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Zhang X, Du H, Wang C, Liu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Tan C, Li H, Hu Y. Simultaneous removal of phenanthrene and Pb using novel PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-32986-8. [PMID: 38613749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
PPG-CNTs-nZVI bead was synthesized by polyvinyl alcohol, pumice, carbon nanotube, and guar gum-nanoscale zero-valent iron to be applied on simultaneously removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; phenanthrene) and heavy metals (Pb2+) via adsorption. The individual and simultaneous removal efficiency of phenanthrene and Pb2+ using the PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads was evaluated with a range of initial concentrations of these two pollutants. The kinetics and isotherms of phenanthrene and Pb2+ adsorption by the PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads were also determined. The PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads show reasonably high phenanthrene adsorption capacities (up to 0.16 mg/g), and they absorbed 85% of the phenanthrene (initial concentration 0.5 mg/L) in 30 min. High Pb2+ adsorption capabilities were also demonstrated by the PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads (up to 11.6 mg/g). The adsorption fits the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The adsorption still remained stable with various ionic strength circumstances and a wide pH range (2-5). Additionally, the co-adsorption of phenanthrene and Pb2+ by the PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads resulted in synergistic effects. Particularly, phenanthrene-Pb2+ complex formation via π-cation interactions demonstrated a greater affinity than phenanthrene or Pb2+ alone. The present findings suggest that PPG-CNTs-nZVI beads may be effective sorbents for the simultaneous removal of PAHs and heavy metals from contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Haoyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Building Technology Development Co, Ltd, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 102442, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chaohong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Yuansheng Hu
- UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Yan J, Zuo X, Yang S, Chen R, Cai T, Ding D. Evaluation of potassium ferrate activated biochar for the simultaneous adsorption of copper and sulfadiazine: Competitive versus synergistic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127435. [PMID: 34638070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Combined pollution caused by organic pollutants and heavy metals pose a significant challenge to the adsorption process. In this study, iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) was prepared by using ferrate (K2FeO4) and wheat stalk as the precursors for the adsorption of copper (Cu2+) and sulfadiazine (SDZ), especially under combined pollution scenarios. Iron modification not only enlarged the surface area but also loaded iron oxide nanoparticles on biochar surface. Accordingly, Fe-BC exhibited better adsorption capability of Cu2+ and SDZ than the pristine biochar (BC). The corresponding maximum adsorption capacities of Fe-BC700 were 46.85 mg g-1 and 45.43 mg g-1 towards Cu2+ and SDZ, respectively. Interestingly, the adsorption was elevated in binary-pollutants system, suggesting a synergistic effect, which was probably attributed to the mutual bridging effects and complexation between Cu2+ and SDZ. The loaded iron oxide particles could serve as a physical barrier to separate the adsorptions of Cu2+ and SDZ and thus inhibited the competitive adsorption. Meanwhile, theoretical calculation demonstrated that sulfonamide group was the most probable binding site. Columns packed with Fe-BC700 showed better performances for Cu2+ and SDZ removal in binary system (635.73 BV for Cu2+ and 4846.26 BV for SDZ) than in single systems (571.60 BV for Cu2+ and 3572.06 BV for SDZ), which was consistent with batch adsorption experiments. These results demonstrated the potential application of Fe-BC700 for simultaneous adsorption of Cu2+ and SDZ and provided a cost-effective way for the remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Yan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zuo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengjiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Tianming Cai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dahu Ding
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Shariatinia Z, Esmaeilzadeh A. Hybrid silica aerogel nanocomposite adsorbents designed for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solution. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1624-1637. [PMID: 31206828 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid silica aerogel (HSA) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method and drying at ambient pressure. Also, two magnetic nanocomposites of HSA with Fe3 O4 nanoparticles and chitosan (CS) were prepared including HSA-Fe3 O4 and HSA-Fe3 O4 -CS. The morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of the HSA as well as its nanocomposites were analyzed by SEM, XRD, TGA, VSM, and ATR-FTIR techniques. The saturation magnetization (Ms ) values for the Fe3 O4 NPs, HSA-Fe3 O4, and HSA-Fe3 O4 -CS nanocomposite film were 69.93, 19.04, and 5.77 emu/g, respectively. Furthermore, the abilities of the HSA, HSA-Fe3 O4 , CS, and HSA-Fe3 O4 -CS adsorbents were assessed for removal of cadmium(II) heavy metal ions (100 ppm) from aqueous solution. All adsorbents removed/adsorbed the maximum Cd(II) ions in 120 min when adsorbent dosage = 20 mg and pH = 8. Moreover, the highest adsorption capacities were 58.5, 69.4, 65.8, and 71.9 mg/g for the HSA, CS, HSA-Fe3 O4, and HSA-Fe3 O4 -CS, respectively. Kinetic studies using all adsorbents verified that Cd(II) adsorption obeyed the second-order model illustrating the analyte chemisorption was happened on the adsorbent surfaces. All adsorption data were well consistent with the Langmuir isotherms. The reusability experiment confirmed that all of adsorbents could preserve >95% of their initial adsorption capacities even after five series of adsorption/desorption tests. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hybrid silica aerogel (HSA), HSA-Fe3 O4, and HSA-Fe3 O4 -CS adsorbents were produced. Nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TGA, SEM, VSM, and ATR-FTIR analysis. Adsorption of cadmium(II) ions by adsorbents was examined in aqueous solution. The highest adsorption capacity was obtained for the HSA-Fe3 O4 -CS (71.9 mg/g). Cd(II) adsorption followed second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shariatinia
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Biswas B, Juhasz AL, Mahmudur Rahman M, Naidu R. Modified clays alter diversity and respiration profile of microorganisms in long-term hydrocarbon and metal co-contaminated soil. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:522-534. [PMID: 31713319 PMCID: PMC7017831 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Clays and surfactant‐modified clays (organoclays) are becoming popular as pollutant sorbents due to their high reactivity and low‐cost availability. However, the lack of field testing and data on ecotoxicity limits their application. Considering such aspects, this study assessed the impact of clay amendments to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)/cadmium (Cd)‐contaminated soil on microbial respiration profiles (active vs. inactive cells) using redox staining and the relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and archaea. These clay products are bentonite, cationic surfactant‐modified bentonite and palmitic acid‐grafted surfactant‐modified bentonite). After 70 days, the addition of bentonite and its modified forms altered microbial community structure mainly among dominant groups (Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi) with effects varying depending on material loading to soil. Among amendments, fatty acid (palmitic acid) tailored cationic surfactant‐modified bentonite proved to be microbial growth supportive and significantly increased the number of respiration‐active microbial cells by 5% at a low dose of material (e.g. 1%). Even at high dose (5%), the similarity index using operational taxonomic units (OTUs) also indicates that this modified organoclay‐mixed soil provided only slightly different environment than control soil, and therefore, it could offer more biocompatibility than its counterpart organoclay at similar dose (e.g. cationic surfactant‐modified bentonite). This study promotes designing ‘eco‐safe’ clay‐based sorbents for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabananda Biswas
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5085, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5085, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Biswas B, Warr LN, Hilder EF, Goswami N, Rahman MM, Churchman JG, Vasilev K, Pan G, Naidu R. Biocompatible functionalisation of nanoclays for improved environmental remediation. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3740-3770. [PMID: 31206104 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs01019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the wide range of materials used for remediating environmental contaminants, modified and functionalised nanoclays show particular promise as advanced sorbents, improved dispersants, or biodegradation enhancers. However, many chemically modified nanoclay materials are incompatible with living organisms when they are used in natural systems with detrimental implications for ecosystem recovery. Here we critically review the pros and cons of functionalised nanoclays and provide new perspectives on the synthesis of environmentally friendly varieties. Particular focus is given to finding alternatives to conventional surfactants used in modified nanoclay products, and to exploring strategies in synthesising nanoclay-supported metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. A large number of promising nanoclay-based sorbents are yet to satisfy environmental biocompatibility in situ but opportunities are there to tailor them to produce "biocompatible" or regenerative/reusable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabananda Biswas
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia. and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Laurence N Warr
- Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Nirmal Goswami
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Mohammad M Rahman
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. and Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Jock G Churchman
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Gang Pan
