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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Xi B, Li Y, Ge X, Gong Y, Chen H, Chen J, Tan W, Yuan Y. Full life cycle and sustainability transitions of phthalates in landfill: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 170:215-229. [PMID: 37717503 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are added to various products as a plasticizer. As these products age and are disposed of, plastic waste containing PAEs enters the landfill. The landfill environment is complicated and can be regarded as a "black box". Also, PAEs do not bind with the polymer matrix. Therefore, when a series of physical chemistry and biological reactions occur during the stabilization of landfills, PAEs leach from waste and migrate to the surrounding environmental media, thereby contaminating the surrounding soil, water ecosystems, and atmosphere. Although research on PAEs has achieved progress over the years, they are mainly concentrated on a particular aspect of PAEs in the landfill; there are fewer inquiries on the life cycle of PAEs. In this study, we review the presence of PAEs in the landfill in the following aspects: (1) the main source of PAEs in landfills; (2) the impact of the landfill environment on PAE migration and conversion; (3) distribution and transmedia migration of PAEs in aquatic ecosystems, soils, and atmosphere; and (4) PAE management and control in the landfill and future research direction. The purpose is to track the life cycle of PAEs in landfills, provide scientific basis for in-depth understanding of the migration and transformation of PAEs and environmental pollution control in landfills, and new ideas for the sustainable utilization of landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yiman Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Lan Zhou Jiao Tong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huiru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zheng Zhou 450046, China
| | - Jiabao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Sun P, Mao H, Fang C, Long Y. Effect of hydraulic parameters of leachate treatment process on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate removal from aged leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:2407-2416. [PMID: 35029135 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2029951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydraulic parameters of an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic leachate treatment reactor on the removal of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from aged landfill leachate was studied. The mean DEHP removal efficiencies were 79.5%, 87.1%, 89.7% and 87.8% at hydraulic retention times of 6, 4.5, 3 and 2 d, respectively. The removal efficiency of DEHP was significantly higher when the internal reflux ratio was 200% than others. There was no significant difference among the DEHP removal efficiencies at different external reflux ratios of the reactor. Due to the overall efficiency of the reactor, hydraulic retention time 3 d, internal reflux ratio 200% and external reflux ratio 60%, were considered the optimal hydraulic parameters for DEHP removal from aged leachate. The removal efficiency of DEHP was significantly improved (from 75.7% to 89.1%) after the optimization of hydraulic parameters of the reactor. The removal percentages of DEHP in the anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic units of the reactor were 42.8%, 17.6%, and 15.3%, respectively. The oxic microcosms in the reactor had little effect on DEHP removal. The correlation between DEHP and leachate pollutants indicated that DEHP removal was strongly correlated with leachate COD and NH4+-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Sun
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Mao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengran Fang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang C, Wang J, Gao W, Ning X, Xu S, Wang X, Chu J, Ma S, Bai Z, Yue G, Wang D, Shao Z, Zhuang X. The fate of phthalate acid esters in wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162201. [PMID: 36805063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are gaining attention and being researched as an endocrine disruptor as global plastic use surge. There is an urgent need to explore the key factors affecting the removal of PAEs from wastewater and the impact of wastewater effluent on receiving water. Here we investigated the levels and distribution patterns of 16 typical PAEs in surface water and five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) along the Dongyang River from Yiwu, China, collecting 42 surface water and 31 wastewater samples. We found that influent PAEs concentration and treatment process were the key factors affecting the degradation efficiency of PAEs in primary and secondary treatment, respectively. In primary treatment, long-chain PAEs were more easily removed (and sometimes less likely to accumulate) than short-chain PAEs, regardless of the influent PAEs concentration (a key factor in primary treatment), while in secondary treatment, short-chain PAEs were easily removed regardless of the treatment process (a factor in secondary treatment). This was not the case for long-chain PAEs, which were only more readily removed in the A/A/O process. In addition, by comparing the significant differences between wastewater and surface water, we found that the total PAEs in the treated effluent were significantly lower than in surface water upstream and in built-up urban areas, indicating that wastewater discharges in the study area did not increase PAEs in the receiving water. Finally, river in the city center and artificial treatment facilities in the study area were identified as requiring priority attention. The results of this study can serve as a model for controlling PAEs in other similar developing cities in China and provide valuable information on the fate of endocrine disruptor from wastewater treatment in China and their impact on surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Ning
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuanglong Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gecheng Yue
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Zhiping Shao
