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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Ondigui Ndzie JL, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Suffredini E, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Verani M, Federigi I, Carducci A, La Rosa G. Exploring adenovirus in water environments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:2504-2516. [PMID: 37678554 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2255559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) have a significant impact in both medical and environmental contexts. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AdV in different water types, such as untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and other water matrices. A total of 239 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Adenoviruses were detected in various waters worldwide. The overall prevalence in water was found to be 59.2%, with the highest prevalence in untreated wastewater (83.1%) and treated wastewater (75.3%), followed by "other water matrices" (53.4%), surface water (49.5%) drinking water (22.7%), and groundwater (18.5%). Most of the studies did not assess the viability of the viruses, leading to weak links between water contamination and risk. Both human and animal AdV were found in water environments. The findings suggest that water, including drinking water, could be a significant route of AdV transmission in both developed and developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J L Ondigui Ndzie
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Tchatchouang
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J Kenfack-Zanguim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Lontuo Fogang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E Zeuko'o Menkem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - G I Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary public health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Lauretani G, Muzio S, Pagani A, Atomsa NT, Verani M. Critical Needs for Integrated Surveillance: Wastewater-Based and Clinical Epidemiology in Evolving Scenarios with Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV-2. Food Environ Virol 2024; 16:38-49. [PMID: 38168848 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and clinical surveillance have been used as tools for analyzing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, but both approaches can be strongly influenced by some sources of variability. From the challenging perspective of integrating environmental and clinical data, we performed a correlation analysis between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in raw sewage and incident COVID-19 cases in areas served by medium-size wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 2021 to 2023. To this aim, both datasets were adjusted for several sources of variability: WBE data were adjusted for factors including the analytical protocol, sewage flow, and population size, while clinical data adjustments considered the demographic composition of the served population. Then, we addressed the impact on the correlation of differences among sewerage networks and variations in the frequency and type of swab tests due to changes in political and regulatory scenarios. Wastewater and clinical data were significantly correlated when restrictive containment measures and limited movements were in effect (ρ = 0.50) and when COVID-19 cases were confirmed exclusively through molecular testing (ρ = 0.49). Moreover, a positive (although weak) correlation arose for WWTPs located in densely populated areas (ρ = 0.37) and with shorter sewerage lengths (ρ = 0.28). This study provides methodological approaches for interpreting WBE and clinical surveillance data, which could also be useful for other infections. Data adjustments and evaluation of possible sources of bias need to be carefully considered from the perspective of integrated environmental and clinical surveillance of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giulia Lauretani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Muzio
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nebiyu Tariku Atomsa
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Ceccanti S, Vecchiani S, Leonangeli G, Burgalassi S, Federigi I, Carducci A, Verani M. How to Evaluate If Microorganisms Isolated From Sterile Drug Production Environments Monitoring Are Undesirable. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00040-6. [PMID: 38325736 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the identification of undesirable microorganisms (MOs) recovered during the environmental monitoring in manufacture of sterile medicinal products. We developed a methodology evaluation based on a decision tree; then, such approach was applied to hypothetical scenarios of uncommon MOs isolation in sterile drugs production settings. The scenarios were formulated on the basis of our field experience, in terms of both MOs selection and types of sampling site. The MOs were chosen in order to include emerging pathogens and MOs responsible for drug recall, and several sampling sites were considered for their detection (air, surfaces, and personnel). The classification of the unusual MOs revealed that most of them were undesirable, because they represented the loss of environmental control or a potential impact on the quality of the product. In some cases, the uncommon MOs were not considered as undesirable. Therefore, our results demonstrated the importance of a methodology, also in terms of recovery rate of unusual MOs and of the threshold probability for the unacceptability (e.g., 1% or 5%). The proposed methodology allowed an easy and documented evaluation for the undesirable MOs isolated from the environment of the analyzed settings for sterile drugs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ceccanti
- Abiogen Pharma, Quality Unit, Via Meucci 36, Ospedaletto, 56014 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vecchiani
- Abiogen Pharma, Quality Unit, Via Meucci 36, Ospedaletto, 56014 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Leonangeli
- Abiogen Pharma, Quality Unit, Via Meucci 36, Ospedaletto, 56014 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susi Burgalassi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Zhao H, Federigi I, Verani M, Carducci A. Organic Pollutants Associated with Plastic Debris in Marine Environment: A Systematic Review of Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Characteristics. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4892. [PMID: 36981806 PMCID: PMC10048819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems, and microplastics (MPs, particles < 5 mm size) may behave as a vehicle of organic pollutants, causing detrimental effects to the environment. Studies on MP-sorbed organic pollutants lack methodological standardization, resulting in a low comparability and replicability. In this work, we reviewed 40 field studies of MP-sorbed organic contaminants using PRISMA guidelines for acquiring information on sampling and analytical protocols. The papers were also scored for their reliability on the basis of 7 criteria, from 0 (minimum) to 21 (maximum). Our results showed a great heterogeneity of the methods used for the sample collection, MPs extraction, and instruments for chemicals' identification. Measures for cross-contamination control during MPs analysis were strictly applied only in 13% of the studies, indicating a need for quality control in MPs-related research. The most frequently detected MP-sorbed chemicals were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Most of the studies showed a good reliability (>75% of the total score), with 32 papers scoring 16 or higher. On the basis of the collected information, a standardizable protocol for the detection of MPs and MP-sorbed chemicals has been suggested for improving the reliability of MPs monitoring studies.
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Yan C, Viegas C, Han Y, Carducci A. Editorial: Bioaerosol emission characteristics and the epidemiological, occupational, and public health risk assessment of waste and wastewater management. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1111457. [PMID: 36875402 PMCID: PMC9982149 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC - Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yunping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Verani M, Federigi I, Muzio S, Lauretani G, Calà P, Mancuso F, Salvadori R, Valentini C, La Rosa G, Suffredini E, Carducci A. Calibration of Methods for SARS-CoV-2 Environmental Surveillance: A Case Study from Northwest Tuscany. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16588. [PMID: 36554466 PMCID: PMC9778686 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic has provided an opportunity to test wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a complementary method to SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in the community. However, WBE infection estimates can be affected by uncertainty factors, such as heterogeneity in analytical procedure, wastewater volume, and population size. In this paper, raw sewage SARS-CoV-2 samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Tuscany (Northwest Italy) between February and December 2021. During the surveillance period, viral concentration was based on polyethylene glycol (PEG), but its precipitation method was modified from biphasic separation to centrifugation. Therefore, in parallel, the recovery efficiency of each method was evaluated at lab-scale, using two spiking viruses (human coronavirus 229E and mengovirus vMC0). SARS-CoV-2 genome was found in 80 (46.5%) of the 172 examined samples. Lab-scale experiments revealed that PEG precipitation using centrifugation had the best recovery efficiency (up to 30%). Viral SARS-CoV-2 load obtained from sewage data, adjusted by analytical method and normalized by population of each WWTP, showed a good association with the clinical data in the study area. This study highlights that environmental surveillance data need to be carefully analyzed before their use in the WBE, also considering the sensibility of the analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Muzio
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lauretani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Calà
- Tuscany Region-Health, Department of Prevention Local Health Authority Tuscany Center, Via S. Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mancuso
- Ingegnerie Toscane-Area R&D, Via Bellatalla 1, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Balestri E, Lardicci C, Castelli A, Maltagliati F, Zhao H, Menicagli V, Valente R, De Battisti D, Verani M. Virus contamination and infectivity in beach environment: Focus on sand and stranded material. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 185:114342. [PMID: 36395711 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To assess the exposure of beachgoers to viruses, a study on seawater, sand, and beach-stranded material was carried out, searching for human viruses, fecal indicator organisms, and total fungi. Moreover, for the first time, the genome persistence and infectivity of two model viruses was studied in laboratory-spiked sand and seawater samples during a one-week experiment. Viral genome was detected in 13.6 % of the environmental samples, but it was not infectious (Human Adenovirus - HAdV, and enterovirus). Norovirus and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The most contaminated samples were from sand and close to riverine discharges. In lab-scale experiments, the infectivity of HAdV5 decreased by ~1.5-Log10 in a week, the one of Human Coronavirus-229E disappeared in <3 h in sand. The genome of both viruses persisted throughout the experiment. Our results confirm viral contamination of the beach and suggest HAdV as an index pathogen for beach monitoring and quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elena Balestri
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Lardicci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Castelli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Maltagliati
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Menicagli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Valente
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide De Battisti
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, Chioggia Hydrobiological Station Umberto D'Ancona, University of Padova, Chioggia, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Carducci A, Fiore M, Lorini C, Federigi I, Verani M, Ferrante M, Bonaccorsi G. Environmental Health Literacy: an index to study its relations with pro-environmental behaviors. Eur J Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac130.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The citizen’ awareness about environmental health risks has been identified as an important determinant of citizens’ choices for the adoption of pro-environmental behaviors, but for its study simple measures to be applied in population studies are still lacking. The Environmental Health Literacy (EHL), is a recent sub-cathegory of health literacy, including functional, critical and interactive dimensions, that can be applied in surveys on environmental health risk perception and behaviors. The aim of our study was to elaborate and validate an EHL Index (ELHI) using data from a large multicenter survey carried out among 4778 students of different disciplines in 15 Italian Universities, with a self-administered anonymous questionnaire investigating risk perceptions, attitudes and behaviors towards environmental health risks and including a simple Functional Health Literacy test (FHL). From the original questionnaire of 56 items three sets of questions were selected to represent the three dimensions of health literacy (Functional, Critical or Interactive) and their outcomes were compared with the answers about FHL test and pro-environmental behaviors. The Principal Component Analysis was used to select the most representative questions that were then grouped in the EHLI. The index was significantly associated with both FHL test and behaviors questions. The ROC curve indicated a satisfying accuracy and was used to identify the best cut-off for ELHI. In conclusion the constructed ELHI can be considered reliable and useful for further population surveys in similar target people to plan communication interventions about environmental health risks and their prevention through individual choices.
