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Chai X, Yu X, Shen Q, Li X, Lin Y, Cai W, Yuan Y. Study on green closed-loop regeneration of waste lithium iron phosphate based on oxalic acid system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 181:168-175. [PMID: 38615500 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from used lithium batteries is essential from an environmental and resource management standpoint. However, the most widely used acid leaching method causes significant ecological harm. Here, we proposed a method of recovering Li and Fe selectively from used lithium iron phosphate batteries by using low-concentration organic acid and completing the closed-loop regeneration. Low-concentration oxalic acid is used to carry out PO43-, which is significantly less soluble in aqueous solution than Li, two-stage selective leaching Li, where the leaching rate of Li reaches 99 %, and the leaching rate of Fe is only 2.4 %. The leach solution is then decontaminated. The solubility of Li3PO4 in aqueous solution is much smaller than that of Li2C2O4, which was required to recover Li to change the pH and Li can be recovered as Li3PO4; Fe can be retrieved as FeC2O4·2H2O, and re-prepared into lithium iron phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Chai
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Qingfeng Shen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Xingbin Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Weisong Cai
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhang W, Ren S, Hou Y, Wu W. High-Selectivity Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Recyclable Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301774. [PMID: 38197219 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is an environmentally and economically beneficial process. In this study, a method has been developed for recovering LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2. Our process operates under mild conditions and with a little oxalic acid as a reducing agent, dissolving lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel completely utilizing a DES that is composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride and of monochloroacetic acid. Lithium and nickel were selectively precipitated using oxalic acid. Cobalt and manganese were precipitated as oxalates by adding an oxalic acid aqueous solution. Finally, the DES can be regenerated by evaporating the water. Importantly, valuable metals can be recovered with a 100 % yield through the process of DES recycling. This environmentally friendly and recyclable process is suitable for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuhang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yucui Hou
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Taiyuan Normal University, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Weize Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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3
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Bruno M, Francia C, Fiore S. Closed-loop recycling of lithium iron phosphate cathodic powders via citric acid leaching. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-32837-6. [PMID: 38468005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Lithium recovery from Lithium-ion batteries requires hydrometallurgy but up-to-date technologies aren't economically viable for Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) batteries. Selective leaching (specifically targeting Lithium and based on mild organic acids and low temperatures) is attracting attention because of decreased environmental impacts compared to conventional hydrometallurgy. This study analysed the technical and economic performances of selective leaching with 6%vv. H2O2 and citric acid (0.25-1 M, 25 °C, 1 h, 70 g/l) compared with conventional leaching with an inorganic acid (H2SO4 1 M, 40 °C, 2 h, 50 g/l) and an organic acid (citric acid 1 M, 25 °C, 1 h, 70 g/l) to recycle end of life LFP cathodes. After conventional leaching, chemical precipitation allowed to recover in multiple steps Li, Fe and P salts, while selective leaching allowed to recover Fe and P, in the leaching residues and required chemical precipitation only for lithium recovery. Conventional leaching with 1 M acids achieved leaching efficiencies equal to 95 ± 2% for Li, 98 ± 8% for Fe, 96 ± 3% for P with sulfuric acid and 83 ± 0.8% for Li, 8 ± 1% for Fe, 12 ± 5% for P with citric acid. Decreasing citric acid's concentration from 1 to 0.25 M didn't substantially change leaching efficiency. Selective leaching with citric acid has higher recovery efficiency (82 ± 6% for Fe, 74 ± 8% for P, 29 ± 5% for Li) than conventional leaching with sulfuric acid (69 ± 15% for Fe, 70 ± 18% for P, and 21 ± 2% for Li). Also, impurities' amounts were lower with citric acid (335 ± 19 335 ± 19 of S mg/kg of S) than with sulfuric acid (8104 ± 2403 mg/kg of S). In overall, the operative costs associated to 0.25 M citric acid route (3.17€/kg) were lower compared to 1 M sulfuric acid (3.52€/kg). In conclusion, citric acid could be a viable option to lower LFP batteries' recycling costs, and it should be further explored prioritizing Lithium recovery and purity of recovered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bruno
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, DIATI, Politecnico Di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Francia
- DISAT, Department of Applied Sciences and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, DIATI, Politecnico Di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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4
