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Lu Y, Wang S. Theoretical explanation of direct photolysis and indirect photolysis of bendazone with •OH, •SO 4-, and •CO 3- in water: mechanism insights and ecotoxicity evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:18982-18992. [PMID: 38353814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Bendazone (BNTE) is an herbicide and a highly concerned pollutant in aquatic environments. Understanding the photochemical behavior of BNTE in water is crucial for evaluating its photochemical conversion process in aquatic environments. This study analyzed the direct photolysis and indirect photolysis pathways of two dissociated forms of BNTE in water through density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory method. The results show that the reaction types of indirect photolysis of BNTE with free radicals (•OH, •SO4-, and •CO3-) are OH- addition, SO4- addition, and CO3- addition. In the process of indirect photolysis of BNTE and free radicals, the photolysis of •OH and BNTE was the easiest, followed by •SO4-. In addition, the active site of BNTE reacting with •OH is C8, and the active site of BNTE reacting with •SO4- is C10. However, the photolysis effect of •CO3- on BNTE is very small, indicating that •CO3- in water plays a secondary role in the indirect photolysis of BNTE. In the direct photolysis of BNTE, N1-C6 bond breaking is difficult to occur spontaneously in the environment due to its high endothermic property and energy barrier. The direct photolysis pathway of BNTE involves the break of the N1-S2/S2-N3/N3-C12 bond. In addition, the ecological toxicity evaluation showed that toxicity of most of the degradation products were reduced, but the toxicity level was still maintained at a harmful level. Our findings provide the photochemical fate of BNTE in aquatic environments and will help to more accurately understand their photochemical conversion mechanisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Se Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Wang P, Cao M, Pan F, Liu J, Wan Y, Wang H, Xia W. Bentazone in water and human urine in Wuhan, central China: exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7089-7095. [PMID: 34467478 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bentazone is a widely used post-emergence herbicide, while no data was available on its concentrations in tap water from China and in urine among the general population. It was determined in the source (Wuhan section of the Yangtze River watershed), treated, and tap water (n = 20, 20, and 170, respectively) in different seasons (2019) in Wuhan, central China. Also, urine samples (n = 38) collected from healthy adults in Wuhan (September 2020) were analyzed to characterize its urinary concentration. Bentazone was detected in all the source and treated water samples. Its concentrations in the source water in July were higher than those in February (median: 17.9 ng/L vs. 2.86 ng/L) (p < 0.05). It cannot be removed efficiently (27.8-27.9%) by conventional drinking water treatment using NaClO, but it can be efficiently removed by using chlorine dioxide or ozone combined with activated carbon. Bentazone was frequently detected (detection frequency: 96.3%) in 160 tap water samples (underwent conventional treatment) (median: 1.95 ng/L, range: <0.02-47.0 ng/L), while it was not detectable in tap water samples that underwent ozone combined with activated carbon. Seasonal variations were found, with the lowest median concentration (ng/L) in April (0.46) and the highest in July (17.6). In addition, bentazone was frequently (92.1%) detected in human urine samples (median: 0.02 ng/mL; range: < 0.01-0.11 ng/mL). The estimated daily intake of bentazone based on its median concentration in tap water (0.04 ng/kg-body weight [bw]/day) accounted for approximately 8% of that based on the median urinary concentration (0.48 ng/kg-bw/day). This is the first time to characterize its occurrence in drinking water from China and its occurrence in the urine of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Cao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaiji Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Pergal MV, Kodranov ID, Pergal MM, Avdin VV, Manojlović DD. Oxidative degradation and mineralization of bentazone from water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:1069-1079. [PMID: 32880524 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1816091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bentazone degradation efficiency and mineralization in water solutions using chlorine dioxide treatment were evaluated. Double distilled water and a river water sample spiked with bentazone were studied and compared after chlorine dioxide treatment. Degradation efficiency was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Daphnia magna toxicity testing and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis were used to ascertain the toxicity of the degraded solutions and mineralization degree. Bentazone degradation products were identified using gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass detector (GC-MS-MS). A simple mechanistic scheme for oxidative degradation of bentazone was proposed based on the degradation products that were identified. Decrease in D. magna mortality, high degradation efficiency and partial bentazone mineralization were achieved by waters containing bentazone degradation products, which indicate the formation of less toxic compounds than the parent bentazone and effective removal of bentazone from the waters. Bentazone degraded into four main degradation products. Humic acid from Sava River water influenced bentazone degradation, resulting in a lower degradation efficiency in this matrix (about 10% lower than in distilled water). Chlorine dioxide treatment of water to degrade bentazone is efficient and offers a novel approach in the development of new technology for removal of this herbicide from contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija V Pergal