Key messages
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - M Fiore
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G., University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - C Lorini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - M Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G., University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - G Bonaccorsi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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Menicagli V, De Battisti D, Balestri E, Federigi I, Maltagliati F, Verani M, Castelli A, Carducci A, Lardicci C. Impact of storms and proximity to entry points on marine litter and wrack accumulation along Mediterranean beaches: Management implications. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153914. [PMID: 35183639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beach litter can affect public health and economic activities worldwide forcing local authorities to expensive beach cleaning. Understanding the key mechanisms affecting the accumulation of this waste on beaches, such as sea state and proximity to entry points, is critical to plan effective management strategies. In this one-year study, we estimated the impact of storm events and waterways runoff on litter abundance and local economy using as a model a managed, peri-urban beach facing a north-western sector of the Mediterranean Sea. We also investigated the relationship between litter composition/density and beach proximity to major/closest harbors/rivers at regional scale by combining our data with those on litter density available in literature. Autumn/winter storms caused larger litter depositions than spring/summer ones in the peri-urban beach. No preferential accumulation occurred near to waterway mouths. Litter mainly consisted of plastic, and its composition in terms of micro-categories varied over seasons. In total, 367,070 items were deposited along 4.7 km of beach over one year, and the cost for the removal of this waste amounted to approximately 27,600 euros per km/year. At regional scale, beach litter density was positively correlated to the proximity of major harbors while its composition was related to the proximity to both major harbors and rivers. Results indicate that autumn/winter storms are important drivers of marine litter deposition. They also suggest that beaches in front of the convergence zone of littoral currents and close to major harbors can be particularly subjected to this kind of pollutant. To increase their effectiveness, litter mitigation/cleaning activities should be planned based on predictions of major storm events and performed at spatial scales encompassing at least coastal regional sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Menicagli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide De Battisti
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Balestri
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Maltagliati
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Castelli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Center for Climate Change Impact (CIRSEC), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Lardicci
- Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Climate Change Impact (CIRSEC), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Lanzarini NM, Federigi I, Marinho Mata R, Neves Borges MD, Mendes Saggioro E, Cioni L, Verani M, Carducci A, Costa Moreira J, Ferreira Mannarino C, Pereira Miagostovich M. Human adenovirus in municipal solid waste leachate and quantitative risk assessment of gastrointestinal illness to waste collectors. Waste Manag 2022; 138:308-317. [PMID: 34922305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leachate is a variable effluent from waste management systems generated during waste collection and on landfills. Twenty-two leachate samples from waste collection trucks and a landfill were collected from March to December 2019 in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and were analyzed for Human Adenovirus (HAdV), bacterial indicators and physico-chemical parameters. For viral analysis, samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and processed for molecular analysis using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit® for DNA extraction followed by nested-PCR and qPCR/PMA-qPCR TaqMan® system. HAdV was detected by nested-PCR in 100% (9/9) and 83.33% (12/13) of the truck and landfill leachate samples, respectively. Viral concentrations ranged from 8.31 × 101 to 6.68 × 107 genomic copies per 100 ml by qPCR and PMA-qPCR. HAdV species A, B, C, and F were characterized using nucleotide sequencing. HAdV were isolated in A549 culture cells in 100% (9/9) and 46.2% (6/13) from truck and landfill leachate samples, respectively. Regardless of the detection methods, HAdV concentration was predicted by the quantity of total suspended solids. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was performed to measure the probability of gastrointestinal (GI) illness attributable to inadvertent oral ingestion of truck leachate, revealing the higher probability of disease for the direct splashing into the oral cavity (58%) than for the gloved hand-to-mouth (33%). In a scenario where waste collectors do not wear gloves as protective personal equipment, the risk increases to 67%. This is the first study revealing infectious HAdV in solid waste leachate and indicates a potential health risk for waste collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Denise Neves Borges
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Burgalassi S, Ceccanti S, Vecchiani S, Leonangeli G, Federigi I, Carducci A, Verani M. Objectionable microorganisms in pharmaceutical production: Validation of a decision tree. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105984. [PMID: 34455086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The release of quality, safe, and effective non-sterile drugs needs to exclude the presence of objectionable microorganisms, which include microorganisms potentially involved in product degradation, or considered as poor hygiene indicator during manufacturing, or causing adverse effect on patient's health. In this paper, a method allowing objective and verifiable evaluations has been investigated through the development of a suitable decision tree with a template for data collection. The decision tree has been used to establish which microorganisms were objectionables, using several hypothetical scenarios in which 24 different biological agents, both harmless microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens, were combined with 9 different products, representing each type of administration route for non-sterile drugs. The results showed that the use of aforementioned approach makes the microorganisms evaluation easy and verifiable and highlighted that even the microbes initially considered harmless could be objectionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Burgalassi
- Department Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa I-56126, Italy
| | - Stefano Ceccanti
- Abiogen Pharma, Microbiology Laboratory, Via Meucci 36, I- Ospedaletto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vecchiani
- Abiogen Pharma, Microbiology Laboratory, Via Meucci 36, I- Ospedaletto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Leonangeli
- Abiogen Pharma, Microbiology Laboratory, Via Meucci 36, I- Ospedaletto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa I-56127, Italy
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12
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Passaglia E, Campanella B, Coiai S, Cicogna F, Carducci A, Verani M, Federigi I, Casini B, Tuvo B, Bramanti E. Agri-Food Extracts Effectiveness in Improving Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Face Masks: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ChemistrySelect 2021; 6:2288-2297. [PMID: 33821214 PMCID: PMC8013645 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The European dependencies for raw materials supply from foreign countries have been unquestionably shown by COVID-19 outbreak and have become particular evident from the slow response to the need for high quality personal protective equipment (PPEs). Among all medical devices, surgical face masks have earned themselves a primary role for the containment of the epidemic. In this context, our work aims at improving the barrier effect of surgical mask by depositing on their external surface a mixture of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, extracted from agronomical sources. The main objective is the integration of the biorefining of agri-food solid wastes with the potential virucidal properties of the polyphenolic extracts for the treatment of PPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Passaglia
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compoundsvia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1Pisa56124Italy
| | - Beatrice Campanella
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compoundsvia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1Pisa56124Italy
| | - Serena Coiai
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compoundsvia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1Pisa56124Italy
| | - Francesca Cicogna
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compoundsvia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1Pisa56124Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- University of PisaDepartment of Biology, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental VirologyVia S. Zeno 35/3956127PisaItaly
| | - Marco Verani
- University of PisaDepartment of Biology, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental VirologyVia S. Zeno 35/3956127PisaItaly
| | - Ileana Federigi
- University of PisaDepartment of Biology, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental VirologyVia S. Zeno 35/3956127PisaItaly
| | - Beatrice Casini
- University of Pisa, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryVia San Zeno 35/3956127PisaItaly
| | - Benedetta Tuvo
- University of Pisa, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryVia San Zeno 35/3956127PisaItaly
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compoundsvia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1Pisa56124Italy
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13
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Liu D, Thompson JR, Carducci A, Bi X. Potential secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:142358. [PMID: 33370879 PMCID: PMC7490247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has spread internationally and whilst the current focus of those dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic is understandably restricting its direct transmission, the potential for secondary transmission via wastewater should not be underestimated. The virus has been identified in human fecal and wastewater samples from different countries and potential cases of transmission via wastewater have been reported. Our recommendations for hospital wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater plants, sewage sludge, water reuse and aquatic environments are designed to reduce the risk of such transmission, and contribute to limiting the resurgence of COVID-19 as current restrictions are relaxed. A particular urgent recommendation focusses on supporting low-income countries in tackling the potential for secondary transmission via wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Liu
- Ecological Society of Shandong, Zhijinshi Jie 12, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Julian R Thompson
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Xuejun Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Lu 11, Qingdao 266033, China
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14