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Zhao T, Li W, Traversy M, Choi Y, Ghahreman A, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zhao W, Song Y. A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119670. [PMID: 38039588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have gained widespread recognition for their exceptional thermal stability, remarkable cycling performance, non-toxic attributes, and cost-effectiveness. However, the increased adoption of LFP batteries has led to a surge in spent LFP battery disposal. Improper handling of waste LFP batteries could result in adverse consequences, including environmental degradation and the mismanagement of valuable secondary resources. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of waste LFP battery treatment methods, encompassing a holistic analysis of their recycling impact across five dimensions: resources, energy, environment, economy, and society. The recycling of waste LFP batteries is not only crucial for reducing the environmental pollution caused by hazardous components but also enables the valuable components to be efficiently recycled, promoting resource utilization. This, in turn, benefits the sustainable development of the energy industry, contributes to economic gains, stimulates social development, and enhances employment rates. Therefore, the recycling of discarded LFP batteries is both essential and inevitable. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including governments, corporations, and communities, in the realm of waste LFP battery recycling are also scrutinized, underscoring their pivotal engagement and collaboration. Notably, this paper concentrates on surveying the current research status and technological advancements within the waste LFP battery lifecycle, and juxtaposes their respective merits and drawbacks, thus furnishing a comprehensive evaluation and foresight for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China; The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Weilun Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Michael Traversy
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Yeonuk Choi
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Ghahreman
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Weiduo Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
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Wang W, Wang R, Zhan R, Du J, Chen Z, Feng R, Tan Y, Hu Y, Ou Y, Yuan Y, Li C, Xiao Y, Sun Y. Probing Hybrid LiFePO 4/FePO 4 Phases in a Single Olive LiFePO 4 Particle and Their Recovering from Degraded Electric Vehicle Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7485-7492. [PMID: 37477256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of LiFePO4 from degraded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant attention due to resource, environment, and cost considerations. Through neutron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, we revealed continuous lithium loss during battery cycling, resulting in a Li-deficient state (Li1-xFePO4) and phase separation within individual particles, where olive-shaped FePO4 nanodomains (5-10 nm) were embedded in the LiFePO4 matrix. The preservation of the olive-shaped skeleton during Li loss and phase change enabled materials recovery. By chemical compensation for the lithium loss, we successfully restored the hybrid LiFePO4/FePO4 structure to pure LiFePO4, eliminating nanograin boundaries. The regenerated LiFePO4 (R-LiFePO4) exhibited a high crystallinity similar to the fresh counterpart. This study highlights the importance of topotactic chemical reactions in structural repair and offers insights into the potential of targeted Li compensation for energy-efficient recycling of battery electrode materials with polyanion-type skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Renming Zhan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junmou Du
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zihe Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruikang Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yangtao Ou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yifei Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6473, United States
| | - Yinguo Xiao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongming Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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6
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Ma L, Liu G, Wang Y, Xi X. Preparation and Performance of Regenerated Al 2O 3-Coated Cathode Material LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2 from Spent Power Lithium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2023; 28:5165. [PMID: 37446830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2@x%Al2O3-coated cathode materials were regeneratively compounded by the solid-phase sintering method, and their structural characterization and electrochemical performance were systematically analyzed. The regenerated ternary cathode material precursor synthesized by the co-precipitation method was roasted with lithium carbonate at a molar ratio of 1:1.1, and then completely mixed with different contents of aluminum hydroxide. The combined materials were then sintered at 800 °C for 15 h to obtain the regenerated coated cathode material, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2@x%Al2O3. The thermogravimetry analysis, phase composition, morphological characteristics, and other tests show that when the added content of aluminum hydroxide is 3%, the regenerated cathode material, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2@1.5%Al2O3, exhibits the highest-order layered structure with Al2O3 coating. This material can better inhibit the production of Ni2+, and improve material structure and electrochemical properties. The first charge-discharge efficiency of the battery assembled with this regenerated cathode material is 97.4%, a 50-cycle capacity retention is 93.4%, and a 100-cycle capacity retention is 87.6%. The first charge-discharge efficiency is far better than that of the uncoated regenerated battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-Data Application Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guangyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoli Xi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Zhou X, Yang W, Liu X, Tang J, Su F, Li Z, Yang J, Ma Y. One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium batteries in the phosphoric acid system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:53-64. [PMID: 36343600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable elements in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted more and more attention. Efficient recovery of valuable elements from spent LIBs with lower consumption and shorter process is the target that people have been pursuing. In this study, the valuable metals (Ni, Co, Mn and Li) and FePO4 products are simultaneously recovered from mixed spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 and LiFePO4 in one step under the optimized condition of 0.88 M H3PO4, a mass ratio of LFP/NCM of 2:1, a L/S ratio of 33:1 and 80 ℃ for 120 min without additional auxiliary reagents. Over 60 % of acid consumption is reduced and the process of adjusting pH is avoidable. The leaching efficiencies of the valuable elements reach up to 99.1 % for Ni, 98.9 % for Co, 99.6 % for Li and 97.3 % for Mn. Almost all of Fe is precipitated as FePO4·2H2O. By means of the empirical model, the research on leaching kinetics demonstrates that the leaching reaction is internal diffusion-controlled with the apparent activation energy of valuable metals less than 30 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the redox reaction mechanism between spent LiBs has been explored. And the intrinsic driving force in the phosphoric acid system is found out. This finding may provide an innovative and selective recycling method for valuable elements from mixed spent LIBs with high economic benefit and fewer environmental footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fanyun Su
