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Li Y, He Y, Guo H, Hou J, Dai S, Zhang P, Tong Y, Ni BJ, Zhu T, Liu Y. Sulfur-containing substances in sewers: Transformation, transportation, and remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133618. [PMID: 38335612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing substances in sewers frequently incur unpleasant odors, corrosion-related economic loss, and potential human health concerns. These observations are principally attributed to microbial reactions, particularly the involvement of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in sulfur reduction process. As a multivalent element, sulfur engages in complex bioreactions in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Organic sulfides are also present in sewage, and these compounds possess the potential to undergo transformation and volatilization. In this paper, a comprehensive review was conducted on the present status regarding sulfur transformation, transportation, and remediation in sewers, including both inorganic and organic sulfur components. The review extensively addressed reactions occurring in the liquid and gas phase, as well as examined detection methods for various types of sulfur compounds and factors affecting sulfur transformation. Current remediation measures based on corresponding mechanisms were presented. Additionally, the impacts of measures implemented in sewers on the subsequent wastewater treatment plants were also discussed, aiming to attain better management of the entire wastewater system. Finally, challenges and prospects related to the issue of sulfur-containing substances in sewers were proposed to facilitate improved management and development of the urban water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanying He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haixiao Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiaqi Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Suwan Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peiyao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tingting Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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2
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Zhu S, Yang K, Wang T, He S, Ma X, Deng J, Shao P, Li X, Ma X. Sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron derived from iron sludge for tetracycline removal: Role of sulfur and iron in reactivity and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123305. [PMID: 38195022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Iron sludge, produced during the drinking water treatment process, can be recycled as potential iron resource to create environmental functional material. In this study, sulfur-iron composites derived from iron sludge (S-Fe composites) was synthesized through sulfidation and carbonization, and used for the tetracycline (TC) removal under aerobic and anoxic conditions. The reactivities of these as-prepared products were strongly depended on pyrolysis temperatures. In particular, sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded on carbon (S-nFe0@CIS) carbonized at 800 °C exhibited the highest TC removal efficiency with 86.6% within 30 min at circumneutral pH compared with other S-Fe composites. The crystalline structure of α-Fe0, FeSx and S0 as main active sites in S-nFe0@CIS promoted the degradation of TC. Moreover, the Fe/S molar ratios significantly affected the TC removal rates, which reached the best value as the optimal S/Fe of 0.27. The results illustrated that the optimized extent of sulfidation could facilitate electron transfer from nFe0 towards contaminants and accelerate Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle in reaction system compared to bared nFe0@CIS. We revealed that removal of TC by S-nFe0@CIS in the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO) is mainly attributed to oxidation, adsorption and reduction pathways. Their contribution to TC removal were 31.6%, 25.2% and 28.8%, respectively. Furthermore, this adsorption-oxygenation with the formation of S-nFe0@CIS-TC* complexes was a surface-mediated process, in which DO was transformed by the structural FeSx on complex surface to •OH with the generation of H2O2 intermediate. The intermediates of TC and toxicity analysis indicate that less toxicity products generated through degradation process. This study provides a new reclamation of iron sludge and offers a new insight into the TC removal by S-nFe0@CIS under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; Mizuda Group Co. LTD, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Kaida Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Tenghui Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Sijia He
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Penghui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
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3
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Kim AH, Criddle CS. Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment and Potable Reuse: Energy and Life Cycle Considerations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17225-17236. [PMID: 37917041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic secondary treatment has the potential to facilitate energy-positive operations at wastewater treatment plants, but post-treatment of the anaerobic effluent is needed to recover dissolved methane and nutrients and remove sulfide. In this study, a life cycle assessment was conducted to compare hypothetical full-scale wastewater treatment trains and direct potable reuse trains that combine the staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR) with appropriate post-treatment. We found that anaerobic wastewater treatment trains typically consumed less energy than conventional aerobic treatment, but overall global warming potentials were not significantly different. Generally, recovery of dissolved methane for energy production resulted in lower life cycle impacts than microbial transformation of methane, and microbial oxidation of sulfide resulted in lower environmental impacts than chemical precipitation. Use of reverse osmosis to produce potable water was also found to be a sustainable method for nutrient removal because direct potable reuse trains with the SAF-MBR consumed less energy and had lower life cycle impacts than activated sludge. Moving forward, dissolved methane recovery, reduced chemical usage, and investments that enable direct potable reuse have been flagged as key research areas for further investigation of anaerobic secondary treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Wu Z, Ji S, Li YY, Liu J. A review of iron use and recycling in municipal wastewater treatment plants and a novel applicable integrated process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:129037. [PMID: 37037337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical methods are expected to play an increasingly important role in carbon-neutral municipal wastewater treatment plants. This paper briefly summarises the enhancement effects of using iron salts in wastewater and sludge treatment processes. The costs and environmental concerns associated with the widespread use of iron salts have also been highlighted. Fortunately, the iron recovery from iron-rich sludge provides an opportunity to solve these problems. Existing iron recovery methods, including direct acidification and thermal treatment, are summarised and show that acidification treatment of FeS digestate from the anaerobic digestion-sulfate reduction process can increase the iron and sulphur recycling efficiency. Therefore, a novel applicable integrated process based on iron use and recycling is proposed, and it reduces the iron salts dosage to 4.2 mg/L and sludge amount by 80%. Current experimental research and economic analysis of iron recycling show that this process has broad application prospects in resource recovery and sludge reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shenghao Ji
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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5
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Zhang L, Qiu YY, Sharma KR, Shi T, Song Y, Sun J, Liang Z, Yuan Z, Jiang F. Hydrogen sulfide control in sewer systems: A critical review of recent progress. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120046. [PMID: 37224665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In sewer systems where anaerobic conditions are present, sulfate-reducing bacteria reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (H2S), leading to sewer corrosion and odor emission. Various sulfide/corrosion control strategies have been proposed, demonstrated, and optimized in the past decades. These included (1) chemical addition to sewage to reduce sulfide formation, to remove dissolved sulfide after its formation, or to reduce H2S emission from sewage to sewer air, (2) ventilation to reduce the H2S and humidity levels in sewer air, and (3) amendments of pipe materials/surfaces to retard corrosion. This work aims to comprehensively review both the commonly used sulfide control measures and the emerging technologies, and to shed light on their underlying mechanisms. The optimal use of the above-stated strategies is also analyzed and discussed in depth. The key knowledge gaps and major challenges associated with these control strategies are identified and strategies dealing with these gaps and challenges are recommended. Finally, we emphasize a holistic approach to sulfide control by managing sewer networks as an integral part of an urban water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ying Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keshab R Sharma