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Kitajima M, Ahmed W, Bibby K, Carducci A, Gerba CP, Hamilton KA, Haramoto E, Rose JB. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs. Sci Total Environ 2020; 739:139076. [PMID: 32758929 PMCID: PMC7191289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, which was officially declared by the World Health Organization. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae that consists of a group of enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genome, which cause diseases ranging from common colds to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the major transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 are inhalation of aerosol/droplet and person-to-person contact, currently available evidence indicates that the viral RNA is present in wastewater, suggesting the need to better understand wastewater as potential sources of epidemiological data and human health risks. Here, we review the current knowledge related to the potential of wastewater surveillance to understand the epidemiology of COVID-19, methodologies for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and information relevant for human health risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2. There has been growing evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections and the presence of viral RNA not only in feces of infected individuals but also in wastewater. One of the major challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection/quantification in wastewater samples is the lack of an optimized and standardized protocol. Currently available data are also limited for conducting a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for SARS-CoV-2 exposure pathways. However, modeling-based approaches have a potential role to play in reducing the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, QMRA parameters obtained from previous studies on relevant respiratory viruses help to inform risk assessments of SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding on the potential role of wastewater in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is largely limited by knowledge gaps in its occurrence, persistence, and removal in wastewater. There is an urgent need for further research to establish methodologies for wastewater surveillance and understand the implications of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35-39, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science and Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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15
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Calamusa A, Tardelli S, Avvenuti M, Cresci S, Federigi I, Tesconi M, Verani M, Carducci A. Twitter monitoring evidence of Covid-19 infodemic in Italy. Eur J Public Health 2020. [PMCID: PMC7543462 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risk communication is essential for risk management, especially during alarming events, in order to create a balanced risk perception. The tweets follow up can be useful to timely evidence “media storms” or “infodemics” thus suggesting corrective interventions. The spread of Covid-19 has been the occasion to observe the evolution of tweets about this topic, with the aim of evidence peaks of fear Methods On 30th January 2020 we started a large collection of Italian and English tweets containing the following keywords: “coronavirus”, “2019-nCov”, “CoronavirusOutbreak”, “CoronavirusWho”, “WuhanCoronavirus”, “coronaviruschina”, “coronavirusitalia”, “virus cina”, “virus cinese”, “virus mascherine”, “virus paura”, “virus polmonite” and “virus vaccine”. “Covid-19” and “SARS-CoV-2” were added later. For the data collection Twitter Streaming API was used. Results The total number of tweets collected till 26th February was approximately 20M, 2M in Italian and 18M in English. The trend of the volume of tweets gathered shows a first small peak between Jan 30th and Feb 1st, but a second, higher, peak is visible after the 21st February, following the report of the Covid-19 clusters in Italy. Italian tweets account for 6% of the first peak and for 22% of the second. The Italian word “paura” firstly appeared on Feb 5th, with a peak after Feb 21th. Conclusions ”infodemics” or “media storms”, are situations of uncontrolled diffusion of news and opinion, frequently leading to irrational and counterproductive behaviors. The Italian evolution of tweets indicate since the first day of cluster report, a clear escalation of fear, that suggests timely corrective actions to facilitate the disease control. Key messages With the twitter monitoring we demonstrate that since 21th February an infodemic is spreading in Italy. The twitter follow up can be used to timely evidence a public alarm, motivate corrective interventions and. evaluate the efficacy of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calamusa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Tardelli
- Institute of Informatics and Telematics, National research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Avvenuti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Cresci
- Institute of Informatics and Telematics, National research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Tesconi
- Institute of Informatics and Telematics, National research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Verani M, Liu D, Thompson JR. The potential for coronavirus transmission in waters: what do we know? Eur J Public Health 2020. [PMCID: PMC7543491 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the main route of transmission of SARS-CoV2 is via droplets and close contact, concerns about the possible secondary transmission via waters is growing given evidence for SARS-CoV2 faecal elimination. Here we review studies on coronavirus in water environments. Methods A review was carried out of papers writen in English on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Papers were identified using the keywords: coronavirus, SARS, MERS, Covid-19 associated with water, surface water, drinking water, wastewater, sewage, slurry, sludge, biosolid. Papers were screened using their title and abstract to confirm their relevance. They were then reviewed to identify: coronavirus type and strain, type of water sample, type of study, detection methods, monitoring data, survival data, effect of disinfection and treatments. Results Since 1978, only 18 papers met the selection criteria. Of these, 11 reported experimental studies, 6 field studies, and one included both field and experimental work. Experimental studies were carried out using samples spiked with SARS-CoV or surrogates: 4 addressed the recovery efficiency of detection methods; 3 reported studies on virus removal from waters by different treatments; 7 were focussed on survival in water samples with results ranging from 2 to > 100 days, depending on virus, type of water, temperature, and detection method. Field studies monitored the presence of coronavirus in waters, sewage, slurry or biosolid. The included in total no more than 200 samples and used different detection methods. Some samples tested positive in 5 studies. Conclusions While knowledge of coronavirus in waters appears very scarce and fragmentary, the recent SARS-CoV2 emergency demands new attention be focussed on its survival in natural conditions and following treatment in order to assess the risk of waterborne and food borne transmission as well as developing monitoring within sewage treatment facilities. Key messages The potential spread of SARS-CoV2 through waters cannot be excluded without better knowledge. Urgent research on this topic is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Liu
- Ecological Society of Shandong, Zhijinshi Jie - Jinan, China
| | - J R Thompson
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Federigi I, Bonadonna L, Bonanno Ferraro G, Briancesco R, Cioni L, Coccia AM, Della Libera S, Ferretti E, Gramaccioni L, Iaconelli M, La Rosa G, Lucentini L, Mancini P, Suffredini E, Vicenza T, Veneri C, Verani M, Carducci A. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment as support for bathing waters profiling. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 157:111318. [PMID: 32658683 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Profiling bathing waters supported by Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is key to the WHO's recommendations for the 2020/2021 revision of the European Bathing Water Directive. We developed an area-specific QMRA model on four pathogens, using fecal indicator concentrations (E. coli, enterococci) for calculating pathogen loads. The predominance of illness was found to be attributable to Human Adenovirus, followed by Salmonella, Vibrio, and Norovirus. Overall, the cumulative illness risk showed a median of around 1 case/10000 exposures. The risk estimates were strongly influenced by the indicators that were used, suggesting the need for a more detailed investigation of the different sources of fecal contamination. Area-specific threshold values for fecal indicators were estimated on a risk-basis by modelling the cumulative risk against E. coli and enterococci concentrations. To improve bathing waters assessment, we suggest considering source apportionment, locally estimating of pathogen/indicator ratios, and calculating site-specific indicators thresholds based on risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Briancesco
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Coccia
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Ferretti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Liu D, Thompson JR, Verani M. Making Waves: Coronavirus detection, presence and persistence in the water environment: State of the art and knowledge needs for public health. Water Res 2020; 179:115907. [PMID: 32389891 PMCID: PMC7199000 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The main route of transmission of the human coronaviruses (HCoVs), and presumably also of the new pandemic SARS-CoV-2, is via droplets and close contacts, however their fecal elimination also suggests the possible spread via water. A scientific literature search was thus carried out to highlight the current state of the art and knowledge gaps regarding coronavirus in water. Since 1978 only 22 studies have met the inclusion criteria, and considered heterogeneous purposes, detection methods and types of water. In vitro experiments have addressed the recovery efficiency of analytical methods, survival in different types of water and the removal efficiency of water treatments. Field studies have monitored coronaviruses in surface waters, sewage, slurry, and biosolids. Overall, at the lab scale, HCoVs or surrogates can survive for several days at 4 °C, however their persistence is lower compared with non-enveloped viruses and is strongly influenced by temperature and organic or microbial pollution. HCoVs have rarely been detected in field investigations, however may be due to the low recovery efficiency of the analytical methods. The scarcity of information on HCoV in the environment suggests that research is needed to understand the fate of these viruses in the water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Dasheng Liu
- Ecological Society of Shandong, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Julian R Thompson
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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19
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Bivins A, North D, Ahmad A, Ahmed W, Alm E, Been F, Bhattacharya P, Bijlsma L, Boehm AB, Brown J, Buttiglieri G, Calabro V, Carducci A, Castiglioni S, Cetecioglu Gurol Z, Chakraborty S, Costa F, Curcio S, de los Reyes FL, Delgado Vela J, Farkas K, Fernandez-Casi X, Gerba C, Gerrity D, Girones R, Gonzalez R, Haramoto E, Harris A, Holden PA, Islam MT, Jones DL, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kitajima M, Kotlarz N, Kumar M, Kuroda K, La Rosa G, Malpei F, Mautus M, McLellan SL, Medema G, Meschke JS, Mueller J, Newton RJ, Nilsson D, Noble RT, van Nuijs A, Peccia J, Perkins TA, Pickering AJ, Rose J, Sanchez G, Smith A, Stadler L, Stauber C, Thomas K, van der Voorn T, Wigginton K, Zhu K, Bibby K. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Global Collaborative to Maximize Contributions in the Fight Against COVID-19. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7754-7757. [PMID: 32530639 PMCID: PMC7299382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana
46556, United States
| | - Devin North
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana
46556, United States
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- Department of Sustainable Development,
Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B,
SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- KWR Water Research
Institute, Groningenhaven 7 3433 PE Nieuwegein,
The Netherlands
