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Rettie L, Marsh JE, Liversedge SP, Wang M, Degno F. Auditory distraction during reading: Investigating the effects of background sounds on parafoveal processing. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241269327. [PMID: 39085167 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241269327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that unexpected (deviant) sounds negatively affect reading performance by inhibiting saccadic planning, which models of reading agree takes place simultaneous to parafoveal processing. This study examined the effect of deviant sounds on foveal and parafoveal processing. Participants read single sentences in quiet, standard (repeated sounds), or deviant sound conditions (a new sound within a repeated sound sequence). Sounds were presented with a variable delay coincident with the onset of fixations on target words during a period when saccadic programming and parafoveal processing occurred. We used the moving window paradigm to manipulate the amount of information readers could extract from the parafovea (the entire sentence or a 13-character window of text). Global, sentence-level analyses showed typical disruption to reading by the window, and under quiet conditions similar effects were observed at the target and post-target word in the local analyses. Standard and deviant sounds also produced clear distraction effects of differing magnitudes at the target and post-target words, though at both regions, these effects were qualified by interactions. Effects at the target word suggested that with sounds, readers engaged in less effective parafoveal processing than under quiet. Similar patterns of effects due to standard and deviant sounds, each with a different time course, occurred at the post-target word. We conclude that distraction via auditory deviation causes disruption to parafoveal processing during reading, with such effects being modulated by the degree to which a sound's characteristics are more or less unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rettie
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - John E Marsh
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Engineering Psychology, Humans and Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Simon P Liversedge
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Mengsi Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Federica Degno
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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2
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Wang M, Gill DE, Judge J, Zang C, Bai X, Liversedge SP. Column setting and text justification influence return-sweep eye movement behavior during Chinese multi-line reading. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:34. [PMID: 38831087 PMCID: PMC11147972 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
People regularly read multi-line texts in different formats and publishers, internationally, must decide how to present text to make reading most effective and efficient. Relatively few studies have examined multi-line reading, and fewer still Chinese multi-line reading. Here, we examined whether texts presented in single or double columns, and either left-justified or fully-justified affect Chinese reading. Text format had minimal influence on overall reading time; however, it significantly impacted return-sweeps (large saccades moving the eyes from the end of one line of text to the beginning of the next). Return-sweeps were launched and landed further away from margins and involved more corrective saccades in single- than double-column format. For left- compared to fully-justified format, return-sweeps were launched and landed closer to margins. More corrective saccades also occurred. Our results showed more efficient return-sweep behavior for fully- than left-justified text. Moreover, there were clear trade-off effects such that formats requiring increased numbers of shorter return-sweeps produced more accurate targeting and reduced numbers of corrective fixations, whereas formats requiring reduced numbers of longer return-sweeps caused less accurate targeting and an increased rate of corrective fixations. Overall, our results demonstrate that text formats substantially affect return-sweep eye movement behavior during Chinese reading without affecting efficiency and effectiveness, that is, the overall time it takes to read and understand the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Wang
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China.
| | - Donna E Gill
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jeannie Judge
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Chuanli Zang
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Simon P Liversedge
- School of Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Heilbron M, van Haren J, Hagoort P, de Lange FP. Lexical Processing Strongly Affects Reading Times But Not Skipping During Natural Reading. Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:757-783. [PMID: 37840763 PMCID: PMC10575561 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In a typical text, readers look much longer at some words than at others, even skipping many altogether. Historically, researchers explained this variation via low-level visual or oculomotor factors, but today it is primarily explained via factors determining a word's lexical processing ease, such as how well word identity can be predicted from context or discerned from parafoveal preview. While the existence of these effects is well established in controlled experiments, the relative importance of prediction, preview and low-level factors in natural reading remains unclear. Here, we address this question in three large naturalistic reading corpora (n = 104, 1.5 million words), using deep neural networks and Bayesian ideal observers to model linguistic prediction and parafoveal preview from moment to moment in natural reading. Strikingly, neither prediction nor preview was important for explaining word skipping-the vast majority of explained variation was explained by a simple oculomotor model, using just fixation position and word length. For reading times, by contrast, we found strong but independent contributions of prediction and preview, with effect sizes matching those from controlled experiments. Together, these results challenge dominant models of eye movements in reading, and instead support alternative models that describe skipping (but not reading times) as largely autonomous from word identification, and mostly determined by low-level oculomotor information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Heilbron
