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Imtiaz S, Bilal M, Saleem M. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Escherichia coli by exploiting endogenously produced Protoporphyrin IX- In vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:204. [PMID: 39088059 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to antimicrobial drug resistance, there is a growing interest in the development of light based alternative antibacterial therapies. This research work is focused on the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by exploiting the absorption bands 405, 505, 542, 580 and 631 nm of its indigenously produced Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) excited by three LEDs with broad emission bands at 418, 522 and 630 nm and two laser diodes with narrow emission bands at 405 and 635 nm. Fluorescence spectroscopy and plate count method have been employed for studying the inactivation rate of E. coli strain in autoclaved water suspension. It has been found that LEDs at 418, 522 and 630 nm produced pronounced antimicrobial photodynamic effect on E. coli strain comparing laser diodes at 405 and 635 nm, which might be attributed to the overlapping of broad emission bands of LEDs with the absorption bands of PpIX than narrow emission bands of laser diodes. Particular effect of LED at 522 nm has been noticed because its broad emission band overlaps three absorption bands 505, 542 and 580 nm of PpIX. The gold standard plate count method strongly correlates with Fluorescence spectroscopy, making it an innovative tool to administer bacterial inactivation. The experimental results suggested the development of a light source that entirely overlap absorption bands of PpIx to produce a pronounced antimicrobial photodynamic effect, which might become an effective modality for in vivo disinfection of antibiotic resistant microbes in wounds and lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Imtiaz
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Ibn-E-Sina Road, G-8/3, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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2
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Imtiaz S, Saleem M. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Based Identification of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli Suspensions. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03608-w. [PMID: 38334915 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this article, Fluorescence spectroscopy has been employed for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water suspension. Emission spectra of PA and E. coli suspensions have been acquired by using excitation wavelengths from 270 to 420 nm with steps of 10 nm to explore their spectral features. It has been found that the emission spectra of tryptophan, tyrosine, NADH and FAD, being the intracellular biomolecules present in both bacteria, can be used as fingerprints for their identification, differentiation and quantification. Both bacterial strains can clearly be differentiated from water and from each other by using λex 270-290 nm through spectral analysis and from λex: 300-500 nm by applying statistical analysis. Furthermore, calibration curves for different bacterial loads of PA and E. coli suspensions have been produced between colonies forming units per ml (CFUs/ml) the integrated intensities of their emission spectra. CFUs/ml of both bacterial suspensions have been determined through plate count method which was used as cross-reference for the analysis of emission spectra of both bacterial suspensions. These curves may be used to estimate CFU/ml of both PA and E. coli in unknown water suspensions by determining the integrating intensity of their emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Imtiaz
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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3
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Imtiaz S, Saleem M. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Based Characterization of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Suspension. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03436-4. [PMID: 37713016 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, optical characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) suspension has been performed by using Fluorescence spectroscopy. Optical density (OD) and plate count methods have been employed as a reference for the analysis of emission spectra of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water suspension. Emission spectra of PA suspension has been acquired by using excitation wavelengths from 270 to 420 nm with step of 10 nm to explore its spectral behavior. It has been found that emission spectra of tryptophan, tyrosine, NADH and FAD, the intracellular biomolecules of bacteria, can be used as finger prints for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the effect of water matrix on the spectral emission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been investigated that might be one of the limitation of Fluorescence spectroscopy for complex water matrices. Moreover, a calibration curve has been produced between ODs600 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspensions of different bacterial load and integrated intensities of the emission spectra of same samples. These ODs600 and integrating intensities have been further vetted through plate count method by determining their corresponding colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml). This calibration curve may be used to determine CFU/ml of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water sample by determining integrating intensity of its emission spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Imtiaz
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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4
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Fande S, Srikanth S, U S J, Amreen K, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. A protocol to execute a lab-on-chip platform for simultaneous culture and electrochemical detection of bacteria. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102327. [PMID: 37243603 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for a miniaturized microfluidic device that enables quantitative tracking of bacterial growth. We describe steps for fabricating a screen-printed electrode, a laser-induced graphene heater, and a microfluidic device with its integrations. We then detail the electrochemical detection of bacteria using a microfluidic fuel cell. The laser-induced graphene heater provides the temperature for the bacterial culture, and metabolic activity is recognized using a bacterial fuel cell. Please see Srikanth et al.1 for comprehensive information on the application and execution of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Fande
