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Liu J, Wu L, Wang R, Xue X, Wang D, Liang J. Evaluation of biomass sources on the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic waste over zeolite catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130510. [PMID: 38432545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a promising method to convert biomass waste into sustainable bio-oils. However, the relationship gap between biomass characteristics and bio-oil quality has hindered the development of CFP technology. This study investigated the pyrolysis and CFP of ten biomass sources over zeolites, and showed that biomass sources and zeolites played important roles in bio-oil production. For noncatalytic trials, the bio-oil yield was positively related to holocellulose (R2 = 0.75) and volatiles content (R2 = 0.62) but negatively to ash content (R2 = -0.65). The bio-oil quality was dramatically improved after catalyst addition. For CFP over ZSM-5, hydrocarbons selectivity of bio-oils was increased by 1.6∼79.3 times, which was closely related to H/C ratio (R2 = 0.79). For ZSM-5@SBA-15 trials, the dependency of hydrocarbons selectivity on biomass characteristics was less clear than that in ZSM-5 counterparts, although undesirable PAHs were inhibited for most biomass sources. This study demonstrated the influence mechanism of biomass characteristics on bio-oil compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaomei Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 102206, China
| | - Liu Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 102206, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Chunliang Oil Fields in Shengli, 256504, China
| | - Xiangfei Xue
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 102206, China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 102206, China
| | - Jie Liang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 102206, China.
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2
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Wu Y, Tian Z, Li B, Gu J, Yuan H, Liu W, Ge H. Quantum chemical study on the catalytic debromination mechanism of brominated epoxy resins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:132943. [PMID: 38141316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The study employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) to investigate the catalytic debromination mechanism of brominated epoxy resins (BERs) by iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) catalysts. By introducing electric field (EF), intramolecular electron transfer and polarization effects on BERs debromination were explored and experimentally validated. Results indicated that the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the C-Br bond was 312.27 kJ/mol without catalysis, while with Fe, Cu, and EF, it was 114.47 kJ/mol, 94.85 kJ/mol, and 292.59 kJ/mol, respectively, enhancing reactivity. EF parallel to the C-Br bond and oriented toward the C atom, altered electrostatic potential and dipole moment around C-Br bond, leading to 68.60% and 50.19% increment in electronic contribution difference and molecule polarity, respectively, thereby reducing the C-Br BDE. Fe and Cu facilitated electron transfers with BERs, inducing reactions between their negative electrostatic potentials and Br's positive potential, changing electron sharing, resulting in 19.87% and 12.11% increase in polarity, respectively, and further BDE reduction. Structural modifications by the EF and catalysts also intensified van der Waals forces with bromine atoms and decreased spatial hindrance, collectively making C-Br bond breakage easier. Experiments revealed the EF enhanced BERs' debromination efficiency but hindered Fe/Cu's catalysis at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wu
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Zhongxun Tian
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Jing Gu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Haoran Yuan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Weijun Liu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huijie Ge
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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Li C, Liu C, Xia H, Zhang L, Liu D, Shu B. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards to organic bromine: reaction mechanism and comprehensive recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:108288-108300. [PMID: 37743446 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The production of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is increasing, and its complex composition makes recycling difficult. In addition, the presence of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants makes it a hazardous waste. Therefore, its recycling is a necessary way for resource recycling and green sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to propose a green, efficient, and pollution-free recycling process as an alternative to recycle WPCBs. In this work, an alkaline metal oxide catalytic pyrolysis process was used to recover WPCBs. In the presence of alkali metal oxides (such as Ca(OH)2) and coexisting copper, Ca(OH)2 and coexisting copper are transformed into CaBr2 and Cu Br by reacting with organic bromine in WPCBs and remaining in the solid phase product. The bromine content and the proportion of inorganic bromine in the solid phase products were 87.68% and 87.56%, respectively. In addition, the content of organic bromine in the pyrolysis oil obtained by co-pyrolysis was significantly reduced. This study demonstrated the feasibility of Ca(OH)2 catalytic pyrolysis for WPCB recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Copper Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hongying Xia
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China.
