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Zhang J, Zhao L, Bai Y, Li S, Zhang M, Wei B, Wang X, Xue Y, Li L, Ma G, Tang Y, Wang X. An ascidian Polycarpa aurata-derived pan-inhibitor against coronaviruses targeting M pro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 103:129706. [PMID: 38508325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are responsible for a wide range of illnesses in both animals and human. The main protease (Mpro) of CoVs is an attractive drug target, owing its critical and highly conserved role in viral replication. Here, we developed and refined an enzymatic technique to identify putative Mpro inhibitors from 189 marine chemicals and 46 terrestrial natural products. The IC50 values of Polycarpine (1a), a marine natural substance we studied and synthesized, are 30.0 ± 2.5 nM for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and 0.12 ± 0.05 μM for PEDV Mpro. Our research further demonstrated that pretreatment with Polycarpine (1a) inhibited the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and alphacoronavirus PEDV multiplication in Vero-E6 cells. As a result, Polycarpine (1a), a pan-inhibitor of Mpro, will function as an effective and promising antiviral option to combat CoVs infection and as a foundation for further therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yuxin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guiliang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Donghaizhong Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Wang W, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Zhang Y, Yang H. Analysis of codon usage patterns of porcine enteric alphacoronavirus and its host adaptability. Virology 2023; 587:109879. [PMID: 37677987 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) is a newly emerging swine enteropathogen that poses a threat to the swine industry. To understand the PEAV genome evolution, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the codon usage patterns in fifty-nine PEAV strains currently available. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PEAV can be divided into six lineages. Effective number of codons analysis demonstrated that the PEAV genome exhibits a low codon usage bias (CUB). Nucleotide composition analysis indicated that the PEAV genome has the most abundant nucleotide U content, with GC content (39.37% ± 0.08%) much lower than AU content (60.63% ± 0.08%). Neutrality and effective number of codons plot analyses suggested that natural selection rather than mutation pressure dominates the CUB of PEAV. Host adaptation analysis revealed that PEAV fits the codon usage pattern of non-human primates, humans and mice better than that of pigs. Our data enriches information on PEAV evolution, host adaptability, and cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Poonsin P, Wiwatvisawakorn V, Chansaenroj J, Poovorawan Y, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. Canine respiratory coronavirus in Thailand undergoes mutation and evidences a potential putative parent for genetic recombination. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0226823. [PMID: 37707446 PMCID: PMC10581155 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02268-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex. Although its detection has been reported worldwide, the genomic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of this virus remain poorly defined. In this study, 21 CRCoV sequences obtained from dogs in Thailand during two episodes (2013-2015, group A; 2021-2022, group B) were characterized and analyzed. The genomic characteristics of Thai CRCoVs changed from 2013 to 2022 and showed a distinct phylogenetic cluster. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) genes divided the analyzed CRCoV strains into five clades. The full-length genome characterization revealed that all Thai CRCoVs possessed a nonsense mutation within the nonstructural gene located between the S and envelope genes, leading to a truncated putative nonstructural protein. Group B Thai CRCoV strains represented the signature nonsynonymous mutations in the S gene that was not identified in group A Thai CRCoVs, suggesting the ongoing evolutionary process of Thai CRCoVs. Although no evidence of recombination of Thai CRCoV strains was found, our analysis identified one Thai CRCoV strain as a potential parent virus for a CRCoV strain found in the United States. Selective pressure analysis of the hypervariable S region indicated that the CRCoV had undergone purifying selection during evolution. Evolutionary analysis suggested that the CRCoV was emerged in 1992 and was first introduced in Thailand in 2004, sharing a common ancestor with Korean CRCoV strains. These findings regarding the genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis of CRCoVs add to the understanding of CRCoVs. IMPORTANCE Knowledge of genomic characterization of the CRCoV is still limited and its evolution remains poorly investigated. We, therefore, investigated the full-length genome of CRCoV in Thailand for the first time and analyzed the evolutionary dynamic of CRCoV. Genomic characterization of Thai CRCoV strains revealed that they possess unique genome structures and have undergone nonsynonymous mutations, which have not been reported in previously described CRCoV strains. Our work suggests that the Thai CRCoVs were not undergone mutation through genetic recombination for their evolution. However, one Thai CRCoV strain PP158_THA_2015 was found to be a potential parent virus for the CRCoV strains found in the United States. This study provides an understanding of the genomic characterization and highlights the signature mutations and ongoing evolutionary process of CRCoV that could be crucial for monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Poonsin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
