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Khazdair MR, Moshtagh M, Anaeigoudari A, Jafari S, Kazemi T. Protective effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction - A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3137-3149. [PMID: 38726397 PMCID: PMC11077248 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of illnesses that affect the heart or blood vessels, leading to the most common causes of death worldwide. In 2017, CVD caused approximately 17.8 million deaths that were increased approximately to 20.5 million deaths in 2021, globally. Also, nearly 80% of worldwide CVD deaths occur in some countries. Some herbs and their constituents due to their several pharmacological activities have been used for medicinal purposes. Carvacrol is a phenolic mono-terpenoid found in the oils of aromatic herbs with several biological properties. The possible therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction were summarized in the current study. The data from this review article were obtained by searching the terms including; "Carvacrol", "Hypertension", Hypotensive, "Cardiac dysfunction", "Ischemia", "Lipid profile", and Oxidative stress in several web databases such as Web of Sciences, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, until November 2023. The results of the reviewed studies revealed that carvacrol inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and alters lipid profiles, reducing heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). Carvacrol also decreased the proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β), while increasing secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Moreover, carvacrol improved oxidative stress and mitigated the number of apoptotic cells. The pharmacological effects of carvacrol on CVD might be through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The mentioned therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profile, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction indicate the possible remedy effect of carvacrol for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research CenterBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
| | - Mozhgan Moshtagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | - Shima Jafari
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research CenterBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of PharmacyBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
| | - Toba Kazemi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research CenterBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
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2
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Kim IY, Park CS, Seo KJ, Lee JY, Yune TY. TRPM7 Mediates Neuropathic Pain by Activating mTOR Signaling in Astrocytes after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-023-03888-6. [PMID: 38180616 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether transient receptor melastatin 7 (TRPM7), known as a non-selective cation channel, inhibits neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) and how TRPM7 regulates neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was developed 4 weeks after moderate contusive SCI and TRPM7 was markedly upregulated in astrocytes in the lamina I and II of L4-L5 dorsal horn. In addition, both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly alleviated by a TRPM7 inhibitor, carvacrol. In particular, carvacrol treatment inhibited mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which was activated in astrocytes. When rats were treated with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, neuropathic pain was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, blocking TRPM7 and mTOR signaling by carvacrol and rapamycin inhibited astrocyte activation in lamina I and II of dorsal spinal cord and reduced the level of p-JNK and p-c-Jun, which are known to be activated in astrocytes. Finally, inhibiting TRPM7/mTOR signaling also downregulated the production of pain-related factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-20, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 which are known to be involved in the induction and/or maintenance of neuropathic pain after SCI. These results suggest an important role of TRPM7-mediated mTOR signaling in astrocyte activation and thereby induction and/or maintenance of neuropathic pain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Yi Kim
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Medical Building 10th Floor, Dongdaemun-Gu, Hoegi-Dong 1, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Medical Building 10th Floor, Dongdaemun-Gu, Hoegi-Dong 1, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Seo
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Medical Building 10th Floor, Dongdaemun-Gu, Hoegi-Dong 1, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Medical Building 10th Floor, Dongdaemun-Gu, Hoegi-Dong 1, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Medical Building 10th Floor, Dongdaemun-Gu, Hoegi-Dong 1, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Gonçalves TAF, Lima VS, de Almeida AJPO, de Arruda AV, Veras ACMF, Lima TT, Soares EMC, Santos ACD, Vasconcelos MECD, de Almeida Feitosa MS, Veras RC, de Medeiros IA. Carvacrol Improves Vascular Function in Hypertensive Animals by Modulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:3032. [PMID: 37447358 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol, a phenolic monoterpene, has diverse biological activities, highlighting its antioxidant and antihypertensive capacity. However, there is little evidence demonstrating its influence on vascular regeneration. Therefore, we evaluated the modulation of carvacrol on endothelial repair induced by endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in hypertension. Twelve-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with a vehicle, carvacrol (50 or 100 mg/kg/day), or resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) orally for four weeks. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as the normotensive controls. Their systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly through the tail cuff. The EPCs were isolated from the bone marrow and peripherical circulation and were quantified by flow cytometry. The functionality of the EPC was evaluated after cultivation through the quantification of colony-forming units (CFU), evaluation of eNOS, intracellular detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and evaluation of senescence. The superior mesenteric artery was isolated to evaluate the quantification of ROS, CD34, and CD31. Treatment with carvacrol induced EPC migration, increased CFU formation and eNOS expression and activity, and reduced ROS and senescence. In addition, carvacrol reduced vascular ROS and increased CD31 and CD34 expression. This study showed that treatment with carvacrol improved the functionality of EPC, contributing to the reduction of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Silva Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Alinne Villar de Arruda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Trajano Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Robson Cavalcante Veras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Isac Almeida de Medeiros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil
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Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
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5
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A Status Review on Health-Promoting Properties and Global Regulation of Essential Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041809. [PMID: 36838797 PMCID: PMC9968027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, essential oils (EOs) have been known for their therapeutic potential against many health issues. Recent studies suggest that EOs may contribute to the regulation and modulation of various biomarkers and cellular pathways responsible for metabolic health as well as the development of many diseases, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial infections. During metabolic dysfunction and even infections, the immune system becomes compromised and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to serious health consequences. The bioactive compounds present in EOs (especially terpenoids and phenylpropanoids) with different chemical compositions from fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants confer protection against these metabolic and infectious diseases through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In this review, we have highlighted some targeted physiological and cellular actions through which EOs may exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In addition, it has been observed that EOs from specific plant sources may play a significant role in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, microbial infections, and increasing breast milk production, along with improvements in heart, liver, and brain health. The current status of the bioactive activities of EOs and their therapeutic effects are covered in this review. However, with respect to the health benefits of EOs, it is very important to regulate the dose and usage of EOs to reduce their adverse health effects. Therefore, we specified that some countries have their own regulatory bodies while others follow WHO and FAO standards and legislation for the use of EOs.
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Imran M, Aslam M, Alsagaby SA, Saeed F, Ahmad I, Afzaal M, Arshad MU, Abdelgawad MA, El‐Ghorab AH, Khames A, Shariati MA, Ahmad A, Hussain M, Imran A, Islam S. Therapeutic application of carvacrol: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3544-3561. [PMID: 36348778 PMCID: PMC9632228 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a major natural constituent and is significantly present as an essential oil in aromatic plants and is well known for its numerous biological activities. Therapeutic properties of carvacrol have been demonstrated as anti-oxidant, anticancer, diabetes prevention, cardioprotective, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and reproductive role, antiaging, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The carvacrol biosynthesis has been mediated through mevalonate pathway. Carvacrol has the anticancer ability against malignant cells via decreasing the expressions of matrix metalloprotease 2 and 9, inducing apoptosis, enhancing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, disrupting mitochondrial membrane, suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction, and also decreasing the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B. It also decreased the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as also restored liver function, insulin level, and plasma glucose level. Carvacrol also has been found to exert antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus sp. Shigella, and Escherichia coli. The current review article summarizes the health-promoting perspectives of carvacrol through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of NarowalNarowalPakistan
| | - Mahwish Aslam
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaahSaudi Arabia
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ishtiaque Ahmad
- Department of Dairy Technology, FAPTUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Muhamamd Afzaal
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Arshad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. El‐Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of PharmacyTaif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University)MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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7
