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Redden DJ, Stanhope T, Anderson LE, Campbell J, Krkošek WH, Gagnon GA. An innovative passive sampling approach for the detection of cyanobacterial gene targets in freshwater sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164593. [PMID: 37268123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins pose significant human health risks, but traditional monitoring approaches can be expensive, time consuming, and require analytical equipment or expertise that may not be readily available. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is becoming an increasingly common monitoring strategy as detection of the genes responsible for cyanotoxin synthesis can be used as an early warning signal. Here we tested passive sampling of cyanobacterial DNA as an alternative to grab sampling in a freshwater drinking supply lake with a known history of microcystin-LR. DNA extracted from grab and passive samples was analyzed via a multiplex qPCR assay that included gene targets for four common cyanotoxins. Passive samples captured similar trends in total cyanobacteria and the mcyE/ndaF gene responsible for microcystin production when compared to traditional grab samples. Passive samples also detected genes associated with the production of cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin that were not detected in grab samples. This sampling approach proved a viable alternative to grab sampling when used as an early warning monitoring tool. In addition to the logistical benefits of passive sampling, the detection of gene targets not detected by grab samples indicates that passive sampling may allow for a more complete profile of potential cyanotoxin risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Redden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Toni Stanhope
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lindsay E Anderson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jessica Campbell
- Halifax Water, 450 Cowie Hill Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3P 2V3
| | - Wendy H Krkošek
- Halifax Water, 450 Cowie Hill Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3P 2V3
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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2
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Neumann KC, La D, Yoo H, Burkepile DE. Programmable Autonomous Water Samplers (PAWS): An inexpensive, adaptable and robust submersible system for time-integrated water sampling in freshwater and marine ecosystems. HARDWAREX 2023; 13:e00392. [PMID: 36683605 PMCID: PMC9852790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water chemistry conditions in freshwater and marine environments can change rapidly over both space and time. This is especially true in environments that are exposed to anthropogenic impacts such as sedimentation, sewage, runoff and other types of pollution. It is critical in studying these systems that researchers have tools capable of accurately collecting water samples across relevant spatial and temporal scales. Here we present an inexpensive, open-source Programmable Autonomous Water Sampler (PAWS) that is open source, compact, robust, highly adaptable and submersible to 40 m. PAWS utilizes a time-integrated sampling approach by collecting a single sample in a syringe slowly over minutes to days. Once analyzed, data from the sample collected represents and integrated average of water chemistry conditions over time. Due to its adaptability and low cost, PAWS has the potential to improve the spatial and temporal coverage of many freshwater and marine studies.
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Labohá P, Sychrová E, Brózman O, Sovadinová I, Bláhová L, Prokeš R, Ondráček J, Babica P. Cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins and lipopolysaccharides in aerosols from inland freshwater bodies and their effects on human bronchial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104073. [PMID: 36738853 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Components of cyanobacterial water blooms were quantified in aerosols above agitated water surfaces of five freshwater bodies. The thoracic and respirable aerosol fraction (0.1-10 µm) was sampled using a high-volume sampler. Cyanotoxins microcystins were detected by LC-MS/MS at levels 0.3-13.5 ng/mL (water) and < 35-415 fg/m3 (aerosol). Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) were quantified by Pyrogene rFC assay at levels < 10-119 EU/mL (water) and 0.13-0.64 EU/m3 (aerosol). Cyanobacterial DNA was detected by qPCR at concentrations corresponding to 104-105 cells eq./mL (water) and 101-103 cells eq./m3 (aerosol). Lipopolysaccharides isolated from bloom samples induced IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine release in human bronchial epithelial cells Beas-2B, while extracted cyanobacterial metabolites induced both pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. Bloom components detected in aerosols and their bioactivities observed in upper respiratory airway epithelial cells together indicate that aerosols formed during cyanobacterial water blooms could induce respiratory irritation and inflammatory injuries, and thus present an inhalation health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Labohá