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Shi
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yarong Song
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jianliang Sun
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhensheng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Zuo Z, Xing Y, Duan H, Ren D, Zheng M, Liu Y, Huang X. Reducing sulfide and methane production in gravity sewer sediments through urine separation, collection and intermittent dosing. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 234:119820. [PMID: 36889087 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide and methane production are a major concern in sewer management. Many solutions with the use of chemicals have been proposed yet incurring huge costs. Here, this study reports an alternative solution to reduce sulfide and methane production in sewer sediments. This is achieved through integration of urine source separation, rapid storage, and intermittent in situ re-dosing into a sewer. Based on a reasonable capacity of urine collection, an intermittent dosing strategy (i.e. 40 min per day) was designed and then experimentally tested using two laboratory sewer sediment reactors. The long-term operation showed that the proposed urine dosing in the experimental reactor effectively reduced sulfidogenic and methanogenic activities by 54% and 83%, compared to those in the control reactor. In-sediment chemical and microbial analyses revealed that the short-term exposure to urine wastewater was effective in suppressing sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea, particularly within a surface active zone of sediments (0-0.5 cm) likely attributed to the biocidal effect of urine free ammonia. Economic and environmental assessments indicated that the proposed urine approach can save 91% in total costs, 80% in energy consumption and 96% in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the conventional use of chemicals (including ferric salt, nitrate, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide). These results collectively demonstrated a practical solution without chemical input to improve sewer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yaxin Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoran Duan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daheng Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yanchen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Zhou X, Bi X, Huang S, Ng HY. Effect of mixing iron-containing sludge to domestic wastewater on wastewater characteristics under different conditions: types of domestic wastewater, varying pH and mixing ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115241. [PMID: 36621547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of iron-containing sludge (Fe-Sludge) would be generated with the application of iron salts in drinking water treatment plants, which must be disposed appropriately. One of the common disposal solutions for Fe-Sludge is through direct disposal into the municipal sewer system, whereby it would be mixed with domestic wastewater and treated in the wastewater treatment plant. To better understand the properties of Fe-Sludge and the effect of dosing Fe-Sludge to the real domestic wastewater (WW) on the wastewater characteristics, a serial batch tests were conducted on a local wastewater reclamation plant (WRP). It was found that the impact of dosing Fe-Sludge at a Fe/P ratio of 5 did not vary with the types of WW, i.e., filtered or non-filtered by the 5 mm screen. In addition, the soluble organic, phosphate and total soluble iron concentrations mostly decreased with the dosing of Fe-Sludge within the dosage range of 0-5 (Fe/P ratio). In contrast, the suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations increased with the dosage of Fe-Sludge within the dosage range of 0-5 (Fe/P ratio). Furthermore, the pH condition of the domestic wastewater affected the phosphate removal efficiency by Fe-Sludge and influenced the total soluble iron concentration and iron species distribution. These findings will provide fundamental support for the further study of the effect of Fe-Sludge on the biological treatment performance and membrane filtration performance of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Xuejun Bi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Shujuan Huang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, 266033, China.
| | - How Yong Ng
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 519087, China.
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8
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Rathnayake D, Bal Krishna KC, Kastl G, Sathasivan A. The role of pH on sewer corrosion processes and control methods: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146616. [PMID: 33838374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production and emission of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sewer systems is associated with the corrosion of sewer structures and harmful odour. Numerous studies have been conducted to find the best solution to overcome this issue. The pH plays a critical role not only on microbial and chemical processes that are responsible for all processes of corrosion but also on the efficiency of several control methods. This paper first critically reviews the literature on the interplay between pH and various chemical and microbial in-sewer processes, followed by a review of the control methods that depend on pH or indirectly alter pH. The paper argues that proper evaluation of each method should include the impact the control method has on downstream processes. This paper concludes the raising of pH has several benefits but is operationally difficult to implement. It also emphasises single control method may not be as efficient as combination of one or two methods in controlling the production and emission of H2S. Finally, the research requirements and future directions in relation to emerging and potential methods that are not heavily reliant on pH control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileepa Rathnayake
- School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
| | - K C Bal Krishna
- School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
| | - George Kastl
- School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
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9
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Wang X, Li L, Bai S, Yuan Z, Miao J, Wang M, Ren N. Comparative life cycle assessment of sewer corrosion control by iron salts: Suitability analysis and strategy optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117370. [PMID: 34175729 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sewer deterioration caused by sulfide-induced concrete corrosion is spreading worldwide. Within the strategies to overcome this problem, dosing iron salts into the pipeline has attracted more attention. However, there is not yet research that evaluates this method whether it is overall environmentally friendly. Here, we conducted a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to adjudge the benefits of dosing ferric chloride over non-dosing option in three different H2S concentration levels (High, Medium, Low). Compared with taking no precautions, dosing ferric chloride performs better for all impact categories only in High H2S situation, which can reduce the environmental impacts by 10% to 50%. In Medium H2S situation, dosing ferric chloride shows lower environmental impacts of Global Warming, Fossil Fuel Depletion, Acidification, and Eutrophication, while leads to the deterioration of Human Toxicity and Freshwater Ecotoxicity by 10% and 13%, respectively. In Low H2S situation, dosing ferric chloride performs even worse for all impact categories. Therefore, from an LCA perspective, this study recommends iron salts dosing technology to be applied in severe corrosion conditions caused by high H2S concentrations. Contribution analysis shows that asphalt and diesel consumed during the sewer construction and renovation dominate all impact categories for non-dosing option, whereas the main contributor of Human Toxicity and Freshwater Ecotoxicity is shifted to ferric chloride production in dosing option, average at around 50%. Sensitivity analysis on the length of pipes protected by iron salts confirms that the initial dosing location is more preferable to be set at upstream of the sewer system. From an LCA perspective, as alternatives to ferric chloride, ferrous chloride is superior in all impact categories, and ferric sulfate could reduce the toxicity-related impacts and other effects at the expense of exacerbation of acidification. In the end, a systematic optimization of salts dosing should be considered in urban sewer management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Lanqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Shunwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jingyu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China.
