1
|
Jamalimoghadam M, Vakili AH, Keskin I, Totonchi A, Bahmyari H. Solidification and utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ashes: Advancements in alkali-activated materials and stabilization techniques, a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:122014. [PMID: 39098066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Researchers are actively investigating methodologies for the detoxification and utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) and Fly Ash (MSWIFA), given their potential as alkali-activated materials (AAMs) with low energy consumption. Recent studies highlight that AAMs from MSWIFA and MSWIBA demonstrate significant durability in both acidic and alkaline environments. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the processes for producing MSWIFA and MSWIBA, evaluating innovative engineering stabilization techniques such as graphene nano-platelets and lightweight artificial cold-bonded aggregates, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, this review meticulously incorporates relevant reactions. Recommendations are also presented to guide future research endeavors aimed at refining these methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jamalimoghadam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Azad Islamic University, Marvdasht, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Vakili
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Inan Keskin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Arash Totonchi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Azad Islamic University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bansal D, Ramana GV, Datta M. Sustainable utilization of incineration bottom ash in pavement construction: Environmental impacts and life cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172890. [PMID: 38692320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The global drive towards sustainable development has prompted a notable shift in civil engineering practices towards utilizing secondary materials, such as incineration bottom ash (IBA). The literature review underscores the relevance of waste incineration and the crucial need for effective IBA management strategies. Existing studies, however, reveal a dearth of studies within the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework focusing on understanding IBA characteristics and field conditions. The study addresses this gap by proposing an LCA to assess the environmental implications of substituting natural aggregates with IBA in pavement layers. A comparative LCA was carried out, where different scenarios of reuse of IBA (as produced, treated, or with restrictions) were assessed against a baseline scenario that represents the conventional use of aggregates in roads and landfilling of IBA. The ReCiPe technique, incorporating a hierarchist perspective, was employed to assess impacts across different problem-oriented categories. Additionally, this study also explores the impact of data variability on LCA outcomes, considering changes in landfill height, pavement infiltration rate, time duration, and IBA transportation distance. The analysis indicates that incorporating IBA in road layers can significantly reduce impacts on non-toxic categories like global warming by over 35 %. However, the leaching properties of untreated IBA contribute to a more than 28 % increase in human carcinogenic toxicity, rendering it environmentally unsuitable for road layer reuse. The comparative study illustrated that reusing treated IBA is the most sustainable approach, remaining effective up to a distance of d + 15 km. In cases where treatment is not feasible, utilizing IBA with restrictions is recommended up to a distance of d + 5 km (d represents the transportation distance for natural materials). This research fills a critical gap in the literature by providing a framework to assess IBA reuse in road construction, thereby advancing the discourse on sustainable materials management in the construction industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Bansal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - G V Ramana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Manoj Datta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lehmusto J, Tesfaye F, Karlström O, Hupa L. Ashes from challenging fuels in the circular economy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 177:211-231. [PMID: 38342059 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
In line with the objectives of the circular economy, the conversion of waste streams to useful and valuable side streams is a central goal. Ash represents one of the main industrial side-products, and using ashes in other than the present landfilling applications is, therefore, a high priority. This paper reviews the properties and utilization of ashes of different biomass power plants and waste incinerations, with a focus on the past decade. Possibilities for ash utilization are of uttermost importance in terms of circular economy and disposal of landfills. However, considering its applicability, ash originating from the heat treatment of chemically complex fuels, such as biomass and waste poses several challenges such as high heavy metal content and the presence of toxic and/or corrosive species. Furthermore, the physical properties of the ash might limit its usability. Nevertheless, numerous studies addressing the utilization possibilities of challenging ash in various applications have been carried out over the past decade. This review, with over 300 references, surveys the field of research, focusing on the utilization of biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) ashes. Also, metal and phosphorus recovery from different ashes is addressed. It can be concluded that the key beneficial properties of the ash types addressed in this review are based on their i) alkaline nature suitable for neutralization reactions, ii) high adsorption capabilities to be used in CO2 capture and waste treatment, and iii) large surface area and appropriate chemical composition for the catalyst industry. Especially, ashes rich in Al2O3 and SiO2 have proven to be promising alternative catalysts in various industrial processes and as precursors for synthetic zeolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Lehmusto
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Fiseha Tesfaye
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Oskar Karlström
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland; Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500 FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Hupa
