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Zheng J, Li N, Li X, Han Y, Lv X, Zhang H, Ren L. The Nuclear Localization Signal of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Affects the Subcellular Localization of the Virus Capsid and the Production of Virus-like Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2459. [PMID: 38473709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a newly identified virus belonging to PCV of the Circoviridae family, the Circovirus genus. We previously found that PCV4 is pathogenic in vitro, while the virus's replication in cells is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the N-terminal of the PCV4 capsid (Cap) and identified an NLS at amino acid residues 4-37 of the N-terminus of the PCV4 Cap, 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRRRGLWPRASRRRYRWRRKN37. The NLS was further divided into two fragments (NLS-A and NLS-B) based on the predicted structure, including two α-helixes, which were located at 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRR19 and 24PRASRRRYRWRRK36, respectively. Further studies showed that the NLS, especially the first α-helixes formed by the NLS-A fragment, determined the nuclear localization of the Cap protein, and the amino acid 4RSRY7 in the NLS of the PCV4 Cap was the critical motif affecting the VLP packaging. These results will provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the infection mechanism of PCV4 and developing subunit vaccines based on VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yaqi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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2
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Lv C, Yang J, Zhao L, Zou Z, Kang C, Zhang Q, Wu C, Yang L, Cheng C, Zhao Y, Liao Q, Hu X, Li C, Sun X, Jin M. Bacillus subtilis partially inhibits African swine fever virus infection in vivo and in vitro based on its metabolites arctiin and genistein interfering with the function of viral topoisomerase II. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071923. [PMID: 37929962 PMCID: PMC10688316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00719-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly fatal swine disease that severely affects the pig industry. Although ASFV has been prevalent for more than 100 years, effective vaccines or antiviral strategies are still lacking. In this study, we identified four Bacillus subtilis strains that inhibited ASFV proliferation in vitro. Pigs fed with liquid biologics or powders derived from four B. subtilis strains mixed with pellet feed showed reduced morbidity and mortality when challenged with ASFV. Further analysis showed that the antiviral activity of B. subtilis was based on its metabolites arctiin and genistein interfering with the function of viral topoisomerase II. Our findings offer a promising new strategy for the prevention and control of ASFV that may significantly alleviate the economic losses in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuxing Cheng
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Liao
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Wang Y, Qin P, Zhao C, Li Y, Li S, Fan F, Li D, Huang H, Duan H, Yang X, Du W, Li Y. Evaluating anti-viral effect of Ivermectin on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and analyzing the related genes and signaling pathway by RNA-seq in vitro. Virology 2023; 587:109877. [PMID: 37688922 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there remains no effective drugs for PEDV infection. Ivermectin is an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug used to treat worm infections. In this study, we reported the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Ivermectin in vitro. Ivermectin can inhibit PEDV infections of different genotypes. Avermectin derivatives can also inhibit PEDV infections. A time of addition assay showed that Ivermectin exhibited potent anti-PEDV activity when added simultaneously with or post virus infection. Furthermore, Ivermectin significantly inhibited the late stage of viral infection by affecting viral release. RNA sequencing indicates Ivermectin induces cell cycle arrest, which may be related to its ability to inhibit viral release. Interestingly, when combined with Niclosamide, Ivermectin demonstrated an enhanced anti-PEDV effect. These findings highlight Ivermectin as a novel antiviral agent with potential for the development of drugs against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Fangfang Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Huimin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, 6 Long-zi-hu Street, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CL, the Netherlands.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CL, the Netherlands.
