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Tang LY, Wong NH, Chieng TA, Kiu AKJ, Choo CS, Li Y, Tan CP, Yaser AZ, Khaerudini DS, Chen GH, Sunarso J. Physicochemical characteristics of grease-trap wastewater with different potential mechanisms of FOG solid formation, separation, and accumulation inside grease traps. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121607. [PMID: 38640568 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
This work investigates the physicochemical characteristics of grease-trap wastewater discharged from a large community market. It proposes potential mechanisms of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) solid formation, separation, and accumulation inside grease traps. Sixty-four samples, i.e., the floated scum, suspended solid-liquid wastewater, and settled sludge, were collected from the grease-trap inlet and outlet chambers. A lower pH of 5-6 at 25-29 °C inside the grease trap than those reported under the sewer conditions (pH 6-7) was revealed. A significant difference in solid and dissolved constituents was also discovered between the inlet and outlet chambers, indicating that the baffle wall could affect the separation mechanism. The sludge samples had 1.5 times higher total solids (TS) than the scum samples, i.e., 0.225 vs. 0.149 g g-1 TS, revealing that the sludge amount impacted more significantly the grease trap capacity and operation and maintenance. In contrast, the scum samples had 1.4 times higher volatile solids (VS) than the sludge samples, i.e., 0.134 vs. 0.096 g g-1 VS, matching with the 64.2 vs. 29.7% of carbon content from CHN analysis. About 2/3 of the free fatty acids (FFAs) with palmitic acids were the primary saturated FFAs, while the remaining 1/3 of unsaturated FFAs were found in the solid and liquid samples. Although up to 0.511 g g-1 FOG can be extracted from the scum samples, none from the sludge samples. More diverse minerals/metals other than Na, Cl, and Ca were found in the sludge samples than in the scum samples. Grease-trap FOG solids and open drain samples exhibited similar physicochemical properties to those reported in the literature. Four potential mechanisms (crystallization, emulsification, saponification, and baffling) were presented. This work offers insights into the physicochemical properties of grease-trap wastewater that can help explore its FOG solid formation, separation, and accumulation mechanisms inside a grease trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ying Tang
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ngie Hing Wong
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Thion Am Chieng
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Alex Kwong Jun Kiu
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chung Siung Choo
- Centre for Innovative Society, Faculty of Engineering, Computing, and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yali Li
- Centre of Smart Infrastructure and Digital Construction, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abu Zahrim Yaser
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Deni Shidqi Khaerudini
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bld. 440 Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang 15314 Banten, Indonesia
| | - Gui Hua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, PR China
| | - Jaka Sunarso
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Rizkianto F, Oshita K, Takaoka M. Valorization of fat balls and primary scum from wastewater treatment: a promising renewable lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:2073-2089. [PMID: 38678410 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of waste materials from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to serve as an alternative lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. The average lipid recoveries from fat balls (46.4%) and primary scum (49.5-54.5%) were higher than the lipid recovery of primary sludge (15.8-16.4%). The yield of biodiesel produced from the extracted lipids ranged from 5.7 to 20.1%. There were considerable site- and season-dependent variations in the characteristics of the lipid waste materials. Radiocarbon analysis indicated the presence of fossil-derived carbon (26.0-42.0%) in the biodiesel obtained from wastewater lipids. Finally, we estimated the potential for biodiesel production from WWTP-derived lipids; about 333.0 metric tons of biodiesel per year could be produced from fat balls and primary scum in Japan. The results indicate that lipid-rich materials from WWTPs represent a valuable alternative feedstock for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febrian Rizkianto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-Cluster-1, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oshita
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-Cluster-1, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan E-mail:
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-Cluster-1, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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Mohana AA, Roddick F, Maniam S, Gao L, Pramanik BK. Component analysis of fat, oil and grease in wastewater: challenges and opportunities. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5112-5128. [PMID: 37791457 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01222k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of fat, oil and grease can lead to blockages in sewer lines, pumps, and treatment plant operations, thereby creating health risks and environmental hazards. These deposits primarily consist of fatty acids, triglycerides and soap, among other components. These three main components are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. The composition of FOG can vary significantly depending on the source, such as food service establishments, households, or industrial processes. Several analytical methods, such as chromatographic, gravimetric, chemical and spectroscopic analysis, are used to measure different FOG components. AOAC, Gerber and APHA are the most commonly utilized standardized analytical methods for measuring FOG components. The AOAC and Gerber methods, which use gas chromatography, tend to provide more accurate results compared to other methods. This can be attributed to GC's ability to measure individual fatty acids in FOG samples by separating and quantifying each compound based on its unique chemical properties, such as volatility, polarity and molecular weight. Similarly, high-performance liquid chromatography is capable of measuring glycerides by separating and quantifying them based on their polarity and molecular weight. This article delves into the challenge of accurately measuring FOG concentrations and evaluates various FOG measurement technologies. The study also discusses the need for standardized methods for FOG measurement, highlighting the importance of understanding FOG deposits and the performance of grease interceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Amir Mohana
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Felicity Roddick
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Subashani Maniam
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- South East Water, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
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Elliott JA, Ball AS, Shah K. Investigations into valorisation of trade wastewater for biomethane production. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13309. [PMID: 36816286 PMCID: PMC9932477 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogas production from wastewater is one way that industrial sites can work towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals, while recovering a valuable resource. The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of data collected by municipal wastewater service providers as a method of classifying and screening waste producers as potential sites for biogas resource recovery by anaerobic digestion. Industrial wastewater samples, including raw effluent and treated waste ready for discharge, were examined, and biomethane potential assays performed. Results of chemical analysis and lab-scale digestion were compared to historical service provider data, and patterns were observed. Biomethane yields of up to 357 mL/gVS and 287mL/gVS were achieved from raw and treated effluent respectively. Digestion at the top four prospects could produce over 4690 GJ of methane and save $47,000 in natural gas costs, offsetting 490 tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually. These streams, from logistics, waste management, food and animal product businesses, combined high levels of degradable substrates and low levels of inhibitory components. While it is unlikely that this type of screening program can be completely accurate, certain parameters, including high sodium concentration, are applicable for discounting the potential for biogas production. This knowledge can be a valuable tool in the process of selecting sites for future resource recovery, therefore increasing the uptake of these processes, resulting in economic, environmental, and climate change mitigation benefits.
