenced European strains. After a likely ancient origin, GI-23 circulated undetected in the Middle East for a considerable time, thereafter emerging as a threat in parallel with the intensification of the poultry industry and its introduction in other countries. An intensive viral circulation affecting mainly neighbouring countries or those with strong economic and political relationships was demonstrated, even though some nations appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size, and potentially fitness, compared to previously circulating variants. Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Kareem E. Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia M. Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Azza A. El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.F.)
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Lisowska A, Pikuła A, Opolska J, Jasik A, Kycko A, Domańska-Blicharz K. Virulence Properties of GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Poland and Efficacy of Different Vaccination strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050522. [PMID: 33926018 PMCID: PMC8145137 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. IBV is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. Despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. In the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the GI-23 lineage of IBV (formerly known as Var2) started from Middle-Eastern countries and reached Europe in the last few years. Recently, the introduction and fast spread of Var2-like IBVs in Poland was reported. In this study, the virulence properties and efficacy of different vaccination programmes were evaluated against infection with the IBV GI-23 strain gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016. The pathogenicity of the Var2 isolate was conducted in one-day-old and three-week-old SPF chickens and showed that the course of the disease is age dependent. Seven vaccination programmes using Mass, 793B, QX alone or in combination, and Var2 live vaccines were tested against the GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. All groups were scored according to the ciliostasis test at 5 days post challenge. Two immunoprophylaxis strategies generated full protection against gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016 infection-Var2 and Mass used in one-day-old chickens boosted by a combination of the QX and 793B vaccine (both with a ciliostasis score of 0 and 100% protection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Anna Pikuła
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (K.D.-B.)
| | - Justyna Opolska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Agnieszka Jasik
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (K.D.-B.)
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Abozeid HH, Naguib MM. Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040204. [PMID: 33348570 PMCID: PMC7766096 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. In the last 20 years, IBV has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in Egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. Multiple IBV genotypes, namely, GI-1, GI-13, GI-16, and GI-23 have been reported in Egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. Different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread of the disease in Egypt. However, the virus continues to spread and evolve where multiple IBV variants and several recombination evidence have been described. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge concerning IBV circulation, genesis, and vaccination strategies in Egypt. In addition, we analyze representative Egyptian IBV strains from an evolutionary perspective based on available data of their S1 gene. We also provide insight into the importance of surveillance programs and share our perspectives for better control of IBV circulating in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanein H. Abozeid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Moharam I, Sultan H, Hassan K, Ibrahim M, Shany S, Shehata AA, Abo-ElKhair M, Pfaff F, Höper D, EL Kady M, Beer M, Harder T, Hafez H, Grund C. Emerging infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Egypt: Evidence for an evolutionary advantage of a new S1 variant with a unique gene 3ab constellation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104433. [PMID: 32622080 PMCID: PMC7327463 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a gamma-coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis (IB), a major respiratory disease of chicken. Its high mutation rate in conjunction with recombination of the RNA genome constantly creates IBV variants that are difficult to control by currently available vaccines. In this study, we addressed the question whether small-scale holdings might harbor IBV variants that serve as a reservoir for newly emerging variants. Egyptian IBV isolate EGY/NR725/2016 (NR725/16) from a small-scale broiler farm was assigned to genotype I, clade 23 (S1:GI-23), based on partial S1 gene sequences and corroborated by full genome sequencing. Analysis of the S1 gene established three subclades for historical IBV strains (S1:GI-23.1, S1:GI-23.2.1 and S1:GI-23.2.2) and confirmed NR725/16 as being part of a separate fourth subclade (S1:GI-23.3). Samples from the years 2018 and 2019 revealed that the new subclade prevails in Egypt, carrying fixed mutations within the hypervariable regions (HVR) 1-3 of the S1 protein that affect two neutralization sensitive epitopes at sites 294F, 297S and 306Y (48.2) and 329R (62.1). In addition, recombination was recognized in isolate NR 725/16, with intra-subtype mixing for the entire genes 3ab and E and inter-subtype mixing for the entire gene 6b with a close match to QX like viruses of genotype GI-19. Further analysis of gene 3ab detected the homologous gene pool to NR725/16 in samples from 2013 (3ab:C) and closely related 3ab genotypes in IBV Egyptian isolates from 2016, 2018 and 2019. These data prove a flourishing exchange between poultry holdings with a common gene pool. The continued circulation of viruses harboring genes S1:GI-23.3 and 3ab:C indicates an evolutionary advantage of this combination possibly by combining antigenic escape with modulated pathogenicity to facilitate IBV spread in the vaccinated poultry population in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Moharam
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany,Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, University of Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Hesham Sultan
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, University of Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt
| | - K. Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany,Department of Poultry Diseases, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, University of Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Salama Shany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, University of Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt
| | | | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Magdy EL Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Hafez Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Disease, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany.