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorie van Haren
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. de Lange
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Radhakrishnan H, Lam CSY, Charman WN. Multiple segment spectacle lenses for myopia control. Part 1: Optics. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1125-1136. [PMID: 37378657 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand and compare the optics of two multiple segment (MS) spectacle lenses (Hoya MiyoSmart and Essilor Stellest) designed to inhibit myopia progression in children. METHODS The optics of the two designs are presented, together with geometrical optics-based calculations to understand the impact of the lenses on the optics of the eye. Lenses were evaluated with three techniques: surface images, Twyman-Green interferometry and focimetry. The carrier lens powers and the spatial distribution, powers and forms of the lenslets were measured. RESULTS MS lenses as manufactured were found to match most of the design specifications provided by their manufacturers, although some apparent small discrepancies were found. The focimeter-measured power of the lenslets was approximately +3.50 D for the MiyoSmart and +4.00 D for the highly aspheric lenslets of the Stellest design. For both lens designs, image contrast would be expected to become modestly reduced in the focal planes of the distance-correcting carrier lenses. Images become much more degraded in the combined carrier-lenslet focal plane, due to the generation of multiple laterally displaced images formed by adjacent lenslets within the effective pupil. The exact effects observed depended on the effective pupil size and its location with respect to the lenslets, as well as the power and arrangement of the lenslets. CONCLUSION Wearing either of these lenses will produce broadly similar effects on retinal imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Radhakrishnan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carly Siu Yin Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Neil Charman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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5
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Sui L, Dirix N, Woumans E, Duyck W. GECO-CN: Ghent Eye-tracking COrpus of sentence reading for Chinese-English bilinguals. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:2743-2763. [PMID: 35896891 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current work presents the very first eye-tracking corpus of natural reading by Chinese-English bilinguals, whose two languages entail different writing systems and orthographies. Participants read an entire novel in these two languages, presented in paragraphs on screen. Half of the participants first read half of the novel in their native language (Simplified Chinese) and then the rest of the novel in their second language (English), while the other half read in the reverse language order. This article presents some important basic descriptive statistics of reading times and compares the difference between reading in the two languages. However, this unique eye-tracking corpus also allows the exploration of theories of language processing and bilingualism. Importantly, it provides a solid and reliable ground for studying the difference between Eastern and Western languages, understanding the impact and consequences of having a completely different first language on bilingual processing. The materials are freely available for use by researchers interested in (bilingual) reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiao Sui
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Dirix
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Woumans
- Department of Translation, Interpreting and Communication, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO), Den Haag, Netherlands
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Siegelman N, Schroeder S, Acartürk C, Ahn HD, Alexeeva S, Amenta S, Bertram R, Bonandrini R, Brysbaert M, Chernova D, Da Fonseca SM, Dirix N, Duyck W, Fella A, Frost R, Gattei CA, Kalaitzi A, Kwon N, Lõo K, Marelli M, Papadopoulos TC, Protopapas A, Savo S, Shalom DE, Slioussar N, Stein R, Sui L, Taboh A, Tønnesen V, Usal KA, Kuperman V. Expanding horizons of cross-linguistic research on reading: The Multilingual Eye-movement Corpus (MECO). Behav Res Methods 2022; 54:2843-2863. [PMID: 35112286 PMCID: PMC8809631 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scientific studies of language behavior need to grapple with a large diversity of languages in the world and, for reading, a further variability in writing systems. Yet, the ability to form meaningful theories of reading is contingent on the availability of cross-linguistic behavioral data. This paper offers new insights into aspects of reading behavior that are shared and those that vary systematically across languages through an investigation of eye-tracking data from 13 languages recorded during text reading. We begin with reporting a bibliometric analysis of eye-tracking studies showing that the current empirical base is insufficient for cross-linguistic comparisons. We respond to this empirical lacuna by presenting the Multilingual Eye-Movement Corpus (MECO), the product of an international multi-lab collaboration. We examine which behavioral indices differentiate between reading in written languages, and which measures are stable across languages. One of the findings is that readers of different languages vary considerably in their skipping rate (i.e., the likelihood of not fixating on a word even once) and that this variability is explained by cross-linguistic differences in word length distributions. In contrast, if readers do not skip a word, they tend to spend a similar average time viewing it. We outline the implications of these findings for theories of reading. We also describe prospective uses of the publicly available MECO data, and its further development plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Siegelman
