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Peng Z, Li Y, Yan L, Yang S, Yang D. Correlation Analysis of Microbial Contamination and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Raw Milk and Dairy Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1825. [PMID: 36767192 PMCID: PMC9915017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination in raw milk and dairy products can detrimentally affect product quality and human health. In this study, the aerobic plate count, aerobic Bacillus abundance, thermophilic aerobic Bacillus abundance, and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in 435 raw milk, 451 pasteurized milk, and 617 sterilized milk samples collected from 13 Chinese provinces (or municipalities). Approximately 9.89% and 2.22% of raw milk and pasteurized milk samples exceeded the threshold values for the aerobic plate count, respectively. The proportions of aerobic Bacillus in raw milk, pasteurized milk, and sterilized milk were 54.02%, 14.41%, and 1.30%, respectively. The proportions of thermophilic aerobic Bacillus species were 7.36% in raw milk and 4.88% in pasteurized milk samples, and no bacteria were counted in sterilized milk. Approximately 36.18% of raw milk samples contained >500,000 mU/L of alkaline phosphatase activity, while 9.71% of pasteurized milk samples contained >350 mU/L. For raw milk, there was a positive correlation between the aerobic plate count, the aerobic Bacillus abundance, and the alkaline phosphatase activity, and there was a positive correlation between the aerobic Bacillus abundance, the thermophilic aerobic Bacillus count, and the alkaline phosphatase activity. For pasteurized milk, there was a positive correlation between the aerobic plate count, the aerobic Bacillus abundance, and the thermophilic aerobic Bacillus count; however, the alkaline phosphatase activity had a negative correlation with the aerobic plate count, the aerobic Bacillus abundance, and the thermophilic aerobic Bacillus abundance. These results facilitate the awareness of public health safety issues and the involvement of dairy product regulatory agencies in China.
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Zhang XY, Li ZL, Chen F, Wang SP, Nan J, Huang C, Chen XQ, Cao D, Bai CH, Wang HC, Han JL, Liang B, Wang AJ. Influence of nitrate concentration on trichloroethylene reductive dechlorination in weak electric stimulation system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133935. [PMID: 35149011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The co-existence of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) and nitrate pollution in groundwater is prominent, but how nitrate exposure affects weak-electrical stimulated bio-dechlorination activity of VCH is largely unknown. Here, by establishing weak-electrical stimulated trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination systems, the influence on TCE dechlorination by exposure to the different concentrations (25-100 mg L-1) of nitrate was investigated. The existence of nitrate in general decreased TCE dechlorination efficiency to varying degrees, and the higher nitrate concentration, the stronger the inhibitory effects, verified by the gradually decreased transcription levels of tceA. Although the TCE dechlorination kinetic rate constant decreased by 36% the most, under all nitrate concentration ranges, TCE could be completely removed within 32 h and no difference in generated metabolites was found, revealing the well-maintained dechlorination activity. This was due to the quickly enriched bio-denitrification activity, which removed nitrate completely within 9 h, and thus relieved the inhibition on TCE dechlorination. The obvious bacterial community structure succession was also observed, from dominating with dechlorination genera (e.g., Acetobacterium, Eubacterium) to dominating with both dechlorination and denitrification genera (e.g., Acidovorax and Brachymonas). The study proposed the great potential for the in situ simultaneous denitrification and dehalogenation in groundwater contaminated with both nitrate and VCHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Si-Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Cong Huang
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xue-Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Di Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Cai-Hua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Wang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing-Long Han
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Xu T, Tao Y, Song L, Wang H, Ren B. A unique microbiome in a highly polluted and alkalic lake in a seasonally frozen area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112056. [PMID: 34534523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly polluted waters profoundly promoted microbial activities and vice versa. Although microbial community structures and bioprocesses in polluted environments have been fully investigated, they are rarely uncovered in abandoned and highly polluted aquatic environment, especially in a seasonally frozen area. East Lake had been polluted by surrounding paper mills and dairy plants from the 1960s to the early 2000s. Under low biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio<0.2) and alkalic (pH > 9) conditions, a unique microbiome was discovered in East lake. Proteobacteria was the largest taxonomic group in the microbial community, covering almost half of the top-100 genera. Among them, seven genera are sulfate-reducing bacteria, including Desulfuromusa, Desulfuromonas, Desulfobulbus, Desulfocapsa, Desulfurivibrio, Desulfatiglans, and Desulfomicrobium. Functional analysis revealed abundant predicted functional genes for the respiration of sulfur compounds and sulfate respiration. Great vertical variations were found to both microbial community structures and predicted functions. This work provides unique evidence for future microbiome studies of nutrient-rich, alkalic, and seasonally frozen water habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefu Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yu Tao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Binqiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150028, China.