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Peng Y, Liu Y, Hu Y, Chang F, Wu Q, Yang J, Chen J, Teng S, Zhang J, He R, Wei Y, Bostina M, Luo T, Liu W, Qu X, Li YP. Monoclonal antibodies constructed from COVID-19 convalescent memory B cells exhibit potent binding activity to MERS-CoV spike S2 subunit and other human coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056272. [PMID: 36618428 PMCID: PMC9813381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two highly contagious coronaviruses causing MERS and COVID-19, respectively, without an effective antiviral drug and a long-lasting vaccine. Approaches for diagnosis, therapeutics, prevention, etc., particularly for SARS-CoV-2 that is continually spreading and evolving, are urgently needed. Our previous study discovered that >60% of sera from convalescent COVID-19 individuals, but <8% from general population, showed binding activity against the MERS-CoV spike protein, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 infection boosted antibodies cross-reactive with MERS-CoV. Methods To generate antibodies specific to both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, here we screened 60 COVID-19 convalescent sera against MERS-CoV spike extracellular domain and S1 and S2 subunits. We constructed and characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from COVID-19 convalescent memory B cells and examined their binding and neutralizing activities against human coronaviruses. Results and Discussion Of 60 convalescent serum samples, 34 showed binding activity against MERS-CoV S2, with endpoint titers positively correlated with the titers to SARS-CoV-2 S2. By sorting single memory B cells from COVID-19 convalescents, we constructed 38 mAbs and found that 11 mAbs showed binding activity with MERS-CoV S2, of which 9 mAbs showed potent cross-reactivity with all or a proportion of spike proteins of alphacoronaviruses (229E and NL63) and betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, OC43, and HKU1). Moreover, 5 mAbs also showed weak neutralization efficiency against MERS-CoV spike pseudovirus. Epitope analysis revealed that 3 and 8 mAbs bound to linear and conformational epitopes in MERS-CoV S2, respectively. In summary, we have constructed a panel of antibodies with broad-spectrum reactivity against all seven human coronaviruses, thus facilitating the development of diagnosis methods and vaccine design for multiple coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Chang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China,Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shishan Teng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rongzhang He
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Youchuan Wei
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tingrong Luo
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenpei Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiaowang Qu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Ping Li, ; Xiaowang Qu,
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Ping Li, ; Xiaowang Qu,
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Thakor JC, Dinesh M, Manikandan R, Bindu S, Sahoo M, Sahoo D, Dhawan M, Pandey MK, Tiwari R, Emran TB, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W. Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) and their emerging threats to swine population, inter-species transmission, exploring the susceptibility of pigs for SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic concerns. Vet Q 2022; 42:125-147. [PMID: 35584308 PMCID: PMC9225692 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2079756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) are one of the most devastating pathogens affecting the livelihoods of farmers and swine industry across the world. These include transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). Coronaviruses infect a wide variety of animal species and humans because these are having single stranded-RNA that accounts for high mutation rates and thus could break the species barrier. The gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems are the primary organ systems affected by SCoVs. Infection is very common in piglets compared to adult swine causing high mortality in the former. Bat is implicated to be the origin of all CoVs affecting animals and humans. Since pig is the only domestic animal in which CoVs cause a wide range of diseases; new coronaviruses with high zoonotic potential could likely emerge in the future as observed in the past. The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19 pandemic in humans, has been implicated to have animal origin, also reported from few animal species, though its zoonotic concerns are still under investigation. This review discusses SCoVs and their epidemiology, virology, evolution, pathology, wildlife reservoirs, interspecies transmission, spill-over events and highlighting their emerging threats to swine population. The role of pigs amid ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will also be discussed. A thorough investigation should be conducted to rule out zoonotic potential of SCoVs and to design appropriate strategies for their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigarji C Thakor
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Rajendran Manikandan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Suresh Bindu
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Diptimayee Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.,The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester-WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Megha Katare Pandey
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal-462043, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-10700, Thailand
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Nature of viruses and pandemics: Coronaviruses. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:151-158. [PMID: 35966177 PMCID: PMC9359481 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have the largest genome among RNA viruses and store large amounts of information without genome integration as they replicate in the cell cytoplasm. The replication of the virus is a continuous process, whereas the transcription of the subgenomic mRNAs is a discontinuous one, involving a template switch, which resembles a high frequency recombination mechanism that may favor virus genome variability. The origin of the three deadly human CoVs SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are zoonotic events. SARS-CoV-2 has incorporated in its spike protein a furine proteolytic site that facilitates the activation of the virus in any tissue, making this CoV strain highly polytropic and pathogenic. Using MERS-CoV as a model, a propagation-deficient RNA replicon was generated by removing E protein gene (essential for viral morphogenesis and involved in virulence), and accessory genes 3, 4a, 4b and 5 (responsible for antagonism of the innate immune response) to attenuate the virus: MERS-CoV-Δ[3,4a,4b,5,E]. This RNA replicon is strongly attenuated and elicits sterilizing protection after a single immunization in transgenic mice with the receptor for MERS-CoV, making it a promising vaccine candidate for this virus and an interesting platform for vector-based vaccine development. A strategy could be developed for the design of RNA replicon vaccines for other human pathogenic coronaviruses. CoV RNA transcription is a discontinuous high-frequency recombination process. Human CoVs have a zoonotic origin. Replication-competent propagation-defective CoVs are the bases for vaccines. Single immunization with CoV RNA replicon vaccines elicits sterilizing immunity.