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Đukanović Đ, Gajic Bojic M, Marinkovic S, Trailovic SM, Stojiljković MP, Škrbić R. Vasorelaxant effect of monoterpene carvacrol on isolated human umbilical artery. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:755-762. [PMID: 35507953 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol is the main compound of essential oils extracted primarily from Thymus and Origanum species. Its various biological activities were confirmed: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumour, antinematodal and vasorelaxant action. Although vasodilation mediated by carvacrol was previously described, the exact mechanism of its action has not yet been established. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate carvacrol vasoactivity on human umbilical arteries (HUA) and different pathways involved in its mechanism of action using tissue bath methodology. Carvacrol caused a significant decrease in vascular tension of 5-HT-pre-contracted umbilical arteries, with EC50 of 442.13 ± 33.8 µM (mean ± standard error of the mean - SEM). At 300 µM, carvacrol shifted downward the 5-HT concentration-response curve with statistical significance of p < 0.001 obtained for the four highest concentrations. At concentration of 1 mM, carvacrol completely abolished BaCl2-induced contraction in Ca2+-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (p < 0.001). Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the antagonist of TRPV3 channel, was able to decrease the efficacy of carvacrol (p < 0.001). The vasorelaxant effect of carvacrol seems to involve the blocking of L-type of Ca2+ channels on smooth muscle cells. However, the role of TRPV3 channels in carvacrol-induced vasodilation of HUA cannot be excluded either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Đukanović
- University of Banja Luka Faculty of Medicine, 469576, Centre for Biomedical Research, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Milica Gajic Bojic
- University of Banja Luka Faculty of Medicine, 469576, Centre for Biomedical Research, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Sonja Marinkovic
- University of Banja Luka Faculty of Medicine, 469576, Centre for Biomedical Research, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Sasa M Trailovic
- University of Belgrade, 54801, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Beograd, Serbia, 11000;
| | - Miloš P Stojiljković
- University of Banja Luka Faculty of Medicine, 469576, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 78000;
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- University of Banja Luka Faculty of Medicine, 469576, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 78000;
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Cabral B, Gonçalves TAF, Abreu LS, Andrade AWL, de Azevedo FDLAA, de Castro FD, Tavares JF, Guerra GCB, de Rezende AA, de Medeiros IA, Zucolotto SM. Cardiovascular Effects Induced by Fruit Peels from Passiflora edulis in Hypertensive Rats and Fingerprint Analysis by HPLC-ESI-MSn spectrometry. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:356-366. [PMID: 34344056 DOI: 10.1055/a-1385-8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a chronic disease and a global health problem. Due to its high prevalence, it constitutes the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Fruit peels from Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa are rich in bioactive natural compounds that may have action in hypertension. This study aimed to perform a fingerprinting analysis of Passiflora edulis fruit peel extract and evaluate its actions on the cardiovascular system in an in vivo model. The extract was obtained from the dried and powdered fruit peels of Passiflora edulis. Glycoside flavonoids were identified in the extract by HPLC-ESI-MSn. The extract showed a significant hypotensive effect after 28 days of treatment and improved vascular function in the mesenteric artery. This effect was verified by decreased vascular hypercontractility and increased vasorelaxant in response to sodium nitroprusside and acetylcholine. There was also a decrease in endothelial dysfunction, which can be attributed to nitric oxide's increased bioavailability. Thus, we hypothesize that all these effects contributed to a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance, leading to a significant hypotensive effect. These results are novel for fruit peels from P. edulis. Also, there was a decrease in plasma and cardiac malondialdehyde levels and an increase in glutathione, suggesting a reduction in oxidative stress, as well as an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 in the plasma. This study demonstrated that the extract can be a new source of raw material to be applied as food or medicine adjuvant for treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Cabral
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Anderson Wilbur Lopes Andrade
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Francker Duarte de Castro
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
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Unraveling the Cardiac Effects Induced by Carvacrol in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Involvement of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin Subfamily 4 and 7 Channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:206-216. [PMID: 35099165 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Accumulating evidence indicates that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are involved in the pathophysiological process in the heart, and monoterpenes, such as carvacrol, are able to modulate these channels activity. In this article, our purpose was to evaluate the direct cardiac effect of carvacrol on the contractility of cardiomyocytes and isolated right atria from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats. In this way, in vitro experiments were used to evaluate the ventricular cardiomyocytes contractility and the Ca2+ transient measuring, in addition to heart rhythm in the right atria. The role of TRPM channels in carvacrol-mediated cardiac activities was also investigated. The results demonstrated that carvacrol induced a significant reduction in ventricular cell contractility, without changes in transient Ca2+. In addition, carvacrol promoted a significant negative chronotropic response in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats' atria. Selective blockage of TRPM channels suggests the involvement of TRP melastatin subfamily 2 (TRPM2), TRPM4, and TRPM7 in the carvacrol-mediated cardiac effects. In silico studies were conducted to further investigate the putative role of TRPM4 in carvacrol-mediated cardiac action. FTMap underscores a conserved pocket in both TRPM4 and TRPM7, revealing a potential carvacrol binding site, and morphological similarity analysis demonstrated that carvacrol shares a more than 85% similarity to 9-phenanthrol. Taken together, these results suggest that carvacrol has direct cardiac actions, leading to reduced cellular contractility and inducing a negative chronotropic effect, which may be related to TRPM7 and TRPM4 modulation.