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Torres K, Álvarez-Hornos FJ, Gabaldón C, Marzal P. Start-Up of Chitosan-Assisted Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactors Treating Light Oxygenated Solvents under Intermittent Operation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094986. [PMID: 34067161 PMCID: PMC8125441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quality of the granular sludge developed during the start-up of anaerobic up-flow sludge bed reactors is of crucial importance to ensure the process feasibility of treating industrial wastewater such as those containing solvents. In this study, the microbial granule formation from suspended-growth biomass was investigated in two chitosan-assisted reactors. These reactors operated mimicking industrial sites working with night closures treating a mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol. Each reactor operated under different hydrodynamic regimes typical from UASB (R1: <0.15 m h−1) and EGSB (R2: 3 m h−1). High soluble COD removal efficiencies (>90%) accompanied by rapid formation of robust anaerobic granules were achieved at both up-flow velocity levels. After three weeks from the start-up, mean size diameters of 475 µm and 354 µm were achieved for R1 and R2, respectively. The performance of the process was found to be stable for the whole operational period of 106 days treating intermittent OLR up to 13 kg COD m−3 d−1. A memory dose of chitosan at day 42 was beneficial to guarantee good quality of the granules by offsetting the negative impact of intermittent water supply on the granular size. Methanocorpusculum was identified as the dominant archaea at both up-flow velocities. Acetobacterium, Geobacter and Desulfovibrio bacteria were also abundant, demonstrating its role on the degradation of light-oxygenated solvents.
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Li J, Chen X, Liu W, Tao Y. Biostimulation of a marine anammox bacteria-dominated bioprocess by Co(II) to treat nitrogen-rich, saline wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141489. [PMID: 32846348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biostimulation of a marine anammox bacteria (MAB)-dominated bioprocess with Co(II) was studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating nitrogen-rich saline wastewater at 15 °C. The low Co(II) load of 0.0015 kgCo2+added/(m3.d) had little effect on the removal of nitrogen. The nitrite removal rate (NRR), ammonia removal rate (ARR), and specific anammox activity (SAA) reached 0.73 kg/(m3·d), 0.59 kg/(m3·d), and 0.23 kg/(kg·d), respectively, under the Co(II) load of 0.009 kgCo2+added/(m3.d). However, the loadings of Co(II) at 0.024-0.03 kgCo2+added/(m3.d) negatively affected the activity of MAB. Besides, the values of ΔNO2--N/ΔNH4+-N (1.15-1.29) were lower than the theoretical ratio values (around 1.32) likely because of the marine commamox process. The removal of nitrogen from nitrogen-rich saline wastewater was achieved by the synergy between Candidatus Scalindua (27.11%) and Candidatus Kuenenia (9.55%). The nitrogen removal with Co(II) addition could be well described by a modified Logistic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenzong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Tao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Li Z, Hu Y, Liu C, Shen J, Wu J, Li H, Wang K, Zuo J. Performance and microbial community of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor in the treatment of cephalosporin wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 275:94-100. [PMID: 30579106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anaerobic treatment and microbial characteristics of high-concentration cephalosporin wastewater were studied. A pilot-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was designed to treat cephalosporin wastewater, whose diameter, height and effective volume were 0.5 m, 4.9 m, 0.92 m3, respectively. With mixed high-concentration cephalosporin wastewater and municipal wastewater as a substrate, the anaerobic reactor was started and operated 414 days. An average COD removal efficiency of 72% was achieved at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 9.96 kg COD/(m3·d), with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 25 h. The average methane content reached 82%. Methanobacterium and Methanomassiliicoccus were predominant archaea in the granular sludge for each of the organic loading rates, and the predominant methane-producing pathway was hydrogenotroph and methylotroph. Those results demonstrated that the EGSB reactor could treat high-concentration cephalosporin wastewater with a unique methane-producing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yuying Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Chuanyang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jian Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Huaizhi Li
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Kaijun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jiane Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Snell-Castro R, Méndez-Acosta HO, Arreola-Vargas J, González-Álvarez V, Pintado-González M, González-Morales MT, Godon JJ. Active prokaryotic population dynamics exhibit high correlation to reactor performance during methane production from acid hydrolysates of Agave tequilana var. azul bagasse. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1618-1630. [PMID: 30803104 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to apply cDNA approach for the characterization of active prokaryotic community to understand microbial scenarios and performance of an AnSBR digester fed with acid hydrolysates of Agave tequilana var. azul bagasse (ATAB). METHODS AND RESULTS The digester was implemented for methane production under organic loading rate (OLR) disturbances to correlate physicochemical variables with changes in abundance, diversity and population dynamics of active Bacteria and Archaea by principal components analysis (PCA). Results indicated that methane yield increased as well as active syntrophic relationships for interspecies hydrogen/formate (Anaerolinaceae-Methanobacterium beijingense) and acetate (Anaerolinaceae-Methanosaeta concilii) transfers at 8 g-COD l-1 day-1 . However, methane yield was negatively affected at 16 g-COD l-1 day-1 due to the competition for acetate by active Desulfovibrio marrakechensis and volatile fatty acids inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Microbial scenarios obtained by PCA correlations indicated that methane production from acid hydrolysates of ATAB was feasible at 8 g-COD l-1 day-1 . The digester operation at higher OLR only favoured methanogenesis by the hydrogenotrophic pathway. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Only cDNA analysis showed Archaea population dynamics, exhibiting high correlation with physicochemical variables towards the understanding of the methanogenic digester performance during OLR disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Snell-Castro