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Mohammadi A, Malakootian M, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi M, Jaafarzadeh N, De-la-Torre GE. Occurrence and ecological risks of microplastics and phthalate esters in organic solid wastes: In a landfill located nearby the Persian Gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138910. [PMID: 37172626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Landfill sites are the main source of plastic waste. Thus, municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills may act as a reservior of microplastics (MPs) and related pollutants such as phthalate esters (PAEs) into surrounding environment. However, there is limited information on MPs and PAEs in landfill sites. Levels of MPs and PAEs in organic solid waste disposed in a landfill of Bushehr port were investigated for the first time in this study. The mean MPs and PAEs levels in organic MSW samples were 12.3 items/g and 7.99 μg/g, respectively, and the mean PAEs concentration in MPs was 87.5 μg/g. The highest number of MPs was related to the size classes of >1000 μm and <25 μm. The highest dominant type, color, and shape of MPs in organic MSW were nylon, white/transparent, and fragments, respectively. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the dominant compounds of PAEs in organic MSW. Based on the finding of present study, MPs showed a high hazard index (HI). DEHP, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and DiBP demonstrated high-level hazards for sensitive organisms in water. This work illustrated considerable MPs and PAEs levels from an uncontrolled landfill without adequate protection, possibly contributing to their release into the environment. The sites of landfill located near marine environments, such as Bushehr port landfill adjacent to the Persian Gulf, may indicate critical threats to marine organisms and the food chain. Continuous landfills control and monitoring, especially the ones near the coastal area, is highly recommended to prevent further environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany.
| | - Majid Hashemi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gabriel E De-la-Torre
- Biodiversity, Environment, and Society Research Group, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru
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Wang Y, Gai T, Zhang L, Chen L, Wang S, Ye T, Zhang W. Neurotoxicity of bisphenol A exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans induced by disturbance of neurotransmitter and oxidative damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114617. [PMID: 36758510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is putatively regarded as an environmental neurotoxicant found in everyday plastic products and materials, however, the possible neurobehavioral adverse consequences and molecular mechanisms in animals have not been clearly characterized. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become a promising animal model for neurotoxicological researches. To investigate the dose-effect relationships of BPA-induced neurotoxicity effects, the locomotion behavior and developmental parameters of the nematode were determined after BPA exposure. The present data demonstrated that BPA caused neurobehavioral toxicities, including head thrashes and body bends inhibition. In addition, when C. elegans was exposed to BPA at a concentration higher than 2 μM, growth and survival rate were decreased. The serotonergic, dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons were damaged by BPA. Furthermore, lower levels of mRNA expression related to dopamine, serotonin and GABA were detected in the worms exposed to 50 μM BPA. Increased SOD-3 expression might be adaptive response to BPA exposure. Moreover, oxidative damage triggered by BPA was manifested by changes in GST-4 expression, accompany with abnormity of ATP synthesis, but not nuclear localization of DAF-16/FOXO. Finally, we showed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate partially rescued BPA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neurobehavioral toxicity. Altogether, the neurobehavioral and developmental toxicity of BPA may be induced by neurotransmission abnormity and oxidative damage. The present data imply that oxidative stress is linked to neuronal damage and neurobehavioral harm resulting from developmental BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingting Gai
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangwen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunchang Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ye
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiru Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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6
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Nielsen NJ, Christensen P, Poulsen KG, Christensen JH. Investigation of micropollutants in household waste fractions processed by anaerobic digestion: target analysis, suspect- and non-target screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48491-48507. [PMID: 36763273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Household waste represents a major source of energy, nutrients, and recyclable material. In order to exploit benefits and avoid hazards in the context of circular economy, the risk profile towards human and the environment should be assessed. Here, we investigated the presence of micropollutants by quantitative target analysis, suspect and non-target screening and evaluated changes in the chemical fingerprint upon anaerobic digestion. Extracts were analyzed by reversed phase liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-one of 51 target micropollutants were detected in low ng/mL levels except for few detections at µg/mL levels. The micropollutants quantified in this study included the following: pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid, amitriptyline, carbamazepine); biocides (triclocarban, 2-phenylphenol); industrial compounds used in, e.g., paper industry (pentachlorphenol, PFOS, PFOA, bisphenol A); aromatics, polycyclic aromatics, and heteroaromatics, and their alkylated, hydroxylated, or carboxylated analogues. Fifty of 206 compounds from the suspect screening list were tentatively identified. These included phthalates, methylparaben, phenol, benzophenone, and pharmaceuticals, e.g., ibuprofen. Most compounds detected by GC-MS decreased more than twofold in peak height or remained unaffected by the anaerobic digestion, and very few increased more than twofold, e.g., p-cresol, menthol, and octadecanal. From the LC-HRMS non-target screening analysis, 250 chemical components were resolved using the multiway curve resolution technique PARAFAC2; of these, carbidopa was the only identified unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoline J Nielsen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Peter Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer G Poulsen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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7