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sangam Srikanth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Jayapiriya U S
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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5
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Srikanth S, Jayapiriya U, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. A lab-on-chip platform for simultaneous culture and electrochemical detection of bacteria. iScience 2022; 25:105388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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6
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Hasan MS, Marsafari M, Tolosa M, Andar A, Ramamurthy SS, Ge X, Kostov Y, Rao G. Rapid Ultrasensitive and High-Throughput Bioburden Detection: Microfluidics and Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8683-8692. [PMID: 35666619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contamination detection often requires lengthy culturing steps to detect low-level bioburden. To increase the rate of detection and decrease the limit of detection (LOD), a system featuring microfluidics and a multichannel fluorometer has been developed. The eight-channel fluorometer enables parallel testing of multiple samples with the LOD as low as <1 cfu/mL. This low-cost system utilizes the slope of fluorescence intensity that serves as the criterion for bioburden detection. The redox indicator dye resazurin is used to monitor the presence of viable cells in this study and is reduced to resorufin with a high quantum yield at 585 nm. The sample under investigation is spiked with resazurin and loaded in a special-design microfluidic cassette, and the rate of change is observed via the fluorometer. The method was validated using primary Escherichia coli culture in comparison with a spectrophotometer which served as the gold standard. An optimized assay based on Luria-Bertani medium was developed. The impact on the assay sensitivity based on incubation and filtration steps was also explored. The assay is shown to pick up inadvertent contamination from test tubes and pipette tips showing its applicability in real-world settings. The data analysis demonstrated a comparable performance of the multichannel fluorometer vis-a-vis the conventional plate reader. The multichannel system is shown to detect bioburden presence in as low as 20 s for bacterial concentrations ≥5 cfu/mL after 6 h of incubation. Considering its portability, low cost, simplicity of operation, and relevant assay sensitivity, the system is well positioned to detect low-level bioburden in the laboratory, pharmaceutical, and field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hasan
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Monireh Marsafari
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Michael Tolosa
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Abhay Andar
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,Potomac Photonics Inc., Process and Product Technologies, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21227, United States
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.,Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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7
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Satoh H, Katayose Y, Hirano R. Simple enumeration of Escherichia coli concentrations in river water samples by measuring β-d-glucuronidase activities in a microplate reader. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1399-1406. [PMID: 33767045 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of Escherichia coli concentrations in river water (RW) is essential to identify fecal pollution of the river. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of a novel, simple and high throughput method developed in our laboratory to enumerate E. coli concentrations in RW samples. The method is based on the use of the synthetic substrate specific for the β-d-glucuronidase (GUS) produced by E. coli. GUS activities and E. coli concentrations were monitored at eight selected sites in rivers running through Sapporo, Japan. Because the fluorescence intensities of the synthetic substrate in the RW samples increased linearly over a 4-h incubation period, we could estimate the GUS activities of the RW samples. The GUS activities were highly correlated with E. coli concentrations at >100 most probable numbers 100 mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. The GUS activities of the RW samples collected from all sampling sites fitted well to a single correlation equation, which indicates that it was applicable to the estimation of E. coli concentrations regardless of the sampling sites. This method is simple, rapid, reliable, inexpensive, and high throughput, and is therefore useful for monitoring E. coli in RW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan E-mail:
| | - Yutaka Katayose
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan E-mail:
| | - Reiko Hirano
- Cellspect Co., Ltd, 1-10-82 Kitaiioka, Morioka, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
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8
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Monitoring Approaches for Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Water: Visioning a Remote Real-Time Sensor for E. coli and Enterococci. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review was conducted to assess the current state of monitoring approaches for primary faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) E. coli and enterococci. Approaches were identified and examined in relation to their accuracy, ability to provide continuous data and instantaneous detection results, cost, environmental awareness regarding necessary reagent release or other pollution sources, in situ monitoring capability, and portability. Findings showed that several methods are precise and sophisticated but cannot be performed in real-time or remotely. This is mainly due to their laboratory testing requirements, such as lengthy sample preparations, the requirement for expensive reagents, and fluorescent tags. This study determined that portable fluorescence sensing, combined with advanced modelling methods to compensate readings for environmental interferences and false positives, can lay the foundations for a hybrid FIB sensing approach, allowing remote field deployment of a fleet of networked FIB sensors that can collect high-frequency data in near real-time. Such sensors will support proactive responses to sudden harmful faecal contamination events. A method is proposed to enable the development of the visioned FIB monitoring tool.