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenxiao Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yayun Ma
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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He H, Yang B, Wu D, Gao X, Fei X. Applications of crushing and grinding-based treatments for typical metal-containing solid wastes: Detoxification and resource recovery potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120034. [PMID: 36030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing solid wastes can induce serious environmental pollution if managed improperly, but contain considerable resources. The detoxification and resource recoveries of these wastes are of both environmental and economic significances, being indispensable for circular economy. In the past decades, attempts have been made worldwide to treat these wastes. Crushing and grinding-based treatments have been increasingly applied, the operating apparatus and parameters of which depend on the waste type and treatment purpose. Based on the relevant studies, the applications of crushing and grinding on four major types of solid wastes, namely spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and incineration fly ash (IFA) are here systematically reviewed. These types of solid wastes are generated in increasing amounts, and have the potentials to release various organic and inorganic pollutants. Despite of the widely different texture, composition, and other physicochemical properties of the solid wastes, crushing and grinding have been demonstrated to be universally applicable. For each of the four wastes, the technical route that involving crushing and grinding is described with the advantages highlighted. The crushing and grinding serve either mainstream or auxiliary role in the processing of the solid wastes. This review summarizes and highlights the developments and future directions of crushing and grinding-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xunchang Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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Gong R, Li C, Meng Q, Dong P, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Yan J, Li Y. A sustainable closed-loop method of selective oxidation leaching and regeneration for lithium iron phosphate cathode materials from spent batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115740. [PMID: 35868192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable closed-loop method for recovering waste lithium iron phosphate batteries is developed in this paper. Li+ was selectively leached from cathode materials in a system of NaHSO4 and H2O2. Under the optimal conditions of leaching temperature of 65 °C, 1.1 times molar quantity NaHSO4, 2 vol% H2O2, solid-liquid ratio of 100 g/L and leaching time of 15 min, the leaching efficiency of Li can reach 99.84%, while Fe is only 0.048%. Meanwhile, XRD, FTIR, XPS and TEM analysis were carried out to explore the conversion mechanism in the oxidation leaching process of the original raw and leaching products. Li+ in the filtrate was precipitated with Na2CO3 and converted into Li2CO3. The precipitated salty wastewater can be converted into leaching agent for recycling by adding a certain amount of sulfuric acid. The recycled products are used to synthesize LiFePO4 materials, and regenerated LiFePO4 materials show good electrochemical properties. The discharge capacity displays 141.3 mAhg-1 at 1C, with the capacity retention rate of 99.4% after 200 cycles. This study provides a sustainable closed-loop process for recycling and reuse of waste LiFePO4 batteries, which promotes resource conservation and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sino-Platinum Metals Resources (Yimen) Co. Ltd., Yuxi, 651100, Yunnan, China
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10
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Wang Z, Huang Y, Wang X, Wu D, Wu X. Advanced Solid-State Electrolysis for Green and Efficient Spent LiFePO 4 Cathode Material Recycling: Prototype Reactor Tests. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Ye Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
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11
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Kim JH, Akatsu Y, Hwang T, Sugimoto Y, Nakano S, Nakamichi M. Reaction kinetics of lithium extraction and a recycling process for lithium meta-titanate pebbles. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2022.2113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kim
- Department of blanket systems research, Fusion Energy Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Akatsu
- Department of blanket systems research, Fusion Energy Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Taehyun Hwang
- Department of blanket systems research, Fusion Energy Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sugimoto
- Department of blanket systems research, Fusion Energy Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Suguru Nakano
- Department of blanket systems research, Fusion Energy Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakamichi
- Department of blanket systems research, Fusion Energy Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
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12
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Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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13
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Das D, R A, Kay P, Ramamurthy V, Goycoolea FM, Das N. Selective recovery of lithium from spent coin cell cathode leachates using ion imprinted blended chitosan microfibers: Pilot scale studies provide insights on scalability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128535. [PMID: 35259696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devlina Das
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore 641004, India.