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10
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Removal of Fluorides from Aqueous Solutions Using Exhausted Coffee Grounds and Iron Sludge. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are confronted with a striking problem of morbidity of fluorosis that appears because of an increased concentration of fluorides in drinking water. The objective of this study is to explore opportunities for removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions using cheap and easily accessible adsorbents, such as exhaustive coffee grounds and iron sludge and to establish the efficiency of fluoride removal. Twelve doses (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g/L) of adsorbents were used and five durations of the sorption process (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min). The results showed that the most optimum dose of iron sludge for 3 mg/L of fluoride removal was 30 g/L and the contact time was 30 min, the efficiency of fluoride removal achieved 62.92%; the most optimum dose of exhausted coffee grounds was 60 g/L with the most optimum contact time of 60 min; at a dose of 50 g/L with contact time of 90 min, the efficiency of fluoride removal achieved 56.67%. Findings demonstrate that adsorbents have potential applicability in fluoride removal up to the permissible norms.
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11
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Salehin S, Kulandaivelu JK, Rebosura M, van der Kolk O, Keller J, Doederer K, Gernjak W, Donose BC, Yuan Z, Pikaar I. Effects of aging of ferric-based drinking water sludge on its reactivity for sulfide and phosphate removal. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116179. [PMID: 32688148 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated the practical potential of multiple beneficial reuse of ferric-rich drinking water sludge (ferric DWS) for sulfide and phosphate removal in wastewater applications. In practice, ferric DWS is often stored on-site for periods ranging from days to several weeks (or even months), which may affect its reuse potential through changes in iron speciation and morphology. In this study, we investigated for the first time the impact of ferric DWS 'aging' time on the iron speciation and morphology and its subsequent impact on its reactivity and overall sulfide and phosphate removal capacity. A series of coagulation tests were conducted to generate ferric DWS of a practically relevant composition by using raw influent water from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). A comparison with ferric DWS from 8 full-scale DWTPs confirmed the similitude. The presence of akaganeite (β-FeOOH) was detected in ferric DWS (through XRD analyses), independent of the DWS storage time. However, the morphology of akaganeite changed over time from a predominant poorly-crystalline phase in 'fresh' DWS (8 ± 0.1% of total Fe) to a highly crystalline phase (76 ± 3% of total Fe) at a sludge aging time of 30 days which was confirmed by means of Rietveld refinement in XRD analyses (n = 3). Subsequent batch tests showed that its sulfide removal capacity decreased significantly from 1.30 ± 0.02 mmol S/mmol Fe (day 1) to 0.60 ± 0.01 (day 30), a decrease of 54 % (p < 0.05). The level of crystallinity however had no impact on sulfide removal kinetics, most sulfide being removed within 10 minutes. Upon aeration of sulfide-loaded ferric DWS in activate sludge, amorphous iron oxides species were formed independent of the initial DWS crystallinity which resulted in efficient P removal at capacities similar to that of conventional FeCl3 dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajus Salehin
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Mario Rebosura
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Jürg Keller
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Katrin Doederer
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bogdan C Donose
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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12
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Kulandaivelu J, Choi PM, Shrestha S, Li X, Song Y, Li J, Sharma K, Yuan Z, Mueller JF, Wang C, Jiang G. Assessing the removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater by discharging drinking water sludge to sewers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115945. [PMID: 32502752 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Discharging drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) to sewers could be an efficient waste management strategy with the potential to replace chemical dosing for pollutant control. This study for the first time investigated the fate of 28 different organic micropollutants (MPs) due to the dosing of iron-rich and aluminum-rich DWTS in a pilot rising main sewer. Nine MPs had an initial rapid removal within 1-hr (i.e., 10-80%) due to Fe-DWTS dosing. The formation of FeS particles due to Fe-DWTS dosing was responsible for the removal of dissolved sulfides (80% reduction comparing to control sewer). Further particle characterization using SEM-EDS, XRD and ATR-FTIR confirmed that FeS particles formation played an important role in the removal of MPs from wastewater. Adsorption of MPs onto the FeS particles was likely the possible mechanism for their rapid removal. In comparison to iron-rich DWTS, aluminum-rich DWTS had very limited beneficial effects in removing MPs from wastewater. The degradability of degradable MPs, including caffeine, paraxanthine, paracetamol, metformin, cyclamate, cephalexin, and MIAA were not affected by the DWTS dosing. Some non-degradable MPs, including cotinine, hydroxycotinine, tramadol, gabapentin, desvenlafaxine, hydrochlorothiazide, carbamazepine, fluconazole, sulfamethoxazole, acesulfame, saccharin and sucralose were also not impacted by the DWTS dosing. This study systematically assessed the additional benefits of discharging Fe-DWTS to the sewer network i.e., the removal of MPs from the liquid phase thereby reducing its load to the treatment plant. The results corroborate the discharge of Fe-rich DWTS in sewers as an effective and beneficial way of managing the waste by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Sohan Shrestha
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Yarong Song
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Keshab Sharma
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Chengduan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Sichuan, China; School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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13
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Yuan N, Pei Y, Bao A, Wang C. The Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Daphnia magna to Dewatered Drinking Water Treatment Residue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165863. [PMID: 32823506 PMCID: PMC7460191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There have been widespread attempts to recycle drinking water treatment residue (DWTR) after dewatering for environmental remediation, which is beneficial for both the environment and the economy. The directly discharged DWTR without dewatering to natural water bodies, however, was reported to show signs of chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna (D. magna), a typical zooplankton in the aquatic environment. This study comprehensively assessed the effect of dewatered DWTR on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of D. magna based on acute and chronic toxicity tests. The results showed that the survival, growth, reproduction, body morphology of offspring, and the antioxidant enzymes of D. magna were not affected by the dewatered DWTR. These physiological and biochemical indexes also had no undesirable changes for the DWTR-amended sediments (with ratios of 0–50%) incubated for 10 and 180 d; the growth and reproduction were even promoted when D. magna was exposed to 5000 mg-sediment L−1, which may be due to the extra nutrients supplied by the amended sediments for the animals. The results demonstrated that by contrast with the directly discharged DWTR without dewatering, the dewatered DWTR could be safe to D. magna. Further analysis suggested that heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Zn) with relatively low concentrations and high stability could be the main reasons leading to the high safety of the dewatered DWTR. Overall, dewatered DWTR can be considered a non-hazardous material for zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Yuan
- Electronic Information Technology School, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.Y.); (A.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Anping Bao
- Electronic Information Technology School, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.Y.); (A.B.)
| | - Changhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8688-2210
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14
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Odor Characteristics and Concentration of Malodorous Chemical Compounds Emitted from a Combined Sewer System in Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(1) Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of odors emitted from a combined sewer for the abatement of combined sewer odor. (2) Methods: The odor samples emitted from the combined sewer were collected at 14 sites, and the concentrations of 13 malodorous chemicals were determined by the instrumental analysis such as gas chromatography. To understand the sensory characteristic of the combined sewer odor, the on-site odor intensity (OOI) was evaluated by the direct sensory method using the human olfactory sensitivity of panelists with a normal sense of smell. The primary odor-causing compounds with high contribution were evaluated based on the converted odor concentration (COC), which was calculated by using the compound concentration and threshold limit value. Since the direct sensory method requires a lot of manpower and time, the converted odor intensity method (COI) calculated by the malodorous compound concentration was reviewed and compared with other cases. (3) Results: As a result of the instrumental analysis, four compounds which were higher than other compounds, showed an average of 325 ppb for H2S, 121 ppb for NH3, 102 ppb for CH3SH, and 108 ppb for toluene. The rest of the compounds appeared low, below 60 ppb. Based on the result of evaluating the COC, three compounds which are H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)3N appeared to be compounds with a high contribution to combined sewer odor. Especially, it was estimated that H2S was the main odor-causing compound in this study. The on-site odor intensity of the combined sewer as judged by 5 panelists appeared to be 2.8 degrees on average, the same as COI. The correlation between the odor intensity and the H2S concentration in the combined sewer showed as the following equation: COI, degree = 1.0757 × log (H2S conc., ppb) + 0.3696. (4) Conclusions: In Korea, the odor emission standard in the atmosphere including sewer odor has adopted 20 ppb for H2S, and less than 2 degrees for odor intensity in the non-industrial area. However, since the mean observed odor intensity was 2.8 degrees and the concentration of H2S was also 325 ppb on average in this study, it was concluded that countermeasures should be prepared to reduce the complaints due to combined sewer odor in residential areas.
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Salehin S, Rebosura M, Keller J, Gernjak W, Donose BC, Yuan Z, Pikaar I. Recovery of in-sewer dosed iron from digested sludge at downstream treatment plants and its reuse potential. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115627. [PMID: 32101785 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron-based coagulants are dosed in enormous amounts and play an essential role in various segments of our urban water infrastructure. In order for the water industry to become circular, a closed-loop management strategy for iron needs to be developed. In this study, we have demonstrated for the first time that in-sewer dosed iron, either in the form of FeCl3 or ferric-based drinking water sludge (Fe-DWS) as a means to combat sewer corrosion and odour, can be recovered in the form of vivianite in digested sludge in down-stream wastewater treatment plants. Importantly, about 92 ± 2% of the in-sewer dosed Fe was estimated to be bound in vivianite in digested sludge. A simple insertion of Neodymium magnet allowed to recover 11 ± 0.2% and 15.3 ± 0.08% of the vivianite formed in the digested sludge of the in-sewer dosed iron in the form of FeCl3 and Fe-DWS, respectively. The purity of recovered vivianite ranged between 70 ± 5% and 49 ± 3% for in-sewer dosed FeCl3 and Fe-DWS, respectively. Almost complete (i.e. 98 ± 0.3%) separation of Fe in the form of ferrihydrite was achieved from vivianite after alkaline washing. Subsequent batch experiments demonstrated that the recovered ferrihydrite can be directly reused for efficient sulfide control in sewers. At a ferrihydrite-Fe:S molar ratio of 1.2:1, sewage dissolved sulfide concentrations was reduced from 15 mgS/L to below 0.5 mgS/L within 1 h of reaction. Overall, the results obtained in our study flag a first step for utilities towards a closed-loop iron-based coagulant management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajus Salehin
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia; The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mario Rebosura
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jürg Keller
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bogdan C Donose
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia; The Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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16
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Wan J, Ding J, Tan W, Gao Y, Sun S, He C. Magnetic-activated carbon composites derived from iron sludge and biological sludge for sulfonamide antibiotic removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13436-13446. [PMID: 32026366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel magnetic-activated carbon composites (MACs) were synthesized via coupling of a glucose-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment and subsequent thermal treatment using iron sludge and biological sludge. The adsorption properties of MACs for sulfonamide antibiotic removal from aqueous solution were investigated. Results revealed that the MACs had a high specific surface area with well-distributed magnetic nano-sized Fe3O4/Fe0 particles with a graphitic shell. This finding indicates that the ferric compounds in the iron sludge were not only converted into magnetic ferrite but also worked as activators for graphitization of the surrounding amorphous carbon. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir models were shown to well fit sulfonamide antibiotic adsorption on the MACs. There was a high correlation between the kl·qm and physicochemical parameters of the sulfonamides. The three parameters are molecular polarizability, octanol-water partition coefficient, and solubility, respectively. The sulfonamide adsorption by the MACs was highly pH dependent. Hydrophobic interaction, π-π interaction, as well as electrostatic interaction, played dominant roles in the sulfonamide adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Wan
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jian Ding
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wanchun Tan
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghong Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shiquan Sun
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chunbo He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Rebosura M, Salehin S, Pikaar I, Kulandaivelu J, Jiang G, Keller J, Sharma K, Yuan Z. Effects of in-sewer dosing of iron-rich drinking water sludge on wastewater collection and treatment systems. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115396. [PMID: 31877476 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of coagulants and flocculants in the water and wastewater industry is predicted to increase further in the coming years. Alum is the most widely used coagulant, however, the use of ferric chloride (FeCl3) is gaining popularity. Drinking water production that uses FeCl3 as coagulant produces waste sludge rich in iron. We hypothesised that the iron-rich drinking water sludge (DWS) can potentially be used in the urban wastewater system to reduce dissolved sulfide in sewer systems, aid phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and reduce hydrogen sulfide in the anaerobic digester biogas. This hypothesis was investigated using two laboratory-scale urban wastewater systems, one as an experimental system and the other as a control, each comprising sewer reactors, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for wastewater treatment, sludge thickeners and anaerobic digestion reactors. Both were fed with domestic wastewater. The experimental system received in-sewer DWS-dosing at 10 mgFe L-1 while the control had none. The sulfide concentration in the experimental sewer effluent decreased by 3.5 ± 0.2 mgS L-1 as compared with the control, while the phosphate concentration decreased by 3.6 ± 0.3 mgP L-1 after biological wastewater treatment in the experimental SBR. The dissolved sulfide concentration in the experimental anaerobic digester also decreased by 15.9 ± 0.9 mgS L-1 following the DWS-dosing to the sewer reactors. The DWS-doing also enhanced the settleability of the mixed liquor suspended sludge (MLSS) (SVI decreased from 193.2 ± 22.2 to 108.0 ± 7.7 ml g-1), and the dewaterability of the anaerobically digested sludge (the cake solids concentration increased from 15.7 ± 0.3% to 19.1 ± 1.8%). The introduction of DWS into the experimental system significantly increased the COD and TSS concentrations in the wastewater, and consequently the MLSS concentration in the SBR, however, this did not affect normal operation. The results demonstrated that iron-rich waste sludge from drinking water production can be used in the urban wastewater system achieving multiple benefits. Therefore, an integrated approach to urban water and wastewater management should be considered to maximise the benefits of iron use in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rebosura
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sirajus Salehin
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; The School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- The School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Civil, Mining & Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jürg Keller
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Keshab Sharma
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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18
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Yan X, Sun J, Kenjiahan A, Dai X, Ni BJ, Yuan Z. Rapid and strong biocidal effect of ferrate on sulfidogenic and methanogenic sewer biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115208. [PMID: 31670088 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For the control of sulfide and methane in sewers, it is favorable to reduce their production rather than to remove them after generation. In this study, we revealed rapid and strong biocidal effect of ferrate (Fe(VI)) on sulfidogenic and methanogenic sewer biofilms, leading to control of sulfide and methane production in sewer. The inactivation of the microorganisms in sewer biofilms by Fe(VI) could be accomplished within 15 min for a single dosing event and the biocidal effect could be enhanced by applying pulse dosing strategy. The microbiological analysis showed that the key functional genes involved in sulfide and methane production, i.e. dsrA and mcrA, in the viable cells after Fe(VI) dosing were decreased substantially by 84.2% and 86.6%, respectively. Significant drops were also observed in the relative abundances of viable sulfide reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA). The direct dosing of Fe(VI) into a sewer reactor led to instant and complete suppression of sulfidogenic and methanogenic activities, and the recovery of the activities resembled the regrowth of residual SRB and MA. The results of this study suggested the feasibility for developing an efficient and cost-effective sulfide and methane control strategy using Fe(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ahezhuoli Kenjiahan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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19
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Cao J, Zhang L, Hong J, Sun J, Jiang F. Different ferric dosing strategies could result in different control mechanisms of sulfide and methane production in sediments of gravity sewers. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114914. [PMID: 31400595 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferric salt dosing is widely used to mitigate sulfide and methane emissions from sewers. In gravity sewers with sediments, responses of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA) residing in different zones to Fe3+ dosing strategies still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the changes in behavior of SRB and MA in different depths of sewer sediment using laboratory-scale sewer sediment reactors with different Fe3+ dosing strategies (different instant dosages and frequencies). All Fe3+ dosing strategies examined efficiently suppressed sulfide concentration for a short time, but the control mechanisms were different. When a low-dosage, high-frequency Fe3+ dosing strategy was employed, Fe3+ could not penetrate into the sewer sediment, therefore, the abundances of SRB and MA in all zones of sewer sediment did not change substantially. As a result, the active sulfide-producing and methane-producing zones kept unchanged. Sulfide was controlled mainly via chemical sulfide oxidation and precipitation, and methane formation was not influenced. In contrast, when a high-dosage, low-frequency Fe3+ dosing strategy was used, the SRB activity in the upper layer of the sewer sediment was nearly fully suppressed according to the down moving zones of sulfide production (from 0-5 mm to 20-25 mm) and lower sulfate reduction, in which sulfate reduction decreased by 56% in the long-term trial. The generated sulfide was further removed via chemical sulfide oxidation and precipitation. This strategy also significantly suppressed MA activity (21% reduction in methane production). However, considering a long-term satisfactory sulfide control, a low operational cost and less sediments deposited in gravity sewers, a low-dosage, high-frequency Fe3+ dosing strategy would be a more cost-effective solution for sulfide control in gravity sewers with thin (<20 mm) or thick (>20 mm) sediments if methane mitigation does not need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaying Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Ni BJ, Yan X, Sun J, Chen X, Peng L, Wei W, Wang D, Mao S, Dai X, Wang Q. Persulfate and zero valent iron combined conditioning as a sustainable technique for enhancing dewaterability of aerobically digested sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:45-53. [PMID: 31152902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic digestion followed by dewatering is a widely applied method for sludge stabilization and reduction in decentralized wastewater treatment plants. It is important to enhance the sludge dewaterability of the aerobically digested sludge due to its considerable impact on cost of sludge disposal and management. In this study, an innovative technique is developed for improving the dewaterability of aerobically digested sludge by combined conditioning with persulfate (PS) and zero valent iron (ZVI). The results demonstrated that the dewaterability of aerobically digested sludge could be significantly enhanced with the PS and ZVI dosage in the range of 0-0.5 g/gTS and 0-0.4 g/gTS, respectively. The highest improvement was achieved at 0.05 g ZVI/g TS with 0.1 g PS/g TS, and the capillary suction time was reduced by ∼80%. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) characterization revealed that the combined PS-ZVI treatment could largely reduce proteins, polysaccharides and humic acids-like compounds in the tightly bounded EPS of the aerobically digested sludge, leading to bound water releasing from sludge flocs. The recovery of the ZVI particles could reach around 45%-80% after the treatment, further proved the sustainability of the approach. The proposed PS-ZVI conditioning would not have significant impact on the final choice of sludge disposal and the mainstream wastewater treatment. However, plant-scale test are still required for better assessing the proposed technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Xueming Chen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lai Peng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Qilin Wang