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9
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Yin Q, Nie M, Diwu Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yin D, Li L. Establishment and application of a novel fluorescence-based analytical method for the rapid detection of viable bacteria in different samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3933-3943. [PMID: 32724967 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01247e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method for readily detecting the total numbers of viable bacterial cells in numerous samples (including surface water, solid inoculants, and soil samples) is reported using a newly developed hand-held fluorometer and a fluorescent dye Calcein UltraGreen™ AM. Compared to the traditional plate counting method that requires 48 hours of cultivation, the newly established method does not require any incubation time, making the detection method faster and more convenient. The portable rapid detection fluorometer has a wide dynamic range of relative fluorescence intensity from 45 to 30 133. It can detect bacterial concentration ranging from 105 to 1010 cells per mL. This newly established method has good applicability for accurately and quickly detecting the cell number of viable bacteria in various samples. The results of the fluorescence-based method were compared with those of the traditional plate counting method, and it was found that the relative standard deviation was less than 6%. This new rapid measurement system provides a robust method for the rapid on-site detection of viable bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Yin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response in Poland: Prevention, Surveillance, and Mitigation Planning. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 15:697-702. [PMID: 32635956 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological weapons are one of the oldest weapons of mass destruction used by man. Their use has not only determined the outcome of battles, but also influenced the fate of entire civilizations. Although the use of biological weapons agents in a terrorist attack is currently unlikely, all services responsible for the surveillance and removal of epidemiological threats must have clear guidelines and emergency response plans. METHODS In the face of the numerous threats appearing in the world, it has become necessary to put the main emphasis on modernizing, securing, and maintaining structures in the field of medicine which are prepared for unforeseen crises and situations related to the use of biological agents. RESULTS This article presents Poland's current preparation to take action in the event of a bioterrorist threat. The study presents both the military aspect and procedures for dealing with contamination. CONCLUSIONS In Poland, as in other European Union countries fighting terrorism, preparations should be made to defend against biological attacks, improve the flow of information on the European security system, strengthen research centers, train staff, create observation units and vaccination centers, as well as prepare hospitals for the hospitalization of patients-potential victims of bioterrorist attacks.
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11
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Warren S, Seddon B, Pilkington R, Crossely A, Holdway P, Dempsey E. β‐Methylumbelliferone Surface Modification and Permeability Investigations at PENTEL
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Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Warren
- Centre for Research in Electroanalytical Techniques (CREATE), Centre of Applied Science for Health (CASH) Technlological University Dublin – Tallaght Campus, Tallaght Dublin 24 Ireland
- CREST Technology Gateway Technical University Dublin – City Campus, Kevin St. Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Brian Seddon
- Microsensors for Clinical Research and Analysis (MiCRA Biodiagnostics), Centre of Applied Science for Health (CASH) Technlological Univertsity Dublin – Tallaght Campus Dublin 24 Ireland
| | - Ruth Pilkington
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions (CMHI) Technlological Univertsity Dublin – Tallaght Campus Dublin 24 Ireland
| | - Alison Crossely
- Department of Materials Oxford University, Oxford Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Philip Holdway
- Department of Materials Oxford University, Oxford Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Eithne Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry Maynooth University Maynooth Ireland
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12
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Fan YJ, Hsu YC, Gu BC, Wu CC. Voltammetric measurement of Escherichia coli concentration through p-APG hydrolysis by endogenous β-galactosidase. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Satoh H, Kikuchi K, Katayose Y, Tsuda S, Hirano R, Hirakata Y, Kitajima M, Ishii S, Oshiki M, Hatamoto M, Takahashi M, Okabe S. Simple and reliable enumeration of Escherichia coli concentrations in wastewater samples by measuring β-d-glucuronidase (GUS) activities via a microplate reader. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136928. [PMID: 32007893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of Escherichia coli concentrations at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is important to ensure process performance and protect public health. However, conventional E. coli enumeration methods are complicated and time- and labor-consuming. Here, we report a novel simple and reliable method based on β-d-glucuronidase (GUS) activity assay to enumerate E. coli concentrations in wastewater (WW) samples. An aliquot (20 μL) of the medium with fluorogenic enzyme substrate for E. coli and 180 μL of a WW sample were added to one well of a 96-well microplate. The microplate was placed in a microplate reader at 37 °C. To this end, the fluorescence intensity of a fluorogenic enzyme substrate for E. coli was measured every 10 min over 3 h to determine GUS activity. The linear increase in the fluorescence intensity representing the GUS activities showed a positive correlation with E. coli concentrations in wastewater samples. However, the correlation equations were specific to WWTPs, which could be due to the difference in the E. coli population structures among WWTPs. We observed that the wastewater matrix is not a limitation to measure the GUS activity, and a WWTP-specific correlation equation can be used as a calibration curve to estimate the E. coli concentrations in the samples collected from that site. A comparison of the results with those of culture-dependent Colilert method proved that the current method is simple and useful for the enumeration of E. coli concentrations in wastewater samples reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Kai Kikuchi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yutaka Katayose
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shu Tsuda
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Reiko Hirano
- Cellspect Co., Ltd., 1-10-82 Kitaiioka, Morioka, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Yuga Hirakata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Mamoru Oshiki
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-8532, Japan.