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water,
Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park,
Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Eric Alm
- Department of Biological Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 21 Ames St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
United States
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute,
Water Quality and Heath, Groningenhaven 7 3433 PE
Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development,
Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B,
SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- KWR Water Research
Institute, Groningenhaven 7 3433 PE Nieuwegein,
The Netherlands
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Analytical Chemistry in Public Health
and the Environment, University Jaume I,
Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12071 Castellón de la Plana,
Spain
| | - Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via
Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
| | - Joe Brown
- School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia
30332, United States
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for
Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, E-17003
Girona, Spain
| | - Vincenza Calabro
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena &
Biotechnology, Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling,
Electronics and Systems, University of
Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 42/a 87036 Rende,
Cosenza, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology,
University of Pisa, Via Volta 4 bis,
13 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health
Sciences, Instituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario
Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan,
Italy
| | - Zeynep Cetecioglu Gurol
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Teknikringen 42, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena &
Biotechnology, Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling,
Electronics and Systems, University of
Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 42/a 87036 Rende,
Cosenza, Italy
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. 40110-040
| | - Stefano Curcio
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena &
Biotechnology, Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling,
Electronics and Systems, University of
Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 42/a 87036 Rende,
Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francis L. de los Reyes
- Department of Civil, Construction,
and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State
University, 2501 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Jeseth Delgado Vela
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Howard University, 2300 Sixth
Street, NW #1026, Washington, D.C. 20059, United
States
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Ocean Sciences,
Bangor University, Menai Bridge,
Anglesey, LL59 5AB, U.K.
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Casi
- Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering
(ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Charles Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science,
University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle
Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United
States
| | - Daniel Gerrity
- Applied Research and Development
Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority,
100 S City Pkwy Suite 700, Las Vegas, Nevada 89106, United
States
| | - Rosina Girones
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology
and Statistics, University of Barcelona,
Diagonal, 643 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation
District, 1434 Air Rail Ave, Virginia Beach,
Virginia 23455, United States
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River
Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi,
4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511,
Japan
| | - Angela Harris
- Department of Civil, Construction,
and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State
University, 2501 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Patricia A. Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science
& Management, University of California,
3508 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United
States
| | - Md. Tahmidul Islam
- Department of Sustainable Development,
Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B,
SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davey L. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences,
Bangor University, Gwynedd, Wales
LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental
Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13
West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628,
Japan
| | - Nadine Kotlarz
- Department of Biological Sciences,
North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental &
Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural
University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-city, Toyama
9390398 Japan
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health,
Italian National Institute of Health,
Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Roma RM,
Italy
| | - Francesca Malpei
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e
Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza
Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano MI, Italy
| | - Mariana Mautus
- Biobot Analytics,
LLC, Somerville, Massachusetts 02143,
United States
| | - Sandra L. McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
600 E Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United
States
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Water Research Institute,
Water Quality and Heath, Groningenhaven 7 3433 PE
Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Delft University of
Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft,
The Netherlands
- Michigan State
University, Natural Resources, 1405 S Harrison Rd,
East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Dept. Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of
Washington, Seattle Washington 98105-6099,
United States
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental
Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of
Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Brisbane,
Queensland 4102 Australia
| | - Ryan J. Newton
- School of Freshwater Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
600 E Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United
States
| | - David Nilsson
- Department of Sustainable Development,
Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B,
SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel T. Noble
- UNC Chapel Hill
Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North
Carolina 28557, United States
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre,
University of Antwerp,
Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk,
België
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and
Environmental Engineering, Yale University,
17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8292,
United States
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and
Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United
States
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Tufts University, Medford,
Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Joan Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Gloria Sanchez
- Institute of
Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC),
Catedratico Agustin Escardino Benlloch, 7 46980 Paterna −
Valencia, Spain
| | - Adam Smith
- Astani Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Southern
California, 3620 S Vermont Ave, Los Angeles,
California 90089, United States
| | - Lauren Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St,
Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christine Stauber
- School of Public Health,
Georgia State University, 100
Piedmont Avenue, NE Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United
States
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental
Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of
Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Brisbane,
Queensland 4102 Australia
| | - Tom van der Voorn
- Institute of Environmental Systems
Research, University of Osnabrück,
Barbarastr. 12, D49069, Osnabrück,
Germany
| | - Krista Wigginton
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351
Beal Avenue, EWRE 181 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United
States
| | - Kevin Zhu
- School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia
30332, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana
46556, United States
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20
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Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Suffredini E, Coccia A, Della Libera S, Carducci A, Verani M, Federigi I, Iaconelli M, Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Veneri C, Ferretti E, Lucentini L, Gramaccioni L, La Rosa G. Enteric viruses, somatic coliphages and Vibrio species in marine bathing and non-bathing waters in Italy. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110570. [PMID: 31542593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial safety of recreational waters is a significant public health issue. In this study we assessed the occurrence and quantity of enteric viruses in bathing and non-bathing waters in Italy, in parallel with microbial faecal indicators, somatic coliphages and Vibrio spp. Enteric viruses (aichivirus, norovirus and enterovirus) were detected in 55% of bathing water samples, including samples with bacterial indicator concentrations compliant with the European bathing water Directive. Aichivirus was the most frequent and abundant virus. Adenovirus was detected only in non-bathing waters. Somatic coliphages were identified in 50% bathing water samples, 80% of which showed simultaneous presence of viruses. Vibrio species were ubiquitous, with 9 species identified, including potential pathogens (V. cholerae, V. parahaemoylticus and V. vulnificus). This is the first study showing the occurrence and high concentration of Aichivirus in bathing waters and provides original information, useful in view of a future revision of the European Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - R Briancesco
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Coccia
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Ferretti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Gramaccioni
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Carducci A, Fiore M, Azara A, Bonaccorsi G, Bortoletto M, Caggiano G, Calamusa A, De Donno A, De Giglio O, Dettori M, Di Giovanni P, Di Pietro A, Facciolà A, Federigi I, Grappasonni I, Izzotti A, Libralato G, Lorini C, Montagna MT, Nicolosi LK, Paladino G, Palomba G, Petrelli F, Schilirò T, Scuri S, Serio F, Tesauro M, Verani M, Vinceti M, Violi F, Ferrante M. Environment and health: Risk perception and its determinants among Italian university students. Sci Total Environ 2019; 691:1162-1172. [PMID: 31466198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the determinants of environmental health risk perception, health literacy and social media messages have been generally neglected. This study details the environmental health risk perception and its determinants in Italian university students, including a measure of functional health literacy and an analysis of newspapers and social media. A cross sectional survey was carried out among students from 15 Italian universities and different disciplines (grouped into Scientific-Health and Humanistic-Legal-Social sectors) using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire, divided into six sections: socio-demographic characteristics, information on health and environment, environmental health risk perception, trust, attitudes and behaviors and functional health literacy. Local newspapers and tweets in the same areas and period were analyzed in relation to quantity and topics. The study population included 4778 students (65.1% female) aged 21 ± 4.3 years, and functional health literacy was low (below the cutoff value) for 44.4% of students. A new outcome of the survey is that the detected association between high functional health literacy a higher global health risk perception and trust in institutions both as sources of information and as actors for protection against environmental risks. The internet and social networks were the most frequently consulted sources of information (77.7%), which was predictive of a higher risk perception. The possible relation between environmental health risk perception and tweet communication was highlighted by a comparison between the risk perception in the city with the highest number of tweets (Modena) and another one similar for socio-demographic characteristics (Pisa). In conclusion, the results of our study may be of help to strengthen information and education programs: functional health literacy should be taken into account in school programs, to produce a basic knowledge for a better understanding of health and environment. Moreover, mass and social media should be included in planning communication intervention and in verifying their results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Fiore