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - H O Méndez-Acosta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - J Arreola-Vargas
- División de Procesos Industriales, Universidad Tecnológica de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - V González-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - M Pintado-González
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - M T González-Morales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - J J Godon
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Narbonne, France
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Dynamics of Archaeal and Bacterial Communities in Response to Variations of Hydraulic Retention Time in an Integrated Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Membrane Bioreactor Treating Benzothiazole Wastewater. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2018; 2018:9210534. [PMID: 29853797 PMCID: PMC5949192 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9210534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor (IAFMBR) was investigated to treat synthetic high-strength benzothiazole wastewater (50 mg/L) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24, 18, and 12 h. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency (from 93.6% to 90.9%), the methane percentage (from 70.9% to 69.27%), and the methane yield (from 0.309 m3 CH4/kg·CODremoved to 0.316 m3 CH4/kg·CODremoved) were not affected by decreasing HRTs. However, it had an adverse effect on membrane fouling (decreasing service period from 5.3 d to 3.2 d) and benzothiazole removal efficiency (reducing it from 97.5% to 82.3%). Three sludge samples that were collected on day 185, day 240, and day 297 were analyzed using an Illumina® MiSeq platform. It is striking that the dominant genus of archaea was always Methanosaeta despite of HRTs. The proportions of Methanosaeta were 80.6% (HRT 24), 91.9% (HRT 18), and 91.2% (HRT 12). The dominant bacterial genera were Clostridium in proportions of 23.9% (HRT 24), 16.4% (HRT 18), and 15.3% (HRT 12), respectively.
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Sui Q, Jiang C, Yu D, Chen M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei Y. Performance of a sequencing-batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) with an automatic control strategy treating high-strength swine wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 342:210-219. [PMID: 28841468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to high-strength of organic matters, nutrients and pathogen, swine wastewater is a major source of pollution to rural environment and surface water. A sequencing-batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) system with an automatic control strategy was developed for high-strength swine wastewater treatment. Short-cut nitrification and denitrification (SND) was achieved at nitrite accumulation rate of 83.6%, with removal rates of COD, NH4+-N and TN at 95%, 99% and 93%, respectively, at reduced HRT of 6.0 d and TN loading rate of 0.02kgN/(kgVSS d). With effective membrane separation, the reduction of total bacteria (TB) and putative pathogen were 2.77 logs and 1%, respectively. The shift of microbial community was well responded to controlling parameters. During the SND process, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (Nitrospira) were enriched by 52 times and reduced by 2 times, respectively. The denitrifiers (Thauera) were well enriched and the diversity was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Sui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meixue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Junya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Li C, Nges IA, Lu W, Wang H. Assessment of the degradation efficiency of full-scale biogas plants: A comparative study of degradation indicators. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:304-312. [PMID: 28780264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing popularity and applications of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process has necessitated the development and identification of tools for obtaining reliable indicators of organic matter degradation rate and hence evaluate the process efficiency especially in full-scale, commercial biogas plants. In this study, four biogas plants (A1, A2, B and C) based on different feedstock, process configuration, scale and operational performance were selected and investigated. Results showed that the biochemical methane potential (BMP) based degradation rate could be use in incisively gauging process efficiency in lieu of the traditional degradation rate indicators. The BMP degradation rates ranged from 70 to 90% wherein plants A2 and C showed the highest throughput. This study, therefore, corroborates the feasibility of using the BMP degradation rate as a practical tool for evaluating process performance in full-scale biogas processes and spots light on the microbial diversity in full-scale biogas processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22241 Lund, Sweden; Nova Skantek Environmental Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100027, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ivo Achu Nges
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22241 Lund, Sweden
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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11