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, Suite #900, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | | | - Cengiz Acartürk
- Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daria Chernova
- Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ram Frost
- The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carolina A Gattei
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego E Shalom
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Slioussar
- Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
- Higher School of Economics (HSE) Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roni Stein
- The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Analí Taboh
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Rusich D, Arduino LS, Mauti M, Martelli M, Primativo S. Evidence of Semantic Processing in Parafoveal Reading: A Rapid Parallel Visual Presentation (Rpvp) Study. Brain Sci 2020; 11:E28. [PMID: 33383778 PMCID: PMC7823665 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores whether semantic processing in parafoveal reading in the Italian language is modulated by the perceptual and lexical features of stimuli by analyzing the results of the rapid parallel visual presentation (RPVP) paradigm experiment, which simultaneously presented two words, with one in the fovea and one in the parafovea. The words were randomly sampled from a set of semantically related and semantically unrelated pairs. The accuracy and reaction times in reading the words were measured as a function of the stimulus length and written word frequency. Fewer errors were observed in reading parafoveal words when they were semantically related to the foveal ones, and a larger semantic facilitatory effect was observed when the foveal word was highly frequent and the parafoveal word was short. Analysis of the reaction times suggests that the semantic relation between the two words sped up the naming of the foveal word when both words were short and highly frequent. Altogether, these results add further evidence in favor of the semantic processing of words in the parafovea during reading, modulated by the orthographic and lexical features of the stimuli. The results are discussed within the context of the most prominent models of word processing and eye movement controls in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Rusich
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, P.zza delle Vaschette 101, 00193 Rome, Italy; (L.S.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Lisa S. Arduino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, P.zza delle Vaschette 101, 00193 Rome, Italy; (L.S.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Marika Mauti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marialuisa Martelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Silvia Primativo
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, P.zza delle Vaschette 101, 00193 Rome, Italy; (L.S.A.); (S.P.)
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8
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Recognition times for 62 thousand English words: Data from the English Crowdsourcing Project. Behav Res Methods 2020; 52:741-760. [PMID: 31368025 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a new dataset of English word recognition times for a total of 62 thousand words, called the English Crowdsourcing Project. The data were collected via an internet vocabulary test in which more than one million people participated. The present dataset is limited to native English speakers. Participants were asked to indicate which words they knew. Their response times were registered, although at no point were the participants asked to respond as quickly as possible. Still, the response times correlate around .75 with the response times of the English Lexicon Project for the shared words. Also, the results of virtual experiments indicate that the new response times are a valid addition to the English Lexicon Project. This not only means that we have useful response times for some 35 thousand extra words, but we now also have data on differences in response latencies as a function of education and age.
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Kobayashi H, Ogawa H. Priming with Horizontal Reading Influences the Deployment of Visual Attention During Word Processing
1. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Models of eye-movement control during reading focus on reading single lines of text. However, with multiline texts, return sweeps, which bring fixation from the end of one line to the beginning of the next, occur regularly and influence ~20% of all reading fixations. Our understanding of return sweeps is still limited. One common feature of return sweeps is the prevalence of oculomotor errors. Return sweeps, often initially undershoot the start of the line. Corrective saccades then bring fixation closer to the line start. The fixation occurring between the undershoot and the corrective saccade (undersweep-fixation) has important theoretical implications for the serial nature of lexical processing during reading, as they occur on words ahead of the intended attentional target. Furthermore, since the attentional target of a return sweep will lie far outside the parafovea during the prior fixation, it cannot be lexically preprocessed during this prior fixation. We explore the implications of undersweep-fixations for ongoing processing and models of eye movements during reading by analysing two existing eye-movement data sets of multiline reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Slattery