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor D Kodranov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Viacheslav V Avdin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Exact Sciences, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Dragan D Manojlović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Exact Sciences, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Liu W, Yao H, Xu W, Liu G, Wang X, Tu Y, Shi P, Yu N, Li A, Wei S. Suspect screening and risk assessment of pollutants in the wastewater from a chemical industry park in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114493. [PMID: 32302876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the production and use of chemicals in chemical industry parks (CIPs), these areas are considered to be highly polluted. However, the type of pollutants presents in the wastewater from CIPs and the risk posed to the environment due to the release of these pollutants remains unclear. In this study, suspect screening was combined with traceability analysis to determine the type of pollutants present in wastewaters at 9 chemical enterprises and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the CIPs. Additionally, the distribution of nine pollutants from the WWTPs' effluent stage and the risk they posed to the surrounding river was examined through target analysis. Upon conducting suspect analysis, the presence of 65 and 64 chemicals in the 9 chemical enterprises' wastewaters and WWTPs, respectively, was tentatively identified. Traceability analysis of the compounds screened in the effluent from the WWTPs determined that 41 substances were identified as characteristic pollutants of the chemical enterprises, indicating that the suspect screening strategy enabled relatively more efficient identification of the characteristic pollutants compared to traditional quantitative analysis. Targeting analysis combined with ecological risk assessment showed that metolachlor, carbendazim, atrazine, diuron, and chlorpyrifos posed relatively higher risks to aquatic organisms in the surrounding river. Therefore, the refined management of the wastewater treatment plant in the CIPs is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongye Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.
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Gao X, Ouyang W, Lin C, Wang K, Hao F, Hao X, Lian Z. Considering atmospheric N 2O dynamic in SWAT model avoids the overestimation of N 2O emissions in river networks. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115624. [PMID: 32092545 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modeling studies have focused on N2O emissions in temperate rivers under static atmospheric N2O (N2Oairc), with cold temperate river networks under dynamic N2Oairc receiving less attention. To address this knowledge and methodological gap, the dissolved N2O concentration (N2Odisc) and N2Oairc algorithms were integrated with an air-water gas exchange model (FN2O) into the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). This new model (SWAT-FN2O) allows users to simulate daily riverine N2O emissions under dynamic atmospheric N2O. The spatiotemporal fluctuations in the riverine N2O emissions was simulated and its response to the static and dynamic atmospheric N2O were analyzed in a middle-high latitude agricultural watershed in northeastern China. The results show that the SWAT-FN2O model is a useful method for capturing the hotspots in riverine N2O emissions. The model showed strong riverine N2O absorption and weak N2O emissions from September to February, which acted as a sink for atmospheric N2O in this cold temperate area. High N2O emissions occurred from April to July, which accounted for 83.34% of the yearly emissions. Spatial analysis indicated that the main stream and its tributary could contribute 302.3-1043.7 and 41.5-163.4 μg N2O/(m2·d) to the total riverine N2O emissions (15.02 t/a), respectively. The riverine N2O emissions rates in the subbasins dominated by forests and paddy fields were lower than those in the subbasins dominated by arable and residential land. Riverine N2O emissions can be overestimated under the static atmospheric N2O rather than under the increasing atmospheric N2O. This overestimation has increased from 1.52% to 23.97% from 1990 to 2016 under the static atmospheric N2O. The results of this study are valuable for water quality and future climate change assessments that aim to protect aquatic and atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Chunye Lin
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kaicun Wang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fanghua Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhongmin Lian
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Salient to Whom? The Positioning of German Political Parties on Agricultural Pollutants in Water Bodies. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Scholars have increasingly argued for an integration of policies on agriculture and water due to their strong interlinkage. The entry of agricultural pollutants into water represents one of the main pressures on Europe’s ground and surface waters. This not only poses a risk to the environment and human health but also jeopardizes meeting the targets set by the EU Water Framework Directive. Research on the political agenda setting has shown that issue salience is key for triggering policy change. Nevertheless, Germany has repeatedly failed to adopt adequate policy measures despite the salience of the issue among the German public and increasing pressure by the EU. In this study, I shed light on the positioning of political parties in Germany on agricultural pollutants to explain the absence of policy change. More specifically, I ask whether there is an ideological division between political parties that hampers the adoption of effective, integrated policy measures. A qualitative content analysis of election manifestos published between 1998 and 2018 finds that political parties’ policy positions are predominantly influenced by their placement on an environmental and an economic ideological dimension. As a result, political parties in Germany advocate conflictive policy approaches, which is detrimental to the adoption of effective policy measures.
