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Gonçalves MSS, Silva EAP, Santos DM, Santana IR, Souza DS, Araujo AM, Heimfarth L, Vasconcelos CML, Santos VCO, Santos MRV, de S S Barreto R, Quintans Júnior LJ, Barreto AS. Nerolidol attenuates isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:353-363. [PMID: 35050389 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02202-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have high morbidity and mortality rates, and their treatment is not effective in reducing the damage caused by myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to investigate whether nerolidol (NRD), a sesquiterpene alcohol, could attenuate MI in an isoproterenol-treated rat model. MI was induced by the administration of two doses of isoproterenol (ISO, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) with an interval of 24 h between doses.The animals were divided into four groups: control (CTR) (vehicle - NaCl 0.9% + Tween 80 0.2%), MI (ISO + vehicle), MI + NRD (50 mg/kg) and MI + NRD (100 mg/kg). An electrocardiogram was performed, and contractile parameters, cardiac enzymes, infarction size, and antioxidant parameters in the heart were measured to evaluate the effects of NRD. The ISO group showed a significant rise in ST segment, QTc, and heart rate associated with a reduction in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), + dP/dt, and -dP/dt. In addition, there were increases in levels of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS); reductions in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities; and an increase in the infarction size. Interestingly, NRD significantly attenuated almost all the parameters of ISO-induced MI mentioned above. Our results suggest that nerolidol attenuates MI caused by ISO by a marked reduction in myocardial infarct size and suppression of oxidative stress. CK total, creatine kinase total; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial band; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase. CTR (vehicle group), MI (100 mg/kg of isoproterenol), ISO + NRD 50 (50 mg/kg of nerolidol), and ISO + NRD 100 (100 mg/kg of nerolidol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meire S S Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.,Biotechnology Graduate Program (PROBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eric Aian P Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Danillo M Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Izabel R Santana
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Diego S Souza
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreza M Araujo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Carla M L Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius C O Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Márcio R V Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rosana de S S Barreto
- Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Marcelo Deda Avenue, Centro, Lagarto, Sergipe, 49400-000, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J Quintans Júnior
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, SN, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Biotechnology Graduate Program (PROBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. .,Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Marcelo Deda Avenue, Centro, Lagarto, Sergipe, 49400-000, Brazil.
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Sulato ET, Luko-Sulato K, Pedrobom JH, de Oliveira LMDS, Lima GDS, Govone JS, Barreto AS, de Araújo Júnior MAG, Menegário AA. Metals and metalloids in green turtle hepatic tissue (Chelonia mydas) from Santos Basin, Brazil. Environ Res 2022; 203:111835. [PMID: 34389350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal and metalloid concentrations in the liver tissue of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) stranded on the Brazilian coast (n = 506) were studied using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The influences of occurrence registers (date and location) and biological characteristics (sex, age, and developmental stage) were assessed, as well as the temporal influences of oil exploration and production activities. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Hg were the highest reported for the liver of C. mydas on the Brazilian coast. The mean element concentrations followed the order: Cu > Zn > Cd > Mn > As > Hg > Mo > Pb > V > Ni > Ba > Cr. Further, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for Hg between the sexes (males > females) and for As, Cu, Pb, Mo, and V between young individuals and older individuals (≥11 years), suggesting a relationship between the dietary shift inherent to green turtle development. These results were corroborated by the curved carapace length (CCL) data, wherein individuals residing in coastal areas (CCL > 50 cm) presented higher concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mo, Zn, Ba, and V than those in the oceanic stage (CCL < 30 cm). The opposite pattern was observed for As and Hg. The influences of spatial autocorrelation (Moran Index) at a global scale and oil production activities on the element concentrations were not observed. However, five hotspots of high metal concentrations were identified via a local spatial autocorrelation (local indicator of spatial association), existing predominantly in a region of heavy anthropic activity within the sampling area. Further, baseline element concentrations were established at the 95% confidence level. Overall, the developmental stage, which is related to feeding habits, had an expressive influence on element concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Tiago Sulato
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais - CEA, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen Luko-Sulato
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais - CEA, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Henrique Pedrobom
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais - CEA, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Dos Santos Lima
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais - CEA, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - José Silvio Govone
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais - CEA, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Laboratório de Informática da Biodiversidade e Geoprocessamento, UNIVALI - Univ. do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, CEP 88302-901, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus Antônio Gonçalves de Araújo Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello - CENPES, PETROBRAS - Petróleo Brasileiro S.A, Avenida Horácio Macedo, 950, CEP 21941-915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amauri Antonio Menegário