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4
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Maity HK, Samanta K, Deb R, Gupta VK. Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Infection: Recent Insights and Its Significance in the Piggery Sector. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1308. [PMID: 37631876 PMCID: PMC10457769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes (a-i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik Samanta
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
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5
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Alvisi G, Manaresi E, Cross EM, Hoad M, Akbari N, Pavan S, Ariawan D, Bua G, Petersen GF, Forwood J, Gallinella G. Importin α/β-dependent nuclear transport of human parvovirus B19 nonstructural protein 1 is essential for viral replication. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105588. [PMID: 36990397 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a major human pathogen causing a variety of diseases, characterized by a selective tropism to human progenitor cells in bone marrow. In similar fashion to all Parvoviridae members, the B19V ssDNA genome is replicated within the nucleus of infected cells through a process which involves both cellular and viral proteins. Among the latter, a crucial role is played by non-structural protein (NS)1, a multifunctional protein involved in genome replication and transcription, as well as modulation of host gene expression and function. Despite the localization of NS1 within the host cell nucleus during infection, little is known regarding the mechanism of its nuclear transport pathway. In this study we undertake structural, biophysical, and cellular approaches to characterize this process. Quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), gel mobility shift, fluorescence polarization and crystallographic analysis identified a short sequence of amino acids (GACHAKKPRIT-182) as the classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) responsible for nuclear import, mediated in an energy and importin (IMP) α/β-dependent fashion. Structure-guided mutagenesis of key residue K177 strongly impaired IMPα binding, nuclear import, and viral gene expression in a minigenome system. Further, treatment with ivermectin, an antiparasitic drug interfering with the IMPα/β dependent nuclear import pathway, inhibited NS1 nuclear accumulation and viral replication in infected UT7/Epo-S1 cells. Thus, NS1 nuclear transport is a potential target of therapeutic intervention against B19V induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Manaresi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emily M Cross
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Mikayla Hoad
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Nasim Akbari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Pavan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Daryl Ariawan
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Gloria Bua
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gayle F Petersen
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Nabi-Afjadi M, Mohebi F, Zalpoor H, Aziziyan F, Akbari A, Moradi-Sardareh H, Bahreini E, Moeini AM, Effatpanah H. A cellular and molecular biology-based update for ivermectin against COVID-19: is it effective or non-effective? Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:21-35. [PMID: 36609716 PMCID: PMC9823263 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite community vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reduced mortality, there are still challenges in treatment options for the disease. Due to the continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the emergence of new strains, diversity in the use of existing antiviral drugs to combat the epidemic has become a crucial therapeutic chance. As a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antiviral drug, ivermectin has traditionally been used to treat many types of disease, including DNA and RNA viral infections. Even so, based on currently available data, it is still controversial that ivermectin can be used as one of the effective antiviral agents to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or not. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on ivermectin, including its safety and efficacy, as well as its adverse effects in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohebi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozghan Health Institute, Hormozghan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mansour Moeini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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7
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Du Q, Shi T, Wang H, Zhu C, Yang N, Tong D, Huang Y. The ultrasonically treated nanoliposomes containing PCV2 DNA vaccine expressing gC1qR binding site mutant Cap is efficient in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1077026. [PMID: 36713188 PMCID: PMC9874303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1077026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, vaccines are broadly used to prevent porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection-induced expenditures, but the virus is still spreading among pigs. The current PCV2 vaccines all rely on the immunogenicity of Cap, yet our previous studies found that Cap is also the major component mediating the PCV2 infection-induced immune suppression through its interaction with host gC1qR. Thereby, new vaccines are still necessary for PCV2 prevention and control. In this study, we constructed a new PCV2 DNA vaccine expressing the gC1qR binding site mutant Cap. We introduced the Intron A and WPRE elements into the vector to improve the Cap expression level, and fused the IL-2 secretory signal peptides to the N-terminal of Cap to mediate the secretion of Cap. We also screened and selected chemokines CXCL12, CCL22, and CCL25 to migrate dendritic cells. In addition, we contained the vectors with PEI and then ultrasonic them into nano size to enhance the entrance of the vectors. Finally, the animal experiments showed that the new PCV2 DNA vaccine expressing the gC1qR binding site mutant Cap could induce stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than the PCV2 DNA vaccine expressing the wild-type Cap and the non-ultrasonic treated PCV2 DNA vaccine in mice, and protect the mice from PCV2 infection and lung lesions. The results indicate the new PCV2 DNA vaccine expressing the gC1qR binding site mutant Cap has a certain development value, and provide new insight into the development of novel PCV2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China
| | - Tengfei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China
| | - Huaxin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China
