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Xie L, Huang B, Zhao X, Zhu N. Exploring the mechanisms underlying effects of bisphenol a on cardiovascular disease by network toxicology and molecular docking. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31473. [PMID: 38813174 PMCID: PMC11133888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of mortality. Bisphenol A (BPA), recognized as one of the most prevalent and widely distributed endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been consistently linked to the progression of CVD. This research centers on unraveling the molecular mechanisms responsible for the toxic effects of BPA exposure on CVD. Key targets and pathways involved in action of BPA on CVD were investigated by network toxicology. Binding abilities of BPA to core targets were evaluated by molecular docking. Methods and results Based on information retrieved from ChEMBL, DrugBank, and OMIM databases, a total of 27 potential targets were found to be associated with the influence of BPA on CVD. Furthermore, the STRING and Cytoscape software were employed to identify three central genes-ESR1, PPARG, and PTGS2-and to construct both the protein-protein interaction network and an interaction diagram of potential targets. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses via WebGestalt revealed key biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), molecular functions (MF), and pathways, such as the calcium signaling pathway, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, gap junction, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway, predominantly involved in BPA-induced CVD toxicity. By using molecular docking investigations, it proved that BPA binds to ESR1, PPARG, and PTGS2 steadily and strongly. Conclusion This study not only establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the molecular toxicity mechanism of BPA in cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also introduces an innovative network toxicology approach to methodically investigate the influence of environmental contaminants on CVD. This methodology sets the stage for drug discovery efforts targeting CVD linked to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, China
| | - Bingwu Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xuyong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, China
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Grether U, Benz J, Hartung T, Roth D. Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA)-Based Radioligand Binding for PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:145-153. [PMID: 36152183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been exploited as drug targets for combating multiple diseases. Several activators with different selectivity for the PPAR α, γ, and δ subtypes have been introduced into the market or have reached advanced clinical trials. Binding assays are of utmost importance for the discovery and profiling of such PPAR ligands. Binding assays are often based on radioligands, in particular, tritiated molecules are applied. We developed synthetic procedures for tritiating various PPAR agonists and applied these radioligands for setting up a scintillation proximity assay (SPA) for PPAR α, γ, and δ. These SPAs allow to assess the binding affinities of PPAR α, γ, and δ ligands, along with their respective subtype selectivity profiles. Therefore, SPA is an important tool for hit discovery and lead optimization campaigns aimed at identifying next-generation PPAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jörg Benz
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doris Roth
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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Nobiletin Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction via Activating PPAR γ and PGC1 α. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:9947656. [PMID: 34422028 PMCID: PMC8373512 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9947656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials and Methods C57BL/6 mice were treated with coronary artery ligation to generate an MI model, followed by treatment for 3 weeks with NOB (50 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (50 mg/kg/d), with or without the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibitor T0070907 (1 mg/kg/d). Cardiac function (echocardiography, survival rate, Evans blue, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining), fibrosis (Masson's trichrome staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot (WB)), hypertrophy (haematoxylin-eosin staining, wheat germ agglutinin staining, and qRT-PCR), and apoptosis (WB and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining) were evaluated. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis (TUNEL, WB) and phenylephrine- (PE-) induced pathological hypertrophy (immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR) models were established in primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). The effects of NOB with or without T0070907 were examined for the expression of PPARγ and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) by WB in mice and NRVMs. The potential downstream effectors of PPARγ were further analyzed by WB in mice. Results Following MI in mice, NOB intervention enhanced cardiac function across three predominant dimensions of pathological cardiac remodeling, which reflected in decreasing cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, and hypertrophy decompensation. NOB intervention also alleviated apoptosis and hypertrophy in NRVMs. NOB intervention upregulated PPARγ and PGC1α in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the PPARγ inhibitor abolished the protective effects of NOB against pathological cardiac remodeling during the progression from MI to CHF. The potential downstream effectors of PPARγ were nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Conclusions Our findings suggested that NOB alleviates pathological cardiac remodeling after MI via PPARγ and PGC1α upregulation.