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Sharma P, Vishwakarma R, Varjani S, Gautam K, Gaur VK, Farooqui A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Awasthi MK, Chaturvedi P, Pandey A. Multi-omics approaches for remediation of bisphenol A: Toxicity, risk analysis, road blocks and research perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114198. [PMID: 36063912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this "plastic era" with the increased use of plastic in day today's life the accumulation of its degraded products like microplastics or plastic additives such as Bisphenol A(BPA) is also increasing. BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chemical used as a plasticizing agent in clear plastic, building materials, coatings, and epoxy resin. Several enzymes including laccases and lipases have been studied for the reduction of BPA toxicity. Over the decades of encountering these toxicants, microorganisms have evolved to degrade different classes of plastic additives. Since the degradation of BPA is a long process thus meta-omics approaches have been employed to identify the active microbiota and microbial dynamics involved in the mitigation of BPA. It is also necessary to investigate the impact of processing activities on transit of BPA in food items and to limit its entrance in food world. This review summarizes a comprehensive overview on BPA sources, toxicity, bio-based mitigation approaches along with a deeper understanding of multi-omics approaches for its reduction and risk analysis. Knowledge gaps and opportunities have been comprehensively compiled that would aid the state-of-the-art information in the available literature for the researchers to further address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226 026, India
| | - Reena Vishwakarma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226 026, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382 010, India.
| | - Krishna Gautam
- Centre of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 021, India
| | - Vivek K Gaur
- Centre of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 021, India; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvina Farooqui
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226 026, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A& F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 021, India; Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, India
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8
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Torres-García JL, Ahuactzin-Pérez M, Fernández FJ, Cortés-Espinosa DV. Bisphenol A in the environment and recent advances in biodegradation by fungi. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134940. [PMID: 35588877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used in the manufacture of a wide variety of everyday materials that, when released into the environment, causes multiple detrimental effects on humans and other organisms. The reason for this review is to provide an overview of the presence, distribution, and concentration of BPA in water, soil, sediment, and air, as well as the process of release and migration, biomagnification, and exposure mechanisms that cause various toxic effects in humans. Therefore, it is important to seek efficient and economic strategies that allow its removal from the environment and prevent it from reaching humans through food chains. Likewise, the main removal techniques are analyzed, focusing on biological treatments, particularly the most recent advances in the degradation of BPA in different environmental matrices through the use of ligninolytic fungi, non-ligninolytic fungi and yeasts, as well as the possible routes of metabolic processes that allow their biotransformation or biodegradation due to their efficient extracellular enzyme systems. This review supports the importance of the application of new biotechnological tools for the degradation of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Torres-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Ahuactzin-Pérez
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Autopista Tlaxcala-San Martín Km 10.5, 90120, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - F J Fernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana V Cortés-Espinosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada. Carretera Estatal San Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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9
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Wilk BK, Szopińska M, Sobaszek M, Pierpaoli M, Błaszczyk A, Luczkiewicz A, Fudala-Ksiazek S. Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate using boron-doped diamond anodes: pollution degradation rate, energy efficiency and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65625-65641. [PMID: 35501433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO), due to high efficiency and small carbon footprint, is regarded as an attractive option for on-site treatment of highly contaminated wastewater. This work shows the effectiveness of EO using three boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDs) in sustainable management of landfill leachate (LL). The effect of the applied current density (25-100 mA cm-2) and boron doping concentration (B/C ratio: 500 ppm, 10,000 ppm and 15,000 ppm) on the performance of EO was investigated. It was found that, of the electrodes used, the one most effective at COD, BOD20 and ammonia removal (97.1%, 98.8% and 62%, respectively) was the electrode with the lowest boron doping. Then, to better elucidate the ecological role of LLs, before and after EO, cultivation of faecal bacteria and microscopic analysis of total (prokaryotic) cell number, together with ecotoxicity assay (Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Artemia salina) were combined for the two better-performing electrodes. The EO process was very effective at bacterial cell inactivation using each of the two anodes, even within 2 h of contact time. In a complex matrix of LLs, this is probably a combined effect of electrogenerated oxidants (hydroxyl radicals, active chlorine and sulphate radicals), which may penetrate into the bacterial cells and/or react with cellular components. The toxicity of EO-treated LLs proved to be lower than that of raw ones. Since toxicity drops with increased boron doping, it is believed that appropriate electrolysis parameters can diminish the toxicity effect without compromising the nutrient-removal and disinfection capability, although salinity of LLs and related multistep-oxidation pathways needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krystyna Wilk
