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Martín-Sómer M, Pablos C, Adán C, van Grieken R, Marugán J. A review on led technology in water photodisinfection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163963. [PMID: 37149196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The increase in efficiency achieved by UV LED devices has led to a compelling increase in research reports on UV LED water treatment for consumption in the past few years. This paper presents an in-depth review based on recent studies on the suitability and performance of UV LED-driven processes for water disinfection. The effect of different UV wavelengths and their combinations was analysed for the inactivation of various microorganisms and the inhibition of repair mechanisms. Whereas 265 nm UVC LED present a higher DNA damaging potential, 280 nm radiation is reported to repress photoreactivation and dark repair. No synergistic effects have been proved to exist when coupling UVB + UVC whereas sequential UVA-UVC radiation seemed to enhance inactivation. Benefits of pulsed over continuous radiation in terms of germicidal effects and energy consumption were also analysed, but with inconclusive results. However, pulsed radiation may be promising for improving thermal management. As a challenge, the use of UV LED sources introduces significant inhomogeneities in the light distribution, pushing for the development of adequate simulation methods to ensure that the minimum target dose required for the target microbes is achieved. Concerning energy consumption, selecting the optimal wavelength of the UV LED needs a compromise between the quantum efficiency of the process and the electricity-to-photon conversion. The expected development of the UV LED industry in the next few years points to UVC LED as a promising technology for water disinfection at a large scale that could be competitive in the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martín-Sómer
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pablos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Adán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael van Grieken
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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Itani N, El Fadel M. Microbial inactivation kinetics of UV LEDs and effect of operating conditions: A methodological critical analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163727. [PMID: 37120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tiny ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LED)s that are replacing the conventional energy-intensive mercury UV lamps have gained interest since the early 2000's because of their promising advantages. In the context of microbial inactivation (MI) of waterborne microbes, disinfection kinetics of those LEDs exhibited variations among studies, in terms of varying the UV wavelength, the exposure time, power, and dose (UV fluence) as well as other operational conditions. While reported results may appear contradictory when examined separately, they probably are not when analyzed collectively. As such, in this study, we carry out a quantitative collective regression analysis of the reported data to shed light on the kinetics of MI by the emerging UV LEDs technology alongside the effects of varying operational conditions. The main goal is to identify dose response requirements for UV LEDs and to compare them to traditional UV lamps in addition to ascertaining optimal settings that could help in achieving the optimal inactivation outcome for comparable UV doses. The analysis showed that kinetically, UV LEDs are as effective as conventional mercury lamps for water disinfection, and at times more effective, especially for UV resistant microbes. We defined the maximal efficiency at two wavelengths, 260-265 nm and 280 nm, among a wide range of available LED wavelengths. We also defined the UV fluence per log inactivation of tested microbes. At the operational level, we identified existing gaps and developed a framework for a comprehensive analysis program for future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Itani
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M El Fadel
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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Thatcher CH, Adams BR. Modeling specular and diffuse reflection of UV LEDs for microbial inactivation in air ducts. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lombini M, Diolaiti E, De Rosa A, Lessio L, Pareschi G, Bianco A, Cortecchia F, Fiorini M, Fiorini G, Malaguti G, Zanutta A. Design of optical cavity for air sanification through ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18688-18704. [PMID: 34154120 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of airborne pathogens represents a major threat to worldwide public health. Ultraviolet light irradiation can contribute to the sanification of air to reduce the pathogen transmission. We have designed a compact filter for airborne pathogen inactivation by means of UVC LED sources, whose effective irradiance is enhanced thanks to high reflective surfaces. We used ray-tracing and computational fluid dynamic simulations to model the device and to maximize the performance inside the filter volume. Simulations also show the inhibition of SARS-Cov-2 in the case of high air fluxes. This study demonstrates that current available LED technology is effective for air sanification purposes.
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Gerchman Y, Mamane H, Friedman N, Mandelboim M. UV-LED disinfection of Coronavirus: Wavelength effect. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 212:112044. [PMID: 33022467 PMCID: PMC7521879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UV light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) are an emerging technology and a UV source for pathogen inactivation, however low UV-LED wavelengths are costly and have low fluence rate. Our results suggest that the sensitivity of human Coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 used as SARS-CoV-2 surrogate) was wavelength dependent with 267 nm ~ 279 nm > 286 nm > 297 nm. Other viruses showed similar results, suggesting UV LED with peak emission at ~286 nm could serve as an effective tool in the fight against human Coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Gerchman
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa and Oranim College, Tivon 3600600, Israel.