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de Oliveira AS, Llanes LC, Nunes RJ, Nucci-Martins C, de Souza AS, Palomino-Salcedo DL, Dávila-Rodríguez MJ, Ferreira LLG, Santos ARS, Andricopulo AD. Antioxidant Activity, Molecular Docking, Quantum Studies and In Vivo Antinociceptive Activity of Sulfonamides Derived From Carvacrol. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:788850. [PMID: 34887769 PMCID: PMC8650121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.788850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and antioxidant, antinociceptive and antiedematogenic activities of sulfonamides derived from carvacrol-a druglike natural product-are reported. The compounds showed promising antioxidant activity, and sulfonamide derived from morpholine (S1) demonstrated excellent antinociceptive and antiedematogenic activities, with no sedation or motor impairment. The mechanism that underlies the carvacrol and derived sulfonamides' relieving effects on pain has not yet been fully elucidated, however, this study shows that the antinociceptive activity can be partially mediated by the antagonism of glutamatergic signaling. Compound S1 presented promising efficacy and was predicted to have an appropriate medicinal chemistry profile. Thus, derivative S1 is an interesting starting point for the design of new leads for the treatment of pain and associated inflammation and prooxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo S de Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Blumenau, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo-USP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luana C Llanes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo J Nunes
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Catharina Nucci-Martins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Anacleto S de Souza
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo-USP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - David L Palomino-Salcedo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo-USP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo L G Ferreira
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo-USP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriano D Andricopulo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo-USP, São Carlos, Brazil
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11
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. The Role of Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123506. [PMID: 34207498 PMCID: PMC8227493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health burden that greatly impact patient quality of life and account for a huge number of deaths worldwide. Despite current therapies, several side effects have been reported that compromise patient adherence; thus, affecting therapeutic benefits. In this context, plant metabolites, namely volatile extracts and compounds, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Indeed, these compounds, in addition to having beneficial bioactivities, are generally more amenable and present less side effects, allowing better patient tolerance. The present review is an updated compilation of the studies carried out in the last 20 years on the beneficial potential of essential oils, and their compounds, against major risk factors of CVDs. Overall, these metabolites show beneficial potential through a direct effect on these risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, or by acting on related targets, or exerting general cellular protection. In general, monoterpenic compounds are the most studied regarding hypotensive and anti-dyslipidemic/antidiabetic properties, whereas phenylpropanoids are very effective at avoiding platelet aggregation. Despite the number of studies performed, clinical trials are sparse and several aspects related to essential oil’s features, namely volatility and chemical variability, need to be considered in order to guarantee their efficacy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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12
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Silva EAP, Carvalho JS, Dos Santos DM, Oliveira AMS, de Souza Araújo AA, Serafini MR, Oliveira Santos LAB, Batista MVDA, Viana Santos MR, Siqueira Quintans JDS, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Barreto AS. Cardiovascular effects of farnesol and its β-cyclodextrin complex in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174060. [PMID: 33819466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol (FAR) is a sesquiterpene alcohol with a range of reported biological effects including cardioprotective, antioxidant and antiarrhythmic properties. However, due to its volatility, the use of drug incorporation systems, such as cyclodextrins, have been proposed to improve its pharmacological properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the cardiovascular effects of FAR alone, and to investigate the antihypertensive effects of FAR complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) in rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after intravenous administration of FAR (0,5; 2,5; 5 and 7,5 mg/kg) in normotensive rats, and after oral acute administration (200 mg/kg) of FAR and FAR/βCD complex in NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) hypertensive rats. In normotensive animals, FAR induced dose-dependent hypotension associated with bradycardia. These effects were not affected by pre-treatment with L-NAME or indomethacin (INDO), but were partially attenuated by atropine. Pre-treatment with hexamethonium (HEXA) only affected hypotension. In the hypertensive rats, FAR/βCD potentialized the antihypertensive effect when compared to FAR alone. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated for the first time that FAR has affinity to bind to the M3 and M2 muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors through hydrogen bonds in the same residues as known ligands. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that FAR induced hypotension associated with bradycardia, possibly through the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The inclusion complex with βCD improved the antihypertensive effects of FAR, which can be relevant to improve current cardiovascular therapy using volatile natural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Aian P Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Danillo M Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria S Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Adriano A de Souza Araújo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mairim R Serafini