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Szopińska
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Sobaszek
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mattia Pierpaoli
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Błaszczyk
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Batista-Silva H, Rodrigues K, de Moura KRS, Elie N, Van Der Kraak G, Delalande C, Silva FRMB. In vivo and in vitro short-term bisphenol A exposures disrupt testicular energy metabolism and negatively impact spermatogenesis in zebrafish. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:10-21. [PMID: 34775058 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the in vitro and short-term in vivo effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) on testicular energy metabolism and morphology in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Testes were incubated in vitro for 1 h or fish were exposed in vivo to BPA in the tank water for 12 h. Testicular lactate, glycogen and cholesterol were measured and 14C-deoxy-d-glucose uptake and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. In addition, testis samples from the in vivo exposures were subject to digital analysis of testicular cells using Ilastik software and the Pixel Classification module and estimation of apoptosis by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) immunohistochemical analysis. Our results from in vitro studies showed that BPA at 10 pM and 10 μM decreased testicular lactate content, glycogen content and LDH activity, but increased testicular AST activity. In addition, only BPA at 10 pM significantly decreased testicular ALT activity and cholesterol content. However, 14C-deoxy-d-glucose uptake was not changed. Furthermore, our results from in vivo studies showed that 10 pM BPA but not 10 μM BPA reduced testicular content of lactate and glycogen. In addition, both BPA concentrations decreased AST activity, whereas only BPA at 10 μM reduced ALT activity. However, LDH activity was not changed. Additionally, both concentrations of BPA induced spermatocyte apoptosis and a decrease in the proportion of the surface area of spermatids and spermatozoa. Collectively these data suggest that short-term BPA exposure affects energy metabolism and spermatogenesis in male zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemily Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, OeReCa, 14000, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Keyla Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Elie
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, SF ICORE, CMABio3, 14000, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Glen Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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11
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Wowkonowicz P, Kijeńska M, Koda E. Potential environmental risk assessment of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate emissions from a municipal solid waste landfill leachate. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12163. [PMID: 34703664 PMCID: PMC8489410 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In certain countries, including Poland, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste, together with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) contained within (up to 60%), is mostly directed to municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. From there, over time, it is released from the polymer matrix and can migrate with landfill leachate into the environment. The amount of DEHP placed on the Polish market since the start of industrial production and the prevalent landfilling disposal of PVC waste in Poland, indicate that DEHP pollution can increase risk factors in the future. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of DEHP in leachates from a chosen MSW landfill directed to a local sewage treatment plant (STP) and estimate the associated potential risks to the environment. Results DEHP concentrations in leachates ranged from < LOQ to 394.4 µg/L, depending on the sampling year and season. DEHP is a pervasive environmental contaminant present in all investigated landfill leachate samples. The results from The European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) modelling related to DEHP in leachate directed to STP indicated potentially unacceptable risk to freshwater organisms; and birds and mammals feeding on earthworms (where a sewage sludge applications in agriculture take place). The results indicated low risk for other environmental components including local fresh-water sediment, local soil and microorganisms of STP, and freshwater fish-eating birds and mammals. Conclusions Future DEHP emissions may occur after the technical lifetime of the landfill and/or decay its bottom sealing. To avoid contamination, the monitoring of landfills after closure should include DEHP concentrations and last longer than the recommended (inter alia in Poland) 30 years, or until emissions from PVC to leachate are eliminated. More research on leachate of DEHP and its potential risks should be conducted, utilising detailed modelling which can including other landfills and different routes of DEHP emissions in leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Wowkonowicz
- Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment Department, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, IOS-PIB, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kijeńska
- Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment Department, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, IOS-PIB, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Koda
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Liu H, Li H, Fang C, Mao H, Xue X, Wang Q. Removal of Di-n-butyl phthalate from aged leachate under optimal hydraulic condition of leachate treatment process and in the presence of its dominant bacterial strains. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112532. [PMID: 34280839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hydraulic condition of reactor and the dominant degrading bacteria on the removal of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) from aged landfill leachate by anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) leachate treatment process were investigated. The optimal DBP removal (96.0%) was obtained from aged leachate when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the reactor was 3 d, internal reflux ratio of the reactor was 200%, and external reflux ratio of the reactor was 60%, respectively. The removal efficiency of DBP was significantly improved after the inoculation of the dominant DBP-degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. W1) in the reactor. The mean removal efficiencies of DBP before and after inoculation were 94.1% and 97.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the inoculation of dominant DBP-degrading bacteria changed the original sludge structure and characteristics, which was more conducive to the removal of DBP. These results provide theoretical basis for the effective removal of DBP from aged leachate by the biological treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chengran Fang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Hongzhi Mao