| | - Masashi Hatamoto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Takahashi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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14
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Tok S, de Haan K, Tseng D, Usanmaz CF, Ceylan Koydemir H, Ozcan A. Early detection of E. coli and total coliform using an automated, colorimetric and fluorometric fiber optics-based device. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2925-2935. [PMID: 31372607 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00652d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lack of access to clean water is a major global issue that affects millions of people worldwide. Drinking contaminated water can be extremely hazardous, so it is imperative that it is tested sufficiently. One method commonly used to determine the quality of water is testing for both E. coli and total coliform. Here, we present a cost-effective and automated device which can concurrently test drinking water samples for both E. coli and total coliform using an EPA-approved reagent. Equipped with a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and camera, we perform automated periodic measurements of both the absorption and fluorescence of the water under test over 24 hours. In each test, 100 mL of the water sample is split into a custom designed 40-well plate, where the transmitted blue light and the fluorescent light (under UV excitation) are collected by 520 individual optical fibers. Images of these fiber outputs are then acquired periodically, and digitally processed to determine the presence of the bacteria in each well of the 40-well plate. We demonstrate that this cost-effective device, weighing 1.66 kg, can automatically detect the presence of both E. coli and total coliform in drinking water within ∼16 hours, down to a level of one colony-forming unit (CFU) per 100 mL. Furthermore, due to its automated analysis, this approach is also more sensitive than a manual count performed by an expert, reducing the time needed to determine whether the water under test is safe to drink or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Tok
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Biophysics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kevin de Haan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derek Tseng
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Can Firat Usanmaz
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Shoaie N, Daneshpour M, Azimzadeh M, Mahshid S, Khoshfetrat SM, Jahanpeyma F, Gholaminejad A, Omidfar K, Foruzandeh M. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on the use of polyaniline and its nanocomposites: a review on recent advances. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:465. [PMID: 31236681 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline and its composites with nanoparticles have been widely used in electrochemical sensor and biosensors due to their attractive properties and the option of tuning them by proper choice of materials. The review (with 191 references) describes the progress made in the recent years in polyaniline-based biosensors and their applications in clinical sensing, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. A first section summarizes the features of using polyaniline in biosensing systems. A subsequent section covers sensors for clinical applications (with subsections on the detection of cancer cells and bacteria, and sensing of glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol). Further sections discuss sensors for use in the food industry (such as for sulfite, phenolic compounds, acrylamide), and in environmental monitoring (mainly pesticides and heavy metal ions). A concluding section summarizes the current state, highlights some of the challenges currently compromising performance in biosensors and nanobiosensors, and discusses potential future directions. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of electrochemical sensor and biosensors applications based on polyaniline/nanoparticles in various fields of human life including medicine, food industry, and environmental monitoring. The simultaneous use of suitable properties polyaniline and nanoparticles can provide the fabrication of sensing systems with high sensitivity, short response time, high signal/noise ratio, low detection limit, and wide linear range by improving conductivity and the large surface area for biomolecules immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shoaie
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpour
- Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O. Box: 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 89195-999, Yazd, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, P.O. Box: 89195-999, Iran.,Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, P.O. Box: H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Khoshfetrat
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, P.O. Box:1411713137, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jahanpeyma
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alieh Gholaminejad
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, P.O. Box:1411713137, Iran. .,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Foruzandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
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Gupta A, Bhardwaj SK, Sharma AL, Kim KH, Deep A. Development of an advanced electrochemical biosensing platform for E. coli using hybrid metal-organic framework/polyaniline composite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:395-402. [PMID: 30716516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of numerous merits (e.g., the possibility of their synthesis in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D forms, large surface-to-volume ratio, and flexible framework functionality), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are envisaged as excellent media for the development of biosensors for diverse analytes present in environmental media. The present research work, for the first time, reports the development of a Cu-MOF based electrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive detection of E. coli bacteria. In order to realize an MOF-based electrochemically active platform, Cu3(BTC)2 (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) was mixed with polyaniline (PANI). The spectroscopic/morphological characterizations of the resulting composite were established with the aid of FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and surface area analysis. The thin films of Cu3(BTC)2-PANI, on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrate, were bio-interfaced with anti-E. coli antibodies for use as a novel biosensing electrode. Based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique of signal measurement, the above sensor exhibited high sensitivity to detect very low concentrations of E. coli (2cfu/mL) in a short response time (~2 min) and was also selective in the presence of other non-specific bacteria. As a novel highlight of the research, this new MOF/PANI based detection platform for E. coli has shown improved performance than many of the previously reported electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Gupta