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Ni G, Wang K, Zhou Y, Wu X, Wang J, Shang H, Wang L, Li X. Citri reticulatae Pericarpium attenuates Ang II-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy via upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1064. [PMID: 33145283 PMCID: PMC7575934 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. However, limited pharmacological therapies are available for reversing the maladaptive process and restoring cardiac function. Citri reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for clinical treatment. Previous studies have shown that CRP and its ingredients have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, whether CRP has a protective effect against pathological cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. Methods Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) to induce pathological hypertrophy in vitro. Immunofluorescent staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the cell size and the expression of hypertrophic gene markers (Anp and Bnp), respectively. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to the investigation of cardiac hypertrophy induced by Ang II (2.5 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks). CRP (0.5 g/kg/d for 4 weeks) was administrated to treat mice with or without peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) inhibitor T0070907 (1 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks treatment) infused with Ang II. Cardiac hypertrophy (hematoxylin-eosin staining and qRT-PCR), fibrosis (Masson’s Trichrome staining, qRT-PCR, and western blot), and cardiac function (echocardiography) were examined in these mice. Western blot was used to determine the protein level of PPARγ and PGC-1α both in NRCMs and in mice. Results We found that CRP could prevent Ang II-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy evidenced by improving cardiac function, decreasing hypertrophic growth and reducing cardiac fibrosis. Also, we demonstrated that PPARγ was upregulated by CRP both in NRCMs and in hearts. Moreover, PPARγ inhibitor could abolish the inhibitory effects of CRP on Ang II-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusions CRP attenuates Ang II-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy by activating PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehui Ni
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Cheng HS, Tan WR, Low ZS, Marvalim C, Lee JYH, Tan NS. Exploration and Development of PPAR Modulators in Health and Disease: An Update of Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5055. [PMID: 31614690 PMCID: PMC6834327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that govern the expression of genes responsible for energy metabolism, cellular development, and differentiation. Their crucial biological roles dictate the significance of PPAR-targeting synthetic ligands in medical research and drug discovery. Clinical implications of PPAR agonists span across a wide range of health conditions, including metabolic diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and malignancies. In this review we aim to consolidate existing clinical evidence of PPAR modulators, highlighting their clinical prospects and challenges. Findings from clinical trials revealed that different agonists of the same PPAR subtype could present different safety profiles and clinical outcomes in a disease-dependent manner. Pemafibrate, due to its high selectivity, is likely to replace other PPARα agonists for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone showed tremendous promises in many non-metabolic disorders like chronic kidney disease, depression, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. The clinical niche of PPARβ/δ agonists is less well-explored. Interestingly, dual- or pan-PPAR agonists, namely chiglitazar, saroglitazar, elafibranor, and lanifibranor, are gaining momentum with their optimistic outcomes in many diseases including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and primary biliary cholangitis. Notably, the preclinical and clinical development for PPAR antagonists remains unacceptably deficient. We anticipate the future design of better PPAR modulators with minimal off-target effects, high selectivity, superior bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics. This will open new possibilities for PPAR ligands in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Wei Ren Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Charlie Marvalim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Justin Yin Hao Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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Szkup M, Owczarek AJ, Schneider-Matyka D, Brodowski J, Łój B, Grochans E. Associations between the components of metabolic syndrome and the polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPAR-γ), the fat mass and obesity-associated ( FTO), and the melanocortin-4 receptor ( MC4R) genes. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:72-82. [PMID: 29315078 PMCID: PMC5811243 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is regarded as a set of abnormalities, increasing the risk of serious functioning disorders. It can develop as a result of genetic predisposition. AIM The aim of this study was to establish associations between MetS-related abnormalities and the PPAR-γ rs1801282, FTO rs9939609, and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 425 women aged 45-60 years. The participants were surveyed and subjected to anthropometric, biochemical and genetic analysis. RESULTS In the recessive inheritance model for the FTO polymorphism, a statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between the A/A genotype and glycemia. The results obtained in the codominant and overdominant models for the PPAR-y polymorphism showed a tendency to statistical significance (the C/G genotype inclined to hypertriglyceridemia), and were statistically significant in the codominant, dominant, and recessive models (the C/C genotype predisposed to increased blood pressure). CONCLUSIONS 1. MetS-related abnormalities can be genetically determined, however only some of these relationships can be demonstrated due to the categorical division of symptoms according to the IDF criteria from 2009. 2. The A/A genotype of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism increases the risk of hyperglycemia, and the C/C genotype of the PPAR-γ rs1801282 variant entails elevated blood pressure in 45-60-year-old women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szkup
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-210, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, 41-200, Poland
| | - Daria Schneider-Matyka
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-210, Poland
| | - Jacek Brodowski
- Primary Care Department, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-210, Poland
| | - Beata Łój
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Sana HANSE-Klinikum Wismar GmbH, Wismar, 23966, Germany
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-210, Poland
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7
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Mukohda M. [Role of PPARγ, a transcription factor in cardiovascular disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 154:56-60. [PMID: 31406043 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.154.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand activated transcription factor known to regulate fatty acid metabolism. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), PPARγ synthetic agonists, currently used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes, have been shown to lower the blood pressure and protect against vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In line with these findings, it has been reported that individuals with loss-of-function mutations of PPARγ developed sever early-onset hypertension in addition to metabolic abnormalities. Accumulating evidences suggest PPARγ in the vasculature has protective effects on cardiovascular disease despite unclear mechanism. Because of ubiquitous expression of PPARγ, TZDs are well-known to be associated with serious side effects such as weight gain, fluid retention, and bone fractures. Thus identification of mechanisms on tissue-specific PPARγ activity may lead to the development of targeted treatment which is characterized by no deleterious effects. This review discusses role of PPARγ in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mukohda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science
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8
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Flaig SM, Gattone VH, Blazer-Yost BL. Inhibition of cyst growth in PCK and Wpk rat models of polycystic kidney disease with low doses of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. J Transl Int Med 2016; 4:118-126. [PMID: 28191533 DOI: 10.1515/jtim-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The studies were designed to test the efficacy of two peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists in two rodent models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS The PCK rat is a slowly progressing cystic model while the Wpk-/- rat is a rapidly progressing model. PCK rats were fed with a pharmacological (0.4 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and a sub-pharmacological (0.04 mg/kg BW) dose of rosiglitazone (week 4-28). Wpk-/- rats were fed with pharmacological (2.0 mg/kg BW) and sub-pharmacologic (0.2 mg/kg BW) doses of pioglitazone from day 5 to 18. At termination, kidney weights of treated versus untreated cystic animals were used to determine efficacy. The current studies were also compared with previous studies containing higher doses of PPARγ agonists. The concentrations used in the animals were calculated with reference to equivalent human doses for both drugs. RESULTS The current studies demonstrate: 1) that low, pharmacologically relevant, doses of the PPARγ agonists effectively inhibit cyst growth; 2) there is a class action of the drugs with both commercially available PPARγ agonists, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone, inhibiting cyst growth; 3) the drugs showed efficacy in two different preclinical cystic models. In the PCK rat, animals fed with a sub-pharmacological dose of rosiglitazone for 24 weeks had significantly lower kidney weights than untreated animals (3.68 ± 0.13 g vs. 4.17 ± 0. 11 g, respectively, P < 0.01) while treatment with a pharmacologic dose had no significant effect on kidney weight. The rapidly progressing Wpk-/- rats were fed with pharmacological and sub-pharmacologic doses of pioglitazone from day 5 to 18 and the kidneys were compared with non-treated, cystic animals. Kidney weights on the pharmacologic dose were not statistically lower than the untreated animals while rats fed a sub-pharmacologic dose showed a significant decrease compared with untreated animals (3.35 ± 0.15 g vs. 4.55 ± 0.46 g, respectively, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION Concentrations of PPARγ agonists below the human equivalent diabetic doses are effective in slowing cyst growth in two rodent models of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Flaig