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12
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Emergence of Avian coronavirus genotype GI-11 in Colombia. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:455-459. [PMID: 33104974 PMCID: PMC7586380 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronavirus (AvCoV/IBV) is a virus with high morbidity, which can cause respiratory, digestive, renal, and reproductive diseases in chickens. Molecular detection and sequencing are the main tool for identification and classification of AvCoV. Thirty-six samples were collected in three broiler farms from different regions in Colombia, due to mortality increase; ten samples were positive using RT-qPCR targeted to the 5′ UTR of AvCoV, and one sample was positive and had its partial S gene sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this strain belongs to the GI-11 lineage, similar to the Brazilian cluster. Several lineages have already been described in Colombia but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that GI-11 has been detected in this country, which suggests that this subtype may be more widespread in South America than previously thought.
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13
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Erfanmanesh A, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Nikaein D, Hosseini H, Mohajerfar T. Evaluation of inactivated vaccine of the variant 2 (IS-1494 /GI-23) genotype of avian infectious bronchitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101497. [PMID: 32505764 PMCID: PMC7260563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the cause of avian infectious bronchitis (IB). IB is one of the most highly contagious diseases, which results in many economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The nature of this virus is such that it generates new genotypes continuously. Proper vaccination is the most suitable way of combatting IB. One of the novel genotypes of IBV, which has been circulating in the Middle Eastern countries, is the variant 2 (IS-1494/GI-23) genotype. This study aims to design and produce an autogenous variant 2 vaccines. After isolation and characterization of the Iranian variant 2, the inactivated vaccine was formulated according to the OIE guidelines, and its different aspects (Purity, titration, inactivation, immunization) were evaluated. The designed vaccine passed all of OIE quality control standards. In the assessment process, the protection rate in the groups receiving the variant 2 and commercial vaccines was 67 % and 60 %, respectively. Although the differences were not significant, they indicated better protection, and the viral load in the feces and the kidney of the group receiving the variant 2 vaccine was lower than that in the commercial vaccine. It is suggested that the variant2 strain should be added as one of the local strains to the commercial inactivated vaccines in areas affected by this genotype. The use of this vaccine in layer and breeder flocks can help to protect them against variant 2 during the production phase. Also, the transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can provide strain-specific immunity for one-day-old chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- The Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Donya Nikaein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohajerfar
- The Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Abdelsabour MA, Mohamed MHA, El-Sabagh IM, Munir M. Evolutionary Analysis of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Reveals Marked Genetic Diversity and Recombination Events. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E605. [PMID: 32486006 PMCID: PMC7348897 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, frequent outbreaks of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are observed in both broiler and layer chicken flocks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in spite of extensive usage of vaccines. The IBV is a widespread avian coronavirus affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated chicken flocks and is attributed to significant economic losses, around the globe. In the present study, 58 (n = 58) samples were collected from four different commercial poultry flocks from 8 KSA districts during 2019. A total of nine positive isolates (9/58; 15.5%), based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene, were used for further genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis. Genetic characterization of the partial spike (S1) gene revealed the clustering of the reported isolates into three different genotypes, whereas four additional isolates were grouped within 4/91 genotype, two isolates within IS/885 genotype, one isolate was closely related to IS/1494/06, and two isolates were grouped within classic serotype (vaccine-like strains). Phylodynamic revealed clustering of four isolated viruses within GI-13 lineage, three isolates within GI-23 lineage, and two isolates within GI-1 lineage. Results indicate that there are high evolutionary distances between the newly identified IBV strains in this study and the commercially used vaccines (GI-1), suggesting that IBV strains circulating in the KSA are under constant evolutionary pressures. Selective pressure biostatistics analyses consistently demonstrate the presence of a higher positive score which highlights the role of natural selection, a mechanism of virus evolution on sites located on the protein surface, within or nearby domains involved in viral attachment or related functions. Recombination analysis revealed emergence of two isolates through recombination events resulting in new recombinant viruses. Taken together, these finding demonstrate the genetic and evolutionary insights into the currently circulating IBV genotypes in KSA, which could help to better understand the origin, spread, and evolution of infectious bronchitis viruses, and to ascertain the importance of disease monitoring as well as re-evaluation for the currently used vaccines and vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdelsabour
