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Xu S, Wang P, Xie L, Du Y, Zhang W. Reverse Osmosis with Intermediate Chemical Demineralization: Scale Inhibitor Selection, Degradation, and Seeded Precipitation. Molecules 2024; 29:2163. [PMID: 38792025 PMCID: PMC11124285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) processes with intermediate concentrate demineralization (ICD) provide an efficient strategy to treat brines with high CaSO4 contents and reduce concentrate discharge. In this paper, an SRO concentrate is treated using ICD to remove CaSO4 and then mixed with a PRO concentrate for further desalination in SRO, thereby reducing the discharge of the concentrate. We investigate the selection and degradation of scale inhibitors, as well as seeded precipitation in the two-stage RO process with ICD, to achieve a high water recovery rate. A scale inhibitor is added to restrain CaSO4 crystallization on the membrane surface, and the optimized scale inhibitor, RO-400, is found to inhibit calcium sulfate scaling effectively across a wide range of the saturation index of gypsum (SIg) from 2.3 to 6. Under the optimized parameters of 40 W UV light and 70 mg/L H2O2, UV/H2O2 can degrade RO-400 completely in 15 min to destroy the scale inhibitor in the SRO concentrate. After scale inhibitor degradation, the SRO concentrate is desaturated by seeded precipitation, and the reaction degree of CaSO4 reaches 97.12%, leading to a concentrate with a low SIg (1.07) for cyclic desalination. Three UVD-GSP cycle tests show that the reused gypsum seeds can also ensure the effect of the CaSO4 precipitation process. This paper provides a combined UVD-GSP strategy in two-stage RO processes to improve the water recovery rate for CaSO4-contained concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Ping Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Lixin Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Yawei Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
| | - Wen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
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2
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Mechanistic investigation of phosphonate photolysis in aqueous solution by simultaneous LC-IRMS and HRMS analysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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3
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Cao Z, Hu Y, Zhao H, Cao B, Zhang P. Sulfate mineral scaling: From fundamental mechanisms to control strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118945. [PMID: 35963137 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate scaling, as insoluble inorganic sulfate deposits, can cause serious operational problems in various industries, such as blockage of membrane pores and subsurface media and impairment of equipment functionality. There is limited article to bridge sulfate formation mechanisms with field scaling control practice. This article reviews the molecular-level interfacial reactions and thermodynamic basis controlling homogeneous and heterogeneous sulfate mineral nucleation and growth through classical and non-classical pathways. Common sulfate scaling control strategies were also reviewed, including pretreatment, chemical inhibition and surface modification. Furthermore, efforts were made to link the fundamental theories with industrial scale control practices. Effects of common inhibitors on different steps of sulfate formation pathways (i.e., ion pair and cluster formation, nucleation, and growth) were thoroughly discussed. Surface modifications to industrial facilities and membrane units were clarified as controlling either the deposition of homogeneous precipitates or the heterogeneous nucleation. Future research directions in terms of optimizing sulfate chemical inhibitor design and improving surface modifications are also discussed. This article aims to keep the readers abreast of the latest development in mechanistic understanding and control strategies of sulfate scale formation and to bridge knowledge developed in interfacial chemistry with engineering practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR
| | - Yandi Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huazhang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Cao
- KIT Professionals, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR.