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Azara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Martina Bortoletto
- Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana - Treviso District, Workers' Preventive Medicine Service, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caggiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonella De Donno
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Dettori
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pamela Di Giovanni
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | - Iolanda Grappasonni
- University of Camerino, School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Lorini
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Liberata Keti Nicolosi
- Specialization School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Paladino
- Specialization School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Petrelli
- University of Camerino, School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Camerino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Scuri
- University of Camerino, School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesca Serio
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marina Tesauro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Violi
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Catania University, Catania, Italy
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22
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Ceretti E, Donato F, Feretti D, Carducci A, Moretti M, Donno AD, Carraro E, Biggeri A, Gelatti U. Monitoring air pollution effects on children for supporting public health policies (MAPEC_LIFE study). Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Children are at high risk of suffering health consequences of air pollution and childhood exposure can increase the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. The MAPEC_LIFE project, funded by EU Life+ Programme (LIFE12 ENV/IT/000614), aimed to evaluate the association between air pollution exposure and biomarkers of early effect in children and to propose guidance for implementing environmental policies.
Methods
The study was carried out on 6-8-year-old children. Micronucleus (MN) frequency was investigated in buccal cells of children and its association with air pollution exposure was assessed applying multiple Poisson regression mixed models, including socio-demographic and lifestyle factors as confounders. We also dichotomize air pollutants concentration according to the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives and WHO Air Quality Guidelines in all Poisson regression models to assess their risk predictive capacity.
Results
The project involved 1149 children providing buccal cells in winter and spring. 2139 biological samples were included in the analysis (1093 collected in winter, 1046 in spring). The analysis of the association between MN frequency and air quality parameters found positive associations for PM10, PM2.5, benzene, SO2 and ozone. Considering EU Directives, an association was found between MN frequency and PM10 exposure higher than the annual limit value, with an increase of the risk of 17.9% (95%CIs: 0.6-38.1%). Considering WHO Guidelines, the exposures to levels of PM10, benzene and BaP higher than the annual limits were associated with MN frequency, with a risk increase of 22.5%, 27.8% and 59.8% (95%CIs: 3.9-44.3%, 3.8-57.3%, 21.0-111.1%), respectively.
Conclusions
The analyses conducted showed an association between MN frequency in buccal cells of children and levels of some air pollutants, even at concentration below EU and WHO thresholds, which hence seemed to be insufficient for protecting children from this type of damage.
Key messages
Air pollution exposure induced chromosomal damage in buccal cells of children, even at concentration below the law limits. Early biological damage detected might be predictive of the occurrence of future harmful effects in humans, at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ceretti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Donato
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - D Feretti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A De Donno
- Dep of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Biggeri
- Department of Statistic, Computing and Application, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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23
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Federigi I, Verani M, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 144:334-350. [PMID: 31180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the aims of and approaches to the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of untreated recreational waters. The literature search was conducted on four databases and yielded 54 papers, which were analyzed on a quantitative (time-trend, geographical distribution, water type) and qualitative (aims, source of microbial data, pathogens and their measurement or estimation, ways to address variability and uncertainty, sensitivity analysis) basis. In addition, the parameters, implications, and limitations were discussed for each QMRA step. Since 2003, the number of papers has greatly increased, highlighting the importance of QMRA for the risk management of recreational waters. Nevertheless, QMRA still exhibits critical issues, above all regarding contamination data and dose-response relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first review to give a wide panoramic view on QMRA in relation to recreational exposure to untreated waters. This could be useful in identifying the current knowledge gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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24
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Verani M, Federigi I, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. Human adenoviruses as waterborne index pathogens and their use for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 651:1469-1475. [PMID: 30360276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current microbial water quality standards are based on the monitoring of fecal indicator organisms, which are mainly bacterial indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci), however epidemiological data indicate that viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne illnesses. Among waterborne viruses, human adenovirus can be considered as an index pathogen, owing to its abundance in sewage and persistence in the environment, as well as its potential infectivity. In this study, data on human adenoviruses from different water matrices (the entrance and exit of a water treatment plant, rivers and seawaters) were analyzed, in parallel with traditional fecal bacterial indicators and somatic coliphages. The results showed a 64% frequency of positive adenovirus samples, decreasing from the sewage system (100% at the entrance and 94% at the exit) to rivers (92% and 72% for different rivers) and seawater (21%). Adenovirus concentrations showed a significant correlation with somatic coliphages in one river and seawater, thus supporting the recent inclusion of coliphages as viral indicators in water safety guidelines. The data collected were used to estimate adenovirus to indicator ratios, which could be used as input in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, P.zza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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25
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Bonetta S, Bonetta S, Schilirò T, Ceretti E, Feretti D, Covolo L, Vannini S, Villarini M, Moretti M, Verani M, Carducci A, Bagordo F, De Donno A, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Pignata C, Carraro E, Gelatti U. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects induced by PM 0.5 of different Italian towns in human cells and bacteria: The MAPEC_LIFE study. Environ Pollut 2019; 245:1124-1135. [PMID: 30682747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is considered an atmospheric pollutant that mostly affects human health. The finest fractions of PM (PM2.5 or less) play a major role in causing chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of PM0.5 collected in five Italian towns using different bioassays. The role of chemical composition on the genotoxicity induced was also evaluated. The present study was included in the multicentre MAPEC_LIFE project, which aimed to evaluate the associations between air pollution exposure and early biological effects in Italian children. PM10 samples were collected in 2 seasons (winter and spring) using a high-volume multistage cascade impactor. The results showed that PM0.5 represents a very high proportion of PM10 (range 10-63%). PM0.5 organic extracts were chemically analysed (PAHs, nitro-PAHs) and tested by the comet assay (A549 and BEAS-2B cells), MN test (A549 cells) and Ames test on Salmonella strains (TA100, TA98, TA98NR and YG1021). The highest concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM0.5 were observed in the Torino, Brescia and Pisa samples in winter. The Ames test showed low mutagenic activity. The highest net revertants/m3 were observed in the Torino and Brescia samples (winter), and the mutagenic effect was associated with PM0.5 (p < 0.01), PAH and nitro-PAH (p < 0.05) concentrations. The YG1021 strain showed the highest sensitivity to PM0.5 samples. No genotoxic effect of PM0.5 extracts was observed using A549 cells except for some samples in winter (comet assay), while BEAS-2B cells showed light DNA damage in the Torino, Brescia and Pisa samples in winter, highlighting the higher sensitivity of BEAS-2B cells, which was consistent with the Ames test (p < 0.01). The results obtained showed that it is important to further investigate the finest fractions of PM, which represent a relevant percentage of PM10, taking into account the chemical composition and the biological effects induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Loredana Covolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Samuele Vannini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 35/39 Via S. Zeno, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 35/39 Via S. Zeno, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 165 Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 165 Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico - CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., 45 Via Branze, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Donzelli G, Carducci A, Llopis-Gonzalez A, Verani M, Llopis-Morales A, Cioni L, Morales-Suárez-Varela M. The Association between Lead and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E382. [PMID: 30700018 PMCID: PMC6388268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is complex and multifactorial. Although the development of ADHD symptoms remains to be elucidated, in recent years, epigenetic processes have emerged as candidate mechanisms. Lead is one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants, and it is suspected to be associated with ADHD. The aim of the present study was to review the epidemiological literature currently available on the relation between lead exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched from 1 July 2018 up to 31 July 2018. The authors included observational studies (cohort, case⁻control and cross-sectional studies) published in English carried out on children within the last 5 years, measuring lead exposure and health outcomes related to ADHD. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria: 5 of these studies found no association between lead exposure and ADHD whereas the remaining 12 studies showed positive associations, even though not all of them were homogeneous in terms of exposure periods considered or ADHD diagnosis. To conclude, the evidence from the studies allowed us to establish that there is an association between lead and ADHD and that even low levels of lead raise the risk. However, there is still a lack of longitudinal studies about the relationship between lead exposure and the development of ADHD. Given the potential importance for public health, further research that includes the entire potential risk factors for ADHD in children must be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Donzelli