- School of Engineering and Built Environment & Centre for Clean Environment and Energy & Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, QLD, 4111, Australia
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21
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Ai T, He Q, Xu J, Yin F, Li H, Ai H. A conceptual method to simultaneously inhibit methane and hydrogen sulfide production in sewers: The carbon metabolic pathway and microbial community shift. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:119-127. [PMID: 31176177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of COD/SO42- ratio in sewage on methane and hydrogen sulfide production in sewer biofilms was investigated by using three identical lab-scale gravity sewer systems. The results showed that the COD/SO42- played a key role in the competition between methanogenic archaea (MA) and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Both the lowest methane and hydrogen sulfide production were obtained at COD/SO42- ratio of 6. The carbon transformation revealed that the activity of both MA and SRB was inhibited at this COD/SO42- ratio. Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium were the two dominant MA, while Desulfonema, Desulfotomaculum and Desulfovibrio were the dominant SRB in this case. The specific SRB activity measured by batch tests proved that acetate was mainly degraded by the MA, while propionate was the preferred substrate for the SRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Feixian Yin
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Hainan Ai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
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22
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Cardoso CMM, Zavarize DG, Lago PDA, Pedroza MM, Brum SS, Mendonça ARV. Evaluating adsorbent properties of drinking water treatment plant sludge-based carbons activated by K2CO3/CH3COOH: a low-cost material for metal ion remediation. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Kulandaivelu J, Gao J, Song Y, Shrestha S, Li X, Li J, Doederer K, Keller J, Yuan Z, Mueller JF, Jiang G. Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs from Wastewater Due to Ferric Dosing in Sewers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6245-6254. [PMID: 31067854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferric (Fe3+) salt dosing is an efficient sulfide control strategy in the sewer network, with potential for multiple benefits including phosphorus removal in the biological reactors and sulfide emission control in the anaerobic digesters of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This paper extends the knowledge on the benefit of iron dosing by exploring its impact on the fate of organic micropollutants (MPs) in the wastewater using sewer reactors simulating a rising main sewer pipe. The sulfide produced by the sewer biofilms reacted with Fe3+ forming black colored iron sulfide (FeS). Among the selected MPs, morphine, methadone, and atenolol had >90% initial rapid removal within 5 min of ferric dosing in the sewer reactor. The ultimate removal after 6 h of retention time in the reactor reached 93-97%. Other compounds, ketamine, codeine, carbamazepine, and acesulfame had 30-70% concentration decrease. The ultimate removal varied between 35 and 70% depending on the biodegradability of those MPs. In contrast, paracetamol had no initial removal. The rapid removal of MPs was likely due to adsorption to the FeS surface, which is further confirmed by batch tests with different FeS concentrations. The results showed a direct relationship between the removal of MPs and FeS concentration. The transformation kinetics of these compounds in the reactor without Fe3+ dosing is in good agreement with biodegradation associated with the sewer biofilms in the reactor. This study revealed a significant additional benefit of dosing ferric salts in sewers, that is, the removal of MPs before the sewage enters the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences , The University of Queensland , Woollongabba , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Yarong Song
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Sohan Shrestha
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Katrin Doederer
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Jurg Keller
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences , The University of Queensland , Woollongabba , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University of Arts and Science , Sichuan , China
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
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24
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Yuan Z, Olsson G, Cardell-Oliver R, van Schagen K, Marchi A, Deletic A, Urich C, Rauch W, Liu Y, Jiang G. Sweating the assets - The role of instrumentation, control and automation in urban water systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:381-402. [PMID: 30861379 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) are currently applied throughout the urban water system at water treatment plants, in water distribution networks, in sewer networks, and at wastewater treatment plants. However, researchers and practitioners specialising in respective urban water sub-systems do not frequently interact, and in most cases to date the application of ICA has been achieved in silo. Here, we review start-of-the-art ICA throughout these sub-systems, and discuss the benefits achieved in terms of performance improvement, cost reduction, and more importantly, the enhanced capacity of the existing infrastructure to cope with increased service demand caused by population growth and continued urbanisation. We emphasise the importance of integrated control within each of the sub-systems, and also across the entire urban water system. System-wide ICA will have increasing importance with the growing complexity of the urban water environment in cities of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Gustaf Olsson
- Industrial Automation, IEA, Lund University, Sweden; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Rachel Cardell-Oliver
- School of Computer Science & Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kim van Schagen
- Royal HaskoningDHV, PO Box 1132, 3800 BC, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Angela Marchi
- School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- Civil Engineering Department, Monash Water for Liveability, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Urich
- Civil Engineering Department, Monash Water for Liveability, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Rauch
- Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, University Innsbruck, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, PO Box 8000, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yanchen Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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25
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Sustainable Reuse of Groundwater Treatment Iron Sludge for Organic Matter Removal from River Neris Water. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most important advances in sustainability in the water industry are focused on the reuse of water treatment sludge. The Antaviliai Water Supply Plant, which is located in Lithuania, treats groundwater by removing iron and manganese from it. This technology does not produce water waste, as the iron sludge is used for recycling. In this study, iron sludge received from groundwater treatment is used to remove natural organic matter from river Neris water, which can be used as drinking water. Twelve doses (from 1 to 6 g/L and from 0.1 g/L to 0.9 g/L) of iron sludge powder, with acid and without it, were used. The most effective removal of organic compounds (55.51%) and reduction in water colour (53.12%) were observed when 0.3 g of iron sludge powder and 8 ml of 0.95% H2SO4 solution were added to the tested water. It was found that the use of a conventional coagulant (Al2(SO4)3*17H2O), with and without iron sludge powder, decreased the concentration of organic compounds and water colour from 2.8 to 28.2% compared with the use of a pure coagulant (Al2(SO4)3*17H2O) alone..