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, P104c, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
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11
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Parker AJ, Nikolova M, Slattery TJ, Liversedge SP, Kirkby JA. Binocular coordination and return-sweep saccades among skilled adult readers. J Vis 2019; 19:10. [DOI: 10.1167/19.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Parker
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, UK
| | - Mirela Nikolova
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy J. Slattery
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, UK
| | | | - Julie A. Kirkby
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, UK
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12
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Degno F, Loberg O, Zang C, Zhang M, Donnelly N, Liversedge SP. Parafoveal previews and lexical frequency in natural reading: Evidence from eye movements and fixation-related potentials. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 148:453-474. [PMID: 30335444 PMCID: PMC6388670 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Participants' eye movements and electroencephalogram (EEG) signal were recorded as they read sentences displayed according to the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm. Two target words in each sentence were manipulated for lexical frequency (high vs. low frequency) and parafoveal preview of each target word (identical vs. string of random letters vs. string of Xs). Eye movement data revealed visual parafoveal-on-foveal (PoF) effects, as well as foveal visual and orthographic preview effects and word frequency effects. Fixation-related potentials (FRPs) showed visual and orthographic PoF effects as well as foveal visual and orthographic preview effects. Our results replicated the early preview positivity effect (Dimigen, Kliegl, & Sommer, 2012) in the X-string preview condition, and revealed different neural correlates associated with a preview comprised of a string of random letters relative to a string of Xs. The former effects seem likely to reflect difficulty associated with the integration of parafoveal and foveal information, as well as feature overlap, while the latter reflect inhibition, and potentially disruption, to processing underlying reading. Interestingly, and consistent with Kretzschmar, Schlesewsky, and Staub (2015), no frequency effect was reflected in the FRP measures. The findings provide insight into the neural correlates of parafoveal processing and written word recognition in reading and demonstrate the value of utilizing ecologically valid paradigms to study well established phenomena that occur as text is read naturally. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Degno
- Centre for Vision and Cognition, School of Psychology, University of Southampton
| | - Otto Loberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä
| | - Chuanli Zang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University
| | - Manman Zhang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University
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13
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Kuperman V, Matsuki K, Van Dyke JA. Contributions of reader- and text-level characteristics to eye-movement patterns during passage reading. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2018; 44:1687-1713. [PMID: 30024266 PMCID: PMC6234076 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present research presents a novel method for investigating how characteristics of texts (words, sentences, and passages) and individuals (verbal and general cognitive skills) jointly influence eye-movement patterns over the time-course of reading, as well as comprehension accuracy. Fifty-one proficient readers read passages of varying complexity from the Gray Oral Reading Test, while their eye-movements were recorded. Participants also completed a large battery of tests assessing various components of reading comprehension ability (vocabulary size, decoding, phonological awareness, and experience with print), as well as general cognitive and executive skills. We used the Random Forests nonparametric regression technique to simultaneously estimate relative importance of all predictors. This method enabled us to trace the temporal engagement of individual predictors and entire predictor groups on eye-movements during reading, while avoiding the problems of model overfitting and collinearity, typical of parametric regression methods. Our findings both confirmed well-established results of prior research and pointed to a space of hypotheses that is as yet unexplored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kuperman
- Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University
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14
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Abstract
This article introduces GECO, the Ghent Eye-Tracking Corpus, a monolingual and bilingual corpus of the eyetracking data of participants reading a complete novel. English monolinguals and Dutch-English bilinguals read an entire novel, which was presented in paragraphs on the screen. The bilinguals read half of the novel in their first language, and the other half in their second language. In this article, we describe the distributions and descriptive statistics of the most important reading time measures for the two groups of participants. This large eyetracking corpus is perfectly suited for both exploratory purposes and more directed hypothesis testing, and it can guide the formulation of ideas and theories about naturalistic reading processes in a meaningful context. Most importantly, this corpus has the potential to evaluate the generalizability of monolingual and bilingual language theories and models to the reading of long texts and narratives. The corpus is freely available at http://expsy.ugent.be/downloads/geco .