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIO-AcSIR, Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIO-AcSIR, Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Amit L Sharma
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIO-AcSIR, Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIO-AcSIR, Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
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17
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Burnet JB, Dinh QT, Imbeault S, Servais P, Dorner S, Prévost M. Autonomous online measurement of β-D-glucuronidase activity in surface water: is it suitable for rapid E. coli monitoring? WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:241-250. [PMID: 30677635 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological water quality is traditionally assessed using culture-based enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Despite their relative ease of use, these methods require a minimal 18-24 h-incubation step before the results are obtained. This study aimed to assess the suitability of an autonomous online fluorescence-based technology measuring β-glucuronidase (GLUC) activity for rapid near-real time monitoring of E. coli in water. The analytical precision was determined and compared to an automated microbial detection system, two culture-based assays and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Using replicate measurements of grab samples containing E. coli concentrations between 50 and 2330 CFU.100 mL-1, the autonomous GLUC activity measurement technology displayed an average coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 5% that was 4-8-fold lower than other methods tested. Comparable precision was observed during online in situ monitoring of GLUC activity at a drinking water intake using three independent instruments. GLUC activity measurements were not affected by sewage or sediments at concentrations likely to be encountered during long-term monitoring. Furthermore, significant (p < 0.05) correlations were obtained between GLUC activity and the other assays including defined substrate technology (r = 0.77), membrane filtration (r = 0.73), qPCR (r = 0.55) and the automated microbial detection system (r = 0.50). This study is the first to thoroughly compare the analytical performance of rapid automated detection technologies to established culture and molecular-based methods. Results show that further research is required to correlate GLUC activity to the presence of viable E. coli as measured in terms of CFU.100 mL-1. This would allow the use of autonomous online GLUC activity measurements for rapid E. coli monitoring in water supplies used for drinking water production and recreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Quoc Tuc Dinh
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sandra Imbeault
- Service de l'Environnement, Ville de Laval, QC, H7L 2R3, Canada
| | - Pierre Servais
- Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP 221, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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18
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Angelescu D, Huynh V, Hausot A, Yalkin G, Plet V, Mouchel JM, Guérin-Rechdaoui S, Azimi S, Rocher V. Autonomous system for rapid field quantification of Escherichia coli
in surface waters. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:332-343. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Huynh
- Fluidion SAS, R&D Division; Paris France
| | - A. Hausot
- Fluidion SAS, R&D Division; Paris France
| | - G. Yalkin
- Fluidion SAS, R&D Division; Paris France
| | - V. Plet
- Fluidion SAS, R&D Division; Paris France
| | - J.-M. Mouchel
- CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis; Sorbonne Université; Paris France
| | | | - S. Azimi
- Direction Innovation Environnement; SIAAP; Colombes France
| | - V. Rocher
- Direction Innovation Environnement; SIAAP; Colombes France
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Novel sensor platform for rapid detection and quantification of coliforms on food contact surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 153:74-83. [PMID: 30240812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel sensor platform based on screen printed carbon electrode coated by graphene modified polyacrylamide gel (GR/PAAGC) was developed and implemented for sampling, detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria (coliforms) on food contact surfaces. The optimized formula of polyacrylamide (PAA) and agar-agar increased the adhesive properties of the gel, being crucial for the coliforms recovery, attached to food contact surfaces. The 6-Chloro-3-indoxyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (6-CIGP) was used as a new electrochemical reporter for β-D-galactosidase activity. The released 6,6'-Dichloro-Indigo (6-DI) was directly detected by GR/PAAGC sensor. The presence of Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and n-Octyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (OBDG) in the gel contributed to reduction of the detection time. The addition of graphene enhanced the voltammetric signal and increased the conductivity of PAA gel. The anodic and cathodic peaks of the released product were directly proportional to the concentration of coliforms. Bacterial cell concentrations ranging from 1.6log10CFU/mL to 6.6log10CFU/mL were detected. Well-shaped, sharp voltammetric curves were generated within 3 h. Redox peaks exhibited good sensitivity with detection limits (LOD) < 0.6log10CFU/mL. After series of optimization experiments, coliforms ranging from 0.6log10CFU/cm2 to 6.610CFU/cm2 on stainless steel surfaces have been detected within 30 min with a LOD of 0.1log10CFU/cm2. The developed rapid, sensitive, reproducible and specific sensor successfully applied for single detection as well as for real-time monitoring of growth of coliform bacteria on stainless steel surfaces during food processing.