- Centre of Integrated Water-Energy-Food Studies, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. and Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Wawra A, Friesl-Hanl W, Puschenreiter M, Soja G, Reichenauer T, Roithner C, Watzinger A. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixed contaminated soil supported by phytostabilisation, organic and inorganic soil additives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1287-1295. [PMID: 30045550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In soil, mixed contamination with potentially toxic trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may persist for a long time due to strong adsorption to the soil matrix and to its toxicity to microorganism. We conducted an incubation batch experiment to test the effect of soil amendments (biochar, gravel sludge, iron oxides) on the immobilisation of trace elements. To monitor microbial degradation, a 13C-PHE (phenanthrene) label was introduced to soil for 13C-PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) analysis. Soil amendments increased soil pH, reduced mobility of NH4NO3-extractable trace elements Cd and Zn, and increased mobile Cu. A small consortium of PHE degraders was identified mainly in the microbial groups of gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes. The degradation process of PHE peaked 9days after incubation start. PAH concentrations remained constant in the soil within the 30-day incubation, except for the easily available 13C-PHE in the amended treatment. In order to test the effect of plants and soil amendments under more realistic conditions, we also conducted an outdoor pot experiment with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia Nyirsegi). Furthermore, soil amendments increased the mobility of soil Cu and As and decreased the mobility of Cd, Pb and Sb. The uptake of trace elements to leaves was low. Σ 16 U.S. EPA PAHs were significantly reduced only in the combined treatment of black locust and soil amendments after 12months of plant growth. Soil amendment-assisted phytoremediation showed a high efficiency in PAH dissipation and may be a useful remediation technique for mixed contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wawra
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Soil Research, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Soil Research, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Reichenauer
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Caroline Roithner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Andrea Watzinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Biswas B, Sarkar B, Rusmin R, Naidu R. Mild acid and alkali treated clay minerals enhance bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in long-term contaminated soil: A 14C-tracer study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:255-265. [PMID: 28131473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils requires a higher microbial viability and an increased PAH bioavailability. The clay/modified clay-modulated bacterial degradation could deliver a more efficient removal of PAHs in soils depending on the bioavailability of the compounds. In this study, we modified clay minerals (smectite and palygorskite) with mild acid (HCl) and alkali (NaOH) treatments (0.5-3 M), which increased the surface area and pore volume of the products, and removed the impurities without collapsing the crystalline structure of clay minerals. In soil incubation studies, supplements with the clay products increased bacterial growth in the order: 0.5 M HCl ≥ unmodified ≥ 0.5 M NaOH ≥ 3 M NaOH ≥ 3 M HCl for smectite, and 0.5 M HCl ≥ 3 M NaOH ≥ 0.5 M NaOH ≥ 3 M HCl ≥ unmodified for palygorskite. A14C-tracing study showed that the mild acid/alkali-treated clay products increased the PAH biodegradation (5-8%) in the order of 0.5 M HCl ≥ unmodified > 3 M NaOH ≥ 0.5 M NaOH for smectite, and 0.5 M HCl > 0.5 M NaOH ≥ unmodified ≥ 3 M NaOH for palygorskite. The biodegradation was correlated (r = 0.81) with the bioavailable fraction of PAHs and microbial growth as affected particularly by the 0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M NaOH-treated clay minerals. These results could be pivotal in developing a clay-modulated bioremediation technology for cleaning up PAH-contaminated soils and sediments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabananda Biswas
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ACT Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia; Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Ruhaida Rusmin
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ACT Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Biswas B, Sarkar B, Naidu R. Bacterial mineralization of phenanthrene on thermally activated palygorskite: A 14C radiotracer study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:709-717. [PMID: 27863871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Clay-bacterial interaction can significantly influence the biodegradation of organic contaminants in the environment. A moderate heat treatment of palygorskite could alter the physicochemical properties of the clay mineral and thus support the growth and function of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria. By using 14C-labelled phenanthrene and a model bacterium Burkholderia sartisoli, we studied the mineralization of phenanthrene on the surface of a moderately heat-treated (up to 400°C) palygorskite. The heat treatment at 400°C induced a reduction of binding sites (e.g., by the elimination of organic matter and/or channel shrinkage) in the palygorskite and thus imparted a weaker sequestration of phenanthrene on its surface and within the pores. As a result, a supplement with the thermally modified palygorskite (400°C) significantly increased (20-30%; p<0.05) the biomineralization of total phenanthrene in a simulated soil slurry system. These results are highly promising to develop a clay mineral based technology for the bioremediation of PAH contaminants in water and soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabananda Biswas
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ACT Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ACT Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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