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiangdong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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13
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Xu Y, Hu A, Li Y, He Y, Xu J, Lu Z. Determination and occurrence of bisphenol A and thirteen structural analogs in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130232. [PMID: 33774255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is a phenolic plasticizer used in the production of various plastic products. Its endocrine-disrupting effects on ecological and human health lead to replacement with its structural analogs. The occurrence of these analogs in the soil environment, which is an important sink for bisphenols, has been rarely reported. In this study, a robust method was developed to determine bisphenol A and 13 analogs in soil using accelerated solvent extraction combined with in-line purification for fast and efficient extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous and accurate quantification. The method detection limits of 14 bisphenols were between 0.01 and 0.39 ng g-1, and the recoveries were in the range of 80%-120%. The developed method was applied to 29 agricultural and urban soil samples from 21 provinces in China, and 12 bisphenols were detected. Among them, the contents of bisphenol A, F, and P were up to 166.0, 212.9, and 78.2 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. The maximum concentration of bisphenol P was at least ten times higher than literature values in food and other environmental matrices. The results of this study showed that "hot spots" existed for bisphenol pollution in soil and that further investigations were necessary to avoid regrettable substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ailun Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yiren Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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14
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New Analytical Method for Determination of Phthalates in Wastewater by on Line LC-GC-MS Using the TOTAD Interface and Fraction Collector. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for automatic, reliable and sensitive analytical methods for determining trace levels of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in environmental samples. While on line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) has been proof to be a powerful tool for trace-level analyses in complex matrices, the present work presents a new totally automated on line LC-GC method, using the Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption (TOTAD) interface, for the analysis of four of the main phthalates, dibuthyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), in a matrix as complex as leachate. The sample is directly injected into the LC injector valve with no sample pretreatment other than simple filtration. The LC step separates the target analytes from matrix interference. Two different LC fractions are collected in a purposely designed fraction collector and then transferred to the TOTAD interface, which concentrates the analytes, totally eliminates the solvent and transfers the analytes to the GC-MS system, where the analysis is carried out. The LOD of the method varied from 0.1 µg/L (DEHP) to 1.4 µg/L (DMP), RSD for retention time below 0.14% and for absolute peak areas below 12% and linearity from 1 µg/L to 1000 µg/L (R2 > 0.99), except in the case of DEHP (linearity from 1 to 250 µg/L, R2 = 0.94). The method was applied to the analysis of the target analytes in samples collected from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Rosario (Argentina).
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15
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Sales Junior SF, Mannarino CF, Bila DM, Taveira Parente CE, Correia FV, Saggioro EM. Lethal and long-term effects of landfill leachate on Eisenia andrei earthworms: Behavior, reproduction and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112029. [PMID: 33578208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leachate is difficult to biodegrade, and presents variable physical, chemical and biological characteristics, as well as high toxicological potential for soil, groundwater and water bodies. In this context, untreated leachate toxicity was evaluated through acute and chronic exposures in Eisenia andrei earthworms. Physico-chemical leachate characterizations indicate a complex composition, with high organic matter (COD - 10,634 mg L-1) and ammoniacal nitrogen (2388 mg L-1) concentrations. Metals with carcinogenic potential, such as Cr, As and Pb, were present at 0.60, 0.14 and 0.01 μg L-1, respectively and endocrine disrupting compounds were detected in estradiol equivalents of 660 ± 50 ng L-1. Acute tests with Eisenia andrei indicated an LC50 (72 h) of 1.3 ± 0.1 μL cm-2 in a filter paper contact test and 53.9 ± 1.3 mL kg-1 in natural soil (14 days). The EC50 in a behavioral test was estimated as 31.6 ± 6.8 mL kg-1, indicating an escape effect for concentrations ranging from 35.0 to 70.0 mL kg-1 and habitat loss from 87.5 mL kg-1 of leachate exposure. Chronic exposure (56 days) led to reproduction effects, resulting in a 4-fold decreased cocoon production and 7-fold juvenile decrease. This effect was mainly attributed to the possible presence of endocrine disrupting compounds. An estimated NOAEL of 1.7 mL L-1 and LOAEL of 3.5 mL L-1 were estimated for earthworms exposed to the assessed effluent. Extremely high-risk quotients (RQ ≥ 1) were estimated based on leachate application in irrigation. Thus, adequate municipal solid waste management is paramount, especially with regard to generated by-products, which can result in high toxicological risks for terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Fernandes Sales Junior
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Sanitation and Environment Health Department, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, Room 5029-F, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Ernesto Taveira Parente