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20
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Guo L, Katiyo W, Lu L, Zhang X, Wang M, Yan J, Ma X, Yang R, Zou L, Zhao W. Glycyrrhetic Acid 3-O-Mono-β-d
-glucuronide (GAMG): An Innovative High-Potency Sweetener with Improved Biological Activities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:905-919. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Wendy Katiyo
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Pretoria; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Liushen Lu
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jiai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- School of Foreign Studies; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Long Zou
- Bunge Ingredient Innovation Center; 725 North Kinzie Avenue Bradley IL 60915 U.S.A
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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21
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Zulkifli SN, Rahim HA, Lau WJ. Detection of contaminants in water supply: A review on state-of-the-art monitoring technologies and their applications. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 255:2657-2689. [PMID: 32288249 PMCID: PMC7126548 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water monitoring technologies are widely used for contaminants detection in wide variety of water ecology applications such as water treatment plant and water distribution system. A tremendous amount of research has been conducted over the past decades to develop robust and efficient techniques of contaminants detection with minimum operating cost and energy. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques and biosensor approach have improved the detection sensitivities, quantitatively and qualitatively. The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has expanded the water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including successful establishment in hand-held sensing devices which improves portability in real-time basis for the detection of contaminant, such as microorganisms, pesticides, heavy metal ions, inorganic and organic components. This paper intends to review the developments in water quality monitoring technologies for the detection of biological and chemical contaminants in accordance with instrumental limitations. Particularly, this review focuses on the most recently developed techniques for water contaminant detection applications. Several recommendations and prospective views on the developments in water quality assessments will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herlina Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Woei-Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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22
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Briciu-Burghina C, Heery B, Regan F. Protocol for the recovery and detection of Escherichia coli in environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:178-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Ender A, Goeppert N, Grimmeisen F, Goldscheider N. Evaluation of β-d-glucuronidase and particle-size distribution for microbiological water quality monitoring in Northern Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:996-1006. [PMID: 27993473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In many karst regions in developing countries, the populations often suffer from poor microbial water quality and are frequently exposed to bacterial pathogens. The high variability of water quality requires rapid assays, but the conventional cultivation-based analysis of fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), is very time-consuming. In this respect, the measurement of the enzymatic activity of E. coli could prove to be a valuable tool for water quality monitoring. A mobile automated prototype device was used for the investigation of β-d-glucuronidase (GLUC) activity at a remote karst spring, connected to a sinking surface stream, in Northern Vietnam. To assess the relationship between GLUC activity, discharge dynamics and contamination patterns, multiple hydrological, hydrochemical, physicochemical and microbiological parameters, including discharge, turbidity, particle-size distributions, and E. coli, were measured with high temporal resolution during ten days of on-site monitoring. A complex contamination pattern due to anthropogenic and agricultural activities led to high E. coli concentrations (270 to >24,200 MPN/100ml) and a GLUC activity between 3.1 and 102.2 mMFU/100ml. A strong daily fluctuation pattern of GLUC activity and particle concentrations within small size classes (<10μm) could be observed, as demonstrated by autocorrelations. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis resulted in correlation coefficients of rs=0.56 for E. coli and GLUC activity and rs=0.54 for GLUC activity and the concentration of 2-3μm particles. On an event scale, correlations were found to be higher (rs=0.69 and 0.87, respectively). GLUC activity and E. coli displayed a general contamination pattern, but with significant differences in detail, which may be explained by interferences of e. g. viable but non-culturable cells. Although further evaluations are recommended, GLUC activity is a promising, complementary parameter for on-site and near real-time water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ender
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nadine Goeppert
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Felix Grimmeisen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nico Goldscheider
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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24
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Chantemesse B, Betelli L, Solanas S, Vienney F, Bollache L, Hartmann A, Rochelet M. A nitrocefin-based amperometric assay for the rapid quantification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in wastewaters. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:375-381. [PMID: 27951476 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and inexpensive amperometric assay based on the electrochemical detection of the β-lactamase activity using the nitrocefin as substrate was developed for the rapid and quantitative detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) in urban wastewaters. The specific detection of ESBL-EC was achieved by culturing the filtered sample in a medium containing the cefotaxime supplemented or not with the potassium clavulanate inhibitor. This step was followed by the incubation of each subculture filtrate with the nitrocefin substrate which hydrolysis was monitored by amperometry using disposable carbon screen-printed sensors. Current intensities iCef and iClav correspond to the intensity of the anodic current measured (∼+ 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) for the sample incubated with the cefotaxime without and with potassium clavulanate, respectively. The intensity value i = iCef - iClav was chosen as the analytical response. ESBL-EC calibration plots were established with artificially contaminated wastewater samples. This assay allowed the detection of ESBL-EC amounts as low as 10 cfu in treated effluents and 100 cfu in raw wastewaters with short time analysis of 5.5 h and 4.5 h, respectively. The amperometric method was applied to the analysis of 38 wastewater samples and the results were in good agreement with CFU counts on a selective chromogenic medium for 24 h. Owing to its rapidity, convenience, low-cost and portability, this assay is a promising tool to obtain quantitative data on antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in wastewater effluents. Furthermore, this assay might be used to improve wastewater treatment plant processes in order to minimize the release of antibiotic resistant bacteria into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Chantemesse
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laetitia Betelli