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Sychrová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Brózman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bláhová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Atmospheric Matter Fluxes and Long-range Transport, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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Stefano PHP, Roisenberg A, Santos MR, Dias MA, Montagner CC. Unraveling the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in groundwater from urban setting: A combined multidisciplinary approach and self-organizing maps. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134395. [PMID: 35339518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, changes in human behavior and new technologies have introduced thousands of new compounds into the environment called "contaminants of emerging concern" (CEC). These compounds have been detected in different environmental compartments such as soil, surface water, air, and groundwater. The presence of these contaminants in groundwater may pose risks to human health when used as potable water. In some urban areas in Brazil, groundwater is normally consumed without previous treatment. This study aimed to use statistical analysis by self-organizing maps (SOM) to evaluate the trends of CEC in urban groundwater systems. A total of 23 CEC compounds including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and hormones were determined in groundwater samples using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The CEC most frequently detected were atrazine and degradation products, fipronil, simazine, tebuconazole, hexazinone, and caffeine in concentrations up to 300 ng L-1. All studied compounds were detected in groundwater at least in one sample. Patterns in the data through SOM have shown a strong positive correlation between atrazine, hexazinone, simazine, tebuthiuron, 2-hydroxyatrazine, and 17β-estradiol. The hormones estrone and testosterone also show a positive correlation due to their similar chemical properties. On the other hand, caffeine was detected in 90% of the samples, likely due to a population habit of taking daily a hot drink made of yerba mate associated with low rates of treated domestic sewage in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Prado Stefano
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ari Roisenberg
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rossi Santos
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wang P, Du B, Smith J, Lao W, Wong CS, Zeng EY. Development and field evaluation of the organic-diffusive gradients in thin-films (o-DGT) passive water sampler for microcystins. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132079. [PMID: 34523453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins (MCs) in waterbodies requires a simple and reliable monitoring technique to characterize better their spatiotemporal distribution and ecological risks. An organic-diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) passive sampler based on polyacrylamide diffusive gel and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) binding gel was developed for MCs in water. The mass accumulation of three MCs (MC-LR, -RR, and -YR) was linear over 10 days (R2 ≥ 0.98). Sampling rates (2.68-3.22 mL d-1) and diffusion coefficients (0.90-1.08 × 10-6 cm2 s-1) of three MCs were obtained at 20 °C. Two different passive samplers, o-DGT and the Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking device (SPATT), were co-deployed to estimate MC levels at three lakes in California, USA. Measured total MC concentrations were up to 10.9 μg L-1, with MC-LR the primary variant at a measured maximum concentration of 2.74 μg L-1. Time-weighted average MC concentrations by o-DGT were lower than grab water samples, probably because grab sampling measures both dissolved and particulate phases (i.e., MCs in cyanobacteria). Passive water samplers by design can only measure dissolved-phase MCs, which are considerably less during the cyanobacteria-laden periods observed. Both o-DGT and grab samples gave comparable results for three MC variants at low levels of MCs, e.g., <0.1 μg L-1. o-DGT showed a higher correlation with grab sampling than SPATT did. This study demonstrates that o-DGT can be effectively used for monitoring and evaluation of dissolved MCs in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Charles S Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Kim M, Hong S, Cha J, Kim Y, Lee CE, An Y, Shin KH. Multimedia distributions and the fate of microcystins from freshwater discharge in the Geum River Estuary, South Korea: Applicability of POCIS for monitoring of microalgal biotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118222. [PMID: 34571464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the characteristics of the environmental multimedia distribution of microcystins (MCs) introduced from freshwater discharge through the estuary dam of the Geum River. In addition, the applicability of a passive sampling device (polar organic chemical integrative sampler, POCIS) for monitoring MCs was evaluated. Surface water, suspended solids (SS), sediments, and oysters were collected from the inner and outer estuary dam. Seven MC variants