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4
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Kuhn R, Vornholt C, Preuß V, Bryant IM, Martienssen M. Aminophosphonates in Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Permeates. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060446. [PMID: 34203777 PMCID: PMC8232610 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminophosphonates such as aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP) are common constituents of antiscalants. In nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes, ATMP prevents inorganic scaling leading to more stable membrane performance. So far, little attention has been paid to the possible permeation of aminophosphonates through NF and RO membranes. We have investigated the permeability of these membrane types for ATMP and its potential metabolites iminodi(methylenephosphonic acid) (IDMP) and amino(methylenephosphonic acid) (AMPA) with two different NF membranes (TS40 and TS80) and one RO membrane (ACM2) and three different water compositions (ultra-pure water, synthetic tap water and local tap water). We found traces of phosphonates in all investigated permeates. The highest phosphonate rejection occurred with local tap water for all three membranes investigated. Filtration experiments with a technical antiscalant formulation containing ATMP indicated similar trends of phosphonate permeability through all three membranes. We assume that the separation mechanisms of the membranes are the results of a very complex relationship between physico-chemical properties such as Donnan exclusion, feed pH, feed ionic strength and feed concentration, as well as solute-solute interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Kuhn
- Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carsten Vornholt
- Chair of Water Treatment and Urban Hydraulic Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany; (C.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Volker Preuß
- Chair of Water Treatment and Urban Hydraulic Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany; (C.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Isaac Mbir Bryant
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast 4P4872, Ghana;
| | - Marion Martienssen
- Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany;
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Uliana AA, Bui NT, Kamcev J, Taylor MK, Urban JJ, Long JR. Ion-capture electrodialysis using multifunctional adsorptive membranes. Science 2021; 372:296-299. [PMID: 33859036 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Technologies that can efficiently purify nontraditional water sources are needed to meet rising global demand for clean water. Water treatment plants typically require a series of costly separation units to achieve desalination and the removal of toxic trace contaminants such as heavy metals and boron. We report a series of robust, selective, and tunable adsorptive membranes that feature porous aromatic framework nanoparticles embedded within ion exchange polymers and demonstrate their use in an efficient, one-step separation strategy termed ion-capture electrodialysis. This process uses electrodialysis configurations with adsorptive membranes to simultaneously desalinate complex water sources and capture diverse target solutes with negligible capture of competing ions. Our methods are applicable to the development of efficient and selective multifunctional separations that use adsorptive membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Uliana
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ngoc T Bui
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mercedes K Taylor
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Li C, Yang Q, Lu S, Liu Y. Adsorption and mechanism study for phosphonate antiscalant HEDP removal from reverse osmosis concentrates by magnetic La/Zn/Fe3O4@PAC composite. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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7
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Jaramillo H, Boo C, Hashmi SM, Elimelech M. Zwitterionic coating on thin-film composite membranes to delay gypsum scaling in reverse osmosis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Saha P, Bruning H, Wagner TV, Rijnaarts HHM. Removal of organic compounds from cooling tower blowdown by electrochemical oxidation: Role of electrodes and operational parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127491. [PMID: 32650167 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of cooling tower blowdown (CTBD) in the cooling tower itself requires CTBD deionization and a pre-treatment before deionization to remove organic compounds (OCs) that induce membrane fouling. This study assesses the potential of electrochemical oxidation (EO) with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) and a Ti/RuO2 mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anode for CTBD pre-treatment. Also, the influence of the applied current density (j), initial pH, hydrodynamic conditions, and supporting electrolyte on the process performance was evaluated. Results show that COD and TOC removal were 85 and 51%, respectively, with the BDD-anode; however, they were 50 and 12% with MMO-anode at a j-value of 8.7 mA cm-2 and neutral pH. An increased j-value increased the COD and TOC removal; however, different pHs, hydrodynamic conditions, and the addition of supporting electrolytes had a minor impact on the removal with both anodes. Liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection analysis showed that the OC in CTBD mainly consisted of humic substances (HS). EO with the BDD-anode resulted in 35% HS mineralization, while the rest of the HS were partially oxidized into low molecular weight compounds and building blocks. However, HS mineralization was limited with the MMO-anode. The mineralization and oxidation were accompanied by the formation of organic and inorganic chlorinated species. These species increased the toxicity to Vibrio fischeri 20-fold compared to the initially low-toxic CTBD. Thus, EO with a BDD-anode is a promising pre-treatment technology for the removal of OCs before CTBD deionization, but measures to minimize the chlorinated species formation are required before its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Saha
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Harry Bruning
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas V Wagner