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Solanas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Vienney
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Bollache
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Alain Hartmann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Murielle Rochelet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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25
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Hesari N, Kıratlı Yılmazçoban N, Elzein M, Alum A, Abbaszadegan M. A Strategy to Establish a Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan for the Application of Biosensors for the Detection of E. coli in Water. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7010003. [PMID: 28054956 PMCID: PMC5371776 DOI: 10.3390/bios7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid bacterial detection using biosensors is a novel approach for microbiological testing applications. Validation of such methods is an obstacle in the adoption of new bio-sensing technologies for water testing. Therefore, establishing a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) plan is essential to demonstrate accuracy and reliability of the biosensor method for the detection of E. coli in drinking water samples. In this study, different reagents and assay conditions including temperatures, holding time, E. coli strains and concentrations, dissolving agents, salinity and pH effects, quality of substrates of various suppliers of 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide (MUG), and environmental water samples were included in the QA/QC plan and used in the assay optimization and documentation. Furthermore, the procedural QA/QC for the monitoring of drinking water samples was established to validate the performance of the biosensor platform for the detection of E. coli using a culture-based standard technique. Implementing the developed QA/QC plan, the same level of precision and accuracy was achieved using both the standard and the biosensor methods. The established procedural QA/QC for the biosensor will provide a reliable tool for a near real-time monitoring of E. coli in drinking water samples to both industry and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikou Hesari
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | | | - Mohamad Elzein
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Absar Alum
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Morteza Abbaszadegan
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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26
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Stadler P, Blöschl G, Vogl W, Koschelnik J, Epp M, Lackner M, Oismüller M, Kumpan M, Nemeth L, Strauss P, Sommer R, Ryzinska-Paier G, Farnleitner AH, Zessner M. Real-time monitoring of beta-d-glucuronidase activity in sediment laden streams: A comparison of prototypes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:252-261. [PMID: 27262553 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection of enzymatic activities has been proposed as a rapid surrogate for the culture-based microbiological pollution monitoring of water resources. This paper presents the results of tests on four fully automated prototype instruments for the on-site monitoring of beta-d-glucuronidase (GLUC) activity. The tests were performed on sediment-laden stream water in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) during the period of March 2014 to March 2015. The dominant source of faecal pollution in the stream was swine manure applied to the fields within the catchment. The experiments indicated that instrument pairs with the same construction design yielded highly consistent results (R(2) = 0.96 and R(2) = 0.94), whereas the results between different designs were less consistent (R(2) = 0.71). Correlations between the GLUC activity measured on-site and culture-based Escherichia coli analyses over the entire study period yielded R(2) = 0.52 and R(2) = 0.47 for the two designs, respectively. The correlations tended to be higher at the event scale. The GLUC activity was less correlated with suspended sediment concentrations than with E. coli, which is interpreted in terms of indicator applicability and the time since manure application. The study shows that this rapid assay can yield consistent results over a long period of on-site operation in technically challenging habitats. Although the use of GLUC activity as a proxy for culture-based assays could not be proven for the observed habitat, the study results suggest that this biochemical indicator has high potential for implementation in early warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stadler
- TU Wien, Centre for Water Resource Systems, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Günter Blöschl
- TU Wien, Centre for Water Resource Systems, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Karlsplatz 13/222, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Vogl
- Vienna Water Monitoring, Dorfstrasse 17, A-2295 Zwerndorf, Austria
| | - Juri Koschelnik
- Vienna Water Monitoring, Dorfstrasse 17, A-2295 Zwerndorf, Austria
| | - Markus Epp
- Vienna Water Monitoring, Dorfstrasse 17, A-2295 Zwerndorf, Austria
| | | | - Markus Oismüller
- TU Wien, Centre for Water Resource Systems, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Kumpan
- Federal Agency for Water Management, Institute for Land & Water Management Research, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - Lukas Nemeth
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Strauss
- Federal Agency for Water Management, Institute for Land & Water Management Research, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela Ryzinska-Paier
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- TU Wien, Centre for Water Resource Systems, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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Alcaine SD, Law K, Ho S, Kinchla AJ, Sela DA, Nugen SR. Bioengineering bacteriophages to enhance the sensitivity of phage amplification-based paper fluidic detection of bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:14-9. [PMID: 27031186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) amplification is an attractive method for the detection of bacteria due to a narrow phage-host specificity, short amplification times, and the phages' ability to differentiate between viable and non-viable bacterial cells. The next step in phage-based bacteria detection is leveraging bioengineered phages to create low-cost, rapid, and easy-to-use detection platforms such as lateral flow assays. Our work establishes the proof-of-concept for the use of bioengineered T7 phage strains to increase the sensitivity of phage amplification-based lateral flow assays. We have demonstrated a greater than 10-fold increase in sensitivity using a phage-based protein reporter, maltose-binding protein, over the detection of replicated T7 phage viron itself, and a greater then 100-fold increase in sensitivity using a phage-based enzymatic reporter, alkaline phosphatase. This increase in sensitivity enabled us to detect 10(3)CFU/mL of Escherichia coli in broth after 7h, and by adding a filter concentration step, the ability to detect a regulatory relevant E. coli concentration of 100CFU/100mL in inoculated river water after 9h, where the current standard requires days for results. The combination of the paper fluidic format with phage-based detection provides a platform for the development of novel diagnostics that are sensitive, rapid, and easy to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Alcaine
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - K Law
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - S Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - A J Kinchla
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - D A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - S R Nugen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.