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
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15
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Ababneh M, Ababneh O, Al-Zghoul MB. High-resolution melting curve analysis for infectious bronchitis virus strain differentiation. Vet World 2020; 13:400-406. [PMID: 32367941 PMCID: PMC7183480 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.400-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Belonging to the Coronaviridae family, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory, reproductive, and renal diseases in poultry. Preventative measures lie mainly in vaccination, while the gold standard for IBV classification and differentiation is based on the sequence analysis of the spike 1 (S1) gene. In this study, we tested a new assay for IBV strain classification that is less expensive and requires reduced time and effort to perform. We carried out a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by high-resolution melting (qRT-PCR/HRM) curve analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, qRT-PCR was conducted on a partial fragment S1 gene followed by a high resolution melting curve analysis (qRT-PCR/HRM) on 23 IBV-positive samples in Jordan. For this assay, we utilized the most common IBV vaccine strains (Mass and 4/91) as a reference in the HRM assay. To evaluate the discrimination power of the qRT-PCR/HRM, we did the sequencing of the partial S1 gene. Results: It was shown that HRM was able to classify IBV samples into four clusters based on the degree of similarity between their melting points: The first cluster exhibited the highest similarity to the 4/91 strain, while the second was similar to the Mass-related IBV strain. Although the third cluster contained the highest number of samples, it displayed no similarity to any of the reference vaccine strains, and, after comparing them with the sequencing results, we found that the samples in the third cluster were similar to the variant II-like (IS-1494-06) IBV field strain. Finally, the fourth cluster comprised one unique sample that was found to belong to the Q1 IBV strain. Conclusion: Our developed qRT-PCR/HRM curve analysis was able to detect and rapidly identify novel and vaccine-related IBV strains as confirmed by S1 gene nucleotide sequences, making it a rapid and cost-effective tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ola Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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16
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Lisowska A, Sajewicz-Krukowska J. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus in Poland from 1980 to 2017. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104177. [PMID: 31917362 PMCID: PMC7173311 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was identified for the first time in the poultry population in Poland at the end of the 1960s. From this time a few waves of epidemics caused by different IBV variants spread across the country. In order to gain more insight into the molecular epidemiology of IBV in Poland, in the present study the S1 coding region of 34 IBV isolates and nearly whole genome of 10 strains collected over a period of 38 years was characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains belonged to five recently established IBV lineages: GI-1, GI-12, GI-13, GI-19 and GI-23. Additionally, two strains from 1989 and 1997 formed a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree categorized as unique early Polish variants, and one strain was revealed to be the recombinant of these and GI-1 lineage viruses. Irrespective of year of isolation and S1-dependent genotype, the genome sequences of Polish IBV strains showed the presence of six genes and 13 ORFs: 5'UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b-3'UTR, however their individual genes and putative proteins had different lengths. The phylogenetic analyses performed on the genome of ten Polish IBV strains revealed that they cluster into different groups. The Polish GI-1, GI-19 and GI-23 strains cluster with other similar viruses of these lineages, with the exception of the two strains from 1989 and 1997 which are different. It seems that in Poland in the 1980s and 1990s IBV strains with a unique genome backbone circulated in the field, which were then replaced by other strains belonging to other IBV lineages with a genome backbone specific to these lineages. The recombination analysis showed that some Polish strains resulted from a recombination event involving different IBV lineages, most frequently GI-13 and GI-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Domanska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Sajewicz-Krukowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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17
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Research Note: First evidence of infectious bronchitis virus Middle-East GI-23 lineage (Var2-like) in Germany. Poult Sci 2019; 99:797-800. [PMID: 32036979 PMCID: PMC7111731 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious bronchitis virus Middle-East GI-23 lineage (Var2-like) was observed on a German broiler farm, for the first time. The animals suffered from respiratory and nephropathogenic disease. Gross lesions observed during necropsy included tracheitis, aerosacculitis, and nephritis. Tracheal swabs were tested positive for infectious bronchitis virus Middle-East GI-23 lineage (Var2-like) by PCR. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the S1 spike protein showed close relationship to the commercially available vaccine TAbic IBVAR206 and polish isolates.