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus V de A Batista
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Márcio R Viana Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jullyana de S Siqueira Quintans
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
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13
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Costa HA, Dias CJM, Martins VDA, de Araujo SA, da Silva DP, Mendes VS, de Oliveira MNS, Mostarda CT, Borges ACR, Ribeiro RM, Filho NS. Effect of treatment with carvacrol and aerobic training on cardiovascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:891-901. [PMID: 33595154 DOI: 10.1113/ep089235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can two non-drug therapies, carvacrol and aerobic physical training, together have additive effects on the reduction of cardiovascular risks and control of arterial hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? The oral use of carvacrol (20 mg/kg/day) can control sustained hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and when this use is associated with aerobic physical training, there is a more pronounced effect on the reduction of blood pressure values, making these therapies an adjunct option in the drug treatment of hypertension. ABSTRACT Systemic arterial hypertension is considered the foremost cardiovascular risk factor, and it is important to examine different therapies that help prevent and treat it, especially when associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. In this context, it is known that both carvacrol and aerobic physical training benefit the cardiovascular system. This study investigated the effects of treatment with carvacrol combined with aerobic exercise on hypertensive rats with cardiovascular risk parameters. We used an experimental design with six groups: normotensive control (Wistar rats); hypertensive control (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR); positive control rats treated with amlodipine (Aml-20 mg); rats treated with carvacrol (Carv-20 mg); rats trained with exercise (Exer); and rats treated with carvacrol and exercise (ExerCarv). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks, monitoring heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP). At the end of the treatment, vascular reactivity tests were performed in addition to biochemical measurements of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic indexes, relative heart weight and histopathological analysis of cardiac perivascular tissue. Significant reductions in SBP were observed after the training period, with the ExerCarv group showing a greater magnitude of reduction (∆SBP = 88 ± 10.0 mmHg, 42%). This group also experienced reductions in atherogenic indices and improvement in all analysed lipid parameters, with no differences observed in the Exer group. The findings indicated that the interaction between aerobic exercise and carvacrol offers a greater BP reduction. Exercise is particularly effective for controlling biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk, regardless of carvacrol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herikson Araujo Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Núcleo de Atividade Física e Saúde (NAFS) and Laboratório de Adaptações Cardiorrenais ao Exercício Físico (LACE), Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Moraes Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Núcleo de Atividade Física e Saúde (NAFS) and Laboratório de Adaptações Cardiorrenais ao Exercício Físico (LACE), Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vicenilma de Andrade Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sandra Alves de Araujo
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Daiane Pereira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S Mendes
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Teixeira Mostarda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Romão Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rachel Melo Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Natalino Salgado Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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14
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Jeong JH, Lee SH, Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang DH, Kang BS, Park MK, Choi BY, Choi HC, Lim MS, Suh SW. The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Inhibitors Suppress Seizure-Induced Neuron Death by Inhibiting Zinc Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217897. [PMID: 33114331 PMCID: PMC7663745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is an ion channel that mediates monovalent cations out of cells, as well as the entry of divalent cations, such as zinc, magnesium, and calcium, into the cell. It has been reported that inhibitors of TRPM7 are neuroprotective in various neurological diseases. Previous studies in our lab suggested that seizure-induced neuronal death may be caused by the excessive release of vesicular zinc and the subsequent accumulation of zinc in the neurons. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of carvacrol and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), both inhibitors of TRPM7, on the accumulation of intracellular zinc in dying neurons following seizure. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol and 2-APB against pilocarpine-induced seizure. Carvacrol (50 mg/kg) was injected once per day for 3 or 7 days after seizure. 2-APB (2 mg/kg) was also injected once per day for 3 days after seizure. We found that inhibitors of TRPM7 reduced seizure-induced TRPM7 overexpression, intracellular zinc accumulation, and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, there was a suppression of oxidative stress, glial activation, and the blood–brain barrier breakdown. In addition, inhibitors of TRPM7 remarkably decreased apoptotic neuron death following seizure. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that TRPM7-mediated zinc translocation is involved in neuron death after seizure. The present study suggests that inhibitors of TRPM7 may have high therapeutic potential to reduce seizure-induced neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Man-Sup Lim
- Department of Medical Education, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
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15
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Barreto da Silva L, Camargo SB, Moraes RDA, Medeiros CF, Jesus ADM, Evangelista A, Villarreal CF, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Silva DF. Antihypertensive effect of carvacrol is improved after incorporation in β-cyclodextrin as a drug delivery system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1798-1807. [PMID: 32568422 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CARV), has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated the antihypertensive effect of the CARV free and encapsulation of CARV in β-cyclodextrin (CARV/β-CD), and whether CARV/β-CD is able to improve the antihypertensive effects of CARV free in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The rats were randomly divided into four groups, each treated daily for 21 days and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate was measured every 5 days: group 1, Wistar-vehicle solution; group 2, SHR-vehicle; group 3, SHR-CARV 50 mg/kg/d; and group 4, CARV/β-CD 50 mg/kg/d. After 21 days of treatment, the mesenteric artery from treated animals was tested for phenylephrine (Phe) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) sensitivity. In addition, administration of CARV/β-CD induced important antihypertensive activity when compared with the uncomplexed form, reducing the progression of arterial hypertension in SHR. Moreover, pharmacological potency to Phe in the SHR-CARV and CARV/β-CD groups was increased, approaching values expressed in the Wistar-vehicle. Furthermore, CARV/β-CD reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator, IL-1β, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Together, these results produced evidence that the encapsulation of CARV in β-CD can improve cardiovascular activity, showing potential anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Barreto da Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Samuel Barbosa Camargo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Raiana Dos Anjos Moraes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carla Fiama Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Melo Jesus
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Darízy Flávia Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Moraes RDA, Alves QL, Camargo SB, Medeiros CFDA, Jesus ADM, da Hora VRS, Stiz DS, Corrêa R, Cechinel-Filho V, Silva DF. Itaconimides derivatives induce relaxation in mesenteric artery and negative inotropism by inhibition of CA2+ influx. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:890-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Effect of Carvacrol, TRP Channels Modulator, on Cardiac Electrical Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6456805. [PMID: 32337263 PMCID: PMC7166271 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6456805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide application of carvacrol (CAR) in medicines, dietary supplements, and foods, there is still insufficient electrophysiological data on the mechanisms of action of CAR, particularly with regard to heart function. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to elucidate whether CAR, whose inhibitory effect on both cardiac and vascular TRPM7 and L-type Ca2+ currents has been demonstrated previously, could modify cardiac electrical activity. We used a combination of optical mapping and microelectrode techniques to track the action potentials (APs) and the spread of electrical activity in a Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart model during atrial/endo/epicardial pacing. Simultaneously, ECG recordings were acquired. Because human trials on CAR are still lacking, we tested the action of CAR on human ventricular preparations obtained from explanted hearts. Activation time (AT), AP duration (APD), and conduction velocity maps were constructed. We demonstrated that at a low concentration (10 μM) of CAR, only marginal changes in the AP parameters were observed. At higher concentrations (≥100 μM), a decrease in AP upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax), suggesting inhibition of Na+ current, and APD (at 50 and 90% repolarization) was detected; also slowing in the spread of electrical signals via the atrioventricular node was observed, suggesting impaired functioning of Ca2+ channels. In addition, a decrease in the T-wave amplitude was seen on the ECG, suggesting an impaired repolarization process. Nevertheless, those changes occurred without a significant impact on the resting membrane potential and were reversible. We suggest that CAR might play a role in modulating cardiac electrical activity at high concentrations.