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26
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Dong B, Xia Z, Sun J, Dai X, Chen X, Ni BJ. The inhibitory impacts of nano-graphene oxide on methane production from waste activated sludge in anaerobic digestion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1376-1384. [PMID: 30235623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of graphene oxide nanoparticles inevitably leads to their discharge into wastewater treatment plants and combination with the activated sludge. However, to date, it is largely unknown if the nano-graphene oxide (NGO) has potential impacts on the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS). Therefore, this work aims to fill the knowledge gap through comprehensively investigating the effects of NGO on carbon transformation and methane production in the anaerobic digestion of WAS. Biochemical methane potential tests demonstrated the methane production dropped with increasing NGO additions, the cumulative methane production decreasing by 7.6% and 12.6% at the NGO dosing rates of 0.054 mg/mg-VS and 0.108 mg/mg-VS, respectively. Model-based analysis indicated NGO significantly reduced biochemical methane potential, with the highest biochemical methane potential decrease being approximately 10% at the highest NGO dosing rate. Further experimental analysis suggested that the decreased methane production was firstly related to a decrease in soluble organic substrates availability during the process of sludge disintegration, potentially attributing to the strong absorption of organic substrates by NGO. Secondly, NGO significantly inhibited the methanogenesis by negatively affecting the corresponding enzyme activity (i.e. coenzyme F420), which could also resulted in a decreased methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xueming Chen
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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27
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Zhang H, Han X, Tian Y, Li Y, Yang K, Hao H, Chai Y, Xu X. Process analysis of anaerobic fermentation of Phragmites australis straw and cow dung exposing to elevated chromium (VI) concentrations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 224:414-424. [PMID: 30075309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic fermentation is considered as a cost-effective way of biomass waste disposal. Chromium (Cr) is one of the heavy metals that often been blamed for unsatisfactory operation or failure of anaerobic fermentation. The impact of Cr (added as K2Cr2O7) on mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of Phragmites australis straw and cow dung was demonstrated by investigating the biogas properties, process stability, substrate degradation and enzyme activities during the fermentation process. The results showed that 30, 100 and 500 mg/L Cr6+ addition increased the cumulative biogas yields by up to 19.00%, 14.85% and 7.68% respectively, and brought forward the daily biogas yield peak. Meanwhile, the methane (CH4) content in the 30 (52.47%) and 100 (40.57%) mg/L Cr6+-added groups were generally higher than the control group (37.70%). Higher pH values (close to pH 7) and lower oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) values in the Cr6+-added groups after the 15th day indicated the better process stability compared to the control group. Taking the whole fermentation process into account, the promoting effect of Cr6+ addition on biogas yields was mainly attributable to better process stability, the enhanced degradation of lignin and hemicellulose, the transformation of intermediates into VFA, the higher coenzyme F420 activities and the efficient generation of CH4. These results demonstrate that an appropriate addition of Cr6+ could enhance the anaerobic fermentation which support the regulations utilizing of the Cr6+ contaminated biowaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayong Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Han
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yonglan Tian
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ying Li
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - He Hao
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Research Center for Engineering Ecology and Nonlinear Science, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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28
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McCarthy WP, O'Callaghan TF, Danahar M, Gleeson D, O'Connor C, Fenelon MA, Tobin JT. Chlorate and Other Oxychlorine Contaminants Within the Dairy Supply Chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1561-1575. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
- Dublin Inst. of Technology; Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1 Dublin Ireland
| | - Tom F. O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Martin Danahar
- Food Safety Dept.; Ashtown Food Research Centre; Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15 Dublin Ireland
| | - David Gleeson
- Teagasc; Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy Co. Cork, Cork Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- Dublin Inst. of Technology; Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1 Dublin Ireland
| | - Mark A. Fenelon
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
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29
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Köhler MH, Bordin JR, Barbosa MC. 2D nanoporous membrane for cation removal from water: Effects of ionic valence, membrane hydrophobicity, and pore size. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222804. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5013926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Henrique Köhler
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Rafael Bordin
- Campus Caçapava do Sul, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Av. Pedro Anunciação 111, CEP 96570-000 Caçapava do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcia C. Barbosa
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
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30
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The Sustainability of Concrete in Sewer Tunnel—A Narrative Review of Acid Corrosion in the City of Edmonton, Canada. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10020517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Sun J, Ni BJ, Sharma KR, Wang Q, Hu S, Yuan Z. Modelling the long-term effect of wastewater compositions on maximum sulfide and methane production rates of sewer biofilm. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 129:58-65. [PMID: 29132122 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reliable modelling of sulfide and methane production in sewer systems is required for efficient sewer emission management. Wastewater compositions affect sulfide and methane production kinetics through both its short-term variation influencing the substrate availability to sewer biofilms, and its long-term variation affecting the sewer biofilm structure. While the short-term effect is well considered in existing sewer models with the use of Monod or half-order equations, the long-term effect has not been explicitly considered in current sewer models suitable for network modelling. In this study, the long-term effect of wastewater compositions on sulfide and methane production activities in rising main sewers was investigated. A detailed biofilm model was firstly developed, and then calibrated and validated using experimental data measured during the entire biofilm development period of a laboratory sewer reactor. Based on scenario simulations using the detailed biofilm model, empirical equations describing the long-term effect of sulfate and sCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand) concentrations on kH2S (the maximum sulfide production rate of sewer biofilm) and kCH4 (the maximum methane production rate of sewer biofilm) were proposed. These equations require further verification in future studies before their potential integration into network-wide sewer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Keshab Raj Sharma
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Shihu Hu
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia.
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32
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Lin HW, Lu Y, Ganigué R, Sharma KR, Rabaey K, Yuan Z, Pikaar I. Simultaneous use of caustic and oxygen for efficient sulfide control in sewers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:776-783. [PMID: 28578235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodic caustic shock-loading is a commonly used method for sulfide control in sewers. Caustic shock-loading relies on the elevation of the sewage pH to ≥10.5 for several hours, thereby removing sewer pipe biofilms as well as deactivating SRB activity in the remaining biofilm. Although a widely used method, SRB activity is often not completely inhibited, and as such sulfide is still being generated. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an innovative approach which combines caustic with oxygen, another commonly used method, as a dosing strategy for overcoming the drawbacks of caustic shock-loading. Six laboratory-scale rising main reactors were subjected to three dosing schemes over a period of three months, namely (i) simultaneous caustic and oxygen addition, (ii) caustic addition and (iii) no chemical addition. Our results showed that the combination of caustic and oxygen achieved efficient sulfide control, leading to a prolonged biofilm recovery period in between caustic shocks. In addition, methane emissions were reduced to a negligible level compared to caustic treatment only. To translate the findings to real-life application, the key parameters obtained during the long-term lab-scale experiments were subjected to extensive simulation studies using the SeweX model under a wide range of conditions commonly found in sewers. Overall, this study highlights the potential of periodic shock-loading and intermittent oxygen injection as combined dosing strategy for efficient sulfide control in sewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Lin
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yang Lu
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ramon Ganigué
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Keshab R Sharma
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD 4072, Australia; Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, The School of Civil Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia.