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de Valencia. Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Agustin Llopis-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de Valencia. Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Consortium in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Agustin Llopis-Morales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de Valencia. Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - María Morales-Suárez-Varela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de Valencia. Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Consortium in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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De Donno A, De Giorgi M, Bagordo F, Grassi T, Idolo A, Serio F, Ceretti E, Feretti D, Villarini M, Moretti M, Carducci A, Verani M, Bonetta S, Pignata C, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Gelatti U. Health Risk Associated with Exposure to PM 10 and Benzene in Three Italian Towns. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E1672. [PMID: 30082675 PMCID: PMC6121301 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution in urban areas is a major concern as it negatively affects the health of a large number of people. The purpose of this study was to assess the inhalation health risk for exposure to PM10 and benzene of the populations living in three Italian cities. Data regarding PM10 and benzene daily measured by "traffic" stations and "background" stations in Torino, Perugia, and Lecce during 2014 and 2015 were compared to the limits indicated in the Directive 2008/50/EC. In addition, an inhalation risk analysis for exposure to benzene was performed for adults and children by applying the standard United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) methodology. The levels of PM10 detected in Torino exceeded the legal limits in both years with an increased mean concentration >10 µg/m³ comparing with background station. Benzene concentrations never exceeded the legislative target value. The increased cancer risk (ICR) for children exposed to benzene was greater than 1 × 10-6 only in the city of Torino, while for adults, the ICR was higher than 1 × 10-6 in all the cities. The results suggest the need for emission reduction policies to preserve human health from continuous and long exposure to air pollutants. A revision of legal limits would also be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Mattia De Giorgi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Adele Idolo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesca Serio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, via Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico⁻CSMT Gestione Scarl., via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Donzelli G, Palomba G, Federigi I, Aquino F, Cioni L, Verani M, Carducci A, Lopalco P. Misinformation on vaccination: A quantitative analysis of YouTube videos. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1654-1659. [PMID: 29553872 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1454572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy has increased with time and represents a complex problem that requires a continuous monitoring. Misinformation on media and social media seems to be one of the determinants of the vaccine hesitancy since, for instance, 42.8 percent of Italian citizens used the internet to obtain vaccine information in 2016. This article reports a quantitative analysis of 560 YouTube videos related to the link between vaccines and autism or other serious side effects on children. The analysis revealed that most of the videos were negative in tone and that the annual number of uploaded videos has increased during the considered period, that goes from 27 December 2007 to 31 July 2017, with a peak of 224 videos in the first seven months of 2017. These findings suggest that the public institutions should be more engaged in establishing a web presence in order to provide reliable information, answers, stories, and videos so to respond to questions of the public about vaccination. These actions could be useful to allow citizens to make informed decisions about vaccines so to comply with vaccination regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Donzelli
- a Health Communication Observatory , Department of Biology - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Giacomo Palomba
- a Health Communication Observatory , Department of Biology - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- a Health Communication Observatory , Department of Biology - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesco Aquino
- b Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | | | - Marco Verani
- a Health Communication Observatory , Department of Biology - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- a Health Communication Observatory , Department of Biology - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Lopalco
- b Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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29
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Cori L, Carducci A, Donzelli G, La Rocca C, Bianchi F. [A network of LIFE projects to promote the transfer and exchange of knowledge on environment and health]. Epidemiol Prev 2018; 42:167-170. [PMID: 29774714 DOI: 10.19191/ep18.2.p167.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eleven projects within the LIFE programme (through which the Directorate-General for Environment of the European Commission provides funding for projects aim at protecting environment and nature) addressing environmental-health-related issues have been involved in a collaborative network called KTE LIFE EnvHealth Network. The shared issues tackled by that projects are knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE). The objective of the LIFE programme is to support the implementation of the environmental legislation in the European Union, to provide new tools and knowledge that will help to better protect both the territory and the communities. Transferring knowledge to decision makers, at the appropriate and effective level, is therefore a central function of the projects. The Network promotes national and international networking, which intends to involve other projects, to provide methodological support, to make information and successful practices circulate, with the aim of multiplying the energies of each project involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Cori
- Istituto di fisiologia clinica, Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Pisa.
| | | | | | - Cinzia La Rocca
- Centro di riferimento per la medicina di genere, Istituto superiore di sanità, Roma
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Istituto di fisiologia clinica, Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Pisa
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30
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Biasio LR, Carducci A, Fara GM, Giammanco G, Lopalco PL. Health literacy, emotionality, scientific evidence: Elements of an effective communication in public health. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1515-1516. [PMID: 29381399 PMCID: PMC6037460 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1434382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of healthcare providers' communication abilities is still underestimated. Informing the population on the basis of documented evidence is essential but not enough to induce a change in the beliefs of who is doubtful or does not accept preventive interventions, such as vaccination. Lining up the offer of prevention to the knowledge of the citizens, also improving Health Literacy skills, is a critical step toward their empowerment and behavior change. The 2017 Erice Declaration was drafted to propose to the Institutions and the scientific community the main goals to improve communication and counteract Vaccine Hesitancy, at a very critical time, when mandatory vaccination was introduced in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaetano Maria Fara
- c Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giammanco
- d Department of Hygiene and Public Health - University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Lopalco
- e Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery - University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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31
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Foddis R, Ficini G, Cristaudo A, Pistelli A, Carducci A, Caponi E, Biancheri R, Ninci A, Breschi C, Cristaudo A, Basso A, Bonfiglioli R, Larese Filon F, Simonini S, Spatari G, Tomao P, Verso MG, Scapellato ML. [Gender-sensitive risk assessment and health medical surveillance: some operative tools.]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2017; 39:214-217. [PMID: 29916592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A thorough and fully application of the principles of gender mainstreaming, in accordance with the European Community guidelines, to the health and safety at work, implies the systematic review of the whole prevention from the gendered point of view. This means that both biology- and gender-based differences between male and female workers should be conceived not only as determinants of health but also as factors affecting either positively or negatively the health and safety risk prevention. In this evolutionary cultural step the role of the occupational physician is particularly important. METHODS In this paper we propose some operative tools that can concretely implement gender perspective in all the various areas of prevention, where the occupational physician has a leading, if not even exclusive, role such as risk assessment, training and health medical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Foddis
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazione e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Giulia Ficini
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazione e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazione e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa
| | - Alessandra Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazione e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Elisa Caponi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Rita Biancheri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, Università di Pisa
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Antonella Ninci
- INAIL, sede Regionale Toscana, Firenze
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Chiara Breschi
- INAIL, sede Regionale Toscana, Firenze
- Gruppo di ricerca del progetto "Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro, una questione anche di genere", Università di Pisa-INAIL Regione Toscana
| | - Andrea Cristaudo
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazione e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa
| | - Antonella Basso
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina-Sezione Medicina del Lavoro Vigliani - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Roberta Bonfiglioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Unità Clinico Operativa di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Silvia Simonini
- Servizio di Medicina Preventiva Asl 5 Spezzino, La Spezia