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Tran NN, Tišma M, Budžaki S, McMurchie EJ, Ngothai Y, Morales Gonzalez OM, Hessel V. Production of Biodiesel from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho 90000, Vietnam
| | - Marina Tišma
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Sandra Budžaki
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Edward J. McMurchie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yung Ngothai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Olivia Maria Morales Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Yaakob MA, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi A, Tiey A, Kassim AHM. Optimising of Scenedesmus sp. biomass production in chicken slaughterhouse wastewater using response surface methodology and potential utilisation as fish feeds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12089-12108. [PMID: 30827020 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of Scenedesmus sp. biomass in chicken slaughterhouse wastewater (CSWW) is a promising alternative technique for commercial culture medium due to the high nutritional content of the generated biomass to be used as fish feeds. The current work deals with optimising of biomass production in CSWW using response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of two independent variables, namely temperature (10-30 °C) and photoperiod (6-24 h). The potential application of biomass yield as fish feeds was evaluated based on carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents. The results revealed that the best operating parameters for Scenedesmus sp. biomass production with high contents of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were determined at 30 °C and after 24 h. The actual and predicted values were 2.47 vs. 3.09 g, 1.44 vs. 1.27 μg/mL, 29.9 vs. 31.60% and 25.75 vs. 28.44%, respectively. Moreover, the produced biomass has a high concentration of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as follows: 35.91% of C15:1; 17.58% of C24:1 and 14.11% of C18:1N9T. The biomass yields have 7.98% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5N3) which is more appropriate as fish feeds. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of biomass revealed that the main functional groups included hydroxyl (OH), aldehyde (=C-H), alkanes and acyl chain groups. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis (EDS) indicated that the surface morphology and element distribution in biomass produced in BBM and CSWW were varied. The findings have indicated that the biomass produced in CSWW has high potential as fish feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maizatul Azrina Yaakob
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Micro-Pollutant Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Micro-Pollutant Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia.
| | - Adel Al-Gheethi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Micro-Pollutant Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia.
| | - Athirah Tiey
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Micro-Pollutant Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia
| | - Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Micro-Pollutant Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia
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Tran NN, McMurchie EJ, Ngothai Y. Biodiesel Production from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Case Study in South Australia. Part 2: Optimization of The Transesterification Process. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nghiep N. Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; North Terrace Campus Adelaide CBD Australia 5005
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Can Tho University; Campus 2, 3/2 Street Can Tho Vietnam
| | - Edward J. McMurchie
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; North Terrace Campus Adelaide CBD Australia 5005
| | - Yung Ngothai
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; North Terrace Campus Adelaide CBD Australia 5005
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Tran NN, McMurchie EJ, Ngothai Y. Biodiesel Production from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Case Study in South Australia. Part 1: The Pre-Treatment of High Free Fatty Acid Feedstock. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nghiep N Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; North Terrace Campus Adelaide CBD Australia 5005
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Can Tho University; Campus 2, 3/2 Street Can Tho Vietnam
| | - Edward J McMurchie
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; North Terrace Campus Adelaide CBD Australia 5005
| | - Yung Ngothai
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; North Terrace Campus Adelaide CBD Australia 5005
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Kobayashi T, Kuramochi H, Maeda K, Tsuji T, Xu K. Dual-fuel production from restaurant grease trap waste: bio-fuel oil extraction and anaerobic methane production from the post-extracted residue. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 169:134-142. [PMID: 25043346 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An effective way for restaurant grease trap waste (GTW) treatment to generate fuel oil and methane by the combination of physiological and biological processes was investigated. The heat-driven extraction could provide a high purity oil equivalent to an A-grade fuel oil of Japanese industrial standard with 81-93 wt% of extraction efficiency. A post-extracted residue was treated as an anaerobic digestion feedstock, and however, an inhibitory effect of long chain fatty acid (LCFA) was still a barrier for high-rate digestion. From the semi-continuous experiment fed with the residual sludge as a single substrate, it can be concluded that the continuous addition of calcium into the reactor contributed to reducing LCFA inhibition, resulting in the long-term stable operation over one year. Furthermore, the anaerobic reactor performed well with 70-80% of COD reduction and methane productivity under an organic loading rate up to 5.3g-COD/L/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobayashi
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Kuramochi
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kouji Maeda
- School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shohsa, Himeji 671-2201, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsuji
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumicho, Narashino 275-8575, Japan
| | - Kaiqin Xu
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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