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Jiang Y, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shen Y, Cao J. Wastewater-based intestinal protozoa monitoring in Shanghai, China. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0403223. [PMID: 39315819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04032-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal protozoa Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi have been implicated in serious waterborne outbreaks worldwide. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising approach for evaluating the disease prevalence in a catchment population in that it monitors the contamination level of the intestinal pathogens in wastewater. We collected 48 urban wastewater samples (24 from influents and 24 from effluents) from the Yangpu Wastewater Treatment Plant (YPWTP) in Shanghai, China. We identified Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Cryptosporidium hominis and subtype IdA14 were identified in two samples by analyzing the sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. The G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII (n = 8) and assemblage C (n = 4) in 12 samples were determined by analyzing triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene sequences. The E. bieneusi genotype A was identified in one sample by analyzing the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. These findings suggest that improving wastewater treatment and monitoring the virility of pathogens in effluents is critical. We observed similar prevalence and genotypes/subtypes of the three intestinal protozoa in our wastewater samples as those reported in previous studies, providing evidence that WBE can be used as an effective epidemic management tool.IMPORTANCECryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common intestinal protozoa causing diarrhea. The infective oocysts, cysts, and spores released in feces can survive in different environments, including multiple types of water bodies. Humans can acquire these intestinal protozoan infections via the fecal-oral route as in waterborne transmission. Wastewater-based epidemiology can rapidly and reliably detect and monitor the emergence and spread of waterborne diseases. We detected Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in a wastewater treatment plant in Shanghai, China, reflecting the occurrence and genetic characterizations of the three intestinal pathogens from community members served by the wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Health risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the application of surface water and septic tank effluent in Chinese agriculture: Impact on cancer patients identified by quantitative microbial risk assessment. Food Microbiol 2023; 111:104213. [PMID: 36681401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrhea and are commonly found on vegetables in China. They pose a health risk, particularly to immunocompromised individuals, including cancer patients. A quantitative microbial risk assessment of Chinese data evaluated the risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia exposure arising from the application of surface water and septic tank effluent to agricultural land. Exposure via agricultural produce consumption (consumers) and agricultural practices (farmers) was considered for subpopulations of cancer patients and immunocompetent people in urban and rural areas, and risk mitigation scenarios were modelled. The cumulative disease burdens attributable to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were, respectively, 9.68×10-6 and 5.57×10-5 disability-adjusted life years per person per year (DALYs pppy) for immunocompetent people, and 3.14×10-5 and 1.51×10-4 DALYs pppy for cancer patients. Cancer patients were approximately three times more likely to have an individual disease burden than immunocompetent people. The disease burden was higher for consumers than farmers, and higher in rural areas than urban areas (all exceeding the maximum recommended by the World Health Organization). The highest burdens were in provinces of high population, such as Henan, Guangdong, and Sichuan, while the burden associated with human and livestock fecal effluent application was higher than with surface water irrigation. Of the three vegetables studied, lettuce posed the greatest risk, followed by bok choy, while cucumber posed the least risk. Risk mitigation scenario analysis showed that pre-treatment of surface water and feces, and appropriate post-harvest handling of vegetables, including disinfection, cooking, and adequate surface heat treatment (75 °C for 60 s), should be considered when attempting to reduce disease burdens. The methodology and findings of this study are useful for evaluating and reducing the burden of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections associated with agricultural irrigation and fertilization practices, particularly on cancer patients.
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Huang Q, Huang S, Li B, Xiong Y, Kuang W, Xiao S, Yi J, Zhao F, Xiao G. Spatially explicit model of the Cryptosporidium and Giardia disease burden from surface and ground waters in urban and rural areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir watershed in Chongqing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37127-37142. [PMID: 36571686 PMCID: PMC10039849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia (major causes of diarrhea) are widely distributed in Chinese source waters and threaten human health. A new spatially explicit GloWPa-TGR-Crypt-Giar C1 model is presented to simultaneously estimate mean monthly (oo)cyst concentrations in surface and ground waters in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) watershed. A quantitative risk assessment of protozoal infections considered different source waters, transmission pathways, regions, susceptible subpopulations, and drinking water treatments. Monthly mean Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentrations ranged between 0.5-19.3 oocysts/10 L and 0.2-5.0 cysts/10 L in surface water, respectively, and 0.007-0.3 oocysts/10 L and 0.002-0. 2 cysts/10 L in groundwater. The cumulative disease burdens attributable to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were, respectively, 5.77×10-5 DALYs (disability-adjusted life years/person/year) and 4.63×10-6 DALYs in urban areas, and 6.35×10-4 DALYs and 8.84×10-5 DALYs in rural areas, which were much higher than the reference risk level recommended by the World Health Organization ([Formula: see text] DALYs). The annual burden associated with consuming surface water was calculated to be 3.84×10-4 DALYs for Cryptosporidium and [Formula: see text] DALYs for Giardia, whereas consuming groundwater entailed the lower burdens (1.26×10-5 and 3.50×10-6 DALYs, respectively). Most DALYs were a consequence of consumption of directly supplied surface water. Fifty percent of the health burden was carried by immunodeficiency with HIV. Children (0-4 years) were more likely to have an individual disease burden than adults (15-64 years). Males were more susceptible than females. Improving sanitation through adequate ozone and microfiltration treatment should be considered when attempting to reduce disease burden. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the importance of reducing (oo)cyst loads to protect the watershed. The methodology and results described will help in evaluating and reducing the burden of protozoal infection associated with surface and ground waters in the TGR and similar watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Shan Huang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Yanhong Xiong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Weijie Kuang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Shunxin Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Jianghui Yi
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404130, China.