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28
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ColiSense, today's sample today: A rapid on-site detection of β-d-Glucuronidase activity in surface water as a surrogate for E. coli. Talanta 2016; 148:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Hesari N, Alum A, Elzein M, Abbaszadegan M. A biosensor platform for rapid detection of E. coli in drinking water. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 83:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Gunda NSK, Chavali R, Mitra SK. A hydrogel based rapid test method for detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in contaminated water samples. Analyst 2016; 141:2920-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00400h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have formulated a new chemical composition for rapid detection ofEscherichia coli(E. coli) with currently available enzymatic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Siva Kumar Gunda
- Micro & Nano-scale Transport Laboratory
- Lassonde School of Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Ravi Chavali
- Micro & Nano-scale Transport Laboratory
- Lassonde School of Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Sushanta K. Mitra
- Micro & Nano-scale Transport Laboratory
- Lassonde School of Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
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31
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Khan SJ, Deere D, Leusch FDL, Humpage A, Jenkins M, Cunliffe D. Extreme weather events: Should drinking water quality management systems adapt to changing risk profiles? WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:124-36. [PMID: 26311274 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Among the most widely predicted and accepted consequences of global climate change are increases in both the frequency and severity of a variety of extreme weather events. Such weather events include heavy rainfall and floods, cyclones, droughts, heatwaves, extreme cold, and wildfires, each of which can potentially impact drinking water quality by affecting water catchments, storage reservoirs, the performance of water treatment processes or the integrity of distribution systems. Drinking water guidelines, such as the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines and the World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, provide guidance for the safe management of drinking water. These documents present principles and strategies for managing risks that may be posed to drinking water quality. While these principles and strategies are applicable to all types of water quality risks, very little specific attention has been paid to the management of extreme weather events. We present a review of recent literature on water quality impacts of extreme weather events and consider practical opportunities for improved guidance for water managers. We conclude that there is a case for an enhanced focus on the management of water quality impacts from extreme weather events in future revisions of water quality guidance documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Khan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD, Australia.
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32
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Rochelet M, Solanas S, Betelli L, Chantemesse B, Vienney F, Hartmann A. Rapid amperometric detection of Escherichia coli in wastewater by measuring β-D glucuronidase activity with disposable carbon sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:160-6. [PMID: 26388487 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An assay on the indirect amperometric quantification of the β-D-Glucuronidase (GLUase) activity was developed for the rapid and specific detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in complex environmental samples. The p-aminophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (PAPG) was selected as an electrochemical substrate for GLUase measurement and the p-aminophenol (PAP) released during the enzymatic hydrolysis was monitored by cyclic voltammetry with disposable carbon screen-printed sensors. The intensity of the measured anodic peak current was proportional to the amount of GLUase, and therefore to the number of E. coli in the tested sample. Once the substrate concentration and pH values optimized, a GLUase detection limit of 10 ng mL(-1) was achieved. Using a procedure involving a filtration step of the bacteria followed by their incubation with the substrate solution containing both the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 as permeabilization agent and the culture media Luria broth to monitor the growth, filtered bacterial cells ranging from 5 × 10(4) to 10(8) UFC/membrane were detected within 3 h. The amperometric assay was applied to the determination of fecal contamination in raw and treated wastewater samples and it was successfully compared with conventional bacterial plating methods and uidA gene quantitative PCR. Owing to its ability to perform measurements in turbid media, the GLUase amperometric method is a reliable tool for the rapid and decentralized quantification of viable but also nonculturable E. coli in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Rochelet
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Sébastien Solanas
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laetitia Betelli
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benoît Chantemesse
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Vienney
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alain Hartmann
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
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33
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Investigation of volatile metabolites during growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by needle trap-GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6617-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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35
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36
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4614-48. [PMID: 21668018 DOI: 10.1021/ac200915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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