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18
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Alves QL, Silva DF. D-Limonene: A Promising Molecule with Bradycardic and Antiarrhythmic Potential. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:933-934. [PMID: 31800718 PMCID: PMC7020961 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quiara Lovatti Alves
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia Cardiovascular - Instituto de Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil
| | - Darizy Flávia Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia Cardiovascular - Instituto de Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil
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19
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Polli FDS, Gomes JN, Ferreira HS, Santana RC, Fregoneze JB. Inhibition of salt appetite in sodium-depleted rats by carvacrol: Involvement of noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:119-127. [PMID: 30986399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol, a monoterpene phenol present in the essential oil of oregano, possesses several biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive and antinociceptive. In vitro studies have shown that carvacrol inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine transporters and the enzymes monoamine oxidase-A and B. Different brain functions are controlled by monoamines, including cardiovascular control, thirst and sodium appetite. In the present study we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of carvacrol on sodium appetite, and the participation of brain serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways on carvacrol effects. Neuronal activation in homeostasis-related brain areas induced by i.c.v. injection of carvacrol was also evaluated. Carvacrol dose-dependently inhibited hypertonic saline intake (1.5%) in sodium-depleted rats, and this antinatriorexigenic effect was reduced by brain serotonergic depletion and by alpha-adrenergic blockade. Furthermore, i.c.v. injections of carvacrol significantly increased the neuronal activation in brain areas involved in the control of salt appetite, such as MnPO, OVLT, PVN, SON, CeA and MeA. Taken together, our data show that carvacrol presents antinatriorexigenic activity through serotonin and noradrenaline pathways within brain circuits involved in the modulation of the body fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip de Souza Polli
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Novaes Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hilda Silva Ferreira
- Life Sciences Department, Bahia State University, 41195-001, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rejane Conceição Santana
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Josmara Bartolomei Fregoneze
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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20
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Carvacrol Attenuates Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Global Cerebral Ischemia via Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120231. [PMID: 30486272 PMCID: PMC6315386 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, evidence supporting the concept of zinc-induced neuronal death has been introduced, and several intervention strategies have been investigated. Vesicular zinc is released into the synaptic cleft, where it then translocates to the cytoplasm, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration. Carvacrol inhibits transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), which regulates the homeostasis of extracellular metal ions, such as calcium and zinc. In the present study, we test whether carvacrol displays any neuroprotective effects after global cerebral ischemia (GCI), via a blockade of zinc influx. To test our hypothesis, we used eight-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats, and a GCI model was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO), accompanied by blood withdrawal from the femoral artery. Ischemic duration was defined as a seven-minute electroencephalographic (EEG) isoelectric period. Carvacrol (50 mg/kg) was injected into the intraperitoneal space once per day for three days after the onset of GCI. The present study found that administration of carvacrol significantly decreased the number of degenerating neurons, microglial activation, oxidative damage, and zinc translocation after GCI, via downregulation of TRPM7 channels. These findings suggest that carvacrol, a TRPM7 inhibitor, may have therapeutic potential after GCI by reducing intracellular zinc translocation.
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Assis KS, Araújo IGA, de Azevedo FDLAA, Maciel PMP, Machado Calzerra NT, da Silva TAF, Assis VL, de Vasconcelos AP, Santos CAG, Meireles BRLA, Cordeiro AMTM, Araújo DAM, Ribeiro TP, Medeiros IA. Potassium Channel Activation Is Involved in the Cardiovascular Effects Induced by Freeze Dried Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC Fruit Juice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4827461. [PMID: 30402480 PMCID: PMC6196999 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4827461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to explore the cardiovascular effects induced by freeze-dried juice from Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC fruits (JSJ). JSJ presented high polyphenol content and steroids. HPLC analysis revealed that 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic and caffeic acid were present in higher amounts in the JSJ extract. In rat, JSJ induces hypotension and vasodilatation in mesenteric arteries, with or without vascular endothelium. JSJ-mediated vasodilation response against contractions induced with KCl (60 mM) depolarizing solution was significantly lower than the responses induced by JSJ when evaluated against phenylephrine-induced contractions. To investigate the involvement of potassium channels we used Tyrode's solution with KCl (20 mM) or tetraethylammonium (1.0, 3.0, or 5.0 mM). In these conditions JSJ-induced effects were significantly attenuated. To investigate the potassium channel subtypes involved in the response, we used 4-aminopyridine, glibenclamide, BaCl2, and iberiotoxin. In the presence (simultaneous) of different potassium channel blockers we observed a significant attenuation of JSJ-induced effect. Inhibition was also observed when using BaCl2, glibenclamide, or 4-aminopyridine, separately. However, incubation with iberiotoxin did not promote changes in either maximum effect, or potency. We also evidenced a discrete participation of CaV channels in the JSJ-induced vasorelaxant effect. In addition, patch-clamp studies demonstrated that JSJ could activate potassium channels. In conclusion, JSJ promotes hypotension and vasorelaxation in rats, involving, at least, the activation of potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kívia S. Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Islania G. A. Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Fátima de L. A. A. de Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Priscilla M. P. Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Natália T. Machado Calzerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Tays A. F. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria L. Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Aliny P. de Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. G. Santos
- Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Biologia e Química, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) Cuité, Paraíba, 58750-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno R. L. A. Meireles
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento Regional - CTDR, Universidade Federal de Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Angela M. T. M. Cordeiro
- Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Biologia e Química, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) Cuité, Paraíba, 58750-000, Brazil
| | - Demetrius A. M. Araújo
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Thais P. Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Isac A. Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, (CCS)/Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil
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de Andrade TU, Brasil GA, Endringer DC, da Nóbrega FR, de Sousa DP. Cardiovascular Activity of the Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils. Molecules 2017; 22:E1539. [PMID: 28926969 PMCID: PMC6151533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death in developed and developing countries and decrease the quality of life, which has enormous social and economic consequences for the population. Recent studies on essential oils have attracted attention and encouraged continued research of this group of natural products because of their effects on the cardiovascular system. The pharmacological data indicate a therapeutic potential for essential oils for use in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review reports the current studies of essential oils chemical constituents with cardiovascular activity, including a description of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Flávio Rogério da Nóbrega
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa PB 58051-970, Brazil.