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Dafang Liu
- Yunnan Copper Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Bo Shu
- Chuxiong Dianzhong Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., Chuxiong, 675000, China
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Mir S, Dhawan N. Investigation of pyrolysis for the recovery of metallic values from ball grid arrays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:90180-90194. [PMID: 36692715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The massive generation of electronic waste has led to a significant interest in sustainable metal recovery and recycling. Ball grid arrays, mounted on printed circuit boards, are identified as a potentially valuable source of metals (Cu, Ni, Au, Ag, Pb, and Sn). In this study, pyrolysis is found as a promising treatment for the degradation of the epoxy resin of ball grid arrays. As a consequence, the liberation of metallic values and glass fibers is attained. The thermal analysis revealed that the major degradation occurs in the temperature range of 300-650 °C, with overall activation energy estimated as ~ 243 kJ/mol. The concentration of CO gas reaches a maximum value at a comparatively lower residence time with an increase in pyrolysis temperature. The metal enrichment was significantly influenced by the variation in pyrolysis temperatures with an optimal condition chosen as 600 °C. The metallic fractions (Cu, Ni, Ag, and Au) were separated from the glass fibers by water-based density separation and enriched in the sink product by three-fold. The recovery of Cu, Ni, Ag, and Au is achieved at 97%, 88%, 95%, and 96%, respectively. The metal fraction can be either used as a feedstock for the Cu smelting process or can be subjected to selective hydrometallurgical treatment. The glass fiber fraction comprises of Si, Al, and Ca oxides with potential application in laminate fabrication. High-quality gaseous products can be reutilized as fuel for other metallurgical processes. It can be concluded that 100 g of BGA yielded Cu ~ 23.7 g, Ni ~ 0.57 g, Ag ~ 23.4 mg, and Au ~ 73 mg after pyrolysis and density separation, which is equivalent to 1.35 kg, of primary Cu ore, 0.042 kg Ni ore, 4.68 kg Ag ore, and 14.6 kg Au ore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaila Mir
- Materials Recycling Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Nikhil Dhawan
- Materials Recycling Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Hu M, Ma J, Jiang Z, Wang J, Pan Z, Hu ZT, Tang S, Beims R, Xu C. New insights into nitrogen control strategies in sewage sludge pyrolysis toward environmental and economic sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163326. [PMID: 37030361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) contains a certain amount of nitrogen (N), resulting in various content of N in the pyrolysis products. Investigates on how to control the generation of NH3 and HCN (deleterious gas-N species) or convert it to N2 and maximize transforming N in sewage sludge (SS-N) into potentially valuable N-containing products (such as char-N and/or liquid-N) are of great significance for SS management. Understanding the nitrogen migration and transformation (NMT) mechanisms in SS during the pyrolysis process is essential for investigating the aforementioned issues. Therefore, in this review, the N content and species in SS are summarized, and the influencing factors during the SS pyrolysis process (such as temperature, minerals, atmosphere, and heating rate) that affect NMT in char, gas, and liquid products are analyzed. Furthermore, N control strategies in SS pyrolysis products are proposed toward environmental and economic sustainability. Finally, the state-of-the-art of current research and future prospects are summarized, with a focus on the generation of value-added liquid-N and char-N products, while concurrently reducing NOx emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Hu
- College of environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- College of environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Junliang Wang
- College of environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhiyan Pan
- College of environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhong-Ting Hu
- College of environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Suqin Tang
- Hangzhou Environmental Group Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ramon Beims
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Chunbao Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Abbas-Abadi MS, Kusenberg M, Zayoud A, Roosen M, Vermeire F, Madanikashani S, Kuzmanović M, Parvizi B, Kresovic U, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Thermal pyrolysis of waste versus virgin polyolefin feedstocks: The role of pressure, temperature and waste composition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:108-118. [PMID: 37119685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity and diversity of polyolefinic plastic waste streams and the inherent non-selective nature of the pyrolysis chemistry, the chemical decomposition of plastic waste is still not fully understood. Accurate data of feedstock and products that also consider impurities is, in this context, quite scarce. Therefore this work focuses on the thermochemical recycling via pyrolysis of different virgin and contaminated waste-derived polyolefin feedstocks (i.e., low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) as main components), along with an investigation of the decomposition mechanisms based on the detailed composition of the pyrolysis oils. Crucial in this work is the detailed chemical analysis of the resulting pyrolysis oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) and ICP-OES, among others. Different feedstocks were pyrolyzed at a temperature range of 430-490 °C and at pressures between 0.1 and 2 bar in a continuous pilot-scale pyrolysis unit. At the lowest pressure, the pyrolysis oil yield of the studied polyolefins reached up to 95 wt%. The pyrolysis oil consists of primarily α-olefins (37-42 %) and n-paraffins (32-35 %) for LDPE pyrolysis, while isoolefins (mostly C9 and C15) and diolefins accounted for 84-91 % of the PP-based pyrolysis oils. The post-consumer waste feedstocks led to significantly less pyrolysis oil yields and more char formation compared to their virgin equivalents. It was found that plastic aging, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (3 wt%), and metal contamination were the main causes of char formation during the pyrolysis of polyolefin waste (4.9 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Seifali Abbas-Abadi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Florence Vermeire
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sepehr Madanikashani
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Materials and Process Engineering (IMAP), Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université catholique de Louvain - Place Sainte Barbe 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maja Kuzmanović
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University (Wangjiang campus), No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Behzad Parvizi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Chen Y, Ke Y, Liang S, Hu J, Hou H, Yang J. Enhanced bromine fixation and tar lightweighting in co-pyrolysis of non-metallic fractions of waste printed circuit boards with Bayer red mud. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 162:72-82. [PMID: 36948115 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A co-pyrolysis process for non-metallic fractions (NMFs) from WPCBs with Bayer red mud (RM) is proposed to upgrade pyrolysis products in this study. High bromine fixation efficiency was realized, and higher content of lightweight pyrolysis tar was obtained. The mechanism of catalytic pyrolysis and simultaneous bromine fixation of NMFs by RM was investigated by experiments and theoretical calculations. The three inorganic components of Fe2O3, CaCO3 and Al2O3 in RM played key roles in the catalytic pyrolysis of NMFs, and their order of catalytic debromination effect was CaCO3 > Fe2O3 > Al2O3. By adding 15 wt% RM, the pyrolysis solid residue could fix 89.55 wt% bromine, compared with 35.42 wt% of NMFs without adding RM, due to the formation of FeBr2 and CaBr2 from Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in RM, respectively. Tar lightweighting was realized by reducing the energy barrier of the direct decomposition of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in NMFs. The order of effect of the three key components on the tar lightweighting was Fe2O3 > Al2O3 > CaCO3. The content of lightweight tar in the tar obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of NMFs with 15 wt% RM was 44.29% higher than that in the tar obtained by direct pyrolysis of NMFs. This work provides a theoretical guidance for the low-cost and eco-friendly recycling of e-wastes by co-pyrolysis with RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Disposal and Recycling Technology of Solid Waste, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yan Ke
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Disposal and Recycling Technology of Solid Waste, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Disposal and Recycling Technology of Solid Waste, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Disposal and Recycling Technology of Solid Waste, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Disposal and Recycling Technology of Solid Waste, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Disposal and Recycling Technology of Solid Waste, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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