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15
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Al-Zanoon N, Dambacher M, Kuperman V. Evidence for a global oculomotor program in reading. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:863-877. [PMID: 27401533 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent corpus studies of eye-movements in reading revealed a substantial increase in saccade amplitudes and fixation durations as the eyes move over the first words of a sentence. This start-up effect suggests a global oculomotor program, which operates on the level of an entire line, in addition to the well-established local programs operating within the visual span. The present study investigates the nature of this global program experimentally and examines whether the start-up effect is predicated on generic visual or specific linguistic characteristics and whether it is mainly reflected in saccade amplitudes, fixation durations or both measures. Eye movements were recorded while 38 participants read (a) normal sentences, (b) sequences of randomly shuffled words and (c) sequences of z-strings. The stimuli were, therefore, similar in their visual features, but varied in the amount of syntactic and lexical information. Further, the stimuli were composed of words or strings that either varied naturally in length (Nonequal condition) or were all restricted to a specific length within a sentence (Equal). The latter condition constrained the variability of saccades and served to dissociate effects of word position in line on saccade amplitudes and fixation durations. A robust start-up effect emerged in saccade amplitudes in all Nonequal stimuli, and-in an attenuated form-in Equal sentences. A start-up effect in single fixation durations was observed in Nonequal and Equal normal sentences, but not in z-strings. These findings support the notion of a global oculomotor program in reading particularly for the spatial characteristics of motor planning, which rely on visual rather than linguistic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Al-Zanoon
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Vorstius C, Radach R, Lonigan CJ. Eye movements in developing readers: A comparison of silent and oral sentence reading. VISUAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.881445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Winskel H, Perea M. Can parafoveal-on-foveal effects be obtained when reading an unspaced alphasyllabic script (Thai)? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.843440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kuperman V, Van Dyke JA. Effects of individual differences in verbal skills on eye-movement patterns during sentence reading. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2011; 65:42-73. [PMID: 21709808 PMCID: PMC3119501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study is a large-scale exploration of the influence that individual reading skills exert on eye-movement behavior in sentence reading. Seventy one non-college-bound 16-24 year-old speakers of English completed a battery of 18 verbal and cognitive skill assessments, and read a series of sentences as their eye movements were monitored. Statistical analyses were performed to establish what tests of reading abilities were predictive of eye-movement patterns across this population and how strong the effects were. We found that individual scores in rapid automatized naming and word identification tests (i) were the only participant variables with reliable predictivity throughout the time-course of reading; (ii) elicited effects that superceded in magnitude the effects of established predictors like word length or frequency; and (iii) strongly modulated the influence of word length and frequency on fixation times. We discuss implications of our findings for testing reading ability, as well as for research of eye-movements in reading.
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Asano M, Yokosawa K. Rapid Extraction of Gist From Visual Text and Its Influence on Word Recognition. The Journal of General Psychology 2011; 138:127-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2010.542510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effects of syntactic context on eye movements during reading. Adv Cogn Psychol 2010; 6:79-87. [PMID: 21116346 PMCID: PMC2993640 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that properties of a currently fixated word
and of adjacent words influence eye movement control in reading. In contrast to
such local effects, little is known about the global effects on eye movement
control, for example global adjustments caused by processing difficulty of
previous sentences. In the present study, participants read text passages in
which voice (active vs. passive) and sentence structure (embedded vs.
non-embedded) were manipulated. These passages were followed by identical target
sentences. The results revealed effects of previous sentence structure on gaze
durations in the target sentence, implying that syntactic properties of
previously read sentences may lead to a global adjustment of eye movement
control.
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Kuperman V, Dambacher M, Nuthmann A, Kliegl R. The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2010; 63:1838-57. [DOI: 10.1080/17470211003602412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores the role of the word position-in-text in sentence and paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on the reading of Dutch and German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase in reading times over several words at the beginning and the end of sentences. The data from the paragraph-based English-language Dundee corpus replicate the pattern and also indicate that the increase in inspection times is driven by the visual boundaries of the text organized in lines, rather than by syntactic sentence boundaries. We argue that this effect is independent of several established lexical, contextual, and oculomotor predictors of eye-movement behaviour. We also provide evidence that the effect of word position-in-text has two independent components: a start-up effect, arguably caused by a strategic oculomotor programme of saccade planning over the line of text, and a wrap-up effect, originating in cognitive processes of comprehension and semantic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kuperman
- Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Rivera SM, Bates EA, Orozco-Figueroa A, Wicha NYY. Spoken verb processing in Spanish: An analysis using a new online resource. APPLIED PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 2010; 31:29-57. [PMID: 23002318 PMCID: PMC3446816 DOI: 10.1017/s0142716409990154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Verbs are one of the basic building blocks of grammar, yet few studies have examined the grammatical, morphological, and phonological factors contributing to lexical access and production of Spanish verb inflection. This report describes an online data set that incorporates psycholinguistic dimensions for 50 of the most common early-acquired Spanish verbs. Using this data set, predictors of response time (RT) from stimulus onset and mean differences at offset are examined. Native Spanish speakers, randomly assigned to one of two tasks, listened to prerecorded verbs and either repeated the verb (single word shadowing) or produced its corresponding pronoun. Factors such as stimulus duration, number of syllables, syllable stress position, and specific levels of initial phoneme facilitated both shadowing of a verb and production of its pronoun. Higher frequency verbs facilitated faster verb repetition, whereas verbs with alternative pronouns increased RT to pronoun production. Mean differences at offset (stimulus duration is removed) indicated that listeners begin speaking earlier when the verb is longer and multisyllabic compared to shorter, monosyllabic words. These results highlight the association between psycholinguistic factors and RT measures of verb processing, in particular, features unique to languages like Spanish, such as alternative pronoun and tense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semilla M Rivera
- University of Texas at San Antonio and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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Rayner K. The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2009; 62:1457-506. [PMID: 19449261 DOI: 10.1080/17470210902816461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements are now widely used to investigate cognitive processes during reading, scene perception, and visual search. In this article, research on the following topics is reviewed with respect to reading: (a) the perceptual span (or span of effective vision), (b) preview benefit, (c) eye movement control, and (d) models of eye movements. Related issues with respect to eye movements during scene perception and visual search are also reviewed. It is argued that research on eye movements during reading has been somewhat advanced over research on eye movements in scene perception and visual search and that some of the paradigms developed to study reading should be more widely adopted in the study of scene perception and visual search. Research dealing with “real-world” tasks and research utilizing the visual-world paradigm are also briefly discussed.