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais - CEA, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Araujo JES, Santos RMD, Oliveira DPM, Macedo FN, Quintans JSS, Barreto RSS, Santos SL, Santos MRV, Junior LJQ, Barreto AS. Resistance training increases insulin-induced vasodilation in the mesenteric artery of healthy rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210222. [PMID: 34909827 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the ability of resistance training (RT) of moderate intensity to promote vascular changes in insulin-induced vasodilation in healthy animals. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control (CON) and trained (eight weeks of training, performing 3 sets with 10 repetitions at 60% of maximum intensity). Forty-eight hours after the last session of the RT, the animals were sacrificed and vascular reactivity to insulin in the absence and presence of LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (PI3K), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors) and BQ123 (endothelin A antagonist (ET-A) receptor). In addition, phenylephrine (Phe)-induced vasoconstriction in the absence and presence of L-NAME was also evaluated. The RT group showed greater vasodilation in maximal response compared to the CON group. After PI3K inhibition, vasodilation was reduced in both groups. However, when the NOS participation was evaluated, the RT group showed contraction in relation to the CON group, which was abolished by BQ123. In addition, the RT group had an increase in nitrite levels compared to the CON group. When the Phe response was evaluated, there was a reduction in tension in the RT group compared to the CON group. The results suggest that RT improves vascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João E S Araujo
- Universidade Tiradentes, Departamento de Educação Física, Rua José Paulo Santana, 1254, 49500-000 Itabaiana, SE, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Biologia Cardiovascular e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Fisiologia, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-100 São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Davi P M Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Fabrício N Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Estácio de Sergipe, Rua Teixeira de Freitas, 10, Salgado Filho, 49020-490 Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, 49060-108 Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Rosana S S Barreto
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, 49060-108 Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Sandra L Santos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Biologia Cardiovascular e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Fisiologia, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-100 São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcio R V Santos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, 49060-108 Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J Q Junior
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, 49060-108 Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Rosa Elze, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, 49100-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, 49060-108 Aracajú, SE, Brazil
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Carvalho MTB, Araújo-Filho HG, Barreto AS, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Quintans JSS, Barreto RSS. Wound healing properties of flavonoids: A systematic review highlighting the mechanisms of action. Phytomedicine 2021; 90:153636. [PMID: 34333340 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are a class of compounds with a wide variety of biological functions, being an important source of new products with pharmaceutical potential, including treatment of skin wounds. PURPOSE This review aimed to summarize and evaluate the evidence in the literature in respect of the healing properties of flavonoids on skin wounds in animal models. STUDY DESIGN This is a systematic review following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. METHODS This was carried out through a specialized search of four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. The following keyword combinations were used: "flavonoidal" OR "flavonoid" OR "flavonoidic" OR "flavonoids" AND "wound healing" as well as MeSH terms, Emtree terms and free-text words. RESULTS Fifty-five (55) articles met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Flavonoids presented effects in respect of the inflammatory process, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and oxidative stress. They were shown to be able to act on macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells by mediating the release and expression of TGF-β1, VEGF, Ang, Tie, Smad 2 and 3, and IL-10. Moreover, they were able to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines, NFκB, ROS and the M1 phenotype. Flavonoids acted by positively regulating MMPs 2, 8, 9 and 13, and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and NO pathways. CONCLUSION Flavonoids are useful tools in the development of therapies to treat skin lesions, and our review provides a scientific basis for future basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaella T B Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Rosa Elza, CEP: 49.000-100, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Heitor G Araújo-Filho