| | - Abarajitha R
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore 641004, India
| | - Paul Kay
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore 641004, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore 641 022, India
| | | | - Nilanjana Das
- Bioremediation Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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14
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Hu X, Xu C, Li X, Zhang P, Rong X, Yang C, Jian Z, Liu H, Hu YS, Zhao J. Preferential Extraction of Lithium from Spent Cathodes and the Regeneration of Layered Oxides for Li/Na-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24255-24264. [PMID: 35603942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The preferentially selective extraction of Li+ from spent layered transition metal oxide (LiMO2, M = Ni, Co, Mn, etc.) cathodes has attracted extensive interest based on economic and recycling efficiency requirements. Presently, the efficient recycling of spent LiMO2 is still challenging due to the element loss in multistep processes. Here, we developed a facile strategy to selectively extract Li+ from LiMO2 scraps with stoichiometric H2SO4. The proton exchange reaction could be driven using temperature, accompanied by the generation of soluble Li2SO4 and MOOH precipitates. The extraction mechanism includes a two-stage evolution, including dissolution and ion exchange. As a result, the extraction rate of Li+ is over 98.5% and that of M ions is less than 0.1% for S-NCM. For S-LCO, the selective extraction result is even better. Finally, Li2CO3 products with a purity of 99.68% can be prepared from the Li+-rich leachate, demonstrating lithium recovery efficiencies as high as 95 and 96.3% from NCM scraps and S-LCO scraps, respectively. In the available cases, this work also represents the highest recycling efficiency of lithium, which can be attributed to the high leaching rate and selectivity of Li+, and even demonstrates the lowest reagent cost. The regenerated LiNi0.5Co0.24Mn0.26O2 and Na1.01Li0.001Ni0.38Co0.18Mn0.44O2 cathodes also deliver a decent electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs), respectively. Our current work offers a facile, closed-loop, and scalable strategy for recycling spent LIB cathodes based on the preferentially selective extraction of Li+, which is superior to the other leaching technology in terms of its cost and recycling yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chunliu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Rong
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zelang Jian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Junmei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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15
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Recovery of Lithium Iron Phosphate by Specific Ultrasonic Cavitation Parameters. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread use of lithium iron phosphate batteries in various industries, the amount of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries is also increasing year by year, and if not disposed of in a timely manner, will pollute the environment and waste a lot of metal resources. In the composition of lithium iron phosphate batteries, the cathode has an abundance of elements. The ultrasonic method is a crucial method to recover waste LiFePO4 batteries. It has the following disadvantages, such as the lack of empirical parameters and suitable research equipment. In order to overcome the inefficiency of the LiFePO4 recycling method, the airborne bubble dynamical mechanism of ultrasound in the removal of lithium phosphate cathode material was studied by a high-speed photographic observation and Fluent simulation and the disengagement process. Mainly aimed at the parameters such as action time, power, frequency, and action position in the detachment process were optimized. The recovery efficiency of lithium iron phosphate reached 77.7%, and the recovered lithium iron phosphate powder has good electrochemical properties, with the first charge–discharge ratio of up to 145 (mAh)/g. It is shown that the new disengagement process established in this study was adopted for the recovery of waste LiFePO4.