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Bravo D, Ferrero P, Penya-Roja JM, Álvarez-Hornos FJ, Gabaldón C. Control of VOCs from printing press air emissions by anaerobic bioscrubber: Performance and microbial community of an on-site pilot unit. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 197:287-295. [PMID: 28391101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel process consisted of an anaerobic bioscrubber was studied at the field scale for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a printing press facility. The pilot unit worked under high fluctuating waste gas emissions containing ethanol, ethyl acetate, and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol as main pollutants, with airflows ranging between 184 and 1253 m3 h-1 and an average concentration of 1126 ± 470 mg-C Nm-3. Three scrubber configurations (cross-flow and vertical-flow packings and spray tower) were tested, and cross-flow packing was found to be the best one. For this packing, daily average values of VOC removal efficiency ranged between 83% and 93% for liquid to air volume ratios between 3.5·10-3 and 9.1·10-3. Biomass growth was prevented by periodical chemical cleaning; the average pressure drop was 165 Pa m-1. Rapid initiation of anaerobic degradation was achieved by using granular sludge from a brewery wastewater treatment plant. Despite the intermittent and fluctuating organic load, the expanded granular sludge bed reactor showed an excellent level of performance, reaching removal efficiencies of 93 ± 5% at 25.1 ± 3.2 °C, with biogas methane content of 94 ± 3% in volume. Volatile fatty acid concentration was as low as 200 mg acetic acid L-1 by treating daily average organic loads up to 3.0 kg COD h-1, equivalent to 24 kg COD m-3 bed d-1. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results revealed the initial shift of the domains Archaea and Bacteria associated with the limitation of the carbon source to a few organic solvents. The Archaea domain was more sensitive, resulting in a drop of the Shannon index from 1.07 to 0.41 in the first 123 days. Among Archaea, the predominance of Methanosaeta persisted throughout the experimental period. The increase in the proportion of Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium sp. was linked to the spontaneous variations of operating temperature and load, respectively. Among Bacteria, high levels of ethanol degraders (Geobacter and Pelobacter sp.) were observed during the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bravo
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Valencia, Avd. Universitat s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Pure Air Solutions, PB 135, 8440 AC, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - P Ferrero
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Valencia, Avd. Universitat s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - J M Penya-Roja
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Valencia, Avd. Universitat s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F J Álvarez-Hornos
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Valencia, Avd. Universitat s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - C Gabaldón
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Valencia, Avd. Universitat s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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12
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Oko BJ, Tao Y, Stuckey DC. Dynamics of two methanogenic microbiomes incubated in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthenic acids, and oil field produced water. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:123. [PMID: 28503198 PMCID: PMC5426053 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil field produced water (OFPW) is widely produced in large volumes around the world. Transforming the organic matter in OFPW into bioenergy, such as biomethane, is one promising way to sustainability. However, OFPW is difficult to biologically degrade because it contains complex compounds such as naphthenic acids (NAs), or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although active microbial communities have been found in many oil reservoirs, little is known about how an exotic microbiome, e.g. the one which originates from municipal wastewater treatment plants, would evolve when incubated with OFPW. RESULTS In this study, we harvested methanogenic biomass from two sources: a full-scale anaerobic digester (AD) treating oil and gas processing wastewater (named O&G sludge), and from a full-scale AD reactor treating multiple fractions of municipal solid wastes (named MS, short for mixed sludge). Both were incubated in replicate microcosms fed with PAHs, NAs, or OFPW. The results showed that the PAHs, NAs, and OFPW feeds could rapidly alter the methanogenic microbiomes, even after 14 days, while the O&G sludge adapted faster than the mixed sludge in all the incubations. Two rarely reported microorganisms, a hydrogenotrophic methanogen Candidatus methanoregula and a saccharolytic fermenter Kosmotoga, were found to be prevalent in the PAHs and OFPW microcosms, and are likely to play an important role in the syntrophic degradation of PAHs and OFPW, cooperating with methanogens such as Methanoregula, Methanosarcina, or Methanobacterium. CONCLUSIONS The dominant phyla varied in certain patterns during the incubations, depending on the biomass source, feed type, and variation in nutrients. The sludge that originated from the oil and gas processing wastewater treatment (O&G) reactor adapted faster than the one from municipal solid waste reactors, almost certainly because the O&G biomass had been "pre-selected" by the environment. This study reveals the importance of biomass selection for other crude oil-waste-related bioengineering studies, such as bioaugmentation and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonahis J. Oko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - David C. Stuckey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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13