| | - Changlei Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China,*Correspondence: Dewen Tong,
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, China,Yong Huang,
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8
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Lv C, Yang J, Zhao L, Wu C, Kang C, Zhang Q, Sun X, Chen X, Zou Z, Jin M. Infection Characteristics and Transcriptomics of African Swine Fever Virus in Bama Minipigs. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0383422. [PMID: 36445132 PMCID: PMC9769931 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03834-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments on African swine fever virus (ASFV) are vital to the study of ASFV; however, ASFV can only infect pigs, and animal experiments need to be performed in animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) laboratories, meaning that many small ABSL-3 laboratories are unable to carry out in vivo ASFV experiments. Therefore, miniaturized experimental animals for ASFV infection are urgently needed. Here, we successfully isolated genotype II of ASFV SY-1 from wild boars and evaluated ASFV-infected Bama minipigs in a negative-pressure isolator of a small ABSL-3 laboratory. The pathological changes of ASFV-infected Bama minipigs were consistent with characteristic lesions of ASFV-infected domestic pigs and wild boars. All pigs died 5 to 14 days postinfection (dpi) through intramuscular injection. Viral genomic DNA from nasal, oral, and rectal swab samples was first detectable at 2 to 4 dpi. The common differentially expressed genes were clustered in the immune-related, metabolic, and inflammatory response pathways from the spleen and inguinal lymph node samples comparing infected to mock. In summary, these results demonstrated that the Bama minipig was an appropriate model for ASFV infection in small ABSL-3 laboratories that can accelerate the research of vaccines and antiviral drugs and uncover pathogenic mechanisms of ASFV infection. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) can only infect pigs rather than other animals. However, the domestic pigs cannot be kept in small ABSL-3 laboratories for a long time due to the characteristics of rapid growth and large size, which hinder ASFV research, including research of vaccines, antiviral drugs, and mechanisms. In contrast, Bama minipigs have unique advantages consisting of low growth and small size. In the research, Bama minipigs were used to evaluate the characteristics of ASFV infection in small ABSL-3 laboratories. The pathological changes, viral shedding, and gene regulation were consistent with those of domestic pigs infected with ASFV. Therefore, Bama minipigs can be a suitable model for ASFV infection in small ABSL-3 laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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9
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Wald ME, Claus C, Konrath A, Nieper H, Muluneh A, Schmidt V, Vahlenkamp TW, Sieg M. Ivermectin Inhibits the Replication of Usutu Virus In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081641. [PMID: 36016263 PMCID: PMC9413757 DOI: 10.3390/v14081641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Similar to the closely related West Nile virus (WNV), USUV infections are capable of causing mass mortality in wild and captive birds, especially blackbirds. In the last few years, a massive spread of USUV was present in the avian population of Germany and other European countries. To date, no specific antiviral therapies are available. Nine different approved drugs were tested for their antiviral effects on the replication of USUV in vitro in a screening assay. Ivermectin was identified as a potent inhibitor of USUV replication in three cell types from different species, such as simian Vero CCL-81, human A549 and avian TME R. A 2- to 7-log10 reduction of the viral titer in the supernatant was detected at a non-cytotoxic concentration of 5 µM ivermectin dependent on the applied cell line. IC50 values of ivermectin against USUV lineage Africa 3 was found to be 0.55 µM in Vero CCL-81, 1.94 µM in A549 and 1.38 µM in TME-R cells. The antiviral efficacy was comparable between the USUV lineages Africa 2, Africa 3 and Europe 3. These findings show that ivermectin may be a candidate for further experimental and clinical studies addressing the treatment of USUV disease, especially in captive birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabeth Wald
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.E.W.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Andrea Konrath
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, 01099 Dresden, Germany; (A.K.); (H.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hermann Nieper
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, 01099 Dresden, Germany; (A.K.); (H.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, 01099 Dresden, Germany; (A.K.); (H.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Thomas Wilhelm Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.E.W.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Alghamdi HA, Al-Zharani M, Aljarba NH, Alghamdi AA, Alghamdi AA, Aldahmash BA, Elnagar DM, Alkahtani S. Efficacy of ivermectin against colon cancer induced by dimethylhydrazine in male wistar rats. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1273-1282. [PMID: 36249943 PMCID: PMC9563063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is a common form of cancer worldwide. According to growing incidence of cancer and little information about the possible protective role of Ivermectin (IVM) on colon cancer, this study aimed to investigate the chemoprotective role of IVM against colon cancer induced by Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in Male Wistar Rats. Based on LD50, three doses of IVM (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) were applied before assayingthe antioxidant status, apoptotic markers, and microscopic analysis. Our result showed that glutathione (GSH) level was significantly increased in low dose of IVM-treated rats. Hight levels of oxidative stress and tissue damage consumed GSH and catalase (CAT), and dismutase (SOD) as indicated by significant drop in the treated groups. mRNA levels of Bax and caspase-3 were upregulated in rats treated with the high dose. Contrastingly, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly downregulated with high dose. Changes in genes expression proved that IVM triggered apoptosis in treated groups compared to untreated control group. Microscopic analysis showed that rats treated with DMH exhibited high development of colorectal tumor. After induction of colorectal tumor, medium and high dose of DMH induced reduction in medullary carcinoma with great incidence of lymphoid nodules and desmoplastic reaction. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of IVM as an anticancer drug against colon cancer in male Wistar rats.