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17
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Pinna EG, Toro N, Gallegos S, Rodriguez MH. A Novel Recycling Route for Spent Li-Ion Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:44. [PMID: 35009191 PMCID: PMC8746145 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a recycling route for spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) was developed. For this, the recovery of the metal content in both electrodes (anode and cathode) was investigated. Based on these results, an economic analysis of this recycling process was carried out. The obtained results showed that more than 90% of the material contained in both electrodes was recycled. The dissolution with acetic acid of the metals present in the active cathodic material is thermodynamically viable and the addition of a reducing agent such as hydrogen peroxide improved the spontaneity of the reaction. Dissolutions close to 100% for Li and Co were obtained. In addition, it was determined that the synthesis of lithium and cobalt valuable compounds was viable from the leach liquor, recovering approximately 90% of Co as cobalt oxalate, and 92% of Li as lithium carbonate. Furthermore, carbon graphite and Cu were fully recovered (100%) from the anodes. Finally, the results of the economic analysis showed that the recovered products have a high commercial value and industrial interest, providing an environmentally and economically viable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana G. Pinna
- Laboratorio de Metalurgia Extractiva y Síntesis de Materiales (MESiMat), ICB, UNCuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Padre Contreras 1300, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza CP M5502JMA, Argentina;
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza CPA M5528AHB, Argentina
| | - Norman Toro
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile; (N.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandra Gallegos
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile; (N.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Mario H. Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Metalurgia Extractiva y Síntesis de Materiales (MESiMat), ICB, UNCuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Padre Contreras 1300, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza CP M5502JMA, Argentina;
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18
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Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
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19
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Li S, Wu X, Jiang Y, Zhou T, Zhao Y, Chen X. Novel electrochemically driven and internal circulation process for valuable metals recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 136:18-27. [PMID: 34634567 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is impeded by the issues of extensive chemicals consumption, tedious separation process and deficient selectivity. Here, novel electrochemically driven and internal circulation strategy was developed for the direct and selective recycling of valuable metals from waste LiCoO2 of spent LIBs. Firstly, the waste LiCoO2 can be efficiently dissolved by generated acid (H2SO4) during electro-deposition of Cu from CuSO4 electrolyte. Then, Co2+ ions in the lixivium can be electrodeposited and recovered as metallic Co with a coinstantaneous regeneration of H2SO4 and regenerated acid can be reused as leachant without obvious shrinking of leaching capability based on circulating leaching results. Over 92% Co and 97% Li can be leached, and 100% Cu and 93% Co are recovered as their metallic forms under the optimized experimental conditions. Results of leaching kinetics suggest that the leaching of Co and Li is controlled by internal diffusion with significantly reduced apparent activation energies (Ea) for Li and Co. Finally, Li2CO3 can be recovered from Li+ enriched lixivium after circulating leaching. This recycling process is a simplified route without any input of leachant and reductant, and valuable metals can be selectively recovered in a closed-loop way with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Youzhou Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Qingdao Topscomm Communication Co., LTD., TOPSCOMM Industry Park, 858 Huaguan Rd., Hi-tech District, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
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20
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Chen X, Li S, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Tan X, Han W, Wang S. Recycling of LiFePO 4 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction and lithium compensation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 136:67-75. [PMID: 34637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient exfoliation of cathode materials from current collectors for their direct regeneration is the typical bottleneck during spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) recycling due to the strong adhesion of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) binders. Ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction was innovatively applied for the selective removal of PVDF binders to recover cathode materials of LiFePO4 from current collectors and the recovered LiFePO4 was regenerated through lithium compensation, targeting for the in-situ recycling of cathode materials from spent LIBs. Experimental results suggest that the PVDF binders were adequately degraded by hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated from Fenton's reagent with reinforcement of ultrasound, and about 97% cathode materials can be scrubbed from Al foils under optimized conditions. Detailed analytical results support that the cathode materials peeled off from current collectors are free from contamination of effluent, and the recovered LiFePO4 can be directly re-fabricated as new cathode materials through lithium compensation with little reduction of electrochemical performances. And the tentative mechanism investigation for pathway of ·OH generation and chemical reactions indicates that ·OH generated from Fenton's reagent with the reinforcement of ultrasound can effectively degrade PVDF binders. This work can be a green and efficient candidate for the in-situ recycling of cathode materials of LiFePO4 from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, PR China.