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Rosa Elza, CEP: 49.000-100, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory Pharmacology Cardiovascular (LAFAC), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Rosa Elza, CEP: 49.000-100, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Rosa Elza, CEP: 49.000-100, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Rosana S S Barreto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Rosa Elza, CEP: 49.000-100, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Silva EAP, Santos DM, de Carvalho FO, Menezes IAC, Barreto AS, Souza DS, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Santos MRV. Monoterpenes and their derivatives as agents for cardiovascular disease management: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine 2021; 88:153451. [PMID: 33483251 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoterpenes are one of the most studied plant's secondary metabolites, they are found abundantly in essential oils of aromatic plants. They also have a great range of pharmacological properties, such as antihypertensive, bradycardic, antiarrhythmic and hypotensive. In the face of the burden caused by cardiovascular disease (CVDs) worldwide, studies using monoterpenes to assess their cardiovascular effects have increased over the years. PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to summarize the use of monoterpenes in animal models of any CVDs. METHODS PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS and Web of Science databases were used to search for articles that used monoterpenes, in any type of administration, to treat or prevent CVDs in animal models. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Two independent researchers extracted main characteristics of studies, methods and outcomes. Data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS At the ending of the search process, 33 articles were selected for the systematic review. Of these, 17 articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 16 different monoterpenes were found for the treatment of hypertension, myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia. The main actions include hypotension, bradycardia, vasodilatation, antiarrhythmic, and antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. From our data, it can be suggested that monoterpenes may be a significant source for new drug development. However, there is still a need to apply these knowledge into clinical research and a long path to pursue before putting them in the market. CONCLUSION The variability of cardiovascular effects demonstrated by the monoterpenes highlighted them as a promising candidates for treatment or prevention of CVDs. Nevertheless, studies that investigate their biological sites of action needs to be further encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Aian P Silva
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Danillo M Santos
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Rua Claudio Batista S/N, Sanatorio, Aracaju-SE, 49.060-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Rua Claudio Batista S/N, Sanatorio, Aracaju-SE, 49.060-100, Brazil
| | - Igor A Cortes Menezes
- Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua General Carneiro, 181, Curitiba-PR, 80060-900, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Health Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Governador Marcelo Deda, 13, Centro, Lagarto-SE, CEP 49400-000, Brazil
| | - Diego S Souza
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Rua Claudio Batista S/N, Sanatorio, Aracaju-SE, 49.060-100, Brazil
| | - Márcio R V Santos
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Rua Claudio Batista S/N, Sanatorio, Aracaju-SE, 49.060-100, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, Cidade Universitaria, São Cristovao-SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
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6
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Silva EAP, Carvalho JS, Dos Santos DM, Oliveira AMS, de Souza Araújo AA, Serafini MR, Oliveira Santos LAB, Batista MVDA, Viana Santos MR, Siqueira Quintans JDS, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Barreto AS. Cardiovascular effects of farnesol and its β-cyclodextrin complex in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174060. [PMID: 33819466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol (FAR) is a sesquiterpene alcohol with a range of reported biological effects including cardioprotective, antioxidant and antiarrhythmic properties. However, due to its volatility, the use of drug incorporation systems, such as cyclodextrins, have been proposed to improve its pharmacological properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the cardiovascular effects of FAR alone, and to investigate the antihypertensive effects of FAR complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) in rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after intravenous administration of FAR (0,5; 2,5; 5 and 7,5 mg/kg) in normotensive rats, and after oral acute administration (200 mg/kg) of FAR and FAR/βCD complex in NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) hypertensive rats. In normotensive animals, FAR induced dose-dependent hypotension associated with bradycardia. These effects were not affected by pre-treatment with L-NAME or indomethacin (INDO), but were partially attenuated by atropine. Pre-treatment with hexamethonium (HEXA) only affected hypotension. In the hypertensive rats, FAR/βCD potentialized the antihypertensive effect when compared to FAR alone. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated for the first time that FAR has affinity to bind to the M3 and M2 muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors through hydrogen bonds in the same residues as known ligands. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that FAR induced hypotension associated with bradycardia, possibly through the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The inclusion complex with βCD improved the antihypertensive effects of FAR, which can be relevant to improve current cardiovascular therapy using volatile natural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Aian P Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Danillo M Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria S Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Adriano A de Souza Araújo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mairim R Serafini
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus V de A Batista
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Márcio R Viana Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jullyana de S Siqueira Quintans