- Biology Department, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Vincent H Gattone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Bonnie L Blazer-Yost
- Biology Department, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
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Abstract
Dysregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activity leads to significant alterations in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation. This is most keenly observed by the metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes exhibited by patients carrying mutations in PPARγ. We will summarize recent findings regarding mechanisms of PPARγ regulation in the cardiovascular and nervous systems focusing largely on PPARγ in the smooth muscle, endothelium, and brain. Canonically, PPARγ exerts its effects by regulating the expression of target genes in these cells, and we will discuss mechanisms by which PPARγ targets in the vasculature regulate cardiovascular function. We will also discuss emerging evidence that PPARγ in the brain is a mediator of appetite and obesity. Finally, we will briefly review how novel PPARγ activators control posttranslational modifications of PPARγ and their prospects to offer new therapeutic options for treatment of metabolic diseases without the adverse side effects of thiazolidinediones which strongly activate transcriptional activity of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeliene Stump
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Masashi Mukohda
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-340 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Martín-Peláez S, Castañer O, Konstantinidou V, Subirana I, Muñoz-Aguayo D, Blanchart G, Gaixas S, de la Torre R, Farré M, Sáez GT, Nyyssönen K, Zunft HJ, Covas MI, Fitó M. Effect of olive oil phenolic compounds on the expression of blood pressure-related genes in healthy individuals. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:663-670. [PMID: 26658900 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the ingestion of olive oil having different phenolic contents influences the expression of blood pressure-related genes, involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, in healthy humans. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, crossover human trial with 18 healthy subjects, who ingested 25 mL/day of olive oils (1) high (366 mg/kg, HPC) and (2) low (2.7 mg/kg, LPC) in phenolic compounds for 3 weeks, preceded by 2-week washout periods. Determination of selected blood pressure-related gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) by qPCR, blood pressure and systemic biomarkers. RESULTS HPC decreased systolic blood pressure compared to pre-intervention values and to LPC, and maintained diastolic blood pressure values compared to LPC. HPC decreased ACE and NR1H2 gene expressions compared with pre-intervention values, and IL8RA gene expression compared with LPC. CONCLUSIONS The introduction to the diet of an extra-virgin olive oil rich in phenolic compounds modulates the expression of some of the genes related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These changes could underlie the decrease in systolic blood pressure observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martín-Peláez
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentini Konstantinidou
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Muñoz-Aguayo
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Blanchart
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Gaixas
- Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo T Sáez
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avinguda Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kristina Nyyssönen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hans Joachim Zunft
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIFE), Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maria Isabel Covas
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Chigurupati S, Dhanaraj SA, Balakumar P. A step ahead of PPARγ full agonists to PPARγ partial agonists: Therapeutic perspectives in the management of diabetic insulin resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:50-7. [PMID: 25748601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dietz M, Mohr P, Kuhn B, Maerki HP, Hartman P, Ruf A, Benz J, Grether U, Wright MB. Comparative molecular profiling of the PPARα/γ activator aleglitazar: PPAR selectivity, activity and interaction with cofactors. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1101-11. [PMID: 22489042 PMCID: PMC3504387 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that control the expression of genes involved in a variety of physiologic processes, through heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor and complex formation with various cofactors. Drugs or treatment regimens that combine the beneficial effects of PPARα and γ agonism present an attractive therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Aleglitazar is a dual PPARα/γ agonist currently in phase III clinical development for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who recently experienced an acute coronary event. The potency and efficacy of aleglitazar was evaluated in a head-to-head comparison with other PPARα, γ and δ ligands. A comprehensive, 12-concentration dose-response analysis using a cell-based assay showed aleglitazar to be highly potent, with EC(50) values of 5 nM and 9 nM for PPARα and PPARγ, respectively. Cofactor recruitment profiles confirmed that aleglitazar is a potent and balanced activator of PPARα and γ. The efficacy and potency of aleglitazar are discussed in relation to other dual PPARα/γ agonists, in context with the published X-ray crystal structures of both PPARα and γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dietz