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, PR China
| | - Youzhou Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Xiao Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Weijiang Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Shubin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
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21
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Yang C, Zhang J, Yu B, Huang H, Chen Y, Wang C. Recovery of valuable metals from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode material via phase transformation and stepwise leaching. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Ammonia leaching mechanism and kinetics of LiCoO2 material from spent lithium-ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Regulating and regenerating the valuable metals from the cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries by nickel-cobalt-manganese co-extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Liu F, Peng C, Ma Q, Wang J, Zhou S, Chen Z, Wilson BP, Lundström M. Selective lithium recovery and integrated preparation of high-purity lithium hydroxide products from spent lithium-ion batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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The use of computational thermodynamic for yttrium recovery from rare earth elements-bearing residue. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Li HF, Li LJ, Li W. The extraction rules investigation of mental (Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca) ion in salt lake brine by TBP-FeCl3 extraction system. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Oxidizing Roasting Behavior and Leaching Performance for the Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10110949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of oxidizing roasting process on the liberation of cathode materials from Al foil under different conditions were investigated systematically. The mineralogical characteristics of the cathode materials before and after thermal treatment were extensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the increase in roasting temperature, oxygen concentration, and air flow rate enhanced the liberation of cathode materials. The cathode materials were gradually oxidized to Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Fe2O3. Further, the carbon and fluorine content in the cathode materials decreased slowly during the thermal treatment, while the Al content increased. When the roasting temperature exceeded the melting point of Al, the Al foils were ablated and the cathode materials adhered to the Al foils again, resulting in difficulty in separation. The cathode materials leaching performance test results demonstrated that the oxidation of cathode materials had a negative effect on the leaching of Fe in sulfuric acid leaching system.
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28
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An integrated process for the separation and recovery of valuable metals from the spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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He S, Liu Z. Efficient process for recovery of waste LiMn 2O 4 cathode material precipitation thermodynamic analysis and separation experiments. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 113:105-117. [PMID: 32526637 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient process is proposed for recovery of waste LiMn2O4 cathode material, which is one of the most commonly used cathode materials in LIBs. This report constitutes the precipitation thermodynamic analysis and separation experiments based on the water-leaching solutions during the processes of low-temperature calcination with (NH4)2SO4 and water-leaching. Precipitation thermodynamic analysis is undertaken to investigate the effects of initial concentration of the target solution, [N]T1, excess precipitant, and addition of (NH4)2SO4 on the manganese precipitation in the Mn2+-Li+-SO42--NH3-NH4+-CO32--H2O system. Moreover, the effects of initial concentration of the target solution, [N]T2, and excess precipitant on the lithium precipitation in the Li+-SO42--NH3-NH4+-CO32--H2O system are investigated. All these factors clearly influence the manganese and lithium precipitation, particularly the [N]T and the presence of excess precipitant in the system. The precipitation experimental results demonstrate that the optimal conditions are: a precipitation temperature of 35 °C; an excess coefficient of the precipitant of 2.4; the use of NHC-3 to precipitate the ML-3 solution; a maximum precipitation percentage of manganese of 99.96%; and an absence of Li2CO3 precipitation. The double-sulfate salts (Li(NH4)SO4 & (NH4)2SO4) evaporated and crystallised from the Li+/NH4+ solution are mixed with the waste LiMn2O4 cathode material for calcination and water leaching, for which the efficiencies of Li and Mn are 100% and 96.89%, respectively. The double-sulfate salts are calcined at 550 °C for 45 min to obtain the Li2SO4 product. Finally, the complete recovery and separation of Mn and Li in the waste LiMn2O4 cathode material are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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30
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Chen X, Kang D, Li J, Zhou T, Ma H. Gradient and facile extraction of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries for new cathode materials re-fabrication. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121887. [PMID: 31843403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable recycling value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been supposed to be a promising alternative to alleviate the current environmental and resource issues. Reduced reagents consumption and closed-loop reutilization are still challenging in current prevailing recycling processes. This study proposed a novel recycling strategy involved with gradient extraction of valuable metals and closed-loop re-fabrication of cathode materials. Lithium was selectively recovered as lithium enriched lixivium in mild tartaric acidic medium with a high yield of 99.7 % and little co-extraction of transition metals (Ni, Co and Mn) under optimized leaching conditions. Then transition metals enriched residues can be completely dissolved in facile sulfuric acidic medium without the contamination of Li. Li2CO3 and ternary precursors were recovered from Li enriched lixivium and transition metal enriched lixivium, respectively. Finally, cathode materials of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 are refabricated using obtained products to close the recycling loop. It can be concluded that it is possible for the gradient recycling of Li and transition metals based on their inherent properties with minimized consumption of acids under facile leaching conditions, which can also facilitate metals separation process for closed-looped re-fabrication of new cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Duozhi Kang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Hongrui Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