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Biotechnology Graduate Program - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Hohl LSL, Sicuro FL, Wickert JC, Moreno IB, Rocha-Barbosa O, Barreto AS. Skull morphology of bottlenose dolphins from different ocean populations with emphasis on South America. J Morphol 2020; 281:564-577. [PMID: 32249999 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The bottlenose dolphin, genus Tursiops, is cosmopolitan occurring in tropical and temperate regions, with morphological variation between and within different oceans. Since the genus' taxonomy has been under discussion for a long time, this work aimed at analyzing the cranial variability of T. truncatus from different regions of the world. Geometric Morphometrics analyses were performed in 201 skulls of adult specimens, on dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, from the Eastern North Pacific, Eastern North Atlantic, Eastern South Atlantic, and Western South Atlantic oceans. The results indicate differences between individuals that inhabit the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Within the Atlantic Ocean, there is an evident longitudinal differentiation of specimens from the eastern and western regions. A latitudinal separation was also observed, considering specimens from the North and South Atlantic Ocean. In the Western South Atlantic statistical differences were found between two morphological groups, identified as T. gephyreus (sensu Lahille, 1908) and T. truncatus, and the cross-validation presented 98% as minimum confidence for correct classification of these two groups. The present study provides strong morphological support to consider these two lineages as separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S L Hohl
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Zoologia de Vertebrados-Tetrapoda (LAZOVERTE), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Sicuro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular (BIOVASC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janaína C Wickert
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Bento Gonçalves, Torres, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, (UFRGS Campus Litoral Norte), Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ignacio B Moreno
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, (UFRGS Campus Litoral Norte), Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBan), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Oscar Rocha-Barbosa
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Zoologia de Vertebrados-Tetrapoda (LAZOVERTE), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Informática da Biodiversidade e Geomática, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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Araujo JEDS, Miguel-dos-Santos R, Macedo FN, Cunha PS, Fontes MT, Murata GM, Lauton-Santos S, Santana-Filho VJ, Silva AMDO, Antoniolli AR, Curi R, Quintans JDSS, Barreto RDSS, Santos MRV, Quintans-Junior LJ, Barreto AS. Effects of high doses of glucocorticoids on insulin-mediated vasodilation in the mesenteric artery of rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230514. [PMID: 32187237 PMCID: PMC7080254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pathological conditions predict the use of glucocorticoids for the management of the inflammatory response; however, chronic or high dose glucocorticoid treatment is associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance and can be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the vascular responsiveness and inflammatory profile of mesenteric arteries of rats treated with high doses of glucocorticoids. Wistar rats were divided into a control (CO) group and a dexamethasone (DEX) group, that received dexamethasone for 7 days (2mg/kg/day, i.p.). Blood samples were used to assess the lipid profile and insulin tolerance. Vascular reactivity to Phenylephrine (Phe) and insulin, and O2•-production were evaluated. The intracellular insulin signaling pathway PI3K/AKT/eNOS and MAPK/ET-1 were investigated. Regarding the vascular inflammatory profile, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18 were assessed. Dexamethasone-treated rats had decreased insulin tolerance test and endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by insulin. eNOS inhibition caused vasoconstriction in the DEX group, which was abolished by the ET-A antagonist. Insulin-mediated relaxation in the DEX group was restored in the presence of the O2.- scavenger TIRON. Nevertheless, in the DEX group there was an increase in Phe-induced vasoconstriction. In addition, the intracellular insulin signaling pathway PI3K/AKT/eNOS was impaired, decreasing NO bioavailability. Regarding superoxide anion generation, there was an increase in the DEX group, and all measured proinflammatory cytokines were also augmented in the DEX group. In addition, the DEX-group presented an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and total cholesterol (TC) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels. In summary, treatment with high doses of dexamethasone promoted changes in insulin-induced vasodilation, through the reduction of NO bioavailability and an increase in vasoconstriction via ET-1 associated with generation of O2•- and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eliakim dos S. Araujo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Miguel-dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology and Oxidative Stress, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S. Cunha
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Milene Tavares Fontes
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson Masahiro Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lauton-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology and Oxidative Stress, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Valter J. Santana-Filho
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ana Mara de O. Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Angelo Roberto Antoniolli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jullyana de S. S. Quintans
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rosana de S. S. Barreto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcio R. V. Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J. Quintans-Junior
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S. Barreto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
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Silva EAP, Carvalho JS, Guimarães AG, Barreto RDS, Santos MR, Barreto AS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. The use of terpenes and derivatives as a new perspective for cardiovascular disease treatment: a patent review (2008–2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 29:43-53. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1558211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Aian P. Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Márcio R.V. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S. Barreto
- Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
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10