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33
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Zhang L, Verstraete W, de Lourdes Mendoza M, Lu Z, Liu Y, Huang G, Cai L. Decrease of dissolved sulfide in sewage by powdered natural magnetite and hematite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1070-1078. [PMID: 27611357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural magnetite and hematite were explored to decrease sulfide in sewage, compared with iron salts (FeCl3 and FeSO4). A particle size of magnetite and hematite ranging from 45 to 60μm was used. The results showed that 40mgL-1 of powdered magnetite and hematite addition decreased the sulfide in sewage by 79%and 70%, respectively. The achieved decrease of sulfide production capacities were 197.3, 210.6, 317.6 and 283.3mgSg-1Fe for magnetite, hematite, FeCl3 and FeSO4 at the optimal dosage of 40mgL-1, respectively. Magnetite and hematite provided a higher decrease of sulfide production since more iron ions are capable of being released from the solid phase, not because of adsorption capacity of per gram iron. Besides, the impact on pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of hematite addition was negligible; while magnetite addition resulted in slight increase of 0.3-0.5 on pH and 10-40mV on ORP. Powdered magnetite and hematite thus appear to be suitable for sulfide decrease in sewage, for their sparing solubility, sustained-release, long reactive time in sewage as well as cost-effectiveness, compared with iron salts. Further investigation over long time periods under practical conditions are needed to evaluate the possible settlement in sewers and unwanted (toxic) metal elements presenting as impurities. CAPSULE ABSTRACT Powdered magnetite and hematite were more cost-effective at only 30% costs of iron salts, such as FeCl3 and FeSO4 for decreasing sulfide production in sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehua Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China; Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Willy Verstraete
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - María de Lourdes Mendoza
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Superior Polytechnic School of the Coast (ESPOL), Guayaquil 090112, Ecuador
| | - Zhihao Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guangtuan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lankun Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China.
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34
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Yuan N, Wang C, Pei Y, Jiang H. Applicability of drinking water treatment residue for lake restoration in relation to metal/metalloid risk assessment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38638. [PMID: 27929083 PMCID: PMC5144140 DOI: 10.1038/srep38638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residue (DWTR), a byproduct generated during potable water production, exhibits a high potential for recycling to control eutrophication. However, this beneficial recycling is hampered by unclear metal/metalloid pollution risks related to DWTR. In this study, the pollution risks of Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn due to DWTR application were first evaluated for lake water based on human health risk assessment models and comparison of regulatory standards. The risks of DWTR were also evaluated for sediments on the basis of toxicity characteristics leaching procedure and fractionation in relation to risk assessment code. Variations in the biological behaviors of metal/metalloid in sediments caused by DWTR were assessed using Chironomus plumosus larvae and Hydrilla verticillata. Kinetic luminescent bacteria test (using Aliivibrio fischeri) was conducted to analyze the possibility of acute and chronic detrimental effects of sediment with DWTR application. According to the obtained results, we identify a potential undesirable effect of DWTR related to Fe and Mn (typically under anaerobic conditions); roughly present a dosage threshold calculation model; and recommend a procedure for DWTR prescreening to ensure safe application. Overall, managed DWTR application is necessary for successful eutrophication control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.,The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Changhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.,The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Helong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Yuan N, Wang C, Pei Y. Bacterial toxicity assessment of drinking water treatment residue (DWTR) and lake sediment amended with DWTR. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 182:21-28. [PMID: 27454093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residue (DWTR) seems to be very promising for controlling lake sediment pollution. Logically, acquisition of the potential toxicity of DWTR will be beneficial for its applications. In this study, the toxicity of DWTR and sediments amended with DWTR to Aliivibrio fischeri was evaluated based on the Microtox(®) solid and leachate phase assays, in combination with flow cytometry analyses and the kinetic luminescent bacteria test. The results showed that both solid particles and aqueous/organic extracts of DWTR exhibited no toxicity to the bacterial luminescence and growth. The solid particles of DWTR even promoted bacterial luminescence, possibly because DWTR particles could act as a microbial carrier and provide nutrients for bacteria growth. Bacterial toxicity (either luminescence or growth) was observed from the solid phase and aqueous/organic extracts of sediments with or without DWTR addition. Further analysis showed that the solid phase toxicity was determined to be related mainly to the fixation of bacteria to fine particles and/or organic matter, and all of the observed inhibition resulting from aqueous/organic extracts was identified as non-significant. Moreover, DWTR addition not only had no adverse effect on the aqueous/organic extract toxicity of the sediment but also reduced the solid phase toxicity of the sediment. Overall, in practical application, the solid particles, the water-soluble substances transferred to surface water or the organic substances in DWTR had no toxicity or any delayed effect on bacteria in lakes, and DWTR can therefore be considered as a non-hazardous material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Wang L, Mi X, Chai Y. Effect of ferrous chloride on biogas production and enzymatic activities during anaerobic fermentation of cow dung and Phragmites straw. Biodegradation 2016; 27:69-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-016-9756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA, Mansour MSM. Treatment of leather industrial wastewater via combined advanced oxidation and membrane filtration. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:586-594. [PMID: 27508363 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The liming/unhairing operation is among the important processes of the leather industry. It generates large amounts of effluent that are highly loaded with organic hazard wastes. Such effluent is considered one of the most obnoxious materials in the leather industry, causing serious environmental pollution and health risks. The effluent is characterized by high concentrations of the pollution parameters. Conventional chemical and/or biological treatment of such wastewater is inefficient to meet the required limits of standard specifications, due to the presence of resistant and toxic compounds. The present investigation deals with an effective treatment approach for the lime/unhair effluent using the Fenton reaction followed by membrane filtration. The experiment was extended to a laboratory pilot-scale in a continuous treatment study. In this study the raw wastewater was treated with the predetermined Fenton's optimum dose followed by membrane filtration. The wastewater was efficiently treated and the final effluent met the standards for unrestricted water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein I Abdel-Shafy
- Water Research & Pollution Control Department, National Research Center, El-Behous Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Mohamed A El-Khateeb
- Water Research & Pollution Control Department, National Research Center, El-Behous Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Mona S M Mansour
- Analysis & Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-Zomor Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Jiang G, Sun J, Sharma KR, Yuan Z. Corrosion and odor management in sewer systems. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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