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Zwain HM, Aziz HA, Ng WJ, Dahlan I. Performance and microbial community analysis in a modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor treating recycled paper mill effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13012-13024. [PMID: 28378314 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) contains high levels of organic and solid compounds, causing operational problems for anaerobic biological treatment. In this study, a unique modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) has been developed to treat RPME at various initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations (1000-4000 mg/L) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (3 and 1 day). The COD removal efficiency was decreased from 96 to 83% when the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased from 0.33 to 4 g/L day. Throughout the study, a maximum methane yield of 0.25 L CH4/g COD was obtained, while the pH fluctuated in the range of 5.8 to 7.8. The reactor performance was influenced by the development and distribution of the microbial communities. Based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, the microbial community represented a variety of bacterial phyla with significant homology to Euryarchaeota (43.06%), Planctomycetes (24.68%), Proteobacteria (21.58%), Acidobacteria (4.12%), Chloroflexi (3.14%), Firmicutes (1.12%), Bacteroidetes (1.02%), and others (1.28%). The NGS analysis showed that the microbial community was dominated by Methanosaeta concilii and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. This can be supported by the presence of filamentous and spherical microbes of different sizes. Additionally, methanogenic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) microorganisms coexisted in all compartments, and these contributed to the overall degradation of substances in the RPME. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Zwain
- College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Al Qasim Province, Iraq
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
- Solid Waste Management Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wun Jern Ng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech 1, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Irvan Dahlan
- Solid Waste Management Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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14
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Luo G, Li J, Li Y, Wang Z, Li WT, Li AM. Performance, kinetics behaviors and microbial community of internal circulation anaerobic reactor treating wastewater with high organic loading rate: Role of external hydraulic circulation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:470-477. [PMID: 27764739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Performance of internal circulation anaerobic reactor (IC) treating wastewater at high organic loading rate (OLR) and role of external hydraulic circulation were evaluated. When the OLR was increased from 2.50 to 18.94kgCOD/m3/d, COD removal decreased to 85% slightly and methane production increased to 4.49L/L/d with the upflow velocity of 1.0m/h resulted from the additional hydraulic circulation. Withdrawal of external hydraulic circulation led to decrease of COD removal to lower than 60% drastically and methane production by 81%. Accumulation of volatile fatty acids caused decline of pH to below 6.0 and the shift of substrate metabolic pathway to the hybrid fermentation. In addition, both maximum methane production rate and maximum substrate degradation rate obtained from mathematical models decreased significantly. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens including Methanobacterium and Methanocorpusculum predominated in the anaerobic sludge and the shift of microbial community was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Purohit HJ, Kapley A, Khardenavis A, Qureshi A, Dafale NA. Insights in Waste Management Bioprocesses Using Genomic Tools. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 97:121-170. [PMID: 27926430 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial capacities drive waste stabilization and resource recovery in environmental friendly processes. Depending on the composition of waste, a stress-mediated selection process ensures a scenario that generates a specific enrichment of microbial community. These communities dynamically change over a period of time while keeping the performance through the required utilization capacities. Depending on the environmental conditions, these communities select the appropriate partners so as to maintain the desired functional capacities. However, the complexities of these organizations are difficult to study. Individual member ratios and sharing of genetic intelligence collectively decide the enrichment and survival of these communities. The next-generation sequencing options with the depth of structure and function analysis have emerged as a tool that could provide the finer details of the underlying bioprocesses associated and shared in environmental niches. These tools can help in identification of the key biochemical events and monitoring of expression of associated phenotypes that will support the operation and maintenance of waste management systems. In this chapter, we link genomic tools with process optimization and/or management, which could be applied for decision making and/or upscaling. This review describes both, the aerobic and anaerobic, options of waste utilization process with the microbial community functioning as flocs, granules, or biofilms. There are a number of challenges involved in harnessing the microbial community intelligence with associated functional plasticity for efficient extension of microbial capacities for resource recycling and waste management. Mismanaged wastes could lead to undesired genotypes such as antibiotic/multidrug-resistant microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Purohit
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Nagpur, India
| | - A Kapley
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Nagpur, India
| | - A Khardenavis
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Nagpur, India
| | - A Qureshi
