1
|
Lyu Y, Yuwono JA, Fan Y, Li J, Wang J, Zeng R, Davey K, Mao J, Zhang C, Guo Z. Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathode: Cation-Anion Coordination and Anti-Solvent Crystallization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312551. [PMID: 38433298 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to continuing global use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), in particular in electric vehicles (EVs), there is a need for sustainable recycling of spent LIBs. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are reported as "green solvents" for low-cost and sustainable recycling. However, the lack of understanding of the coordination mechanisms between DESs and transition metals (Ni, Mn and Co) and Li makes selective separation of transition metals with similar physicochemical properties practically difficult. Here, it is found that the transition metals and Li have a different stable coordination structure with the different anions in DES during leaching. Further, based on the different solubility of these coordination structures in anti-solvent (acetone), a leaching and separation process system is designed, which enables high selective recovery of transition metals and Li from spent cathode LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM111), with recovery of acetone. Recovery of spent LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode is also evidenced and a significant selective recovery for Co and Li is established, together with recovery and reuse of acetone and DES. It is concluded that the tuning of cation-anion coordination structure and anti-solvent crystallization are practical for selective recovery of critical metal resources in the spent LIBs recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Lyu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jodie A Yuwono
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Yameng Fan
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Jingxi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jingxiu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Hu X, He T, Yuan X, Li X, Shi H, Yang L, Shao P, Wang C, Luo X. Rapid extraction of valuable metals from spent LiNi xCo yMn 1-x-yO 2 cathodes based on synergistic effects between organic acids. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:19-26. [PMID: 37075685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The slow rate of organic acid leaching is the main factor hindering the ecological recycling of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials. Here, a mixed green reagent system of ascorbic acid and acetic acid is proposed to leach valuable metal ions from the spent LIBs cathode materials rapidly. In 10 min, 94.93% Li, 95.09% Ni, 97.62% Co, and 96.98% Mn were leached, according to the optimization results. Kinetic studies and material characterization technologies like XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-vis, and FTIR show that the "diffusion" and "stratification" effects of acetic acid contribute to the dual-function leaching agent ascorbic acid quickly extract metal ions from spent LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 (NCM532) materials at a mild temperature. In addition, the density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of spent NCM532 structural surfaces and leaching agents show that the fast leaching of valuable metal ions is due to the synergy between ascorbic acid and acetic acid. These results provided an approachable thinking for developing advanced and environmentally friendly strategies for recycling spent LIB cathode materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xinkai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Penghui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Chaoqiang Wang
- Jiangxi Ganfeng Recycling Technology Co. LTD, Xinyu 338004, PR China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu J, Ma B, Wang C, Chen Y. One-step recovery of cobalt from ammonia-ammonium carbonate system via pressurized ammonia distillation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 162:92-101. [PMID: 36963119 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia leaching of Co-bearing resources has attracted attention due to its selectivity to cobalt and mild leaching conditions. However, in ammonia leach liquor, cobalt and ammonia are complexed stably, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of preparing cobalt products from the solution. In this study, ammonia distillation process was proposed and studied to recover cobalt from NH3-(NH4)2CO3 system. First, the E-pH diagram of Co-NH3-CO32--H2O system was drawn, and the possibility of preparing cobalt products from the solution was discussed. Then, by comparing atmospheric and pressurized ammonia distillation processes, it was found that the microspherical Co3O4 product can be obtained directly through pressurized ammonia distillation. Furtherly, the effects of parameters on this process and the formation mechanism of Co3O4 were investigated systematically. Over 99% of cobalt could be recovered in one step under optimal conditions. Finally, CoCO3 products with different morphologies were also obtained directly by adding the reducing agent during pressurized ammonia distillation, and the cobalt recovery rate was hardly affected. The evaporated ammonia and residual solution can be recycled. This work realizes the one-step preparation of cobalt products and provides a new perspective on cobalt recovery from ammoniacal solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baozhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Yang M, Zhang X, Wen J, Wang C, Huang G, Song W. First-Principles Study of the Effect of Ni-Doped on the Spinel-Type Mn-Based Cathode Discharge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8208-8216. [PMID: 36734007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spinel-type manganese oxide is considered as a typical cobalt-free high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion battery applications because of its low cost, non-toxicity, and easy preparation. Nevertheless, severe capacity fading during charge and discharge limits its commercialization. Therefore, understanding the electrochemical properties and its modification mechanism of spinel-type manganese oxide for a lithium-ion battery is of great research interest. Herein, we presented a theoretical study regarding the discharge process of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. We found that the discharge process is accompanied by an increase in unit cell volume and lattice distortion. Moreover, 25% Ni-substitution increases the average calculated voltage of LiMn2O4 from 3.83 to 4.61 V, which is very close to the experimental value. The electronic structure is further discussed to understand the mechanism of voltage increase. In addition, the Ni element also reduces the Li-ion diffusion barrier by 0.06 eV, which helps to improve the intrinsic rate performance of LiMn2O4. Our research can provide insight into how Ni-substitution influences the voltage and diffusion barrier of LiMn2O4 and pave the way for other spinel-type manganese oxide electrode applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiang Li
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| | - Jiawei Wen
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| | - Guoyong Huang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| | - Weiyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Z, Peng G, Hu J, Hou H, Cai C, Yang X, Chen S, Liu L, Liang S, Xiao K, Yuan S, Zhou S, Yang J. Mechanochemically assisted persulfate activation for the facile recovery of metals from spent lithium ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:290-300. [PMID: 35872333 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel mechanochemically assisted persulfate activation method was proposed in this study to enhance the leaching of valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries by combining ball-milling, advanced oxidation processes and sucrose reduction. By optimizing leaching parameters including temperature, pH, milling time and solid-to-liquid ratio, high leaching efficiencies of 97.1%, 94.0%, 87.6% and 93.8% can be achieved for Li, Ni, Co and Mn respectively. In the mechanochemical process, the breakage of covalent bonds in cathode material is facilitated by free radicals generated from zero valent iron activated ammonia persulfate as well as mechanochemical activation. To further explore the role of free radicals, the mechanism of ammonia persulfate activation by zero valent iron was elucidated, and SO4•- was identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species in the mechanochemical process. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of mechanochemically driven crystal dissolution and sulfate radical facilitated bond cleavage was revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Moreover, the released metal was reduced by sucrose to a lower valent state of high solubility to promote transfer to the aqueous phase during the subsequent leaching process with dilute sulfuric acid. In this work, the insight on the mechanism of mechanochemical processes strengthened by free radicals may provide an inspiration for the recovery of valuable metals from LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Gangwei Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China.
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Chen Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Sijing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Shushan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Shoubin Zhou
- Huafu High Technology Energy Storage Co., Ltd, Gaoyou Battery Industrial Park, Gaoyou, Jiangsu, 225600, P.R.China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry in recent years, the use of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. From 2015 to 2040, the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could reach 0.33 to 4 million tons. It is predicted that a total of 21 million end-of-life lithium battery packs will be generated between 2015 and 2040. Spent lithium batteries can cause pollution to the soil and seriously threaten the safety and property of people. They contain valuable metals, such as cobalt and lithium, which are nonrenewable resources, and their recycling and treatment have important economic, strategic, and environmental benefits. Estimations show that the weight of spent electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries will reach 500,000 tons in 2020. Methods for safely and effectively recycling lithium batteries to ensure they provide a boost to economic development have been widely investigated. This paper summarizes the recycling technologies for lithium batteries discussed in recent years, such as pyrometallurgy, acid leaching, solvent extraction, electrochemical methods, chlorination technology, ammoniation technology, and combined recycling, and presents some views on the future research direction of lithium batteries.
Collapse
|