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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9
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Yu W, Song D, Chen W, Yang H. Antiscalants in RO membrane scaling control. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:115985. [PMID: 32619802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) plays an important role in freshwater production. Mineral scaling is an inevitable problem in the RO desalination process. Various methods, including the pretreatment of feed water, the optimization of operational processes, the development of novel membrane materials, and the addition of antiscalants, have been developed to mitigate scale formation in RO systems. Among these methods, the addition of antiscalants is a relatively cost-effective and convenient technique for membrane scaling control. In the current work, various kinds of antiscalants, scale inhibition mechanisms, and their applications to RO membrane scaling control are reviewed. Weakness of existing antiscalants and challenge arising from their practical applications, such as membrane fouling caused by antiscalants, increased bacterial growth, dosing control, and the disposal of resultant concentrates, are also presented. To effectively alleviate scaling on RO membrane by using antiscalants, the development of novel, high-performance, and environment-friendly antiscalants on the basis of an in-depth study of the inhibition mechanisms and well-established structure-activity relationships is urgently necessary. The optimization of antiscalants and their combinations with other pretreatments in practical RO operations are essential in efficient scaling control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Di Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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10
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Haq I, Mazumder P, Kalamdhad AS. Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 312:123636. [PMID: 32527619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pulp and paper mill wastewater contains lignin related synthetic, aromatic and chlorinated chemical compounds. Extracting lignin from pulp and paper mill wastewater is one way of recovering valuable organic material. Due to its complex structure, lignin is difficult to break and provides economical and technical provocations in biomass recovery. The conventional wastewater treatment processes are seldom efficacious for the complete removal of lignin from paper mill effluents. A wide range of thermal, mechanical and physico-chemical methods have been reported for the removal of lignin. Moreover, biological method of lignin removal employed microorganisms including bacteria and fungi as a one-step treatment and/or amalgamation of various physico-chemical techniques. Compared with other methods, biological process for degradation of lignin is regarded as eco-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable. Therefore, this review will provide insight into the recent breakthroughs and future trends in lignin removal with special emphasis on biological treatment and scope of lignin utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izharul Haq
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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11
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Kamali M, Khodaparast Z. Review on recent developments on pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:326-42. [PMID: 24953005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Economic benefits of the pulp and paper industry have led it to be one of the most important industrial sections in the world. Nevertheless, in recent years, pulp and paper mills are facing challenges with the energy efficiency mechanisms and management of the resulting pollutants, considering the environmental feedbacks and ongoing legal requirements. This study reviews and discusses the recent developments of affordable methods dealing with pulp and paper mill wastewaters. To this end, the current state of the various processes used for pulp and paper production from virgin or recovered fibers has been briefly reviewed. Also, the relevant contaminants have been investigated, considering the used raw materials and applied techniques as the subject for further discussion about the relevant suitable wastewater treatment methods. The results of the present study indicated that adopting the integrated methods, alongside a combination of biological (e.g., anaerobic digestion) and physicochemical (e.g., novel Fenton reactions) treatment methods, can be environmentally and economically preferable to minimize environmental contaminants and energy recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Khodaparast
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Chauhan K, Patiyal P, Chauhan GS, Sharma P. Star-shaped polymers of bio-inspired algae core and poly(acrylamide) and poly(acrylic acid) as arms in dissolution of silica/silicate. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 56:225-233. [PMID: 24681378 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silica, in natural waters (due to weathering of rocks) decreases system performance in water processing industry due to scaling. In view of that, the present work involves the synthesis of novel green star shaped additives of algae core (a bio-inspired material as diatom maintains silicic acid equilibrium in sea water) as silica polymerization inhibitors. Star shaped materials with bio-inspired core and poly(acrylamide) [poly(AAm)] and poly(acrylic acid) [poly(AAc)] arms were synthesized by economical green approach. The proficiency was evaluated in 'mini lab' scale for the synthesized APAAm (Algae-g-poly(AAm)) and APAAc (Algae-g-poly(AAc)) dendrimers (star shaped) in colloidal silica mitigation/inhibition at 35 °C and 55 °C. Synthesized dendrimers were equally proficient in silica inhibition at 12 h and maintains ≥450 ppm soluble silica. However, APAAm dendrimers of generation 0 confirmed better results (≈300 ppm) in contrast to APAAc dendrimers in silica inhibition at 55 °C. Additionally, dendrimers also worked as a nucleator for heterogeneous polymerization to inhibit silica homo-polymerization. APAAm dendrimer test set showed no silica deposit for more than 10 days of inhibition. EDX characterization results support nucleator mechanism with Si content of 6.97%-10.98% by weight in silica deposits (SiO2-APAAm dendrimer composites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India.