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Araújo-Filho HG, Dias JDS, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Santos MRV, White PAS, Barreto RSS, Barreto AS, Estevam CS, Araujo SS, Almeida JRGS, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Quintans JSS. Phytochemical screening and analgesic profile of the lyophilized aqueous extract obtained from Chrysobalanus icaco leaves in experimental protocols. Pharm Biol 2016; 54:3055-3062. [PMID: 27892848 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1204618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) has been used for the treatment of abdominal pain and cramps. OBJECTIVE Assess the chemical and pharmacological profile of the lyophilized aqueous extract from C. icaco leaves (AEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Chromatographic methods were used to assess compounds from AEC. Mice were treated with vehicle (control group) or AEC (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) (group with 7-8 mice) and the analgesic profile was assessed employing the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, hot plate tests and hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan (CG) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. The animal motor performance was assessed using rota-rod and grip strength tests. RESULTS The chromatographic profile of AEC demonstrated the presence of terpenoid compounds. The acute pretreatment with AEC, at all doses, produced a significant (p < 0.01) inhibition of painful bahaviour (11.4 ± 3.6; 10.3 ± 2.8; 11.3 ± 2.2) when compared to the control group (24.7 ± 4.7) in acetic acid-induced writhing test. In the formalin test, AEC were effective in the second phase (p < 0.01) (57.2 ± 10.3; 56.3 ± 9.2; 54.7 ± 8.9) when compared to control group (121.9 ± 18.5). No response was observed in the hot plate test. The higher dose of AEC produced a significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the mechanical hyperalgesia test. AEC did not affect the motor performance of the mice. DISCUSSION The terpenoids from AEC are known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. So, these results corroborate the experiments using the AEC in inflammatory pain protocols. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that AEC act against inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor G Araújo-Filho
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | | | | | - Márcio R V Santos
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | - Pollyanna A S White
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | - Rosana S S Barreto
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | - Charles S Estevam
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | - Silvan S Araujo
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
| | - Jackson R G S Almeida
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , Petrolina , PE , Brazil
| | - Irwin R A Menezes
- c Department of Biological Chemistry , Regional University of Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- c Department of Biological Chemistry , Regional University of Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristóvão , SE , Brazil
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11
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Barreto RS, Quintans JS, Barreto AS, Albuquerque-Júnior RL, Galvão JG, Gonsalves JK, Nunes RS, Camargo EA, Lucca-Júnior W, Soares RC, Feitosa VLC, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Improvement of wound tissue repair by chitosan films containing (-)-borneol, a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, in rats. Int Wound J 2016; 13:799-808. [PMID: 25471005 PMCID: PMC7949920 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the wound-healing activity of (-)-borneol (BOR) incorporated in chitosan film on healing protocol in rodents. To assess the BOR wound-healing potential, male Wistar rats were subjected to a full-thickness excisional wound. The animals were divided into three groups: dressed with chitosan-based film (QUIN); dressed with chitosan-based film containing 0·5% BOR (QUIBO05); or dressed with chitosan-based film containing 1% BOR (QUIBO1). Dressing the wound areas and histological analysis were performed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assessed on the third and seventh days after surgical procedures. Wounds dressed with chitosan-based film containing BOR reduced significantly the MPO activity (P < 0·001), showed significantly larger wound retraction rates (7 days, P < 0·05), improved the granulation reaction, and also provided better collagenisation density and arrangement during wound healing. It is suggested that BOR modulates the wound-healing process and is a promising compound to be used in wound care. This product may be quite useful in improving wound healing and could be a new biotechnological product with healing properties and clinical application. Further ongoing studies will enable us to understand the precise mechanisms whereby BOR improves the wound-healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Ss Barreto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Jullyana Ss Quintans
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana G Galvão
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Joice Kmc Gonsalves
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rogéria S Nunes
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Enilton A Camargo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Waldecy Lucca-Júnior
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rosilene C Soares
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia C Feitosa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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12