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Brunsch AF, Langenhoff AAM, Rijnaarts HHM, Ahring A, Ter Laak TL. In situ removal of four organic micropollutants in a small river determined by monitoring and modelling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:758-766. [PMID: 31195176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) are widely detected in surface waters. So far, the removal processes of these compounds in situ in river systems are not yet totally revealed. In this study, a combined monitoring and modelling approach was applied to determine the behaviour of 1-H benzotriazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac and galaxolide in a small river system. Sewage treatment plant effluents and the receiving waters of the river Swist were monitored in 9 dry weather sampling campaigns (precipitation < 1 mm on the sampling day itself and <5 mm total precipitation two days before the sampling) during different seasons over a period of 3 years. With the results gained through monitoring, mass balances have been calculated to assess fate in the river. With the DWA Water Quality Model, OMP concentrations in the river were successfully simulated with OMP characteristics gained through literature studies. No removal was determined for 1-H benzotriazole and carbamazepine, whereas diclofenac showed removal that coincided with light intensity. Moreover, modelling based on light sensitivity of diclofenac also suggested relevant degradation at natural light conditions. These two approaches suggest removal by photodegradation. The highest removal in the river was detected for galaxolide, presumably due to volatilisation, sorption and biodegradation. Furthermore, short-term concentration variability in the river was determined, showing that daily concentration patterns are influenced by dynamics of sewage treatment plant effluent volumes and removal processes in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Brunsch
- Erftverband, Department of River Basin Management, Am Erftverband 6, 50126, Bergheim, Germany; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ahring
- Erftverband, Department of River Basin Management, Am Erftverband 6, 50126, Bergheim, Germany
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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Vandermaesen J, Horemans B, Degryse J, Boonen J, Walravens E, Springael D. The pesticide mineralization capacity in sand filter units of drinking water treatment plants (DWTP): Consistency in time and relationship with intake water and sand filter characteristics. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:427-436. [PMID: 31051344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sand filters (SFs) are commonly applied in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) for removal of iron and manganese but also show potential for microbial degradation of pesticide residues. The latter is advantageous in case the intake water contains pesticide residues. However, whether this involves mineralization suggesting no generation of harmful transformation products, its consistency over time, and how this ability relates to physicochemical and biological characteristics of the DWTP intake water and the SFs is unknown. The capacity to mineralize the herbicides bentazon and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) was examined in SF samples from 11 DWTPs differing in operation, intake water composition and pesticide contamination level. MCPA was mineralized in all biologically active SFs while mineralization of bentazon occurred rarely. Mineralization of both compounds was consistent in time and across samples taken from different SF units of the same DWTP. Kinetic modelling of mineralization curves suggested the occurrence of growth linked bentazon and MCPA mineralization in several SF samples. Multivariate analysis correlating intake water/SF characteristics with pesticide mineralization indicated that pesticide mineralization capacity depended on a range of intake water characteristics, but was not necessarily explained by the presence of the pesticide in the intake water and hence the in situ exposure of the SF community to the pesticide. This was supported by testing a sample from DWTP Kluizen for its capacity to mineralize 5 other pesticides including pesticides not present or occasionally present in the intake water. All of those pesticides were mineralized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vandermaesen
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Bus 2459, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Horemans
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Bus 2459, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Julie Degryse
- Centraal Laboratorium, De Watergroep, Researchpark Haasrode Leuven 1834, Technologielaan 23, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jos Boonen