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18
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Legnardi M, Franzo G, Koutoulis KC, Wiśniewski M, Catelli E, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M. Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6388-6392. [PMID: 31399745 PMCID: PMC6870560 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), account for severe economic losses in the poultry industry. The continuous emergence of a multitude of IBV variants poses many challenges for its diagnosis and control, and live attenuated vaccines, despite their routine use, still plays a significant role in driving IBV evolution, further complicating the epidemiological scenario. Unfortunately, the impact of different vaccination strategies on IB control, epidemiology, and diagnosis has rarely been investigated. This work presents the results of a large-scale diagnostic survey performed in Poland to study IBV molecular epidemiology and how vaccination may affect the viral circulation in the field. To this purpose, 589 samples were collected between May 2017 and January 2019, tested by reverse transcription-PCR for IBV and sequenced. Vaccine and field strains were discriminated based on genetic and anamnestic information. The most commonly detected lineages were 793B (79%) and variant 2 (17.4%), with sporadic detections of QX, Mass, and D274-like strains. Most of the detected strains had a vaccine origin: 46.3% matched one of the applied vaccines, while 36.5% were genetically related to vaccines not implemented in the respective protocol. Besides their practical value for the proper planning of vaccination protocols in Poland, these results suggest that only a fraction (17.2%) of the circulating strains are field ones, imposing a careful assessment of the actual IBV field menaces. Moreover, phenomena like vaccine spreading and persistence seem to occur commonly, stressing the need to further study the epidemiological consequences of the extensive use of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Ceva Animal Health Polska Sp. z o.o., ul. Okrzei, 1A, 03–715 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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19
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Abozeid HH, Paldurai A, Varghese BP, Khattar SK, Afifi MA, Zouelfakkar S, El-Deeb AH, El-Kady MF, Samal SK. Development of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus variant strains circulating in Egypt. Vet Res 2019; 50:12. [PMID: 30744668 PMCID: PMC6371441 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a major disease problem for the poultry industry worldwide. The currently used live-attenuated vaccines have the tendency to mutate and/or recombine with circulating field strains resulting in the emergence of vaccine-derived variant viruses. In order to circumvent these issues, and to develop a vaccine that is more relevant to Egypt and its neighboring countries, a recombinant avirulent Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strain LaSota was constructed to express the codon-optimized S glycoprotein of the Egyptian IBV variant strain IBV/Ck/EG/CU/4/2014 belonging to GI-23 lineage, that is prevalent in Egypt and in the Middle East. A wild type and two modified versions of the IBV S protein were expressed individually by rNDV. A high level of S protein expression was detected in vitro by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. All rNDV-vectored IBV vaccine candidates were genetically stable, slightly attenuated and showed growth patterns comparable to that of parental rLaSota virus. Single-dose vaccination of 1-day-old SPF White Leghorn chicks with the rNDVs expressing IBV S protein provided significant protection against clinical disease after IBV challenge but did not show reduction in tracheal viral shedding. Single-dose vaccination also provided complete protection against virulent NDV challenge. However, prime-boost vaccination using rNDV expressing the wild type IBV S protein provided better protection, after IBV challenge, against clinical signs and significantly reduced tracheal viral shedding. These results indicate that the NDV-vectored IBV vaccines are promising bivalent vaccine candidates to control both infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanein H Abozeid
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anandan Paldurai
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sunil K Khattar
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Manal A Afifi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman H El-Deeb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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20