were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. POCIS was deployed at three sites over one week, and MCs were monitored for four weeks from August to September 2019. Before POCIS was deployed in the field, compounds-specific sampling rates of MCs were determined as functions of water temperature (10, 20, and 30 °C), flow rate (0, 0.38, and 0.76 m s-1), and salinity (0, 15, and 30 psu) in the laboratory. The sampling rates of MCs in POCIS increased significantly with increasing water temperature and flow rate, whereas salinity did not significantly affect the sampling rates between freshwater and saltwater. The MCs in the Geum River Estuary mainly existed as particulate forms (mean: 78%), with relatively low proportions of dissolved forms (mean: 22%), indicating that MCs were mainly contained in cyanobacterial cells. There was no significant correlation among the concentrations of MCs in water, SS, sediments, and oysters. Time-weighted average concentrations of MCs from POCIS were not significantly correlated with the concentrations of MCs in water and oysters. The metabolites of MCs, including MC-LR-GSH, MC-LR-Cys, MC-RR-GSH, and MC-RR-Cys, were detected in oysters (no metabolites were detected in POCIS). Overall, POCIS can be useful for monitoring dissolved MCs in the aquatic ecosystem, particularly in calculating time-weighted average concentrations, but it seems to have limitations in evaluating the contamination status of total MCs, mainly in particulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eon Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Puluhulawa LE, Joni IM, Mohammed AFA, Arima H, Wathoni N. The Use of Megamolecular Polysaccharide Sacran in Food and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113362. [PMID: 34199586 PMCID: PMC8199723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polymer is a frequently used polymer in various food applications and pharmaceutical formulations due to its benefits and its biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers. One of the natural polymer groups (i.e., polysaccharide) does not only function as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, but also as an active ingredient with pharmacological effects. In addition, several natural polymers offer potential distinct applications in gene delivery and genetic engineering. However, some of these polymers have drawbacks, such as their lack of water retention and elasticity. Sacran, one of the high-molecular-weight natural polysaccharides (megamolecular polysaccharides) derived from Aphanothece sacrum (A. sacrum), has good water retention and elasticity. Historically, sacran has been used as a dietary food. Moreover, sacran can be applied in biomedical fields as an active material, excipient, and genetic engineering material. This article discusses the characteristics, extraction, isolation procedures, and the use of sacran in food and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE) Padjadajaran Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-22-842-888888
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Pan C, Zhang L, Meng X, Qin H, Xiang Z, Gong W, Luo W, Li D, Han X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR increases the risk of prostate cancer and induces malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128295. [PMID: 33297237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) acts as a possible carcinogen for humans and causes a serious risk to public environmental health. The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction between MC-LR exposure and prostate cancer development and elucidate the underlying mechanism. In this study, mice were exposed to MC-LR at various doses for 180 days. MC-LR was able to induce the progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and microinvasion. Furthermore, MC-LR notably increased angiogenesis and susceptibility to prostate cancer in vivo. In vitro, over 25 weeks of MC-LR exposure, normal human prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and colony formation, features typical for cancer cells. These MC-LR-transformed prostate epithelial cells displayed increased expression of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); abrogation of FOXM1 or COX-2 activity by specific inhibitors could abolish the invasion and migration of MC-LR-treated cells. In conclusion, we have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the induction of a malignant phenotype in human prostate epithelial cells and the in vivo development of prostate cancer by exposure to MC-LR, which might be a potential tumor promoter in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyue Gong