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Recognition intent and visual word recognition. Conscious Cogn 2009; 18:65-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Pynte J, New B, Kennedy A. On-line contextual influences during reading normal text: The role of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Vision Res 2009; 49:544-52. [PMID: 19166870 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a series of multiple-regression analyses conducted on the French part of the Dundee corpus, the time spent inspecting a target word in a given sentence was found to depend on its degree of semantic relatedness (as assessed in the LSA framework) to two content words belonging to a prior part of the sentence, and located at varying distances to the left of the target. However, only verb primes were found to elicit a significant influence when located in the more remote position. In addition, the influence elicited by remote primes was modulated as a function of their position in the constituent structure, relative to the position of the target. This pattern of results suggests that relatively abstract semantic relations, probably involved in processing operations developed at the sentence level, can directly influence eye-movement control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Pynte
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurosciences Cognitives, Université Paris-Descartes, CNRS, 71 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92774 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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Radach R, Huestegge L, Reilly R. The role of global top-down factors in local eye-movement control in reading. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2008; 72:675-88. [PMID: 18936964 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-008-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pollatsek A, Juhasz BJ, Reichle ED, Machacek D, Rayner K. Immediate and delayed effects of word frequency and word length on eye movements in reading: a reversed delayed effect of word length. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2008; 34:726-50. [PMID: 18505334 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments examined the effects in sentence reading of varying the frequency and length of an adjective on (a) fixations on the adjective and (b) fixations on the following noun. The gaze duration on the adjective was longer for low frequency than for high frequency adjectives and longer for long adjectives than for short adjectives. This contrasted with the spillover effects: Gaze durations on the noun were longer when adjectives were low frequency but were actually shorter when the adjectives were long. The latter effect, which seems anomalous, can be explained by three mechanisms: (a) Fixations on the noun are less optimal after short adjectives because of less optimal targeting; (b) shorter adjectives are more difficult to process because they have more neighbors; and (c) prior fixations before skips are less advantageous places to extract parafoveal information. The viability of these hypotheses as explanations of this reverse length effect on the noun was examined in simulations using an updated version of the E-Z Reader model (A. Pollatsek, K. Reichle, & E. D. Rayner, 2006c; E. D. Reichle, A. Pollatsek, D. L. Fisher, & K. Rayner, 1998).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pollatsek
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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29
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Kennedy A, Pynte J. The consequences of violations to reading order: An eye movement analysis. Vision Res 2008; 48:2309-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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On-line contextual influences during reading normal text: A multiple-regression analysis. Vision Res 2008; 48:2172-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The significance of visual information processing in reading: Insights from hemianopic dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2445-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Pynte J, Kennedy A. The influence of punctuation and word class on distributed processing in normal reading. Vision Res 2007; 47:1215-27. [PMID: 17275060 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of multiple regression analyses was conducted on a corpus of eye movement data to examine whether the influence of properties of words n-1 and n+1 on the time spent fixating word n changes as a function of whether word n is associated with a punctuation mark (i.e., whether or not a punctuation mark separates word n from either word n-1 or word n+1). The results suggest that distributed processing is not significantly impaired. However, punctuation marks also carry word class information and word classes are not evenly distributed across positions relative to punctuation marks. Word class probability does modulate parafoveal-on-foveal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Pynte
- CNRS and University of Provence, 29 Avenue R. Schuman, 13621 Aix-en-Provence, France.
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