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Gholipour S, Nikaeen M, Rabbani D, Mohammadi F, Manesh RM, Besharatipour N, Bina B. Occurrence of enteric and non-enteric microorganisms in coastal waters impacted by anthropogenic activities: A multi-route QMRA for swimmers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114716. [PMID: 36860014 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial characteristics of coastal waters which are impacted by anthropogenic pollution as well as estimate the health risks associated with exposure to enteric and non-enteric microorganisms during swimming. Fecal indicator bacteria were highly detected in samples. Moreover, pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms were found, with the highest frequency for Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Adenovirus 40/41, Acanthamoeba spp., Salmonella enterica, and Cryptosporidium parvum. The median risk of gastrointestinal illness through ingestion of water was estimated to be above the benchmark value of 0.05 per event recommended by WHO. Cryptosporidium followed by Adenovirus, showed higher illness risks than Salmonella. The potential risks of Acanthamoeba and P. aeruginosa were estimated to be low for both dermal and ocular exposure routes. However, there are uncertainties about the infectious fraction of pathogens existing in coastal waters and the delivered dose of microorganisms from dermal/ocular exposure during recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi Manesh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nayereh Besharatipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bijan Bina
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Fradette MS, Culley AI, Charette SJ. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Environmental Water Samples: A Journey into the Past and New Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061175. [PMID: 35744692 PMCID: PMC9228427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the major issues linked with producing safe water for consumption is the presence of the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Since they are both responsible for gastrointestinal illnesses that can be waterborne, their monitoring is crucial, especially in water sources feeding treatment plants. Although their discovery was made in the early 1900s and even before, it was only in 1999 that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a standardized protocol for the detection of these parasites, modified and named today the U.S. EPA 1623.1 Method. It involves the flow-through filtration of a large volume of the water of interest, the elution of the biological material retained on the filter, the purification of the (oo)cysts, and the detection by immunofluorescence of the target parasites. Since the 1990s, several molecular-biology-based techniques were also developed to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia cells from environmental or clinical samples. The application of U.S. EPA 1623.1 as well as numerous biomolecular methods are reviewed in this article, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed guiding the readers, such as graduate students, researchers, drinking water managers, epidemiologists, and public health specialists, through the ever-expanding number of techniques available in the literature for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander I. Culley
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Xu PC, Zhang CM, Wang XC. Numerical simulation for spatial distribution of water aerosol produced from nozzle spray and health risk related to Legionella pneumophila in spray scenarios. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118304. [PMID: 35325820 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water spray facilities are widely used in public places for sprinkling or beautifying the environment. However, the potential health risk induced by water aerosols increasingly calls for attention. In this study, the spatial distribution of water aerosols was investigated through the molecular sieve adsorption method, and predicted by discrete phase model (DPM). On this basis, the health risk regarding Legionella pneumophila for specific spray scenarios was evaluated by quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The results showed that the original droplet size can be described by the Rosin_Rommaler distribution (R2>0.99). The spatial distribution of water aerosols produced from a nozzle spray can be well predicted by the DPM. The concentration of water aerosols showed a sharp decline within 5 m from the nozzle and was not significantly different within 5 m (p>0.05) as for various spray scenarios. However, the difference was significant outside 5 m (p<0.05). Furthermore, a safe contact distance of exceeding 8 m is proposed in spray scenarios considering the risk threshold of 0.0001. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the concentration of Legionella pneumophila in water aerosols as the critical factor affecting the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Paruch L. Molecular Diagnostic Tools Applied for Assessing Microbial Water Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5128. [PMID: 35564522 PMCID: PMC9105083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial water quality is of vital importance for human, animal, and environmental health. Notably, pathogenically contaminated water can result in serious health problems, such as waterborne outbreaks, which have caused huge economic and social losses. In this context, the prompt detection of microbial contamination becomes essential to enable early warning and timely reaction with proper interventions. Recently, molecular diagnostics have been increasingly employed for the rapid and robust assessment of microbial water quality implicated by various microbial pollutants, e.g., waterborne pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), imposing the most critical health threats to humans and the environment. Continuous technological advances have led to constant improvements and expansions of molecular methods, such as conventional end-point PCR, DNA microarray, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), multiplex qPCR (mqPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), and high-throughput next-generation DNA sequencing (HT-NGS). These state-of-the-art molecular approaches largely facilitate the surveillance of microbial water quality in diverse aquatic systems and wastewater. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the advancement of the key molecular tools frequently employed for microbial water quality assessment, with future perspectives on their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Paruch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research-NIBIO Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Aas, Norway