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Barreto RSS, Quintans JSS, Amarante RKL, Nascimento TS, Amarante RS, Barreto AS, Pereira EWM, Duarte MC, Coutinho HDM, Menezes IRA, Zengin G, Aktumsek A, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Evidence for the involvement of TNF-α and IL-1β in the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. (Lamiaceae) essential oil and (-)-α-bisabolol, its main compound, in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 191:9-18. [PMID: 27292196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in Turkey and Iranian folk medicine due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, but little is known about its essential oil. AIM OF THIS STUDY We studied the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of S. lavandulifolia essential oil (EOSl) and (-)-α-bisabolol (BIS), its main compound, in algogen-induced orofacial nociceptive behavior in mice, and assessed the possible involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in these profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of EOSl demonstrated the presence of (-)-α-bisabolol (56.4%), bicyclogermacrene (5.3%), δ-cadinene (4.2%) and spathulenol (2.9%) as the main compounds. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with EOSl (25 or 50mg/kg, p.o.), BIS (25 or 50mg/kg, p.o.), morphine (3mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (saline 0.9% with two drops of tween 80, 0.2%), before formalin- (20μl, 2%), capsaicin- (20μl, 2.5µg) or glutamate- (20μl, 25Mm) injection into the right upper lip (perinasal area) in mice. The anti-inflammatory profile of EOSl or BIS (50mg/kg) was assessed by the inflammatory response induced by carrageenan (2% in 0.2mL) in mice (pleurisy model). RESULTS Our results showed that p.o. treatment with EOSl and BIS displayed significant inhibitory (p<0.05 or p<0.01 or p<0.001) effects in different orofacial pain tests on mice, but BIS proved to be more effective, significantly reducing nociceptive behavior in all tests including both phases of the formalin test. The analgesic effect is not related to any abnormality since EOSl- or BIS-treated mice exhibited no performance alteration in grip strength. Moreover, EOS1 and BIS exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect (p<0.001) in the pleurisy model of inflammation, which seems to be related to a significant reduction (p<0.05) of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in BIS treatment, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (p<0.01) in EOS1 treatment. CONCLUSION Our results corroborate the use of S. lavandulifolia in traditional medicine as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory, which seems to be related to (-)-α-Bisabolol, the main compound of EOSl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana S S Barreto
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ruthy K L Amarante
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Tainá S Nascimento
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rosana S Amarante
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Erik W M Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Duarte
- Department of Pharmacy (São Cristóvão Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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13
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Barreto RSS, Albuquerque-Júnior RLC, Araújo AAS, Almeida JRGS, Santos MRV, Barreto AS, DeSantana JM, Siqueira-Lima PS, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. A systematic review of the wound-healing effects of monoterpenes and iridoid derivatives. Molecules 2014; 19:846-62. [PMID: 24419138 PMCID: PMC6271983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for more effective and lower cost therapeutic approaches for wound healing remains a challenge for modern medicine. In the search for new therapeutic options, plants and their metabolites are a great source of novel biomolecules. Among their constituents, the monoterpenes represent 90% of essential oils, and have a variety of structures with several activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and wound healing. Based on that, and also due to the lack of reviews concerning the wound-healing activity of monoterpenes, we performed this systematic review-which provides an overview of their characteristics and mechanisms of action. In this search, the terms "terpenes", "monoterpenes", "wound healing" and "wound closure techniques" were used to retrieve articles published in LILACS, PUBMED and EMBASE until May 2013. Seven papers were found concerning the potential wound healing effect of five compouds (three monoterpenes and two iridoid derivatives) in preclinical studies. Among the products used for wound care, the films were the most studied pharmaceutical form. Monoterpenes are a class of compounds of great diversity of biological activities and therapeutic potential. The data reviewed here suggest that monoterpenes, although poorly studied in this context, are promising compounds for the treatment of chronic wound conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana S S Barreto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano A S Araújo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jackson R G S Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Márcio R V Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Josimari M DeSantana
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Pollyana S Siqueira-Lima
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49.100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
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Fontes MT, Silva TLBT, Mota MM, Barreto AS, Rossoni LV, Santos MRV. Resistance exercise acutely enhances mesenteric artery insulin-induced relaxation in healthy rats. Life Sci 2013; 94:24-9. [PMID: 24316143 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the mechanisms involved in insulin-induced vasodilatation after acute resistance exercise in healthy rats. MAIN METHODS Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (CT), electrically stimulated (ES) and resistance exercise (RE). Immediately after acute RE (15 sets with 10 repetitions at 70% of maximal intensity), the animals were sacrificed and rings of mesenteric artery were mounted in an isometric system. After this, concentration-response curves to insulin were performed in control condition and in the presence of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), L-NAME (NOS inhibitor), L-NAME+TEA (K(+) channels inhibitor), LY294002+BQ123 (ET-A antagonist) or ouabain (Na(+)/K(+) ATPase inhibitor). KEY FINDINGS Acute RE increased insulin-induced vasorelaxation as compared to control (CT: Rmax=7.3 ± 0.4% and RE: Rmax=15.8 ± 0.8%; p<0.001). NOS inhibition reduced (p<0.001) this vasorelaxation from both groups (CT: Rmax=2.0 ± 0.3%, and RE: Rmax=-1.2 ± 0.1%), while PI3K inhibition abolished the vasorelaxation in CT (Rmax=-0.1±0.3%, p<0.001), and caused vasoconstriction in RE (Rmax=-6.5 ± 0.6%). That insulin-induced vasoconstriction on PI3K inhibition was abolished (p<0.001) by the ET-A antagonist (Rmax=2.9 ± 0.4%). Additionally, acute RE enhanced (p<0.001) the functional activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity (Rmax=10.7 ± 0.4%) and of the K(+) channels (Rmax=-6.1±0.5%; p<0.001) in the insulin-induced vasorelaxation as compared to CT. SIGNIFICANCE Such results suggest that acute RE promotes enhanced insulin-induced vasodilatation, which could act as a fine tuning to vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Fontes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - T L B T Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - M M Mota