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11
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Koçak B, İpek Y. Electrochemical Detection of Ivermectin Used for the Treatment of COVID-19 with Glutardialdehyde-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022; 13:108-115. [PMID: 35003379 PMCID: PMC8728705 DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the surface of the glassy carbon electrode was modified with glutardialdehyde. The modified glassy carbon electrode showed electrocatalytic activity against ivermectin. The glassy carbon electrode modified with glutardialdehyde showed high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability in the determination of ivermectin. The peak current of glutardialdehyde oxidation obtained by differential pulse voltammetry decreased inversely with the ivermectin concentration. Ivermectin inhibited the oxidation reaction of glutardialdehyde and caused a decrease in current. This change made the analysis of ivermectin electrochemically possible. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method in real samples, recovery studies were carried out in tap water and urine. The highest sensitivity (0.45 µA/((µmol·L-1)(cm2))) was achieved with urine sample and the lowest detection limit as 2.66 × 10-6 mol·L-1 was obtained with BRT solution sample. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Koçak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technologies, Vocational School of Tunceli, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey
- Rare Earth Elements Research and Application Center, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Yeliz İpek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technologies, Vocational School of Tunceli, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey
- Rare Earth Elements Research and Application Center, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey
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12
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Inhibition of bovine and ovine capripoxviruses (Lumpy skin disease virus and Sheeppox virus) by ivermectin occurs at different stages of propagation in vitro. Virus Res 2022; 310:198671. [PMID: 34986368 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capripoxvirus diseases are listed as reportable diseases by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and sheeppox virus (SPPV), which can only be distinguished by molecular analysis, cause moderately, severe, or sometimes fatal infections in cattle and sheep. Even though vaccines are the most effective way to control the infection, their effectiveness may decrease in some cases. Therefore, it is significant to explore antiviral drugs against these diseases along with the vaccine. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral efficiency of ivermectin (IVM) at different stages of in vitro replication of LSDV and SPPV. For this purpose, viral titers (TCID50/mL) of the viruses not treated with IVM (0.0 μM) and treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of IVM (1.0 and 2.5 μM) were compared during a nine-day (216 h) post-infection period by viral titration assay. At 2.5 μM concentrations of IVM, the mean viral titer was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by approximately three logs for the replication stage of LSDV and SPPV. To evaluate the antiviral activity of IVM against LSDV and SPPV by treatment at the virus attachment and penetration stages, the titers of the virus either untreated or treated with 2,5 μM IVM were compared by virus titration assay. The number of infectious virions for LSDV and SPPV were decreased by 99.82% and 99.87% at the viral replication stage, 68.38% and 25.01% at the attachment stage, and 57.83% and 0.0% at the penetration stage, respectively. It was determined that ivermectin is statistically more effective on LSDV than SPPV at the virus attachment and penetration stages (P<0.05). This study found that the drug IVM can inhibit capripoxviruses, including LSDV and SPPV at various stages of the propagation. Moreover, this research predicted the in vitro antiviral ability of IVM against capripoxvirus infections for the first time.
