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Marmoy OR, Tekavčič Pompe M, Kremers J. Chromatic visual evoked potentials: A review of physiology, methods and clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101272. [PMID: 38761874 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective assessment of the visual system can be performed electrophysiologically using the visual evoked potential (VEP). In many clinical circumstances, this is performed using high contrast achromatic patterns or diffuse flash stimuli. These methods are clinically valuable but they may only assess a subset of possible physiological circuitries within the visual system, particularly those involved in achromatic (luminance) processing. The use of chromatic VEPs (cVEPs) in addition to standard VEPs can inform us of the function or dysfunction of chromatic pathways. The chromatic VEP has been well studied in human health and disease. Yet, to date our knowledge of their underlying mechanisms and applications remains limited. This likely reflects a heterogeneity in the methodology, analysis and conclusions of different works, which leads to ambiguity in their clinical use. This review sought to identify the primary methodologies employed for recording cVEPs. Furthermore cVEP maturation and application in understanding the function of the chromatic system under healthy and diseased conditions are reviewed. We first briefly describe the physiology of normal colour vision, before describing the methodologies and historical developments which have led to our understanding of cVEPs. We thereafter describe the expected maturation of the cVEP, followed by reviewing their application in several disorders: congenital colour vision deficiencies, retinal disease, glaucoma, optic nerve and neurological disorders, diabetes, amblyopia and dyslexia. We finalise the review with recommendations for testing and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Marmoy
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Manca Tekavčič Pompe
- University Eye Clinic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Kremers
- Section of Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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Leder H, Hakala J, Peltoketo VT, Valuch C, Pelowski M. Swipes and Saves: A Taxonomy of Factors Influencing Aesthetic Assessments and Perceived Beauty of Mobile Phone Photographs. Front Psychol 2022; 13:786977. [PMID: 35295400 PMCID: PMC8918498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital images taken by mobile phones are the most frequent class of images created today. Due to their omnipresence and the many ways they are encountered, they require a specific focus in research. However, to date, there is no systematic compilation of the various factors that may determine our evaluations of such images, and thus no explanation of how users select and identify relatively “better” or “worse” photos. Here, we propose a theoretical taxonomy of factors influencing the aesthetic appeal of mobile phone photographs. Beyond addressing relatively basic/universal image characteristics, perhaps more related to fast (bottom-up) perceptual processing of an image, we also consider factors involved in the slower (top-down) re-appraisal or deepened aesthetic appreciation of an image. We span this taxonomy across specific types of picture genres commonly taken—portraits of other people, selfies, scenes and food. We also discuss the variety of goals, uses, and contextual aspects of users of mobile phone photography. As a working hypothesis, we propose that two main decisions are often made with mobile phone photographs: (1) Users assess images at a first glance—by swiping through a stack of images—focusing on visual aspects that might be decisive to classify them from “low quality” (too dark, out of focus) to “acceptable” to, in rare cases, “an exceptionally beautiful picture.” (2) Users make more deliberate decisions regarding one’s “favorite” picture or the desire to preserve or share a picture with others, which are presumably tied to aspects such as content, framing, but also culture or personality, which have largely been overlooked in empirical research on perception of photographs. In sum, the present review provides an overview of current focal areas and gaps in research and offers a working foundation for upcoming research on the perception of mobile phone photographs as well as future developments in the fields of image recording and sharing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Leder
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Helmut Leder,
| | - Jussi Hakala
- Huawei Technologies Oy (Finland) Co. Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Christian Valuch
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew Pelowski
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Marcar VL, Battegay E, Schmidt D, Cheetham M. Parallel processing in human visual cortex revealed through the influence of their neural responses on the visual evoked potential. Vision Res 2021; 193:107994. [PMID: 34979298 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neural response in the human visual system is composed of magno-, parvo- and koniocellular input from the retina. Signal differences from functional imaging between health and individuals with a cognitive weakness are attributed to a dysfunction of a specific retinal input. Yet, anatomical interconnections within the human visual system obscure individual contribution to the neural response in V1. Deflections in the visual evoked potential (VEP) arise from an interaction between electric dipoles, their strength determined by the size of the neural population active during temporal - and spatial luminance contrast processing. To investigate interaction between these neural responses, we recorded the VEP over visual cortex of 14 healthy adults viewing four series of windmill patterns. Within a series, the relative area white in a pattern varied systematically. Between series, the number of sectors across which this area was distributed doubled. These patterns were viewed as pattern alternating and on-/off stimuli. P100/P1 amplitude increased linearly with the relative area white in the pattern, while N135/N1 and P240/P2 amplitude increased with the number of sectors of which the area white was distributed. The decreases P100 amplitude with increasing number of sectors is attributed to an interaction between electric dipoles located in granular and supragranular layers of V1. Differences between the VEP components obtained during a pattern reversing display and following pattern onset are accounted for by the transient and sustained nature of neural responses processing temporal - and spatial luminance contrast and ability of these responses to manifest in the VEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Marcar