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nehemya Friedman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Keshavarzfathy M, Malayeri AH, Mohseni M, Taghipour F. UV-LED fluence determination by numerical method for microbial inactivation studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Sholtes K, Linden KG. Pulsed and continuous light UV LED: microbial inactivation, electrical, and time efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114965. [PMID: 31437635 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have increasing applications in the inactivation of microorganisms in water, air, food, and on surfaces. System designers currently have metrics for comparison of the microbial and energy efficiency of UV LEDs, but these have not included a time component. Without including the time efficiency of a UV LED, neither the fluence-basis nor the electrical-basis of comparison clarifies which UV LED wavelength and operating condition is optimal for a design space. This research explores microbial inactivation of UV LEDs at various wavelengths under continuous and pulsing operating conditions. Planktonic microorganisms of relevance to public water supplies and UV system design are included: E. coli and MS-2 for benchmarking against previous studies and P. aeruginosa which has not been studied in pulsed systems or for continuous and combined UV LED wavelengths. Pulsing UV LEDs at various duty rates (percent of cycle spent on) and frequencies (number of cycles per second) does not result in a statistically significant disinfection performance difference over the continuous light operation at that respective wavelength. UV LEDs emitting at peak wavelengths corresponding to the peak action spectrum of a microorganism are optimal on a fluence-basis, but these are typically less electrically efficient UV LEDs. System designers can compare the normalized microbial inactivation, electrical, and time efficiencies (ENETO) of various UV LEDs; ENETO ≥1 for a pulsing condition ensures equal or improved efficiency compared to the continuous light condition while expanding the lifetime of the UV LED and decreasing the size or cost of associated power supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Sholtes
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.
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Radiation modeling of ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) for water treatment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Li X, Cai M, Wang L, Niu F, Yang D, Zhang G. Evaluation survey of microbial disinfection methods in UV-LED water treatment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1415-1427. [PMID: 31096352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is an early discovered technology that is currently and widely used for water treatment and food hygiene treatment. A newly emerging technology of UV disinfection, that is, UV light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), has aroused considerable research attention. UV-LEDs feature numerous advantages compared with traditional UV mercury vapor lamps and are expected to replace traditional UV lamps. Researchers currently perform studies to obtain data and develop methods for UV-LED water treatment systems. This article analyzes the latest research status and discusses the types of inactivation factors, such as the wavelength selectivity of UV light source, control of UV dose, effect of inactivation rate constant (K) (cm2/mJ), working mode of water sample, external auxiliary system, and UV sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria in water. The wavelengths of approximately 260 and 280 nm normally feature strong inactivation characteristics. When compared with the approximately 260 nm wavelength chip, the around 280 nm wavelength chip proves to be a better choice as its higher wavelength light power can result in faster disinfection capacity of bacteria. UV dose can also be used as the reference value for disinfection of drinking water, whereas the inactivation rate constant (K) (cm2/mJ) varies with different microorganism internal structures. Changing the working mode or adding an auxiliary system can also enhance the inactivation effect in water treatment system settings. In addition, we can compare the inactivation capacities of several pathogens as follows: ΦX174 > Escherichia coli > T type bacteriophage >Bacillus subtilis > MS2 or Qβ > human adenovirus. The in-depth investigation and discussion of inactivation factors and the mechanism of action in UV-LEDs water treatment systems will establish a more efficient UV-LED disinfection method in the future, provide a guiding direction, and promote the standardization and normalization of pathogen inactivation mechanism in UV-LED water treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- School of Mechanism and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Miao Cai
- School of Mechanism and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Mechanism and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fanfan Niu
- School of Mechanism and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Daoguo Yang
- School of Mechanism and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- School of Mechanism and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Delft Institute of Microsystems and Nanoelectronics (Dimes), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 6, 2628CD Delft, the Netherlands
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10
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UV-LED radiation modeling and its applications in UV dose determination for water treatment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jenny RM, Jasper MN, Simmons OD, Shatalov M, Ducoste JJ. Heuristic optimization of a continuous flow point-of-use UV-LED disinfection reactor using computational fluid dynamics. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 83:310-318. [PMID: 26179637 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternative disinfection sources such as ultraviolet light (UV) are being pursued to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, while simultaneously reducing the risk of exposure to carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. UV-LEDs offer a UV disinfecting source that do not contain mercury, have the potential for long lifetimes, are robust, and have a high degree of design flexibility. However, the increased flexibility in design options will add a substantial level of complexity when developing a UV-LED reactor, particularly with regards to reactor shape, size, spatial orientation of light, and germicidal emission wavelength. Anticipating that LEDs are the future of UV disinfection, new methods are needed for designing such reactors. In this research study, the evaluation of a new design paradigm using a point-of-use UV-LED disinfection reactor has been performed. ModeFrontier, a numerical optimization platform, was coupled with COMSOL Multi-physics, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, to generate an optimized UV-LED continuous flow reactor. Three optimality conditions were considered: 1) single objective analysis minimizing input supply power while achieving at least (2.0) log10 inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 11229; and 2) two multi-objective analyses (one of which maximized the log10 inactivation of E. coli ATCC 11229 and minimized the supply power). All tests were completed at a flow rate of 109 mL/min and 92% UVT (measured at 254 nm). The numerical solution for the first objective was validated experimentally using biodosimetry. The optimal design predictions displayed good agreement with the experimental data and contained several non-intuitive features, particularly with the UV-LED spatial arrangement, where the lights were unevenly populated throughout the reactor. The optimal designs may not have been developed from experienced designers due to the increased degrees of freedom offered by using UV-LEDs. The results of this study revealed that the coupled optimization routine with CFD was effective at significantly decreasing the engineer's design decision space and finding a potentially near-optimal UV-LED reactor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Jenny
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North, Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
| | - Micah N Jasper
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North, Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Max Shatalov
- Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc., 1195 Atlas Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
| | - Joel J Ducoste
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North, Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
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