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s/n, Bloco G0, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Correia
- UNIRIO, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Sanitation and Environment Health Department, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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16
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Pierpaoli M, Jakobczyk P, Sawczak M, Łuczkiewicz A, Fudala-Książek S, Bogdanowicz R. Carbon nanoarchitectures as high-performance electrodes for the electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123407. [PMID: 32763699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials and assemblies of the aforementioned into complex architectures constitute an opportunity to design efficient and selective solutions to widespread and emerging environmental issues. The limited disposal of organic matter in modern landfills generates extremely concentrated leachates characterised by high concentrations of refractory compounds. Conventional biochemical treatment methods are unsuitable, while advanced treatment, such coagulation, reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration can be very costly and generate additional waste. Electrochemical oxidation is an established technique to efficiently mineralise a plethora of recalcitrant pollutants, however the selectivity and efficiency of the process are strongly related to the anode material. For this reason, a nanoarchitectured carbon material has been designed and synthesised to improve the capability of the anode towards the adsorption and decomposition of pollutants. Instead of simple nanostructures, intelligently engineered nanomaterials can come in handy for more efficient advanced treatment techniques. In this study, a carbon nanoarchitecture comprising boron-doped vertically aligned graphene walls (BCNWs) were grown on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) interfacial layer. The results show how the peculiar maze-like morphology and the concurrence of different carbon hybridisations resulted in a higher current exchange density. The BDD performed better for the removal of NH4+ while the BCNW-only sample exhibited a faster deactivation. The BDD/BCNW nanoarchitecture resulted in an enhanced COD removal and a NH4+ removal similar to that of BDD, without the intermediate production of NO2- and NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierpaoli
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications And Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk Poland.
| | - Paweł Jakobczyk
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications And Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mirosław Sawczak
- The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Generała Józefa Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Aneta Łuczkiewicz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Książek
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications And Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
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17
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Kotowska U, Kapelewska J, Sawczuk R. Occurrence, removal, and environmental risk of phthalates in wastewaters, landfill leachates, and groundwater in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115643. [PMID: 33254702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are chemical compounds whose use is exceptionally widespread in everyday materials but, at the same time, have been proven to have harmful effects on living organisms. Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are important sources of phthalates with respect to naturally occurring waters. The main aim of this research was determination, mass loads, removal rates and ecological risk assessment of eight phthalates in municipal wastewaters, landfill leachates and groundwater from Polish WWTPs and MSW landfills. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used for the extraction and determination of analytes. Summed up concentrations of eight phthalates ranged from below LOD to 596 μg/L in influent wastewater with the highest concentration found for bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (143 μg/L). The average degree of phthalate removal varies depending on the capacity of a given treatment plant with larger treatment plants coping better than smaller ones. The highest treatment efficiency for all tested treatment plants, over 90%, was reported for dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Overall concentrations of phthalates in leachates ranged from below LOD to 303 μg/L while the highest maximum concentration was registered for DEHP (249 μg/L). Overall concentrations of phthalic acid esters in groundwater from upstream monitoring wells ranged from below LOD to 1.8 μg/L and from LOD to 27.9 μg/L in samples from wells downstream of MSW landfills. The obtained data shows that diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP, and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) pose a high risk for all trophic levels being considered in effluent wastewaters. In the case of groundwater high environmental risk was recorded for DBP and DEHP for all tested trophic levels. Phthalates, in concentrations that pose a high environmental risk, are present in Polish municipal after-treatment wastewater as well as in groundwater under municipal solid waste landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kotowska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Kapelewska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Róża Sawczuk
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
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18