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13
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Li S, Wang B, Jiang S, Lan X, Qiao Y, Nie J, Yin Y, Shi Y, Kong W, Shan Y. Expression and evaluation of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus 8. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e8. [PMID: 33522160 PMCID: PMC7850785 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important infectious pathogen implicated in porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD), which has caused significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Objectives A suitable viral vector-mediated gene transfer platform for the expression of the capsid protein (Cap) is an attractive strategy. Methods In the present study, a recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 (rAAV8) vector was constructed to encode Cap (Cap-rAAV) in vitro and in vivo after gene transfer. Results The obtained results showed that Cap could be expressed in HEK293T cells and BABL/c mice. The results of lymphocytes proliferative, as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) 2a and interferon-γ showed strong cellular immune responses induced by Cap-rAAV. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers obtained and the IgG1 and interleukin-4 levels showed that humoral immune responses were also induced by Cap-rAAV. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the rAAV8 vaccine Cap-rAAV can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses, indicating a potential rAAV8 vaccine against PCV2. Conclusions The injection of rAAV8 encoding PCV2 Cap genes into muscle tissue can ensure long-term, continuous, and systemic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaohui Lan
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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14
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Elalfy H, Besheer T, El-Mesery A, El-Gilany AH, Soliman MAA, Alhawarey A, Alegezy M, Elhadidy T, Hewidy AA, Zaghloul H, Neamatallah MAM, Raafat D, El-Emshaty WM, Abo El Kheir NY, El-Bendary M. Effect of a combination of nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and ivermectin plus zinc supplement (MANS.NRIZ study) on the clearance of mild COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3176-3183. [PMID: 33590901 PMCID: PMC8014583 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This trial compared the rate and time of viral clearance in subjects receiving a combination of nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and ivermectin plus Zinc versus those receiving supportive treatment. This non-randomized controlled trial included 62 patients on the triple combination treatment versus 51 age- and sex-matched patients on routine supportive treatment. all of them confirmed cases by positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of a nasopharyngeal swab. Trial results showed that the clearance rates were 0% and 58.1% on the 7th day and 13.7% and 73.1% on the 15th day in the supportive treatment and combined antiviral groups, respectively. The cumulative clearance rates on the 15th day are 13.7% and 88.7% in the supportive treatment and combined antiviral groups, respectively. This trial concluded by stating that the combined use of nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and ivermectin plus zinc supplement effectively cleared the SARS-COV2 from the nasopharynx in a shorter time than symptomatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Elalfy
- Tropical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tarek Besheer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mesery
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hady El-Gilany
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Alhawarey
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alegezy
- Tropical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Asem A Hewidy
- Chest Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hossam Zaghloul
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Douaa Raafat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M El-Emshaty
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nermin Y Abo El Kheir
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Bendary
- Tropical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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15
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Yesilbag K, Toker EB, Ates O. Ivermectin also inhibits the replication of bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV) in vitro. Virus Res 2021; 297:198384. [PMID: 33713753 PMCID: PMC7944862 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is an important viral infection that causes huge economic losses in cattle herds worldwide. However, there is no directly effective antiviral drug application against respiratory viral pathogens; generally, the metaphylactic antibacterial drug applications are used for BRD. Ivermectin (IVM) is currently used as a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent both for veterinary and human medicine on some occasions. Moreover, since it is identified as an inhibitor for importin α/β-mediated nuclear localization signal (NLS), IVM is also reported to have antiviral potential against several RNA and DNA viruses. Since therapeutic use of IVM in COVID-19 cases has recently been postulated, the potential antiviral activity of IVM against bovine respiratory viruses including BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV are evaluated in this study. For these purposes, virus titration assay was used to evaluate titers in viral harvest from infected cells treated with non-cytotoxic IVM concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5 μM) and compared to titers from non-treated infected cells. This study indicated that IVM inhibits the replication of BCoV, BVDV, BRSV, BPIV-3 and BoHV-1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro as well as number of extracellular infectious virions. In addition, it was demonstrated that IVM has no clear effect on the attachment and penetration steps of the replication of the studied viruses. Finally, this study shows for the first time that IVM can inhibit infection of BRD-related viral agents namely BCoV, BPIV-3, BVDV, BRSV and BoHV-1 at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μM. Consequently, IVM, which is licensed for antiparasitic indications, also deserves to be evaluated as a broad-spectrum antiviral in BRD cases caused by viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yesilbag
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Eda Baldan Toker
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Ozer Ates
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
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16