- Centraal Laboratorium, De Watergroep, Researchpark Haasrode Leuven 1834, Technologielaan 23, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Eddy Walravens
- Centraal Laboratorium, De Watergroep, Researchpark Haasrode Leuven 1834, Technologielaan 23, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk Springael
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Bus 2459, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
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Song S, Zhang C, Chen Z, Wei J, Tan H, Li X. Hydrolysis and photolysis of bentazone in aqueous abiotic solutions and identification of its degradation products using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10127-10135. [PMID: 30746627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis and photolysis of bentazone in abiotic aqueous solutions were examined under laboratory conditions. Hydrolysis was studied in different buffer solutions (pH 4.0 ± 0.1, 7.0 ± 0.1, and 9.0 ± 0.1), at different temperatures (15 °C ± 2 °C, 25 °C ± 2 °C, 35 °C ± 2 °C, and 45 °C ± 2 °C), and at different Fe3+ concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/L). Photolysis was assessed in different buffer solutions and at different solvent (methanol and ethyl acetate) concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%) or Fe3+ (1, 5, and 10 mg/L) concentrations and under mercury or xenon light irradiation. Hydrolysis half-lives ranged 46-99 days at three different conditions. Photolysis half-lives ranged 2.3-7.5 h in three different conditions under mercury and xenon irradiation. Hydrolysis and photolysis of bentazone were accelerated by both alkaline conditions and elevated temperatures, and solvents and Fe3+ strongly enhanced bentazone degradation. Photodecomposition was much faster under a mercury lamp than under a xenon lamp. N-methyl bentazone and 6-OH bentazone/8-OH bentazone were identified as degradation products using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The data generated from this study could be useful for risk assessment of pesticides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Cuifang Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zhaojie Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Huihua Tan
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Tsaboula A, Menexes G, Papadakis EN, Vryzas Z, Kotopoulou A, Kintzikoglou K, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. Assessment and management of pesticide pollution at a river basin level part II: Optimization of pesticide monitoring networks on surface aquatic ecosystems by data analysis methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1612-1622. [PMID: 30424893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The high cost of extensive pesticide monitoring studies, required for the protection of water resources, and the necessity of early identification of environmental threats, highlighted the need for prioritization of pesticides and sampling sites to be monitored. The aim of this study was to develop an optimum surface water monitoring network at a catchment scale including only the sites of a catchment vulnerable to pesticide pollution. The identification of sampling sites vulnerable to pesticide pollution (VPS) was based on the data of an intensive monitoring survey of 302 pesticides in 102 stationary sampling sites located on the surface water network of a river basin. In the proposed methodology the left-censored data of the analytical results derived from the above mentioned monitoring campaign were included in the statistical analyses by transforming all the raw data into categorical variables and arranging them in ordinal scales based on ecotoxicological thresholds derived from pesticide toxicity tests on aquatic non-target organisms. The categorized data were subjected to Categorical Principal Component Analysis with Optimal Scaling. For the identification of the VPS, the Squared Mahalanobis Distance criterion was applied on the extracted values (scores) of the significant principal components. With this methodology a 46% reduction in the number of the monitoring stations was achieved. This approach will be valuable in establishing more cost effective monitoring schemes in the future in other basins and in developing targeted measures to eliminate or limit the effect of critical pollution sources in surface aquatic systems. Moreover, by applying the proposed methodology, historical monitoring data can be used to initiate more efficient pesticide monitoring campaigns in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Tsaboula
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - George Menexes
- Laboratory of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Emmanouil-Nikolaos Papadakis
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Zisis Vryzas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestias, Greece.