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Dipartimento BIOMORF, Università di Messina
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Paola Tomao
- INAIL, Dipartimento di Medicina, Epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro ed Ambientale, Monte Porzio Catone - Roma
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Maria Gabriella Verso
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
| | - Maria Luisa Scapellato
- UOC Medicina Preventiva e Valutazione del Rischio, Azienda Ospedaliera-Università di Padova
- Gruppo di Lavoro Permanente sui Temi di Genere, SIMLII
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Verani M, Carducci A, Donzelli G, Palomba G, Ceretti E, Vannini S, Moretti M, Bagordo F, Pignata C, Biggeri A, Gelatti U. Air pollution and health: study of the biological effects in children by buccal micronucleus assay. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Donzelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Palomba
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - S Vannini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - C Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Biggeri
- Department of Statistic, Computing and Application, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
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33
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Bonetta S, Ceretti E, Villarini M, Carducci A, Grassi T, Schilirò T, Carraro E, Gelatti U. Mutagenic and genotoxic effect of PM0.5 in different Italian towns: the MAPEC_LIFE study. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Ceretti
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Univ. of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Univ. of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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34
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Fiammetta F, Carducci A, Davini G, Macchia M, Bertini S, Vecchiani S, Ceccanti S. Development of Methods for Recovering Endotoxins from Surfaces and from Air in Production Environment of Injectable Drugs. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2017; 71:502-510. [PMID: 28819048 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2017.007674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop and validate methods for quantifying endotoxins on surfaces and in the air of the manufacturing environment of injectable drugs, in order to use them to evaluate the quality of the process and the risk for the products processed therein. The method for recovering endotoxins from surfaces is a direct method that provides sampling surfaces by swabbing and extraction of endotoxins from the swabs with an appropriate diluent, while the method for airborne endotoxins provides an air-active sampling on a glass fiber filter and endotoxins extraction with an appropriate diluent.LAY ABSTRACT: Bacterial endotoxins are present in the environments devoted to the manufacturing of injectable drugs and could be a real risk for the quality and the safety of such drugs. So the quality control laboratories should have analytical methods to recover bacterial endotoxins from environmental samples. The aim of this publication is to show how we succeeded in developing and validating methods to quantify bacterial endotoxins on surfaces and in the air.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, Hygiene Institute, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giulia Davini
- University of Pisa and Abiogen Pharma S.p.A., Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Aquino F, Donzelli G, De Franco E, Privitera G, Lopalco PL, Carducci A. The web and public confidence in MMR vaccination in Italy. Vaccine 2017; 35:4494-4498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bagordo F, De Donno A, Grassi T, Guido M, Devoti G, Ceretti E, Zani C, Feretti D, Villarini M, Moretti M, Salvatori T, Carducci A, Verani M, Casini B, Bonetta S, Carraro E, Schilirò T, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Gelatti U. Lifestyles and socio-cultural factors among children aged 6-8 years from five Italian towns: the MAPEC_LIFE study cohort. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:233. [PMID: 28264671 PMCID: PMC5339991 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyles profoundly determine the quality of an individual's health and life since his childhood. Many diseases in adulthood are avoidable if health-risk behaviors are identified and improved at an early stage of life. The aim of the present research was to characterize a cohort of children aged 6-8 years selected in order to perform an epidemiological molecular study (the MAPEC_LIFE study), investigate lifestyles of the children that could have effect on their health status, and assess possible association between lifestyles and socio-cultural factors. METHODS A questionnaire composed of 148 questions was administered in two different seasons to parents of children attending 18 primary schools in five Italian cities (Torino, Brescia, Pisa, Perugia and Lecce) to obtain information regarding the criteria for exclusion from the study, demographic, anthropometric and health information on the children, as well as some aspects on their lifestyles and parental characteristics. The results were analyzed in order to assess the frequency of specific conditions among the different seasons and cities and the association between lifestyles and socio-economic factors. RESULTS The final cohort was composed of 1,164 children (50.9 boys, 95.4% born in Italy). Frequency of some factors appeared different in terms of the survey season (physical activity in the open air, the ways of cooking certain foods) and among the various cities (parents' level of education and rate of employment, sport, traffic near the home, type of heating, exposure to passive smoking, ways of cooking certain foods). Exposure to passive smoking and cooking fumes, obesity, residence in areas with heavy traffic, frequency of outdoor play and consumption of barbecued and fried foods were higher among children living in families with low educational and/or occupational level while children doing sports and consuming toasted bread were more frequent in families with high socio-economic level. CONCLUSIONS The socio-economic level seems to affect the lifestyles of children enrolled in the study including those that could cause health effects. Many factors are linked to the geographical area and may depend on environmental, cultural and social aspects of the city of residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello Guido
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriele Devoti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tania Salvatori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casini
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico - CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Federigi I, Verani M, Carducci A. Sources of bathing water pollution in northern Tuscany (Italy): Effects of meteorological variables. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 114:843-848. [PMID: 27852443 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out in a popular tourist destination located in Italy, where short-term pollution posed the problem of low quality status of bathing waters (according to European Directive) owing to the fecal contamination caused by drainage ditches. Our goal was to understand the role of meteorological conditions on freshwater and seawater bacterial indicator levels, and the impact of polluted streams on seawater contamination. To this aim, results from surface waters were analyzed during five bathing seasons, from 2011 to 2015. Our results demonstrated a relationship between bacterial densities and rainfall amount and a time-dependent dilution effect of the sea between the two halves of each bathing season. This analytical survey confirmed the strategic role of meteorological variables in bathing waters quality, and it could be a support for generation and development of predicting models of indicator levels for bathing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Ceretti E, Zani C, Viola GCV, Villarini M, Verani M, Bagordo F, Bonetta S, Levorato S, Carducci A, De Donno A, Bonetta S, Bonizzoni S, Colombi P, Gelatti U. How much Italian children follow the Mediterranean diet? Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Casini B, Carducci A, Verani M, Donzelli G, Palomba G, Ceretti E, Zani C, Carraro E, Schiliro T, De Donno A, Grassi T, Villarini M, Bonizzoni S, Zagni L, Gelatti U. Awareness-raising on air quality and health effects in primary school children. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw172.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Casini
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Donzelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Palomba
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - T Schiliro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - T Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - L Zagni
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico, Brescia, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Carducci A, Donzelli G, Casini B, Verani M, Palomba G, Mascagni G, Ceretti E, Zani C, Bagordo F, Serio F, Carraro E, Schilirò T, Villarini M, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Gelatti U. Air pollution and health: study of citizen's attitudes and behaviours using multiple sources. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Donzelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Casini
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Palomba
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Mascagni
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - F Serio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - A Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico – CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., Brescia, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Grassi T, De Donno A, Bagordo F, Serio F, Piscitelli P, Ceretti E, Zani C, Viola GCV, Villarini M, Moretti M, Levorato S, Carducci A, Verani M, Donzelli G, Bonetta S, Bonetta S, Carraro E, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Gelatti U. Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6-8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13101002. [PMID: 27727193 PMCID: PMC5086741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity among Italian children has reached such alarming levels as to require detailed studies of the causes of the phenomenon. A cross-sectional study was carried out in order to assess the weight status of 1164 Italian children aged 6–8 years (the Monitoring Air Pollution Effects on Children for Supporting Public Health Policy (MAPEC_LIFE) cohort) and to identify any associations between selected socio-economic and environmental factors and overweight/obesity. The data were obtained by means of a questionnaire given to parents, and any associations were examined by binomial logistic regression analyses. Overweight was found to be positively associated with male gender, parents of non-Italian origin, and parents who smoke, and negatively associated with the parents’ level of education and employment. In addition, the frequency of overweight varied in relation to the geographical area of residence, with a greater prevalence of overweight children in the cities of central-southern Italy. This study highlights the need to implement appropriate obesity prevention programs in Italy, which should include educational measures concerning lifestyle for parents from the earliest stages of their child’s life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Serio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Prisco Piscitelli
- Euro Mediterranean Scientific Biomedical Institute, Via Reali di Bulgaria, Mesagne (BR) 72023, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Gaia C V Viola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia 06122, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia 06122, Italy.
| | - Sara Levorato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia 06122, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, Pisa 56126, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, Pisa 56126, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, Pisa 56126, Italy.