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Kinobe RT, Owens L. A systematic review of experimental evidence for antiviral effects of ivermectin and an in silico analysis of ivermectin's possible mode of action against SARS-CoV-2. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:260-276. [PMID: 33427370 PMCID: PMC8013482 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections remain a major cause of economic loss with an unmet need for novel therapeutic agents. Ivermectin is a putative antiviral compound; the proposed mechanism is the inhibition of nuclear translocation of viral proteins, facilitated by mammalian host importins, a necessary process for propagation of infections. We systematically reviewed the evidence for the applicability of ivermectin against viral infections including SARS‐CoV‐2 regarding efficacy, mechanisms and selective toxicity. The SARS‐CoV‐2 genome was mined to determine potential nuclear location signals for ivermectin and meta‐analyses for in vivo studies included all comparators over time, dose range and viral replication in multiple organs. Ivermectin inhibited the replication of many viruses including those in Flaviviridae, Circoviridae and Coronaviridae families in vitro. Real and mock nuclear location signals were identified in SARS‐CoV‐2, a potential target for ivermectin and predicting a sequestration bait for importin β, stopping infected cells from reaching a virus‐resistant state. While pharmacokinetic evaluations indicate that ivermectin could be toxic if applied based on in vitro studies, inhibition of viral replication in vivo was shown for Porcine circovirus in piglets and Suid herpesvirus in mice. Overall standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for ivermectin versus controls were −4.43 (−5.81, −3.04), p < 0.00001. Based on current results, the potential for repurposing ivermectin as an antiviral agent is promising. However, further work is needed to reconcile in vitro studies with clinical efficacy. Developing ivermectin as an additional antiviral agent should be pursued with an emphasis on pre‐clinical trials in validated models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Leigh Owens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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17
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Ma X, Lv C, Wang Q, Li C, Wang P, Luo C, Wu Y, Wei T, Liu S, Adam FEA, Yang Z, Wang X. C1QBP inhibits proliferation of porcine circovirus type 2 by restricting nuclear import of the capsid protein. Arch Virol 2021; 166:767-778. [PMID: 33420816 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1QBP) has been shown to interact with the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein. Here, using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and co-immunoprecipitation assays, as well as laser confocal microscopy, the interaction between C1QBP and Cap was confirmed. Furthermore, overexpression of C1QBP in cells altered the intracellular location of Cap, which was observed using confocal microscopy and verified by detection of Cap in nuclear protein extracts in a Western blot assay. By inhibiting nuclear transport of Cap, overexpression of C1QBP downregulated PCV2 proliferation in PK-15 cells, as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). As C1QBP plays a similar role in a fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the Cap nuclear localisation signal (NLS) sequence, (CapNLS-GFP), we propose that the target site for C1QBP in Cap is possibly located in the NLS region. Considering all the results together, this study demonstrated that C1QBP interacts with the Cap NLS region, resulting in changes in the intracellular localisation of the Cap protein. We confirmed that overexpression of C1QBP inhibits the proliferation of PCV2, and this is possibly related to the function of C1QBP in controlling nuclear transport of Cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Formiga FR, Leblanc R, de Souza Rebouças J, Farias LP, de Oliveira RN, Pena L. Ivermectin: an award-winning drug with expected antiviral activity against COVID-19. J Control Release 2020; 329:758-761. [PMID: 33038449 PMCID: PMC7539925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with demonstrated antiviral activity against a number of DNA and RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite this promise, the antiviral activity of ivermectin has not been consistently proven in vivo. While ivermectin's activity against SARS-CoV-2 is currently under investigation in patients, insufficient emphasis has been placed on formulation challenges. Here, we discuss challenges surrounding the use of ivermectin in the context of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and how novel formulations employing micro- and nanotechnologies may address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rocha Formiga
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Roger Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Leonardo Paiva Farias
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Bioactive Compounds Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
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19
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Heidary F, Gharebaghi R. Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:593-602. [PMID: 32533071 PMCID: PMC7290143 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin proposes many potentials effects to treat a range of diseases, with its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties as a wonder drug. It is highly effective against many microorganisms including some viruses. In this comprehensive systematic review, antiviral effects of ivermectin are summarized including in vitro and in vivo studies over the past 50 years. Several studies reported antiviral effects of ivermectin on RNA viruses such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Hendra, Newcastle, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Avian influenza A, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Furthermore, there are some studies showing antiviral effects of ivermectin against DNA viruses such as Equine herpes type 1, BK polyomavirus, pseudorabies, porcine circovirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 1. Ivermectin plays a role in several biological mechanisms, therefore it could serve as a potential candidate in the treatment of a wide range of viruses including COVID-19 as well as other types of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. In vivo studies of animal models revealed a broad range of antiviral effects of ivermectin, however, clinical trials are necessary to appraise the potential efficacy of ivermectin in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidary
- Head of Ophthalmology Division, Taleghani Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Reza Gharebaghi
- Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. .,International Virtual Ophthalmic Research Center (IVORC), Austin, TX, USA.