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beikmohammadi M, Yaghmaeian K, Nabizadeh R, Mahvi AH. Analysis of heavy metal, rare, precious, and metallic element content in bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Tehran based on particle size. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16044. [PMID: 37749159 PMCID: PMC10520020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste incineration is increasingly used worldwide for better municipal solid waste management and energy recovery. However, residues resulting from waste incineration, such as Bottom Ash (BA) and Fly Ash (FA), can pose environmental and human health risks due to their physicochemical properties if not managed appropriately. On the other hand, with proper utilization, these residues can be turned into valuable Municipal metal mines. In this study, BA was granulated in various size ranges (< 0.075 mm, 0.075-0.125 mm, 0.125-0.5 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm, 4-16 mm, and > 16 mm). The physicochemical properties, heavy metal elements, environmental hazards, and other rare and precious metal elements in each Granulated Bottom Ash (GBA) group from Tehran's waste incineration were examined using ICP-MASS. Additionally, each GBA group's mineralogical properties and elemental composition were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals in GBA, including Zn (1974 mg/kg), Cu, and Ba (790 mg/kg), Pb (145 mg/kg), Cr (106 mg/kg), Ni (25 mg/kg), Sn (24 mg/kg), V (25 mg/kg), As (11 mg/kg), and Sb (29 mg/kg), was higher in particles smaller than 4 mm. Precious metals such as gold (average 0.3 mg/kg) and silver (average 11 mg/kg) were significantly higher in GBA particles smaller than 0.5 mm, making their extraction economically feasible. Moreover, rare metals such as Ce, Nd, La, and Y were detected in GBA, with average concentrations of 24, 8, 11, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study indicated that BA contains environmentally concerning metals, as well as rare and precious metals, with high concentrations, especially in particles smaller than 4 mm. This highlights the need for proper pre-treatment before using these materials in civil and municipal applications or even landfilling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Beikmohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bansal D, Ramana GV, Datta M, Gupta G. Characterization of MSW incineration bottom ash for use as structural fill in reinforced soil structures: Geoenvironmental, geotechnical and economical assessment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:344-353. [PMID: 37343441 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The study presents the geoenvironmental and geotechnical characterization of MSW incineration bottom ash (IBA) and examines its reuse as structural fill in reinforced soil structures (RSS).The suitability of reuse has been assessed with regard to international regulatory standards. The prime focus of the work remains on evaluating the pullout response of geosynthetic reinforcements through IBA fill to determine the interaction coefficient, which has never been addressed in the literature. The economic viability of using IBA instead of locally available river sand for a 12 m high MSE wall is also established. The column leaching test results confirm that IBA can be utilized in RSS with suitable design measures. The geotechnical investigation shows that IBA is a well-graded, non-plastic lightweight material with adequate drainage and high shear strength. The pullout test results demonstrate that the interaction coefficient of polymeric strips and geogrid in IBA (0.73-1.53 and 0.79-1.91, respectively) is comparable or higher to materials conventionally used as structural fill in RSS, indicating adequate bondage between IBA and geosynthetic reinforcement. Further, it is estimated that using IBA as a substitute for available river sand in the vicinity can potentially reduce the overall RSS project cost by 15-20%, even if IBA has to be transported 50 km away from the project site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Bansal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - G V Ramana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Manoj Datta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Garima Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Spreadbury CJ, Weiksnar KD, Laux S, Townsend TG. Distributions of trace elements within MSWI bottom and combined ash components: Implications for reuse practices. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139198. [PMID: 37315860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 25 inorganic elements were measured in both bulk ash and individual ash components from residuals at three municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) facilities in the US (two combined ash (CA) and one bottom ash (BA)). Concentrations were assessed based on particle size and component to understand the contribution from each fraction. The results found that among facilities, the finer size fractions contained elevated concentrations of trace elements of concern (As, Pb, Sb) when compared to the coarse fraction, but concentrations varied among facilities depending on the type of ash and differences in advanced metals recovery processes. This study focused on several constituents of potential concern, As, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Sb, and found that the main components of MSWI ash (glass, ceramic, concrete, and slag) are sources of these elements in the ash streams. For many elements, concentrations were significantly higher in CA bulk and component fractions opposed to BA streams. An acid treatment procedure and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that some elements, such as As in concrete, are result of the inherent properties of the component, but other elements, such as Sb, form on the surface during or after incineration and can be removed. Some Pb and Cu concentrations were attributed to inclusions in the glass or slag introduced into the material during the incineration process. Understanding the contributions of each ash component provides critical information for developing strategies to reduce trace element concentrations in ash streams to promote reuse opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Spreadbury
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA
| | - Kate D Weiksnar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA
| | - Steve Laux