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Internal Medicine, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zürich, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Zurich, PO Box, 157, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zürich, Biomedical Optical Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - E Battegay
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Internal Medicine, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; International Center for Multimorbidity and Complexity in Medicine (ICMC), University Zurich, University Hospital Basel (Department of Psychosomatic Medicine), Merian Iselin Klinik Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Schmidt
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Internal Medicine, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Cheetham
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Internal Medicine, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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The universal and automatic association between brightness and positivity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 186:47-53. [PMID: 29698847 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the hypothesis that brightness of colors is associated with positivity, postulating that this is an automatic and universal effect. The Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) was used in all studies. Study 1 used color patches varying on brightness, Study 2 used achromatic stimuli to eliminate the potential confounding effects of hue and saturation. Study 3 replicated Study 2 in a different cultural context (Japan vs. Austria), both studies also included a measure of explicit association. All studies confirmed the hypothesis that brightness is associated with positivity, at a significance level of p < .001 and Cohen's D varying from 0.90 to 3.99. Study 1-3 provided support for the notion that this is an automatic effect. Additionally, Study 2 and Study 3 showed that people also have an explicit association of brightness with positivity. However, as expected, our results also show that the implicit association was stronger than the explicit association. Study 3 shows clear support for the universality of our effects. In sum, our results support the idea that brightness is associated with positivity and that these associations are automatic and universal.
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Boon MY, Henry BI, Chu BS, Basahi N, Suttle CM, Luu C, Leung H, Hing S. Fractal Dimension Analysis of Transient Visual Evoked Potentials: Optimisation and Applications. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161565. [PMID: 27598422 PMCID: PMC5012678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The visual evoked potential (VEP) provides a time series signal response to an external visual stimulus at the location of the visual cortex. The major VEP signal components, peak latency and amplitude, may be affected by disease processes. Additionally, the VEP contains fine detailed and non-periodic structure, of presently unclear relevance to normal function, which may be quantified using the fractal dimension. The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic investigation of the key parameters in the measurement of the fractal dimension of VEPs, to develop an optimal analysis protocol for application. METHODS VEP time series were mathematically transformed using delay time, τ, and embedding dimension, m, parameters. The fractal dimension of the transformed data was obtained from a scaling analysis based on straight line fits to the numbers of pairs of points with separation less than r versus log(r) in the transformed space. Optimal τ, m, and scaling analysis were obtained by comparing the consistency of results using different sampling frequencies. The optimised method was then piloted on samples of normal and abnormal VEPs. RESULTS Consistent fractal dimension estimates were obtained using τ = 4 ms, designating the fractal dimension = D2 of the time series based on embedding dimension m = 7 (for 3606 Hz and 5000 Hz), m = 6 (for 1803 Hz) and m = 5 (for 1000Hz), and estimating D2 for each embedding dimension as the steepest slope of the linear scaling region in the plot of log(C(r)) vs log(r) provided the scaling region occurred within the middle third of the plot. Piloting revealed that fractal dimensions were higher from the sampled abnormal than normal achromatic VEPs in adults (p = 0.02). Variances of fractal dimension were higher from the abnormal than normal chromatic VEPs in children (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A useful analysis protocol to assess the fractal dimension of transformed VEPs has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ying Boon
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruce Ian Henry
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Byoung Sun Chu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nour Basahi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine May Suttle
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chi Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Leung
- Park Road Eye, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Hing
- Park Road Eye, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
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Pompe MT, Kranjc BS, Brecelj J. Chromatic visual evoked potentials in paediatric population. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 128:43-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van den Boomen C, Lamme VA, Kemner C. Parallel development of ERP and behavioural measurements of visual segmentation. Dev Sci 2013; 17:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn van den Boomen