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Wang J, Huang JJ, Lynch I. Seasonal and short-term variations of bacteria and pathogenic bacteria on road deposited sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111903. [PMID: 34454932 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bacteria (including pathogenic bacteria) attached to road deposited sediments (RDS) may interrelate with the microbe in the atmosphere, soil and water through resuspension and wash-off, and is of great significance to human and ecological health. However, the characteristics of bacterial communities with different time scale on RDS were unknown to dates. Climate change prolonged the dry days between rain events in many areas, making the varied trend of bacterial communities might be more significant in short term. This study revealed the characteristics of bacterial communities on RDS in urban and suburban areas through seasonal and daily scale. The correlations between other factors (land use, particle size, and chemical components) and the bacterial communities were also analyzed. It was found that the season showed a higher association with the bacterial community diversity than land use and particle size in urban areas. The bacterial community diversity increased substantially throughout the short-term study period (41 days) and the variation of dominant bacteria could be fitted by quadratic function in suburbs. In addition, urbanization notably increased the bacterial community diversity, while the potential pathogenic bacteria were more abundant in the suburban areas, coarse RDS (>75 μm), and in spring. The chemical components on RDS showed special correlations with the relative abundance of dominant bacteria. The research findings would fill the knowledge gap on RDS bacterial communities and be helpful for the future research on the assembly process of bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre on Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre on Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Zhang CM, Xu PC, Du WW, Wang XC. Exposure parameters and health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the recreational water activities for urban residents in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1573-1583. [PMID: 34363153 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge gaps in the exposure parameters for recreational water activities make quantitative risk assessment related to water recreation difficult. Therefore, the annual exposure frequency and single exposure duration for the recreational water activities of residents from ten cities in the North and South of China were investigated. Questionnaire interviews were carried on recreational water activities comprising swimming (SW), boating (BA), playing in interactive fountains (PF), and watching fountains (WF). Quantitative microbial risk assessment for the exposure of urban residents to Cryptosporidium and Giardia was also performed. For the four recreational water activities, the participation rates of urban residents in SW and WF were higher than the others. For SW and BA, the mean annual exposure frequency and single exposure duration for males were significantly higher than those for females. PF and WF showed the opposite. The annual exposure frequency for above 35-year-old residents was higher than that for young residents (18-35 years). However, the single exposure duration for young residents was highest in SW, BA, and PF. The mean annual exposure frequency and single exposure duration for North China residents were higher than those for South China residents in all recreational water activities, except for SW. Overall, the annual exposure frequency and single exposure duration in recreational water activities for all urban residents followed a lognormal distribution. In the four recreational water activities, the total annual infection risk of male exposure to Cryptosporidium was 1.0 × 10-2, with the confidence intervals between 95 and 5% of [4.3 × 10-4, 3.7 × 10-2], whereas that for females was 6.8 × 10-3 and [4.2 × 10-4, 2.4 × 10-2]. Also, the annual infection risk of males to Giardia was 8.8 × 10-3 and [5.1×10-4, 3.2×10-2], and that of females was 5.3 × 10-3 and [4.0 × 10-4, 1.8 × 10-2]. These results demonstrated that SW and PF made the highest contribution to the total annual infection risk. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that the characterization of exposure parameters plays a critical role in health risk assessment, which may provide a scientific basis for recreational water quality standards formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Wei-Wei Du
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Emergence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum in China. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:335-343. [PMID: 34972653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is a major public health problem in industrialized nations; in those countries it is caused mainly by Cryptosporidium parvum IIa subtypes that are prevalent in dairy calves. Because of the short history of intensive animal farming in China, strains of C. parvum are found only on some dairy farms in this country and are the IId subtypes. However, the prevalence of C. parvum is increasing rapidly, with IIa subtypes recently detected in a few grazing animals, and both IIa and IId subtypes are emerging in humans. As animal farming intensifies, China may follow in the footsteps of industrialized nations where zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is rampant. One Health and biosecurity measures are urgently needed to slow down the dispersal of autochthonous IId subtypes and imported IIa subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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11
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Yang XY, Gong QL, Zhao B, Cai YN, Zhao Q. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection in Sheep and Goat Flocks in China During 2010-2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:692-706. [PMID: 34491122 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an extensively contagious zoonotic waterborne disease caused by the genus Cryptosporidium and poses to be a danger to public health. Sheep and goats are an intermediate host of Cryptosporidium. Consequently, a first systematic review and meta-analysis are performed to assess the burden of the infection relative to the Cryptosporidium in sheep and goat flocks in China. Five databases were searched for relevant literature in accordance with the inclusion criteria until January 30, 2020. At last, a total of 33 qualified documents were included. We calculate the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium (4.9%) in sheep and goats in China with the random-effects model. The prevalence after 2014 (4.6%) was higher than that before or in 2014 (2.8%). The pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats from Northern China (12.3%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other regions. The infection rate of modified acid-fast staining (14.3%) was the highest among the detection methods. In age subgroups, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats in 3 months or before was the highest (20.8%). Goats had a higher infection rate (5.9%) in species. The prevalence of large-scale farms (2.8%) was lower than free-ranging farms (4.4%). The medium quality level (6.4%) was the highest. Besides, geographical factors (such as latitude, longitude, height, precipitation, humidity, mean temperature, etc.) were further analyzed as potential risk factors of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats. This meta-analysis indicates that the Cryptosporidium infection of Chinese sheep and goat flocks is general. Thus, it is necessary to further monitor the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, and the reasonable preventive strategy should be formulated on the basis of the geographical factors of different regions and the differences in sheep and goats' growth stages to reduce the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China.,College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, P.R. China
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12
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Federigi I, Verani M, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:334-350. [PMID: 31180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the aims of and approaches to the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of untreated recreational waters. The literature search was conducted on four databases and yielded 54 papers, which were analyzed on a quantitative (time-trend, geographical distribution, water type) and qualitative (aims, source of microbial data, pathogens and their measurement or estimation, ways to address variability and uncertainty, sensitivity analysis) basis. In addition, the parameters, implications, and limitations were discussed for each QMRA step. Since 2003, the number of papers has greatly increased, highlighting the importance of QMRA for the risk management of recreational waters. Nevertheless, QMRA still exhibits critical issues, above all regarding contamination data and dose-response relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first review to give a wide panoramic view on QMRA in relation to recreational exposure to untreated waters. This could be useful in identifying the current knowledge gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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13
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Zhao Q, Liu Y. Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:893-902. [PMID: 30870755 PMCID: PMC7112049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
As World Health Organization advocates, the global burden of sanitation related disease and access to safely managed sanitation and safely treated wastewater should be monitored strictly. However, the spread of pathogens through various agricultural applications or direct discharge of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants poses a serious challenge on the environment and public health. Anaerobic digestion (AD), the principal method of stabilizing biosolids, can efficiently and largely deactivate viable pathogens, including parasite, virus, and the pathogens harboring antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview regarding the deactivation of sludge-associated pathogens by AD, through which a serious concern on the effectiveness and rationality of AD towards sludge pathogens control was raised. Meanwhile, the underlying deactivation mechanisms and affecting factors were all discussed, with the focus on pathogen-associated modeling, engineering design and technological aspects of AD. Lastly, a matric method incorporating the operating strategy of AD with the risk assessment was proposed for evaluating the reliability of AD-based pathogen deactivation, while the research agenda forward was also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 1000 Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Co-Innovation Center of Green Building, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore.
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14
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Ibrahim S, Choumane W, Dayoub A. Occurrence and seasonal variations of Giardia in wastewater and river water from Al-Jinderiyah region in Latakia, Syria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2019.1619320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suha Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Wafaa Choumane
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Amal Dayoub
- Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
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15
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Ma L, Zhang X, Jian Y, Li X, Wang G, Hu Y, Karanis P. Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the slaughterhouse, sewage and river waters of the Qinghai Tibetan plateau area (QTPA), China. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2041-2051. [PMID: 31098727 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in slaughter, sewage and river waters of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), China, was investigated. A total of 456 samples were collected from different locations in the QTPA to study the contamination rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia via PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Ten samples were Cryptosporidium positive, and 97 were Giardia positive, as confirmed by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene. The percentages of positive Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection were 2.2% (10/456) and 21.3% (97/456), respectively. Cryptosporidium was detected in only sewage and river waters. Six species of Cryptosporidium were identified: Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 5), C. andersoni (n = 1), C. environmental (n = 1), C. struthionis (n = 1), C. canis (n = 1), and C. parvum (n = 1). G. duodenalis assemblage A was identified in almost all positive samples (n = 96), and one sample harboured G. duodenalis assemblage E. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium and Giardia species circulate through the aqueous environment and different hosts. Therefore, we strongly recommend that the local government and health authorities in China undertake control measures to reduce the contamination of water sources by these protozoa to protect the health of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Ma
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingna Jian
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Geping Wang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China.
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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