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Ding J, Shen L, Yan R, Lu S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang H. Heterogeneously activation of H 2O 2 and persulfate with goethite for bisphenol A degradation: A mechanistic study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127715. [PMID: 32717514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on the activation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and persulfate (PS) by minerals have received increasing interest for environmental remediation. Herein, H2O2 and PS activation systems employing goethite as a catalyst were discovered for the rapid degradation of BPA with the generation of reactive oxidation species (ROS) and for the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) in aqueous solutions. The morphology of goethite were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, TEM, etc. As a result, the oxidant efficiency of the goethite/H2O2 system (75.9%) was higher than that of the goethite/PS system (61.4%) after 240 min due to the restricted radical scavenging. According to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical quenching experiments, the main active ROS during the BPA degradation process were OH and SO4-. The two reaction systems were all pH-dependent that BPA can be effectively degraded in the goethite/PS system under acidic, neutral and weakly alkaline conditions, while the most inefficient degradation under alkaline conditions in the goethite/H2O2 system. Moreover, goethite showed good structural stability in the two systems. Several reaction products were detected using LC-MS, and the mechanisms for three systems were proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to study the conceivable degradation pathways of BPA in the two processes. This work reveals novel mechanistic insights regarding H2O2 and PS activation over goethite and implies the great potential application of the PS/mineral process in water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ding
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Lilai Shen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Ruopeng Yan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shihuan Lu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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19
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Vaverková MD, Elbl J, Voběrková S, Koda E, Adamcová D, Mariusz Gusiatin Z, Al Rahman A, Radziemska M, Mazur Z. Composting versus mechanical-biological treatment: Does it really make a difference in the final product parameters and maturity. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 106:173-183. [PMID: 32222681 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of crucial waste management problems is the management of organic waste. This activity employs the composting. In case of green waste, its application seems reasonable, whereas the use of selected mixed waste raises problems related to the compost quality. Across countries, the non-sterile organic fraction of municipal solid waste is being separated through the mechanical-biological treatment. The technology is a solution of waste treatment and meets objectives set out in the Landfill Directive. There are many problems associated with the use of output products. The use of compost as a fertilizer requires determination of its impact on the environment. Compost quality can be assessed using analytical methods and phytotoxicity tests. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe changes in physico-chemical, enzymatic, phytotoxicity and vegetation parameters occurring in composts from two systems - a prismatic installation for green waste, and a mechanical-biological treatment installation. The compost from green waste exhibited greater stability. Values of dehydrogenase activity were lower if compared with the mechanically and biologically treated compost, which indicates lower compost maturity. The biomass production of Brassica napus L. and Fetuca rubra L. was higher in the variant with the application of green compost. The influence on Hordeum vulgare L., Cannabis sativa L., and Sinapis alba L. depended on the plant type and the compost used. Nevertheless, the compost from green waste was less toxic. The evidence from this study suggests that the mechanical-biological treatment had problems associated with the maturation and quality of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Daria Vaverková
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Elbl
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Voběrková
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eugeniusz Koda
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dana Adamcová
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin
- Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna St. 45G, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Abd Al Rahman
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Radziemska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Mazur
- Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna St. 45G, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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20
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Wang Q, Jiang L, Fang C, Mao H, Zhuang H. Transformation of phthalic acid diesters in an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic leachate treatment process. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Wilk BK, Fudala-Ksiazek S, Szopińska M, Luczkiewicz A. Landfill leachates and wastewater of maritime origin as possible sources of endocrine disruptors in municipal wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25690-25701. [PMID: 31267401 PMCID: PMC6719331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, wastewater from municipal services, such as a port wastewater reception facility (PRF-WW) and a municipal solid waste plant (MSWP), was tested for the presence of the suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds phthalates (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). PAEs and BPA were found in this study in high concentrations in raw wastewater obtained from passenger ships (RMT-WWs) (up to 738 μg/L and 957 μg/L, respectively) collected in the Port of Gdynia and in landfill leachates (LLs) (up to 536 μg/L and up to 2202 μg/L, respectively) from a MSWP located near Gdynia. In particular, the presence of reprotoxic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, up to 536 μg/L in LLs and up to 738 μg/L in RMT-WWs) requires further action because if this compound, as well as other PAEs and BPA, is not degraded by activated sludge microorganisms, it may reach receiving waters and adversely impact aquatic organisms. Therefore, PAEs and BPA should be removed either during the onsite pretreatment of tested industrial wastewater or during tertiary treatment at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, representing end-of-pipe technology). Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Wilk
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szopińska
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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22