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - A S Barreto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - L V Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R V Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Barreto RS, Albuquerque-Júnior RL, Pereira-Filho RN, Quintans JS, Barreto AS, DeSantana JM, Santana-Filho VJ, Santos MR, Bonjardim LR, Araújo AA, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Evaluation of wound healing activity of atranorin, a lichen secondary metabolite, on rodents. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013005000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fraqueza MJ, Alfaia CM, Barreto AS. Biogenic amine formation in turkey meat under modified atmosphere packaging with extended shelf life: Index of freshness. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1465-72. [PMID: 22582308 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on biogenic amine production in turkey meat according to its shelf life period, determining an index of freshness. Sliced meat samples of different meat quality categories (according to color and pH₂₄) were individually packaged under aerobiosis (aerobic package) and in 6 different modified atmospheres containing different gas mixtures: MAP1, 50% N₂/50% CO₂; MAP2, 0.5% CO/50% CO₂/49.5% N₂; MAP3, 50% Ar/50% N₂; MAP4, 0.5% CO/80% CO₂/19.5% N₂; MAP5, 100% N₂; and MAP6, 50% Ar/50% CO₂. All samples were stored at 0 ± 1°C in the dark for between 12 and 25 d. Meat samples packaged in aerobic packaging were analyzed for their microbial and physicochemical characteristics on d 0, 5, and 12 of storage, and then extended to 19 and 25 d when samples were under MAP. The production of biogenic amines analyzed in turkey meat increased over time. The values of putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine increased significantly (P < 0.05) during storage time in samples packaged under aerobiosis, MAP3, and MAP5. Histamine was not detected in turkey meat packaged under study conditions, or when present, the levels were below the limit of quantification (1.03 mg/kg). Tyramine in turkey meat under MAP was not the best amine indicator of meat deterioration, with cadaverine being suggested instead, or the sum of the amines putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine, to characterize and quantify meat freshness. After 25 d of storage, the meat packaged under MAP with a mixture containing a higher concentration of CO₂ and with CO was the one with a lower index value (11.36 mg/kg), although not significantly different from the indices provided by the meat packaged with MAP1, 2, and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fraqueza
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, UT Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário, Portugal.
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Maynard LG, Santos KC, Cunha PS, Barreto AS, Peixoto MG, Arrigoni-Blank F, Blank AF, Alves PB, Bonjardin LR, Santos MRV. Chemical composition and vasorelaxant effect induced by the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown. (Verbenaceae) in rat mesenteric artery. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:694-8. [PMID: 22144776 PMCID: PMC3229787 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.89828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition and vasorelaxant effect of the essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in rat mesenteric artery. Material and Methods: Chemical composition of EOLA was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Vasorelaxant effect was evaluated in vitro in rat superior mesenteric artery rings. Results: GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 compounds, with geranial (48.58%) and neral (35.42%) being the major constituents. In intact rings precontracted with phenylephrine (Phe: 1 μM), EOLA (100-1000 μg/mL) induced relaxation, where the maximal effect (Emax) was 110.8 ± 10.8%. This effect was not modified after endothelium removal (Emax = 134.8 ± 16.5%), after tetraethylammonium (TEA) (Emax = 117.2 ± 4.96%), or in rings precontracted with KCl (80 mM) (Emax = 112.6 ± 6.70%). In addition, EOLA was able to inhibit the contraction caused by CaCl2 and produced a small but significant (P<0.05) additional effect (from 70.5 ± 3.4 to 105.3 ± 13.5%, n = 5) on the maximal relaxation of nifedipine (NIF: 10 μM). Conclusions: The results demonstrated that EOLA induces endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, which appears to be caused, at least in part, by blocking Ca2+ influx through voltage-operated Ca2+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana G Maynard
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão - SE, Brazil
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Gouveia MGS, Xavier MA, Barreto AS, Gelain DP, Santos JPA, Araújo AAS, Silva FA, Quintans JS, Agra MF, Cabral AGS, Tavares JF, Silva MS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of Combretum duarteanum in rodents. J Med Food 2011; 14:1389-96. [PMID: 21663477 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract from leaves of Combretum duarteanum (EEC) were assessed in rodents through in vitro tests. The antioxidant activity was investigated by using thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and scavenging activity of nitric oxide assays. The antinociceptive activity was investigated by using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in rats by using the carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema test and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema test. EEC possesses a strong antioxidant potential according to the TBARS, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays; it also presented scavenger activity in all in vitro tests. After intraperitoneal injection, EEC (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of writhes (38.1%, 90.6%, and 97.8%, respectively) in a writhing test and the number of paw licks during phase 1 (30.5% and 69.5%, higher doses) and phase 2 (38.1%, 90.6%, and 97.8%, all doses) of a formalin test when compared with the control group. Naloxone (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) antagonized the antinociceptive action of EEC (400 mg/kg), and this finding suggests participation of the opioid system. Administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg (intraperitoneally) of EEC exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin test, which was based on interference with prostaglandin synthesis. This finding was confirmed by the arachidonic acid test. Together, these results indicate that properties of EEC might be further explored in the search for newer tools to treat painful inflammatory conditions, including those related to pro-oxidant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G S Gouveia