- Discovery TechnologiesF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Peter Mohr
- Discovery ChemistryF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Discovery ChemistryF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Hans Peter Maerki
- Discovery ChemistryF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Peter Hartman
- DTA CVM, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AGGrenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Armin Ruf
- Discovery TechnologiesF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Jörg Benz
- Discovery TechnologiesF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Uwe Grether
- Discovery ChemistryF. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
| | - Matthew B Wright
- Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche AGGrenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070 (Switzerland)
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Stable reporter cell lines for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-mediated modulation of gene expression. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:77-83. [PMID: 21354099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) by ligands is associated with beneficial health effects, including anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. The aim of the current study was to develop luciferase reporter gene assays to enable fast and low-cost measurement of PPARγ agonist and antagonist activity. Two reporter gene assays, PPARγ1 CALUX and PPARγ2 CALUX, were developed by stable transfection of U2OS cells with an expression vector for PPARγ1 or PPARγ2 and a pGL3-3xPPRE-tata-luc or pGL4-3xPPRE-tata-luc reporter construct, respectively. PPARγ1 CALUX and PPARγ2 CALUX cells showed similar concentration-dependent luciferase induction upon exposure to the PPARγ agonists rosiglitazone, troglitazone, pioglitazone, ciglitazone, netoglitazone, and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2). The potency to induce luciferase decreased in the following order: rosiglitazone>troglitazone=pioglitazone>netoglitazone>ciglitazone. A concentration-dependent decrease in the response to 50nM rosiglitazone was observed on the addition of PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or T0070907 in both PPARγ1 CALUX and PPARγ2 CALUX cells. The PPARα agonists WY14643 and fenofibrate failed to induce luciferase activity, confirming the specificity of these cell lines for PPARγ agonists. In conclusion, PPARγ1 CALUX and PPARγ2 CALUX cells provide a reliable and useful tool to screen (bio)chemicals for PPARγ agonist or antagonist activity.
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Prashantha Kumar BR, Sopna S, Verghese J, Desai B, Nanjan MJ. Rigid and flexible docking studies on PPAR-γ agonists: key interactions for a better antihyperglycemic activity and in silico pharmacodynamic activity versus experimental in vivo activity. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tian J, Wong WT, Tian XY, Zhang P, Huang Y, Wang N. Rosiglitazone attenuates endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction by upregulating endothelial expression of endothelin B receptor. Hypertension 2010; 56:129-35. [PMID: 20516393 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.150375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying the vasoprotective effects of thiazolidinediones remain to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to examine the molecular mechanism for the anti-vasoconstrictive effects of rosiglitazone in response to endothelin (ET) 1. Mouse aortas were treated with rosiglitazone for 24 hours, and ET-1-induced vasoconstriction was assessed by wire myography. The results showed that rosiglitazone attenuated ET-1-induced contraction in mouse aortas; this effect was abolished by ET-B receptor (ET(B)R) antagonist, NO synthase inhibitor, and by the removal of endothelium. By using Northern blotting, real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical techniques, we found that rosiglitazone upregulated expression of ET(B)R at both mRNA and protein levels in mouse aortas and human vascular endothelial cells. The induction of ET(B)R was prevented by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma antagonism. Luciferase reporter assay showed that rosiglitazone enhanced ET(B)R gene promoter activity. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma can directly bind to ET(B)R gene promoter. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with rosiglitazone also attenuated the ET-1-induced vasoconstrictions and increased the ET(B)R expression in mouse aortas and mesenteric arteries. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that rosiglitazone attenuated ET-1-induced vasoconstriction through the upregulation of endothelial ET(B)R, which is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma direct target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Tian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Blazer-Yost BL. PPARgamma Agonists: Blood Pressure and Edema. PPAR Res 2009; 2010:785369. [PMID: 20069049 PMCID: PMC2801011 DOI: 10.1155/2010/785369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Side effects of drug treatment include both fluid retention and a lowering of blood pressure. Data from animal and human studies suggest that these effects arise, at least in part, from drug-induced changes in the kidney. In order to capitalize on the positive aspect (lowering of blood pressure) and exclude the negative one (fluid retention), it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of action underlying each of the effects. When interpreted with known physiological principles, current hypotheses regarding potential mechanisms produce enigmas that are difficult to resolve. This paper is a summary of the current understanding of PPARgamma agonist effects on both blood pressure and fluid retention from a renal perspective and concludes with the newest studies that suggest alternative pathways within the kidney that could contribute to the observed drug-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 358 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Combination therapy for treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis: focus on the lipid-RAAS interaction. Atherosclerosis 2009; 209:307-13. [PMID: 19800624 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Large clinical trials demonstrate that control of blood pressure or hyperlipidemia reduces risk for cardiovascular events by approximately 30%. Factors that may further reduce remaining risk are not definitively established. One potential target is atherosclerosis, a crucial feature in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases whose development is determined by multiple mechanism including complex interactions between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Reciprocal relationships between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance as well as cross-talk between hyperlipidemia and the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may contribute to development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, one appealing strategy for prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis may be to simultaneously address several risk factors with combination therapies that target multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Combination therapy with statins, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor agonists, and rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers demonstrate additive beneficial effects on endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance when compared with monotherapies in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Additive beneficial effects of combined therapy are mediated by both distinct and interrelated mechanisms, consistent with both pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Thus, combination therapy may be an important concept in developing more effective strategies to treat and prevent atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and co-morbid metabolic disorders characterized by endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.
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Yousefipour Z, Oyekan A, Newaz M. Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated modulation of blood pressure and renal vascular reactivity in SHR. Am J Nephrol 2009; 30:201-8. [PMID: 19420904 DOI: 10.1159/000218061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear transcription factor, modulates the expression/activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but its role in GPCR signaling is not clear. Increased GPCR kinase-2 (GRK-2) activity and receptor desensitization have been reported in hypertension. METHOD In this study we investigated the role of GRK-2 in PPARgamma-mediated blood pressure regulation in hypertension. SHR or WKY rats were treated with GW1929, a selective PPARgamma ligand (0.5 mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 2 months. Systolic blood pressure (tail cuff plethysmography), whole kidney perfusion (laser scanner) and renal vascular reactivity (isolated perfused kidney) was determined. RESULTS GW1929 significantly reduced blood pressure (20 +/- 1%) and increased renal perfusion (61 +/- 3%) in SHR compared to WKY rats. Vasoconstriction to phenylephrine (100 microg) in the isolated perfused kidney was greater in SHRs (29 +/- 1%) compared to WKY rats and this was abolished by GW1929. GW1929 enhanced acetylcholine-induced (30-300 microg) and sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilatation in SHR by 46 +/- 2% (p < 0.05) and 33 +/- 2% (p < 0.05), respectively. Isoprenalin-induced (5-30 microg) vasodilatation was 43 +/- 2% lower in SHR compared to WKY and GW1929 enhanced this vasodilatation by 55 +/- 2%. In SHR kidney, GW1929 enhanced expression of PPARgamma mRNA (34 +/- 1%) but reduced that of GRK-2 (31 +/- 3%). CONCLUSION We suggest that downregulation of PPARgamma but upregulation of GRK-2 increases blood pressure and impaired renal vascular reactivity in SHR and that PPARgamma-mediated improvement in hypertension may involve transcriptional regulation of GRK-2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivar Yousefipour