| | - Priyanka Patiyal
- Department of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | | | - Praveen Sharma
- Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board, Shimla 171009, India
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Ioannou L, Michael C, Vakondios N, Drosou K, Xekoukoulotakis N, Diamadopoulos E, Fatta-Kassinos D. Winery wastewater purification by reverse osmosis and oxidation of the concentrate by solar photo-Fenton. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Boels L, Keesman KJ, Witkamp GJ. Adsorption of phosphonate antiscalant from reverse osmosis membrane concentrate onto granular ferric hydroxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9638-9645. [PMID: 22873428 DOI: 10.1021/es302186k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adsorptive removal of antiscalants offers a promising way to improve current reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate treatment processes and enables the reuse of the antiscalant in the RO desalination process. This work investigates the adsorption and desorption of the phosphonate antiscalant nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP) from RO membrane concentrate onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), a material that consists predominantly of akaganéite. The kinetics of the adsorption of NTMP onto GFH was predicted fairly well with two models that consider either combined film-pore or combined film-surface diffusion as the main mechanism for mass transport. It is also demonstrated that NTMP is preferentially adsorbed over sulfate by GFH at pH 7.85. The presence of calcium causes a transformation in the equilibrium adsorption isotherm from a Langmuir type to a Freundlich type with much higher adsorption capacities. Furthermore, calcium also increases the rate of adsorption substantially. GFH is reusable after regeneration with sodium hydroxide solution, indicating that NTMP can be potentially recovered from the RO concentrate. This work shows that GFH is a promising adsorbent for the removal and recovery of NTMP antiscalant from RO membrane concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciaan Boels
- Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Hermosilla D, Merayo N, Ordóñez R, Blanco A. Optimization of conventional Fenton and ultraviolet-assisted oxidation processes for the treatment of reverse osmosis retentate from a paper mill. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:1236-1243. [PMID: 22244652 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
According to current environmental legislation concerned with water scarcity, paper industry is being forced to adopt a zero liquid effluent policy. In consequence, reverse osmosis (RO) systems are being assessed as the final step of effluent treatment trains aiming to recover final wastewater and reuse it as process water. One of the most important drawbacks of these treatments is the production of a retentated stream, which is usually highly loaded with biorecalcitrant organic matter and inorganics; and this effluent must meet current legislation stringent constraints before being ultimately disposed. The treatment of biorefractory RO retentate from a paper mill by several promising advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) - conventional Fenton, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis - was optimized considering the effect and interaction of reaction parameters; particularly using response surface methodology (RSM) when appropriate (Fenton processes). The economical cost of these treatments was also comparatively assessed. Photo-Fenton process was able to totally remove the COD of the retentate, and resulted even operatively cheaper at high COD removal levels than conventional Fenton, which achieved an 80% reduction of the COD at best. In addition, although these optimal results were produced at pH=2.8, it was also tested that Fenton processes are able to achieve good COD reduction efficiencies (>60%) without adjusting the initial pH value, provided the natural pH of this wastewater was close to neutral. Finally, although TiO(2)-photocatalysis showed the least efficient and most expensive figures, it improved the biodegradability of the retentate, so its combination with a final biological step almost achieved the total removal of the COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hermosilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Pérez-González A, Urtiaga AM, Ibáñez R, Ortiz I. State of the art and review on the treatment technologies of water reverse osmosis concentrates. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:267-283. [PMID: 22119366 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for fresh water is partially satisfied by desalination plants that increasingly use membrane technologies and among them reverse osmosis to produce purified water. Operating with water recoveries from 35% to 85% RO plants generate huge volumes of concentrates containing all the retained compounds that are commonly discharged to water bodies and constitute a potentially serious threat to marine ecosystems; therefore there is an urgent need for environmentally friendly management options of RO brines. This paper gives an overview on the potential treatments to overcome the environmental problems associated to the direct discharge of RO concentrates. The treatment options have been classified according to the source of RO concentrates and the maturity of the technologies. For the sake of clarity three different sources of RO concentrates are differentiated i) desalination plants, ii) tertiary processes in WWTP, and iii) mining industries. Starting with traditional treatments such as evaporation and crystallization other technologies that have emerged in last years to reduce the volume of the concentrate before disposal and with the objective of achieving zero liquid discharge and recovery of valuable compounds from these effluents are also reviewed. Most of these emerging technologies have been developed at laboratory or pilot plant scale (see Table 1). With regard to RO concentrates from WWTP, the manuscript addresses recent studies that are mainly focused on reducing the organic pollutant load through the application of innovative advanced oxidation technologies. Finally, works that report the treatment of RO concentrates from industrial sources are analyzed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-González
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y QI. ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
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Antony A, Low JH, Gray S, Childress AE, Le-Clech P, Leslie G. Scale formation and control in high pressure membrane water treatment systems: A review. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Comstock SEH, Boyer TH, Graf KC. Treatment of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrates: comparison of precipitative softening, coagulation, and anion exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:4855-4865. [PMID: 21774956 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Disposal and treatment of concentrate from nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are major challenges to implementing membrane treatment processes. Intermediate treatment of membrane concentrate, between primary and secondary membrane stages, has the potential to increase membrane recovery rates and decrease the volume of concentrate produced. To achieve this, however, there is a need to better understand treatment of membrane concentrate. As a result, this work systematically evaluated lime softening, ferric sulfate coagulation, and magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) as individual, intermediate treatment processes for membrane concentrate. Six membrane concentrates, from NF and RO, with varying concentrations of calcium, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and sulfate were chosen for this study. Maximum removal of calcium was achieved by lime softening, whereas maximum removals of DOM and sulfate were achieved by MIEX. The results of this work show that intermediate treatment of NF/RO concentrate is capable of producing treated concentrate with water quality approximately equal to the initial source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E H Comstock
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
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Effect of antiscalant degradation on salt precipitation and solid/liquid separation of RO concentrate. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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