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31
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Lithium leaching via calcium chloride roasting from simulated pyrometallurgical slag of spent lithium ion battery. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Wang T, Yu X, Fan M, Meng Q, Xiao Y, Yin YX, Li H, Guo YG. Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4via a graphite prelithiation strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:245-248. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08155k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new, low-cost and green regeneration method was developed to revive spent LiFePO4-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Yu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- P. R. China
| | - Min Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
| | - Qinghai Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yao Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
| | - Ya-Xia Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
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33
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Badawy SM, Nayl AEA. Recovery of Laminar LiCoO2 Materials from Spent Mobile Phone Batteries by High-Temperature Calcination. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY 2019; 5:474-481. [DOI: 10.1007/s40831-019-00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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34
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Siqi Z, Guangming L, Wenzhi H, Juwen H, Haochen Z. Recovery methods and regulation status of waste lithium-ion batteries in China: A mini review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:1142-1152. [PMID: 31244410 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19857130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals such as Co, Li, Mn, Ni, etc. and organic compounds enrich spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These batteries seriously threaten human health and the environment. Meanwhile, with the development of new energy vehicles, the shortage of valuable metal resources which are used as raw materials for power batteries is becoming a serious problem. Using proper methods to recycle spent LIBs can both save resources and protect the environment. Pyrometallury is a kind of recycling method that is operated under high temperature with the aim of recovering useful metals after pre-treatment and organic binder removal with the characteristic of high temperature and it is easy to operate. Hydrometallurgy is characterized by high recovery efficiency, low reaction energy consumption, and high reaction rate, and is widely used in the recycling process of spent LIBs. During biometallurgy, valuable metals in the spent LIBs are extracted by microbial metabolism or microbial acid production processes. Since the drive for green and low secondary pollution, biometallurgy as well as solvent extraction and the electrochemical method have earned more attention during recent years. This mini-review analyzes the relationship between the emergence of new energy vehicles and the recycling status of spent LIBs. Meanwhile, this paper also consists of detailed treatment and recycling methods for LIBs and provides a summary of the management regulations of current waste for LIBs. What is more, the main challenges and further prospects in terms of LIBs management in China are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Siqi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guangming
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wenzhi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Juwen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Haochen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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35
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Nie XJ, Xi XT, Yang Y, Ning QL, Guo JZ, Wang MY, Gu ZY, Wu XL. Recycled LiMn2O4 from the spent lithium ion batteries as cathode material for sodium ion batteries: Electrochemical properties, structural evolution and electrode kinetics. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Liu B, Huang Q, Su Y, Sun L, Wu T, Wang G, Kelly RM, Wu F. Maleic, glycolic and acetoacetic acids-leaching for recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: leaching parameters, thermodynamics and kinetics. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191061. [PMID: 31598322 PMCID: PMC6774949 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly acid-leaching processes with three organic acids (maleic, glycolic and acetoacetic) were developed to recover valuable metals from the cathodic material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LiCoO2). The leaching efficiencies of Li and Co by the maleic acid were 99.58% and 98.77%, respectively. The leaching efficiencies of Li and Co by the glycolic acid were 98.54% and 97.83%, while those by the acetoacetic acid were 98.62% and 97.99%, respectively. The optimal acid concentration for the maleic acid-, glycolic acid- and acetoacetic acid-leaching processes were 1, 2 and 1.5 mol l-1, respectively, while their optimal H2O2 concentrations were 1.5, 2 and 1.5 vol%, respectively. The optimal solid/liquid ratio, temperature and reaction time for the leaching process of the three organic acids was the same (10 g l-1, 70°C, 60 min). The thermodynamic formation energy of the leaching products and the Gibbs free energy of the leaching reactions were calculated, and the kinetic study showed that the leaching processes fit well with the shrinking-core model. Based on the comparison in the leaching parameters, the efficacy and availability of the three acids is as follows: maleic acid > acetoacetic acid > glycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Qing Huang e-mail:
| | - Yuefeng Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yuefeng Su e-mail:
| | - Liuye Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guange Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ryan M. Kelly
- Rykell Scientific Editorial, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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37
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Liu K, Tan Q, Liu L, Li J. Acid-Free and Selective Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries via a Mechanochemically Induced Isomorphic Substitution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9781-9788. [PMID: 31339306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the most valuable metal in spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, but its recovery has become a challenge in electronic waste recovery because of its relatively low content and inconsistent quality. This study proposes an acid-free and selective Li extraction process to successfully achieve the isomorphic substitution of Li in LiFePO4 crystals with sodium (Na). The method uses low-cost and nontoxic sodium chloride (NaCl) as a cogrinding reagent via a mechanical force-induced solid-phase reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations demonstrated the evidence of Li/Na isomorphic substitution, while XPS spectra of Fe 2p, P 2p, and O 1s revealed that the coordination environment of these elements was not significantly altered. Density functional theory calculations further provided evidence that Na and Li share similar outer electron arrangements and coordination environments, favoring Na over Fe as a replacement for Li in LiFePO4. Additionally, the regeneration of NaCl and the recovery of precipitated Li2CO3 were simultaneously achieved with Na2CO3 as the sole reagent. This concise and efficient acid-free mechanochemical process for Li extraction is a promising candidate for feasible recycling technology of Li from spent LiFePO4 batteries. The proposed process is particularly appealing because of its high selectivity, considerable economic advantages, and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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38
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Wang Y, Ma L, Xi X, Nie Z, Zhang Y, Wen X, Lyu Z. Regeneration and characterization of LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2 cathode material from spent power lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:192-200. [PMID: 31351604 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use and scrap of lithium ion batteries, especially power lithium ion batteries in China, are increasing every year. Regeneration of spent battery materials is not only important for environmental protection and resource saving, but also for the production of high value-added materials. In this research, spent power lithium-ion battery cathode material LiNi1-xCoxO2 was acid-leached and a polymetallic leaching solution containing Li, Ni, Co, Al and Cu was obtained. Cu was extracted from the leachate by using CP-150 (2-hydroxy-5-nonyl salicylaldehyde oxime). The optimal conditions were found to be organic: aqueous phase ratio (O/A) = 2:1, extraction agent concentration of 30%, and pH = 3. The precursor was prepared by coprecipitation of the leachate after Cu removal. Then, cathode material of lithium nickel cobalt aluminate LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 was synthesized under the optimal conditions of n (precursor): n (lithium carbonate) = 1:1.1, calcination temperature of 800 °C for 15 h. The regenerated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 product prepared under the optimized conditions was in a pure phase with a layered structure and a smooth surface morphology. The first charge specific capacity was 248.7 mAh/g, and the discharge specific capacity was 162 mAh/g. The interfacial impedance was 119 Ω. The 50th-cycle discharge specific capacity was 149.1 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate was high as 92%. Therefore, the regenerated cathode material exhibited good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liwen Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-data Application Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoli Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-data Application Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zuoren Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-data Application Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- Jingmen GEM Co., Ltd., Jingmen 448000, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361026, China
| | - Zhe Lyu
- Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361026, China
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39
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Yang Y, Song S, Lei S, Sun W, Hou H, Jiang F, Ji X, Zhao W, Hu Y. A process for combination of recycling lithium and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion battery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 85:529-537. [PMID: 30803608 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recycling lithium and graphite from spent lithium-ion battery plays a significant role in mitigation of lithium resources shortage, comprehensive utilization of spent anode graphite and environmental protection. In this study, spent graphite was firstly collected by a two-stage calcination. Secondly, under the optimal conditions of 1.5 M HCI, 60 min and solid-liquid ratio (S/L) of 100 g·L-1, the collected graphite suffers simple acid leaching to make almost 100% lithium, copper and aluminum in it into leach liquor. Thirdly, 99.9% aluminum and 99.9% copper were removed from leach liquor by adjusting pH first to 7 and then to 9, and thenthe lithium was recovered by adding sodium carbonate in leach liquor to form lithium carbonate with high purity (>99%). The regenerated graphite is found to have high initial specific capacity at the rate of 37.2 mA·g-1 (591 mAh·g-1), 74.4 mA·g-1 (510 mAh·g-1) and 186 mA·g-1 (335 mAh·g-1), and with the high retention ratio of 97.9% after 100 cycles, it also displays excellent cycle performance at high rate of 372 mA·g-1. By this process, copper and lithium can be recovered and graphite can be regenerated, serving as a sustainable approach for the comprehensive utilization of anode material from spent lithium-ion battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shaole Song
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuehua Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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