| | - Athina Kotopoulou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Katerina Kintzikoglou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Euphemia Papadopoulou-Mourkidou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Stipaničev D, Dragun Z, Repec S, Rebok K, Jordanova M. Broad spectrum screening of 463 organic contaminants in rivers in Macedonia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:48-59. [PMID: 27685670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Target screening of 463 organic contaminants in surface water using ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) with direct injection was performed in spring of 2015 in northern Macedonia, at six sampling sites in four rivers belonging to Vardar basin: Kriva, Zletovska, Bregalnica and Vardar. The aim of the study was to differentiate between various types of organic contamination characteristic for different types of anthropogenic activities, such as mining, agriculture, and urbanization. Depending on the studied river, 9-16% of analyzed compounds were detected. The highest total levels of organic contaminants were recorded in agriculturally impacted Bregalnica River (1839-1962ngL-1) and Vardar River downstream from the city of Skopje (1945ngL-1), whereas the lowest level was found in the mining impacted Zletovska River (989ngL-1). The principal organic contaminants of the Bregalnica River were herbicides (45-55% of all detected compounds; 838-1094ngL-1), with the highest concentrations of bentazone (407-530ngL-1) and molinate (84-549ngL-1), common herbicides in rice cultivation. The main organic contaminants in the other rivers were drugs (70-80% of all detected compounds), with antibiotics as a predominant drug class. The highest drug concentrations were measured in the Vardar River, downstream from Skopje (1544ngL-1). Screening of surface water by UHPLC-QTOF-MS was proven as a practical tool for fast collection of comprehensive preliminary information on organic contamination of natural waters, which can present a significant contribution in the monitoring and preservation of good ecological status of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Draženka Stipaničev
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Dragun
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Biological Effects of Metals, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Siniša Repec
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katerina Rebok
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Maja Jordanova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
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Caldas SS, Bolzan CM, Guilherme JR, Silveira MAK, Escarrone ALV, Primel EG. Determination of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides in surface and treated waters: method development and survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5855-5863. [PMID: 23539208 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Water is fundamental to the existence of life since it is essential to a series of activities, such as agriculture, power generation, and public and industrial supplies. The residual water generated by these activities is released into the environment, reaches the water systems, and becomes a potential risk to nontarget organisms. This paper reports the development and validation of a quantitative method, based on solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, for the simultaneous analysis of 18 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and 33 pesticides in surface and drinking waters. The accuracy of the method was determined by calculating the recoveries, which ranged from 70 to 120 % for most pesticides and PPCPs, whereas limits of quantification ranged from 0.8 to 40 ng/L. After the validation step, the method was applied to drinking and surface waters. Pesticides and PPCPs were found in concentrations lower than 135.5 ng/L. The evaluation of different water sources with regard to contamination by pesticides and PPCPs has been quite poor in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiane Souza Caldas
- Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, 96201-900, Brazil.
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Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:77-88. [PMID: 23820846 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin exposures to chemicals may lead, through percutaneous permeation, to a significant increase in systemic circulation. Skin is the primary route of entry during some occupational activities, especially in agriculture. To reduce skin exposures, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended. PPE efficiency is characterized as the time until products permeate through material (lag time, Tlag). Both skin and PPE permeations are assessed using similar in vitro methods; the diffusion cell system. Flow-through diffusion cells were used in this study to assess the permeation of two herbicides, bentazon and isoproturon, as well as four related commercial formulations (Basagran(®), Basamais(®), Arelon(®) and Matara(®)). Permeation was measured through fresh excised human skin, protective clothing suits (suits) (Microchem(®) 3000, AgriSafe Pro(®), Proshield(®) and Microgard(®) 2000 Plus Green), and a combination of skin and suits. Both herbicides, tested by itself or as an active ingredient in formulations, permeated readily through human skin and tested suits (Tlag < 2 h). High permeation coefficients were obtained regardless of formulations or tested membranes, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Short Tlag, were observed even when skin was covered with suits, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Kp values tended to decrease when suits covered the skin (except when Arelon(®) was applied to skin covered with AgriSafe Pro and Microgard(®) 2000), suggesting that Tlag alone is insufficient in characterizing suits. To better estimate human skin permeations, in vitro experiments should not only use human skin but also consider the intended use of the suit, i.e., the active ingredient concentrations and type of formulations, which significantly affect skin permeation.
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