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Ribeiro T, Oliveira M, Fraqueza MJ, Lauková A, Elias M, Tenreiro R, Barreto AS, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among Enterococci isolated from chouriço, a traditional Portuguese dry fermented sausage. J Food Prot 2011; 74:465-9. [PMID: 21375886 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms, found as part of the normal intestinal microbiota of many animals. They can be present in food products, for example, the Portuguese dry fermented sausage chouriço. Twenty enterococci were isolated from chouriço in two processing units; after identification and typification by conventional-molecular methods, the isolates were screened for virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Identification allocated all enterococci to the species Enterococcus faecalis, and PCR fingerprinting demonstrated that each isolate was specific to the processing unit and chouriço from which it was recovered. Regarding the screening for virulence factors, 1 strain produced cytolysin and 4 were gelatinase positive, but none produced lipase. The ace gene was detected in 1 enterococci, ebpABC and efaA(fs) in 16 isolates each, esp in 3, fsrB in 5, gelE in 7, and cylA in 1. A multiresistant phenotype was observed in 8 isolates, 6 belonging to factory A. The antibiotic resistance gene ere(B) was detected in 9 enterococci, whereas the genes tet(M), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), and vanA were detected in 8 isolates each. As some of the E. faecalis chouriço isolates present a multiresistant profile and harbor virulence and/or resistance genes, to assess further the safety of Portuguese dry sausages, a larger number of products and processing units must by analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
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Fraqueza MJ, Cardoso AS, Ferreira MC, Barreto AS. Incidence of pectoralis major turkey muscles with light and dark color in a Portuguese slaughterhouse. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1992-2000. [PMID: 17032835 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.11.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey meat and processed products are very popular in Portugal. However, no studies have been made to assess turkey meat quality. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of turkey breast meat in a Portuguese slaughterhouse, differentiating it to obtain better industrial management, performance, and consumer contentment. Nine hundred and seventy-seven male turkeys (from 16 to 20 wk old) from different flocks (BUT 9 and BIG 6) were evaluated to assess meat quality. Turkeys were slaughtered on different days, electrically stunned (225 V/3 s), and scalded in a vertical water bath at 81 degrees C/5 min. On the slaughter line, the pH and temperature were measured on the pectoralis muscle 15 min postmortem. The carcasses were fast-cooled in a tunnel (-2 degrees C/2 m.s(-1)/90% RH) for 2 h and kept in a refrigeration chamber (0 degree C/85% RH) until deboning (approximately 24 h postmortem). Color and pH 24 h postmortem (pH(24)) were measured on the pectoralis major muscle after carcass deboning. Pectoralis major muscles were selected according to criteria used by Barbut (1996) and drip loss, cooking loss, and total pigments analysis were performed on 67 different sliced meat samples. Muscles classified by pH decline rate, called rapid glycolytic, did not present final quality characteristics that could relate them with pale, soft, and exudative- (PSE) like meat, because there was no relationship between pH 15 h postmortem and lightness (L*), drip loss, or cooking loss. The differences, founded on physicochemical characteristics within pectoralis major muscles, allowed us to establish a criteria of turkey meat quality for dark and PSE-like meat, with L* < or = 44 and pH(24) > or = 5.8 and L* > or = 50 and pH(24) < 5.8, respectively. Based on criteria, the studied population presented 8.1% of carcasses with PSE-like muscles and 12.1% with dark muscles. The association of pH(24) and L* as criteria classification can be useful to classify turkey meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fraqueza
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Andrade AL, Pinedo MC, Barreto AS. Gastrointestinal parasites and prey items from a mass stranding of false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2001; 61:55-61. [PMID: 11340462 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-71082001000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of 14 false killer whales, 6 males and 8 females, stranded in June 1995 in southern Brazil, with total standard lengths from 338 to 507 cm, were analysed for endoparasites and food items. A pregnant female had a male foetus of 77.5 cm. Parasites were found in all 14 false killer whales. The nematode Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) was found in the stomach of 57% of the animals and the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma capitatum (Linstow, 1889) Porta, 1908 was present in the intestine of all specimens and showed densities up to 600 m-1. An unidentified cestode (Tethrabothridae) was found also in the intestines of 14% of the individuals. The high infections of B. capitatum and A. simplex were not directly related with the cause of death. In the stomachs of four females, beaks of at least eight specimens of the oceanic and epipelagic species Ommastrephes bartramii (Lesueur, 1821) were found, with mantle lengths ranging from 189.8 to 360.9 mm. The distribution of O. bartramii in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul is consistent with false killer whales feeding in continental shelf waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Andrade
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Morfologia, DAAD, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, CEP 96200-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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