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20
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Ivermectin, a new candidate therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:23. [PMID: 32473642 PMCID: PMC7261036 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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21
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Xu Y, Zhang S, Qiu Y, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Huang X. Pharmacokinetics of extended-release ivermectin microspheres after oral administration to healthy pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:485-490. [PMID: 32304335 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We compared the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin premix and ivermectin microspheres in pigs after single and multiple administration regimes. In the single-dose experiments, 24 piglets were randomly divided into three groups and given ivermectin at 0.3 mg/kg using (a) 1.0% ivermectin administered subcutaneously, (b) 0.25% ivermectin premix orally, and (c) 0.25% ivermectin microspheres orally. In the multiple-dose experiment, 6 pigs in two equal groups received ivermectin premix and microspheres orally at 0.3 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days to monitor the valley plasma levels. The plasma samples were detected by fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography, and concentration-time data were fitted to a noncompartmental model. After oral administration of ivermectin microspheres at a single dose, the elimination rate constant (Kel), the half-life (t1/2 ), the peak time (Tmax ), the mean residence time (MRT), and the peak concentration (Cmax ) were 0.012 ± 0.0031/hr, 59.94 ± 20.18 hr, 9.50 ± 0.93 hr, 55.96 ± 11.40 hr, and 37.75 ± 3.45 ng/ml, respectively. The Cmax of microspheres was not statistically different (p > .05) compared with that of premix groups (39.81 ± 5.83 ng/ml). Moreover, the AUC of the microcapsule groups was increased from 1,129.76 ± 245.62 to 1,607.33 ± 343.35 hr ng/ml compared with the premix groups, and the relative bioavailability increased by an average of 17.53% after oral administration with ivermectin microspheres. Multiple-dose administration also indicated pigs fed with ivermectin microspheres can get a higher minimum steady-state concentration and a longer maintenance time than ivermectin premix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Feidong Wenshi Livestock Co., Ltd., Feidong, China
| | - Yangyang Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Mohan P, Sinha S, Uppal R. Role of ivermectin in COVID-19: Wishful thinking or scientific optimism. JOURNAL OF MARINE MEDICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jmms.jmms_146_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Sharun K, Shyamkumar TS, Aneesha VA, Dhama K, Pawde AM, Pal A. Current therapeutic applications and pharmacokinetic modulations of ivermectin. Vet World 2019; 12:1204-1211. [PMID: 31641298 PMCID: PMC6755388 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1204-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is considered to be a wonder drug due to its broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity against both ectoparasites and endoparasites (under class of endectocide) and has multiple applications in both veterinary and human medicine. In particular, ivermectin is commonly used in the treatment of different kinds of infections and infestations. By altering the vehicles used in the formulations, the pharmacokinetic properties of different ivermectin preparations can be altered. Since its development, various vehicles have been evaluated to assess the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic systemic concentrations of ivermectin in different species. A subcutaneous route of administration is preferred over a topical or an oral route for ivermectin due to superior bioavailability. Different formulations of ivermectin have been developed over the years, such as stabilized aqueous formulations, osmotic pumps, controlled release capsules, silicone carriers, zein microspheres, biodegradable microparticulate drug delivery systems, lipid nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, sustained-release ivermectin varnish, sustained-release ivermectin-loaded solid dispersion suspension, and biodegradable subcutaneous implants. However, several reports of ivermectin resistance have been identified in different parts of the world over the past few years. Continuous use of suboptimal formulations or sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations may predispose an individual to resistance toward ivermectin. The current research trend is focused toward the need for developing ivermectin formulations that are stable, effective, and safe and that reduce the number of doses required for complete clinical cure in different parasitic diseases. Therefore, single-dose long-acting preparations of ivermectin that provide effective therapeutic drug concentrations need to be developed and commercialized, which may revolutionize drug therapy and prophylaxis against various parasitic diseases in the near future. The present review highlights the current advances in pharmacokinetic modulation of ivermectin formulations and their potent therapeutic applications, issues related to emergence of ivermectin resistance, and future trends of ivermectin usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T. S. Shyamkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V. A. Aneesha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Motiram Pawde
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amar Pal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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