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Bianco A, Berto G, Ramon G, Paulet P, Koutoulis KC, Cecchinato M. Infectious bronchitis virus gel vaccination: evaluation of Mass-like (B-48) and 793/B-like (1/96) vaccine kinetics after combined administration at 1 day of age. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3501-3509. [PMID: 29897603 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) control has a strong impact on poultry farming, because of the necessary epidemiological knowledge for planning the best strategy, the optimal strain association, the priming and boosting interventions. Broiler farming is even more problematic given the short and intense productive cycle, which requires an early onset of protection against most of the infectious threats, possibly with limited respiratory post-vaccination reactions that would have a direct impact on the bird health and productivity. For this purpose, gel vaccination has been proposed as a new approach for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) control and vaccine intake, kinetics and compatibility of combined strains administered by gel have been analyzed in this study. After gel vaccination with single and combined 1/96 and B-48 strains on 4 groups of commercial broilers, a 21-d-long experimental trial has been conducted to monitor the vaccine safety by clinical assessment and vaccine kinetics by strain-specific real-time RT-PCR on choanal cleft swabs. The vaccine strains administered by gel were safe and negligible respiratory signs were detected, even when combined. Vaccine titers were compared among groups and within the same group among a 10-bird pooled sample and 10 swabs from individually sampled birds. 1/96 strain early reached high titers in all animals, while B-48 presence was less constant even though it was detected in almost all birds before the trial end. The individual and pooled sample comparison revealed a partial overestimation of vaccine titers in the pooled samples and the loss of the prevalence data, although the trend portrayed by the pooled swabs closely followed the individual ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alice Bianco
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- Ceva Salute Animale, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Gema Ramon
- Ceva Santé Animale, 33500 Libourne, France
| | | | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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21
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Miłek J, Blicharz-Domańska K. Coronaviruses in Avian Species - Review with Focus on Epidemiology and Diagnosis in Wild Birds. J Vet Res 2018; 62:249-255. [PMID: 30584600 PMCID: PMC6296008 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome, which continuously circulate in mammals and birds and pose a threat to livestock, companion animals, and humans. CoVs harboured by avian species are classified to the genera gamma- and deltacoronaviruses. Within the gamma-CoVs the main representative is avian coronavirus, a taxonomic name which includes the highly contagious infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) in chickens and similar viruses infecting other domestic birds such as turkeys, guinea fowls, or quails. Additionally, IBVs have been detected in healthy wild birds, demonstrating that they may act as the vector between domestic and free-living birds. Moreover, CoVs other than IBVs, are identified in wild birds, which suggests that wild birds play a key role in the epidemiology of other gammaCoVs and deltaCoVs. Development of molecular techniques has significantly improved knowledge of the prevalence of CoVs in avian species. The methods adopted in monitoring studies of CoVs in different avian species are mainly based on detection of conservative regions within the viral replicase, nucleocapsid genes, and 3'UTR or 5'UTR. The purpose of this review is to summarise recent discoveries in the areas of epidemiology and diagnosis of CoVs in avian species and to understand the role of wild birds in the virus distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Miłek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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22
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Mousavi FS, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Hosseini H, Nayeri Fasaei B, Ghafouri SA, Abdollahi H, Fallah-Mehrabadi MH, Sadri N. Complete genome analysis of Iranian IS-1494 like avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virusdisease 2018; 29:390-394. [PMID: 30159377 PMCID: PMC6111945 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain IS-1494 like (variant-2; GI-23) was first isolated in the Middle East (1998). Despite intensive vaccinations, IS-1494 like IBVs are still circulating in Iran (the dominant genotype) and spread to other countries. Here, the full-length genome of this Iranian IS-1494 like IBV was (Mahed) determined to understand its evolutionary relationships. The genome consists of 27,652 nucleotides, with mutations in most of the structural genes. Thirteen open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in the Mahed isolate (5' UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b-3' UTR). ORFs 4b, 4c, and 6b, which has rarely been reported, were present in the Mahed genome. According to phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome, 1a, S2, M, E, N protein, Mahed isolate clustered with the QX type strain. Based on the partial 1b, S1, Mahed clustered with the Q1 strain. The full-length genome of Mahed isolate shared the highest sequence homology with Gray and JMK (90.06-90.07%) and was least related to the Vic-s (86.21%). These data show that evolutionary variation because of recombination in IBV plays a major role in the adaptation and origin of IBV leading to new genetic and types of the virus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Mousavi
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Bahar Nayeri Fasaei
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Hosein Fallah-Mehrabadi
- 4Department of Poultry Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Sadri
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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