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico-CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., via Branze, 45, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia 25123, Italy.
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Zani C, Ceretti E, Grioni S, Viola GCV, Donato F, Feretti D, Festa A, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Monarca S, Villarini M, Levorato S, Carducci A, Verani M, Casini B, De Donno A, Grassi T, Bagordo F, Carraro E, Bonetta S, Bonetta S, Gelatti U. Are 6-8 year old Italian children moving away from the Mediterranean diet? Ann Ig 2016; 28:339-48. [PMID: 27627665 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2016.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mediterranean diet (MD) is considered one of the healthiest dietary models, as it decreases the risk of chronic diseases and may modulate the organism's early response to environmental pollution. In recent decades, Mediterranean countries have been replacing their traditional diet with other less healthy eating habits, especially among children and teenagers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the MD and the level of adherence to it in 6-8 year old Italian children, in relation to residence, lifestyle, and social and family contexts. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to the children's parents in two seasons in 5 Italian towns. The diet section contained 116 questions investigating the frequency of consumption of different types of food. The Italian Mediterranean Index (IMI) was calculated according to the intake of 6 typical Mediterranean and 4 non-Mediterranean foods. On the basis of IMI score, MD adherence was classified as low (≤ 3 IMI score), medium (4-5) and high (≥ 6). Total energy load and diet composition in micro- and macronutrients were calculated from consumption frequency. RESULTS Diet analysis was computed on 1164 subjects with two complete questionnaires. Body mass index, calculated for each subject, showed that 28.9% of the children were overweight, the figure varying slightly with area of residence. Our findings showed that 59.0% of the children had a low score for MD adherence. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that most Italian children did not follow the MD and socio-economic characteristics appeared not to be associated with type of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - S Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G C V Viola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Donato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - D Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Festa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - A Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico - CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., Brescia, Italy
| | - S Monarca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Levorato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - T Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - F Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Si Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sa Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Carducci A, Cargnelutti M, Tassinari F, Bizzarro A, Cordio G, Carletti S, Maccarini L, Pelissero G. What's growing on General Practitioner's stethoscope? Ann Ig 2016; 28:367-72. [PMID: 27627668 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2016.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-critical medical devices, as stethoscopes, have long been considered as vectors in microorganisms' transmission. Cleaning standards for non-critical medical equipment are often unclear. This study was designed to assess the attitude of General Practitioners (GPs) towards cleaning their stethoscope and the degree of microbiological contamination of doctor's instrument in outpatient setting. STUDY DESIGN Observational, crossover study. METHODS A structured questionnaire was administered to GPs to test their knowledge about medical instrument's cleanliness recommendations and the surface of the diaphragm of their stethoscopes was analyzed for bacteriological isolates using mass spectrometry technique. RESULTS Most of GPs declared they don't know cleaning recommendations for non-critical medical devices and a relevant bacterial growth was identified on the majority of the stethoscopes' membranes. Almost all microbiological isolates resulted typically found in cutaneous flora. CONCLUSIONS We can't state that the GP's stethoscopes feature a risk of transmission for microbiological pathogens; anyway, because of the level of contamination we observed, cleaning recommendations to disinfect instruments on a regular basis should be better indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carducci
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Cargnelutti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Tassinari
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Bizzarro
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Cordio
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Carletti
- Department of Microbiology, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - L Maccarini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Pelissero
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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De Donno A, Grassi T, Ceretti E, Viola G, Levorato S, Vannini S, Salvatori T, Carducci A, Verani M, Bonetta S, Carraro E, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Bagordo F, Serio F, Idolo A, Gelatti U, Study Group MAPEC. Air pollution biological effects in children living in Lecce (Italy) by Buccal micronucleus cytome assay (the MAPEC_LIFE study). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2495/sdp-v11-n4-500-510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carducci A, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Verani M. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in Occupational Settings Applied to the Airborne Human Adenovirus Infection. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13070733. [PMID: 27447658 PMCID: PMC4962274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) methodology, which has already been applied to drinking water and food safety, may also be applied to risk assessment and management at the workplace. The present study developed a preliminary QMRA model to assess microbial risk that is associated with inhaling bioaerosols that are contaminated with human adenovirus (HAdV). This model has been applied to air contamination data from different occupational settings, including wastewater systems, solid waste landfills, and toilets in healthcare settings and offices, with different exposure times. Virological monitoring showed the presence of HAdVs in all the evaluated settings, thus confirming that HAdV is widespread, but with different average concentrations of the virus. The QMRA results, based on these concentrations, showed that toilets had the highest probability of viral infection, followed by wastewater treatment plants and municipal solid waste landfills. Our QMRA approach in occupational settings is novel, and certain caveats should be considered. Nonetheless, we believe it is worthy of further discussions and investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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Verani M, Di Giuseppe G, Tammaro C, Carducci A. Investigating the role of Acanthamoeba polyphaga in protecting Human Adenovirus from water disinfection treatment. Eur J Protistol 2016; 54:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Caponi E, Ficini G, Taglioli A, Fontana F, Foddis R, Biancheri R, Breschi C, Vanni E, Ninci A, Carducci A. Supporting tools for companies addressed to integrate gender perspective in health at work. Eur J Public Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv176.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Levorato S, Vannini S, Ceretti E, Villarini M, Bonetta S, Fatigoni C, Carducci A, Moretti M, De Donno M, Monarca S, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Gelatti U. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay as a tool for the evaluation of air pollution early biological effects in children: Current status of the MAPEC (Monitoring Air Pollution Effects on Children for supporting public health policy) study. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Bacterial indicator organisms are used globally to assess the microbiological safety of waters. However, waterborne viral outbreaks have occurred in drinking water systems despite negative bacterial results. Using viral markers may therefore provide more accurate health risk assessment data. In this study, fecal, wastewater, stormwater, surface water (fresh and salt), groundwater, and drinking water samples were analyzed for the presence or concentration of traditional indicators, innovative indicators and viral markers. Samples were obtained in the United States, Italy, and Australia and results compared to those reported for studies conducted in Asia and South America as well. Indicators included total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, male-specific coliphages, somatic coliphages and microviradae. Viral markers included adenovirus, polyomavirus, and a potential new surrogate, Torque teno virus (TTV). TTV was more frequently found in wastewaters (38-100%) and waters influenced by waste discharges (25%) than in surface waters used as drinking water sources (5%). TTV was also specific to human rather than animal feces. While TTV numbers were strongly correlated to other viral markers in wastewaters, suggesting its utility as a fecal contamination marker, data limitations and TTV presence in treated drinking waters demonstrates that additional research is needed on this potential viral indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Charest
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wentworth Institute of Technology, 550 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J D Plummer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA E-mail:
| | - S C Long
- Department of Soil Science and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - A Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J P S Sidhu
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Carducci A, Caponi E, Ciurli A, Verani M. Possible Internalization of an Enterovirus in Hydroponically Grown Lettuce. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:8214-27. [PMID: 26193291 PMCID: PMC4515718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that enteric viruses can be transferred onto the surface of vegetables and fruits through spray irrigation, but, recently, reports have suggested viral contamination of vegetables sub-irrigated with reused wastewater. Hydroponic cultures, used to grow ready to eat fresh lettuce, have also been used to study the possibility of viral absorption through roots. This study was conducted to assess a possible risk of viral contamination in lettuce from contaminated water. The leaves of lettuce plants grown in hydroponic cultures where the roots were exposed to water containing Coxsakievirus B2, were analysed for evidence of the virus. The plants and water were sampled at different times and virus was measured using quantitative RT-PCR and infectivity assay. In leaf samples, the lowest observed infective data were lower than the qRT-PCR detection limits, suggesting that free viral RNA or damaged viruses are eliminated rapidly while infectious particles remain stable for a longer time. The obtained data revealed that the leaves were contaminated at a water concentration of 4.11 ± 1 Log Most Probable Number/L (8.03 ± 1 Log GC/L) a concentration observed in contaminated untreated water of wastewater treatment plants. However, the absorption dynamics and whether the virus is inactive in the leaves still remains to be clarified. Nevertheless, this work has practical implications for risk management in using reclaimed water for agricultural use; when irrigated vegetables are destined for raw consumption, virological contamination in water sources should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Caponi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Adriana Ciurli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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