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Helmholtz Institute; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Victor A.F. Lamme
- Brain and Cognition; Department of Psychology; Faculty of Behavioral and Societal Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kemner
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Helmholtz Institute; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; University Medical Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Pompe MT, Kranjc BS, Brecelj J. Chromatic visual evoked potential responses in preschool children. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2012; 29:A69-A73. [PMID: 22330407 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.29.000a69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to analyze chromatic visual evoked potential (VEP) responses to isoluminant red-green (R-G) and blue-yellow (B-Y) stimuli in 30 preschool children (1.5-6 years). The predominant part of the response consisted of a positive (P) wave, which showed age-related latency changes (linear decrease). P wave latency was shorter when using 21° compared to 7° R-G (p=0.004) and B-Y (p=0.044) stimulus and also when using 21° R-G compared to 21° B-Y stimulus (P=0.000). P wave amplitude did not show age-related changes. However, a lower amplitude was recorded when using 7° R-G stimulus (p=0.0013) and also when using B-Y compared to R-G stimulus. We may conclude that chromatic VEP to R-G and B-Y stimuli is reliably recorded in preschool children and that P wave to R-G stimulation shows a higher amplitude and shorter latency than to B-Y stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manca Tekavčič Pompe
- Eye Clinic, University Medical Centre, Grablovičeva 46, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. manca.tekavcic‐
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Duncan CS, Roth EJ, Mizokami Y, McDermott KC, Crognale MA. Contrast adaptation reveals increased organizational complexity of chromatic processing in the visual evoked potential. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2012; 29:A152-A156. [PMID: 22330372 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.29.00a152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Results from psychophysics and single-unit recordings suggest that color vision comprises multiple stages of processing. Postreceptoral channels appear to consist of both a stage of broadly tuned opponent channels that compare cone signals and a subsequent stage, which includes cells tuned to many different directions in color space. The chromatic visual evoked potential (crVEP) has demonstrated chromatic processing selective for cardinal axes of color space. However, crVEP evidence for higher-order color mechanisms is lacking. The present study aimed to assess the contribution of lower- and higher-order color mechanisms to the crVEP by using chromatic contrast adaptation. The results reveal the presence of mechanisms tuned to intermediate directions in color space in addition to those tuned to the fundamental cardinal axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno 0296, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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van den Boomen C, van der Smagt MJ, Kemner C. Keep your eyes on development: the behavioral and neurophysiological development of visual mechanisms underlying form processing. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:16. [PMID: 22416236 PMCID: PMC3299398 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual form perception is essential for correct interpretation of, and interaction with, our environment. Form perception depends on visual acuity and processing of specific form characteristics, such as luminance contrast, spatial frequency, color, orientation, depth, and even motion information. As other cognitive processes, form perception matures with age. This paper aims at providing a concise overview of our current understanding of the typical development, from birth to adulthood, of form-characteristic processing, as measured both behaviorally and neurophysiologically. Two main conclusions can be drawn. First, the current literature conveys that for most reviewed characteristics a developmental pattern is apparent. These trajectories are discussed in relation to the organization of the visual system. The second conclusion is that significant gaps in the literature exist for several age-ranges. To complete our understanding of the typical and, by consequence, atypical development of visual mechanisms underlying form processing, future research should uncover these missing segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van den Boomen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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EEG alpha rhythms and transient chromatic and achromatic pattern visual evoked potentials in children and adults. Doc Ophthalmol 2011; 122:99-113. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-011-9264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Much is known about color vision in infants, adolescents, and adults, but very few studies report the changes, which occur in color perception of children in their early schooling years. There is also a shortage of suitable color vision tests for children. This study investigated the changes in color vision of school students between 5-12 years old using the Lanthony New Color Test (NCT). Subjects of all ages were able to complete a shortened form of this test adequately. The Vingrys and King-Smith (1988) method of panel test analysis and Adams and Rodic (1982) color confusion score were adapted to analyze their performance of the test. This study confirmed that there are changes in color perception occurring in this age group. Color perception abilities increased as a function of age and there was also an improvement in the performance on the NCT with age. This can be attributed to both cognitive development and changes occurring to the color vision system.
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