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa PB 58051-970, Brazil.
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Leyva-López N, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Vazquez-Olivo G, Heredia JB. Essential Oils of Oregano: Biological Activity beyond Their Antimicrobial Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:E989. [PMID: 28613267 PMCID: PMC6152729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils of oregano are widely recognized for their antimicrobial activity, as well as their antiviral and antifungal properties. Nevertheless, recent investigations have demonstrated that these compounds are also potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and cancer suppressor agents. These properties of oregano essential oils are of potential interest to the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this manuscript is to review the latest evidence regarding essential oils of oregano and their beneficial effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayely Leyva-López
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5 Col. El Diez C.P., Culiacán, Sinaloa 80129, Mexico.
| | - Erick P Gutiérrez-Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5 Col. El Diez C.P., Culiacán, Sinaloa 80129, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Vazquez-Olivo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5 Col. El Diez C.P., Culiacán, Sinaloa 80129, Mexico.
| | - J Basilio Heredia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5 Col. El Diez C.P., Culiacán, Sinaloa 80129, Mexico.
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Testai L, Chericoni S, Martelli A, Flamini G, Breschi MC, Calderone V. Voltage-operated potassium (Kv) channels contribute to endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of carvacrol on rat aorta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1177-83. [PMID: 27334686 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carvacrol, a monoterpene widely present in nature, is commonly used in the food industry and in cosmetics, besides to possess a plethora of pharmacological properties, among these also in vitro vasorelaxing effects and in vivo hypotensive responses. Although in rat aortic rings carvacrol evoked a vasodilatation both in the presence and in the absence of endothelium, in preparations with intact endothelial layer its vasoactive response markedly improved. METHODS This study aimed at investigating the mechanism of action responsible for the endothelial component of the carvacrol-induced vasorelaxing response observed in rat isolated aortic rings. KEY FINDINGS Pharmacological characterization led us to exclude the involvement of NO pathway (neither L-NAME, NO biosynthesis inhibitor, nor ODQ, guanylate cyclase inhibitor, was able to modify the vascular effects of carvacrol) and of arachidonic acid cascade (no inhibitor intercepting the cascade influenced the endothelial-dependent vasodilatation of the monoterpene). Moreover, endothelial TRP channels were also not involved, as capsazepine did not antagonize vasorelaxing effect. Finally, endothelial potassium channels were considered as possible targets of carvacrol; indeed, two voltage-operated potassium (Kv) channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine and quinine, significantly reduced carvacrol potency and efficacy indices. CONCLUSIONS Kv channels seem to be responsible for vascular effects of the monoterpene typical of Labiatae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdipartimental Center of Nutraceutical Research and Food for Healthy "Nutrafood", Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvio Chericoni
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Department of "Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica", University of Pisa and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdipartimental Center of Nutraceutical Research and Food for Healthy "Nutrafood", Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdipartimental Center of Nutraceutical Research and Food for Healthy "Nutrafood", Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdipartimental Center of Nutraceutical Research and Food for Healthy "Nutrafood", Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Effects of monoterpenes on ion channels of excitable cells. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:83-97. [PMID: 25956464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are a structurally diverse group of phytochemicals and a major constituent of plant-derived 'essential oils'. Monoterpenes such as menthol, carvacrol, and eugenol have been utilized for therapeutical purposes and food additives for centuries and have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic actions. In recent years there has been increasing interest in understanding the pharmacological actions of these molecules. There is evidence indicating that monoterpenes can modulate the functional properties of several types of voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, suggesting that some of their pharmacological actions may be mediated by modulations of ion channel function. In this report, we review the literature concerning the interaction of monoterpenes with various ion channels.
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