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bandarra BS, Mesquita C, Passos H, Martins RC, Coelho PALF, Pereira JL, Quina MJ. An integrated characterisation of incineration bottom ashes towards sustainable application: Physicochemical, ecotoxicological, and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131649. [PMID: 37210879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental protection is a central concern regarding municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (IBA) management, but the assessment of waste Hazardous Property HP14 (ecotoxicity) is still under debate. Civil engineering applications may be a suitable management strategy. This work aimed at evaluating IBA regarding mechanical behaviour and environmental hazardous potential, including a biotest battery for ecotoxicity assessment (comprising miniaturised tests), to explore its potential for safe utilization. Physical, chemical, ecotoxicological (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Lepidium sativum), and mechanical (one-dimensional compressibility, shear strength) analyses were performed. The low leaching for potentially toxic metals and ions complied with European Union (EU) limit values for non-hazardous waste landfills. No relevant ecotoxicological effects were found. The biotest battery seems suitable for ecotoxicological assessment in the aquatic ecosystem, providing wide information on waste impact on different trophic/functional levels and chemical uptake routes, simultaneously involving short-duration tests and reduced amounts of waste. IBA presented more compressibility than sand, but its mixture with sand (30%:70%) was closer to sand compressibility. IBA (lower stresses) and the mixture (higher stresses) showed slightly higher shear strength than sand. Overall, IBA presented the potential for valorisation as loose aggregates from an environmental and mechanical viewpoint in a circular economy framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Bandarra
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - C Mesquita
- CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos-Pólo II da Universidade, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - H Passos
- CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R C Martins
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - P A L F Coelho
- CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos-Pólo II da Universidade, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - J L Pereira
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M J Quina
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barra B, Momm L, Guerrero Y, Mikowski A, Clara E, Nguyen ML, Hughes GB. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility of Reusing Coal Ash in Dense Asphalt Mixes by Assessing Mechanical Performance. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201662. [PMID: 34817036 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript evaluates the technical feasibility of reusing coal ash in the formulation design of dense asphalt mixes. Physicochemical and mineralogical properties of fly and bottom ash matrixes prepared with coal ash were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), semi-quantitative spectrometry by X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and surface characterization by Nitrogen (N2) adsorption. Filler fractions under 0.075 mm with 6.0% in weight from an entirely gneissic aggregate gradation curve taken as reference were compared to identical mixes prepared with fly and bottom ashes individually and also to a combined sample with 3.0% of each ash type. Tests on compaction ability with gyratory shear press, resistance to action of water and to rutting were carried out to compare mechanical performance. The results indicate that both gneissic and coal ash fillers do not form dipoles of effective electric attractions to bituminous matrixes, resulting in inert and hydrophilic behavior regarding to action of water, respectively. Despite surface and morphologic characteristics underlying the mechanical performance of gneissic fillers, coal ash matrixes have shown, in general, good technical feasibility to be used in asphalt mixes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno Barra
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Engenharias da Mobilidade (EMB), Rua Dona Francisca, 8300, 89219-600 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Leto Momm
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Engenharias da Mobilidade (EMB), Rua Dona Francisca, 8300, 89219-600 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Yader Guerrero
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Engenharias da Mobilidade (EMB), Rua Dona Francisca, 8300, 89219-600 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Mikowski
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Engenharias da Mobilidade (EMB), Rua Dona Francisca, 8300, 89219-600 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Estéfani Clara
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Engenharias da Mobilidade (EMB), Rua Dona Francisca, 8300, 89219-600 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Mai-Lan Nguyen
- Université Gustave Eiffel (former IFSTTAR), Route de la Bouaye, 44340 Bouguenais, France
| | - Gary B Hughes
- University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), Department of Physics, Assistant Project Scientist, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta G, Datta M, Ramana GV, Alappat BJ, Bishnoi S. Contaminants of concern (CoCs) pivotal in assessing the fate of MSW incineration bottom ash (MIBA): First results from India and analogy between several countries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:167-181. [PMID: 34509055 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Present study characterizes municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MIBA) from three incineration plants in Delhi with an intent to serve the dual objectives: a) assessing the disposal/reuse options for Delhi MIBA, b) evaluating variability in results across the countries (including India) and assessing if is significant enough to influence the fate of MIBA of varied origin. A review on leaching studies of MIBA (50 research papers) was conducted which aided in achieving both the objectives. Delhi MIBA samples were analysed for chemical composition. The two commonly adopted leaching tests i.e., TCLP and EN 12457-2, were conducted and the results were checked against regulatory threshold levels (RTLs) to achieve the first objective. Leaching concentration of the contaminants was compared with the compiled literature and RTLs to accomplish the second objective. The compendium of literature most importantly revealed the physicochemical parameters which are pivotal in determining the fate of MIBA but have been missing from many studies. Ten such parameters were identified: Cr, Cu, Mo, Sb, Cl-,SO42-, Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn and are referred as contaminants of concern (CoCs). Delhi MIBA was found suitable for disposal to non-hazardous waste landfills and unsuitable for unrestricted reuse. CoCs identified in Delhi MIBA were identical to those observed in literature (except Cd, Pb and Zn). The variability in leaching concentration of CoCs, observed from comparative assessment of results, spanned nearly 2 to 3 log10 magnitudes for Cu, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn while 1 to 2 log10 magnitudes for Mo, Cl-andSO42-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Manoj Datta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - G V Ramana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - B J Alappat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Shashank Bishnoi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate of Cement Mortars. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incineration bottom ash is generated by the incineration of solid waste. Household solid waste is increasing every year and so is incineration bottom ash. This is a problem to treat the incineration bottom ash because the ash has many toxic components. Cement composites can solve this problem and there are many studies for using the bottom ash as fine aggregate. To evaluate the usage of incineration bottom ash, compressive strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy-backscatter electron, X-ray diffraction, and toxicity characteristic leaching processes were performed. When using incineration bottom ash up to 20% of substitution, the compressive strength in all cases was increased. This study showed how the filler effect appeared well in the cement composites through the scanning electron microscopy-backscatter electron, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. X-ray diffraction indicated the possibility of an alkali-silica reaction of the aggregate with the components of incineration bottom ash. This problem is an obstacle to applying the incineration bottom ash as a fine aggregate. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching process was shown to be under the threshold of the Korean standard, however, this should nuanced by the consideration of amorphity. Comprehensively, incineration bottom ash could be used as a fine aggregate of up to 20% of substitution. However, the pre-treatment would need to eliminate or reduce alkali reactive components and heavy metals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Gupta R. Physicochemical characterization and heavy metals leaching potential of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash (MSWI-BA) when utilized in road construction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14184-14197. [PMID: 32040740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and heavy metal leaching potential of various municipal solid waste incinerated-bottom ash (MSWI-BA) particle sizes were detected. The environmental risks that possibly result from the utilization of MSWI-BA aggregate in road construction are discussed. The air-dried MSWI-BA was sieved into four groups, including 4.75-9.5 mm, 2.36-4.75 mm, 0.075-2.36 mm, and < 0.075 mm. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted. It was found that the main elements of MSWI-BA are Ca, Si, and Al; the major heavy metals are Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb, and the main mineral compositions are quartz and calcite. Even though the major elements were found to be related to MSWI-BA particle size, the micropores, attached particles, and hydration products were shown to be independent on the particle size. The standard leaching test and a simulated leaching experiment with four solid/liquid ratios were implemented to study the leaching behavior of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr. Results showed that the leaching characteristics of selected metals were affected by the species of metal, MSWI-BA particle size, solid/liquid ratio, and the test method. The MSWI-BA aggregate was found to be an appropriate substitute material for natural aggregate in road construction due to its low metal leaching potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rishi Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caviglia C, Confalonieri G, Corazzari I, Destefanis E, Mandrone G, Pastero L, Boero R, Pavese A. Effects of particle size on properties and thermal inertization of bottom ashes (MSW of Turin's incinerator). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 84:340-354. [PMID: 30691909 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is twofold: (i) characterization of the bottom ashes from the Incinerator plant of the city of Turin (northern Italy), in terms of their chemical/phase compositions and capacity to release heavy metals in leachates, as a function of particle size; (ii) investigation of thermal treatments' efficacy to promote inertization of the same bottom ashes, exploring time-temperature ranges with t ≤ 6 h and T ≤ 1000 °C. Special attention is paid to macro-sampling techniques in order to have samples that are representative of the average bottom ashes production. Micro-XRF, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS, Ion Chromatography and X-ray powder diffraction were used to investigate bottom ashes and leachates. Bottom ashes are mainly constituted by an amorphous phase, ∼66-97 wt%, regardless of particle size; the remaining phases are quartz, calcite, Fe-oxides, melilite and other minor crystalline materials. The amorphous phase exhibits a relevant dependence on particle size, and undergoes dissolution in water up to 20 wt%, thus being the most important component in affecting chemical species release. The smaller the bottom ashes' particle size, the more the heavy metals (major species: Zn, Cu, Ti, Pb) and calcium contents increase, whereas silicon's decreases. Electrolytic current observations in combination with phase/chemical composition and metals release as a function of particle size, suggest that bottom ashes partition into two classes, i.e. ≥1 and <1 mm, for inertization purposes. Thermal treatments exhibit partial efficacy to curb heavy metals mobility: whilst they reduce Cu release, they lead to a inverse effect in the case of Cr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Caviglia
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Confalonieri
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ingrid Corazzari
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Destefanis
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandrone
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Linda Pastero
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Renato Boero
- Trattamento Rifiuti Metropolitani - TRM SpA, Via Paolo Gorini 50, 10137 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pavese
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|