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Hendrych J, Hejralová R, Kroužek J, Špaček P, Sobek J. Stabilisation/solidification of landfill leachate concentrate and its residue obtained by partial evaporation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:560-568. [PMID: 31351642 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling of waste is inseparably linked to the production of landfill leachate, which is treated and processed by different procedures. One of the options according to technical and economic development is the application of pressure-driven membrane processes, where landfill leachate concentrate (LLC) is produced. This may be further subjected to a stabilisation/solidification process (S/S) as one of its possible processing methods that leads to limited re-introduction of undesirable substances into the landfill body. This paper presents the research of the S/S of LLC, investigates the effect of the waste/binder ratio, the influence of Portland cement substitution, the influence of the additional concentration of the concentrate by evaporation at different levels from the original LLC, and the use of an innovative special highly absorbing binder based on specifically treated fly ash for selected leachate characteristics and compressive strength of the test specimen. The S/S process in most cases met the legislative requirements for water leachate characteristics for non-hazardous waste. Additionally, the comparison of indicative expense for selected solidificate compositions and scenarios is involved. The results of the study serve as necessary basement for further development of treatment of LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hendrych
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Hejralová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kroužek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Špaček
- Chemcomex, a.s., Elišky Přemyslovny 379, 156 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Sobek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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González-Rojo S, Lombó M, Fernández-Díez C, Herráez MP. Male exposure to bisphenol a impairs spermatogenesis and triggers histone hyperacetylation in zebrafish testes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:368-379. [PMID: 30818116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor whose ubiquitous presence in the environment has been related with impairment of male reproduction. BPA can cause both transcriptomic and epigenetic changes during spermatogenesis. To evaluate the potential effects of male exposure to BPA, adult zebrafish males were exposed during spermatogenesis to doses of 100 and 2000 μg/L, which were reported in contaminated water bodies and higher than those allowed for human consumption. Fertilization capacity and survival at hatching were analysed after mating with untreated females. Spermatogenic progress was analysed through a morphometrical study of testes and apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. Testicular gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR and epigenetics by using ELISA and immunocytochemistry. In vitro studies were performed to investigate the role of Gper. Chromatin fragmentation and the presence of transcripts were also evaluated in ejaculated sperm. Results on testes from males treated with the highest dose showed a significant decrease in spermatocytes, an increase in apoptosis, a downregulation of ccnb1 and sycp3, all of which point to an alteration of spermatogenesis and to meiotic arrest and an upregulation of gper1 and esrrga receptors. Additionally, BPA at 2000 μg/L caused missregulation of epigenetic remodelling enzymes transcripts in testes and promoted DNA hypermethylation and H3K27me3 demethylation. BPA also triggered an increase in histone acetyltransferase activity, which led to hyperacetylation of histones (H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H4K12ac). In vitro reversion of histone acetylation changes using a specific GPER antagonist, G-36, suggested this receptor as mediator of histone hyperacetylation. Males treated with the lower dose only showed an increase in some histone acetylation marks (H3K14ac, H4K12ac) but their progeny displayed very limited survival at hatching, revealing the deleterious effects of unbalanced paternal epigenetic information. Furthermore, the highest dose of BPA led to chromatin fragmentation, promoting direct reproductive effects, which are incompatible with embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S González-Rojo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, Campus de Veganaza s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - M Lombó
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, Campus de Veganaza s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Díez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, Campus de Veganaza s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - M P Herráez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, Campus de Veganaza s/n, León, 24071, Spain.
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24
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Fudala-Ksiazek S, Pierpaoli M, Luczkiewicz A. Efficiency of landfill leachate treatment in a MBR/UF system combined with NF, with a special focus on phthalates and bisphenol A removal. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:94-103. [PMID: 32559990 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated at a municipal solid waste plant (MSWP) to treat a mixture of landfill leachates (LLs) obtained from modern (MP-LLs) and previous (PP-LLs) waste cells. The MBR unit combined anoxic and aerobic zones with external ultra- and nanofiltration (MBR/UF and MBR/UF/NF, respectively). In addition to the removal of macropollutants, special attention was given to phthalates (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). According to the obtained results, the MBR/UF system with acclimated biomass was effective for treating LLs, and the obtained effluent was generally similar in quality to raw municipal wastewater. The MBR biomass showed high potential for BPA and PAEs biodegradation/biotransformation as confirmed by a metagenomic approach. Only a high chloride concentration (1960 mg Cl-/L), which was twice the value acceptable by Polish regulations for industrial wastewater entering the municipal wastewater system, justifies the additional usage of the NF unit. Notably, a decreasing amount of biodegradable organic matter in MBR influent is expected with time because of changes in the biochemistry of modern waste cells; therefore, an external carbon source would probably be needed to support denitrification. However, the cooccurrence of an aerobic and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing community with denitrifying bacteria provides the opportunity for advanced removal of nitrogen and organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mattia Pierpaoli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning - Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
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