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Nagpur, India
| | - N A Dafale
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Nagpur, India
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16
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Pourali P, Razavian Zadeh N, Yahyaei B. Silver nanoparticles production by two soil isolated bacteria,Bacillus thuringiensisandEnterobacter cloacae, and assessment of their cytotoxicity and wound healing effect in rats. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:860-869. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Pourali
- Department of Medical Sciences; Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University; Shahrood Iran
| | - Nasrin Razavian Zadeh
- Department of Medical Sciences; Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University; Shahrood Iran
| | - Behrooz Yahyaei
- Department of Medical Sciences; Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University; Shahrood Iran
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17
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Zhang X, Tao Y, Hu J, Liu G, Spanjers H, van Lier JB. Biomethanation and microbial community changes in a digester treating sludge from a brackish aquaculture recirculation system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:338-347. [PMID: 27155261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a high-salinity-adapted inoculum and a moderate stepwise-increased organic loading rate (OLR), a stable digester performance was achieved in treating sludge from a brackish aquaculture recirculation system. The specific methane yield was distinctly enhanced, reaching 0.203LCH4/gCODadded, compared to literature values (0.140-0.154LCH4/gCODadded) from the salty sludges. OLR adjustment and the fecal substrate substantially influenced population changes in the digester. Within the bacterial subpopulations, the relative abundance of Bacillus and Bacteroides declined, accompanied by the increase of Clostridium and Trigonala over time. The results show Trigonala was derived from the substrate and accumulated inside the digester. The most abundant methanogen was Methanosarcina in the inoculum and the digestates. The Methanosarcina proliferation can be ascribed to its metabolic versatility, probably a feature of crucial importance for high-salinity environments. Other frequently observed methanogens were outcompeted. The population similarity at the genus level between inoculum and digestates declined during the initial stage and afterwards increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Zhang
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Jianmei Hu
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Liu
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands; Oasen Water Company, PO Box 122, 2800 AC Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Spanjers
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands
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18
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Pourali P, Yahyaei B. Biological production of silver nanoparticles by soil isolated bacteria and preliminary study of their cytotoxicity and cutaneous wound healing efficiency in rat. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 34:22-31. [PMID: 26854241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of AgNPs by 37 different bacterial soil isolates was done and confirmed through visible spectrophotometry. Fifteen isolates were identified and two of them with the highest ability of AgNPs production were used for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. MTT assay for both of the obtained AgNPs was run and after determination their IC50s, two different toxic and nontoxic doses of each AgNPs solution were chosen for wound healing assay. Forty eight rats were divided into 6 groups; two were the controls, two were administrated by the toxic and two were administrated by the nontoxic doses of AgNPs produced by Bacillus cereus and Escherichia fergusonii. Administration of the nontoxic doses of AgNPs had better wound healing effect than both of the toxic ones. The control groups had less wound healing properties. In conclusion, biologically produced AgNPs in their nontoxic doses accelerated the collagen formation and the epithelization and decelerated the angiogenesis and duration of completion the epithelization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Pourali
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Behrooz Yahyaei
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
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19
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Xin X, He J, Wang Y, Feng J, Qiu W. Role of aeration intensity on performance and microbial community profiles in a sequencing batch reaction kettle (SBRK) for wastewater nutrients rapid removal. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 201:140-147. [PMID: 26642219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale SBRK was operated to investigate the effects of aeration intensity on the system performance and microbial community dynamics within it. Results showed that the sewage nutrients was removed rapidly (just about 3-6h) with the aeration intensity increasing from 0 to 0.6MPa. Average effluent parameters were: COD below 50mg/L, NH4(+)-N less than 1mg/L, 1.5-4.5mg/L for nitrate and TP below 0.5mg/L. The highest community similarity and diversity emerged simultaneously with the aeration pressure rising from 0.2 to 0.4MPa, which was regarded as the optimal aeration intensity range. Microbial community shifted obviously and the function species of Comamonadaceae, Dechloromonas, Flavobacterium and Nitrospira dominated in the corresponding communities. RDA indicated that aeration intensity was the main factor for regulating system communities to optimize the system performance. It inferred that high aeration pressure played a key role on sewage nutrients rapid removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junguo He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jinghan Feng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
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