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Nofziger C, Brown KK, Smith CD, Harrington W, Murray D, Bisi J, Ashton TT, Maurio FP, Kalsi K, West TA, Baines D, Blazer-Yost BL. PPARgamma agonists inhibit vasopressin-mediated anion transport in the MDCK-C7 cell line. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F55-62. [PMID: 19403648 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00090.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARgamma agonists are synthetic ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). These agents have insulin-sensitizing properties but can cause fluid retention, thereby limiting their usefulness in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. The side effect etiology is unknown, but the nature of presentation suggests modulation of renal salt and water homeostasis. In a well-characterized cell culture model of the principal cell type [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-C7], PPARgamma agonists inhibit vasopressin-stimulated Cl(-) secretion with agonist dose-response relationships that mirror receptor transactivation profiles. Analyses of the components of the vasopressin-stimulated intracellular signaling pathway indicated no PPARgamma agonist-induced changes in basolateral membrane conductances, intracellular cAMP, protein kinase A, or total cellular adenine nucleotides. The PPARgamma agonist-induced decrease in anion secretion is the result of decreased mRNA of the final effector in the pathway, the apically located cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These data showing that CFTR is a target for PPARgamma agonists may provide new insights into the physiology of PPARgamma agonist-induced fluid retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Nofziger
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Duan SZ, Usher MG, Mortensen RM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ–Mediated Effects in the Vasculature. Circ Res 2008; 102:283-94. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.164384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor in the steroid superfamily. PPAR-γ agonists, the thiazolidinediones, are clinically used to treat type 2 diabetes. In addition to its function in adipogenesis and increasing insulin sensitivity, PPAR-γ also plays critical roles in the vasculature. In vascular endothelial cells, PPAR-γ activation inhibits endothelial inflammation by suppressing inflammatory gene expression and therefore improves endothelial dysfunction. In vascular smooth muscle cells, PPAR-γ activation inhibits proliferation and migration and promotes apoptosis. In macrophages, PPAR-γ activation suppresses inflammation by regulating gene expression and increases cholesterol uptake and efflux. A recurring theme in many cell types is the modulation of the innate immunity system particularly through altering the activity of the nuclear factor κB. This system is likely to be even more prominent in modulating disease in vascular cells. The effects of PPAR-γ in the vascular cells translate into the beneficial function of this transcription factor in vascular disorders, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Both human genetic studies and animal studies using transgenic mice have demonstrated the importance of PPAR-γ in these disorders. However, recent clinical studies have raised significant concerns about the cardiovascular side effects of thiazolidinediones, particularly rosiglitazone. Weighing the potential benefit and harm of PPAR-γ activation and exploring the functional mechanisms may provide a balanced view on the clinical use of these compounds and new approaches to the future therapeutics of vascular disorders associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong Duan
- From the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.Z.D., M.G.U., R.M.M.), Pharmacology (R.M.M.), and Internal Medicine (R.M.M.), Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Michael G. Usher
- From the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.Z.D., M.G.U., R.M.M.), Pharmacology (R.M.M.), and Internal Medicine (R.M.M.), Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard M. Mortensen
- From the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.Z.D., M.G.U., R.M.M.), Pharmacology (R.M.M.), and Internal Medicine (R.M.M.), Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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Deng G, Liu Z, Ye F, Luo X, Zhu W, Shen X, Liu H, Jiang H. Tryptophan-containing dipeptide derivatives as potent PPARgamma antagonists: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2699-716. [PMID: 18329752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) antagonists (also termed "selective PPARgamma modulators, SPPARgammaM") is now of a great interest in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. The structure of compound 1a (G3335, Fig. 1), a novel class of PPARgamma antagonist, is entirely different from that of other reported PPARgamma antagonists. A series of 35 novel analogues (1b-l, 9a-d, 13a-t) were designed, synthesized and evaluated against the agonistic effects exerted by rosiglitazone. These results indicated that most functional groups of 1a were conserved, and six new compounds (1b, 1c, and 9a-d) exhibited strong PPARgamma antagonistic activities (IC(50) values of 5.2-25.8 microM) against 10 microM rosiglitazone in the promotion of the PPARgamma-LBD-CBP (ligand-binding domain and cAMP-response-element binding protein) interaction as investigated by yeast two-hybrid technology based assay. Molecular modeling studies for compounds 1a-d, 1h, 9c-d, and 13a were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Deng
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
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