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DEMİRCİ M, YIĞIN A, KOCAZEYBEK B, KESKİN O. COVID-19 infections in pets such as cats and dogs. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.953646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gutiérrez-Álvarez J, Honrubia JM, Sanz-Bravo A, González-Miranda E, Fernández-Delgado R, Rejas MT, Zúñiga S, Sola I, Enjuanes L. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine based on a propagation-defective RNA replicon elicited sterilizing immunity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111075118. [PMID: 34686605 PMCID: PMC8639359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111075118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA replicons are promising platforms for vaccine generation. Their defects in one or more essential functions for viral replication, particle assembly, or dissemination make them highly safe as vaccines. We previously showed that the deletion of the envelope (E) gene from the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) produces a replication-competent propagation-defective RNA replicon (MERS-CoV-ΔE). Evaluation of this replicon in mice expressing human dipeptidyl peptidase 4, the virus receptor, showed that the single deletion of the E gene generated an attenuated mutant. The combined deletion of the E gene with accessory open reading frames (ORFs) 3, 4a, 4b, and 5 resulted in a highly attenuated propagation-defective RNA replicon (MERS-CoV-Δ[3,4a,4b,5,E]). This RNA replicon induced sterilizing immunity in mice after challenge with a lethal dose of a virulent MERS-CoV, as no histopathological damage or infectious virus was detected in the lungs of challenged mice. The four mutants lacking the E gene were genetically stable, did not recombine with the E gene provided in trans during their passage in cell culture, and showed a propagation-defective phenotype in vivo. In addition, immunization with MERS-CoV-Δ[3,4a,4b,5,E] induced significant levels of neutralizing antibodies, indicating that MERS-CoV RNA replicons are highly safe and promising vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, env
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity
- RNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Replicon
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virulence/genetics
- Virulence/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Honrubia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sanz-Bravo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E González-Miranda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Fernández-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Rejas
- Electron Microscopy Service, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - S Zúñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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10
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Brüssow H, Brüssow L. Clinical evidence that the pandemic from 1889 to 1891 commonly called the Russian flu might have been an earlier coronavirus pandemic. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1860-1870. [PMID: 34254725 PMCID: PMC8441924 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary medical reports from Britain and Germany on patients suffering from a pandemic infection between 1889 and 1891, which was historically referred to as the Russian flu, share a number of characteristics with COVID-19. Most notable are aspects of multisystem affections comprising respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms including loss of taste and smell perception; a protracted recovery resembling long covid and pathology observations of thrombosis in multiple organs, inflammation and rheumatic affections. As in COVID-19 and unlike in influenza, mortality was seen in elderly subjects while children were only weakly affected. Contemporary reports noted trans-species infection between pet animals or horses and humans, which would concur with a cross-infection by a broad host range bovine coronavirus dated by molecular clock arguments to an about 1890 cross-species infection event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Department of BiosystemsLaboratory of Gene TechnologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Lutz Brüssow
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Gastroenterology SpecialistNeussGermany
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11
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Abstract
Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy calves in their first month of life and also affecting adult cattle, resulting in large economic losses and a negative impact on animal welfare. Despite the usual multifactorial origin, viruses are generally involved, being among the most important causes of diarrhea. There are several viruses that have been confirmed as etiological agents (i.e., rotavirus and coronavirus), and some viruses that are not yet confirmed as etiological agents. This review summarizes the viruses that have been detected in the enteric tract of cattle and tries to deepen and gather knowledge about them.
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12
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Abdelgadir A, Vlasova AN, Gray GC. Susceptibility of different cell lines to the novel canine coronavirus CCoV-HuPn-2018. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:824-825. [PMID: 34212500 PMCID: PMC8542962 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anfal Abdelgadir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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