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Sun S, Jiang T, Lin Y, Song J, Zheng Y, An D. Characteristics of organic pollutants in source water and purification evaluations in drinking water treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139277. [PMID: 32446067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The release of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) into water bodies has aroused wide concern in recent years. Little information on the characteristics of CECs to pose potential risks even at low concentrations in urban water systems of Shanghai is available. This study investigated the occurrence and spatial distribution in source water, as well as the fates by drinking water treatment processes for organic compounds including 35 pesticides, 17 antibiotics, 7 microcystins (MCs), and 10 disinfection by-products (DBPs). The similar trends across seasons for COD and TOC, the indicators for organic pollutants, indicated that the water qualities in three targeted reservoirs were relatively stable. COD in the R3 reservoir inlet was 1.3-2.4 times greater than that in the R1 and R2 reservoirs, possibly resulting from the inflow of the Taipu River as a tributary. Pesticides, particularly methamidophos and metabolites, macrolide and sulfonamide antibiotics, particularly roxithromycin, were frequently detected in Shanghai source water inlets. Pesticide concentrations were 2.58-3.66 μg/L much higher than antibiotics (8.6-47.6 ng/L). The results showed that MCs (ng/L) and DBPs (haloacetic acids, HAAs μg/L; N-nitrosodimethylamine, NDMA ng/L) were found to be in low detection frequencies. It was found that 51.1-74.6% of organic matters in source water were composed of molecular weight (MW) <1 kDa. The removal rates for the part of MW <1 kDa were only 11.7-12.3% through the conventional treatment processes, compared with higher removal rates of 23.5-28.5% by advanced treatment processes. Pesticides, antibiotics and MCs can be significantly removed by six drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Sun
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Yujin Lin
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Jiaxiu Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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11
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A Mini Review on Microcystins and Bacterial Degradation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040268. [PMID: 32326338 PMCID: PMC7232508 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) classified as hepatotoxic and carcinogenic are the most commonly reported cyanobacterial toxins found in the environment. Microcystis sp. possessing a series of MC synthesis genes (mcyA-mcyJ) are well documented for their excessive abundance, numerous bloom occurrences and MC producing capacity. About 246 variants of MC which exert severe animal and human health hazards through the inhibition of protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) have been characterized. To minimize and prevent MC health consequences, the World Health Organization proposed 1 µg/L MC guidelines for safe drinking water quality. Further the utilization of bacteria that represent a promising biological treatment approach to degrade and remove MC from water bodies without harming the environment has gained global attention. Thus the present review described toxic effects and bacterial degradation of MCs.
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12
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Gray E, Mackay EB, Elliott JA, Folkard AM, Jones ID. Wide-spread inconsistency in estimation of lake mixed depth impacts interpretation of limnological processes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115136. [PMID: 31622910 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mixed layer, or epilimnion, is a physical concept referring to an isothermal layer at the surface of a water body. This concept is ubiquitous within limnology, is fundamental to our understanding of chemical and ecological processes, and is an important metric for water body monitoring, assessment and management. Despite its importance as a metric, many different approaches to approximating mixed depth currently exist. Using data from field campaigns in a small meso-eutrophic lake in the UK in 2016 and 2017 we tested whether different definitions of mixed depth resulted in comparable estimates and whether variables other than temperature could be assumed to be mixed within the layer. Different methods resulted in very different estimates for the mixed depth and ecologically important variables were not necessarily homogenously spread through the epilimnion. Furthermore, calculation of simple ecologically relevant metrics based on mixed depth showed that these metrics were highly dependent on the definition of mixed depth used. The results demonstrate that an idealised concept of a well-defined fully mixed layer is not necessarily appropriate. The widespread use of multiple definitions for mixed depth impairs the comparability of different studies while associated uncertainty over the most appropriate definition limits the confirmability of studies utilising the mixed depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gray
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Eleanor B Mackay
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - J Alex Elliott
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Andrew M Folkard
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ian D Jones
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Jafari N, Ebrahimpour K, Abdolahnejad A, Karimi M, Ebrahimi A. Efficient degradation of microcystin-LR by BiVO 4/TiO 2 photocatalytic nanocomposite under visible light. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:1171-1183. [PMID: 32030183 PMCID: PMC6985378 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-Leucine Arginine (MC-LR) is one of the most studied cyanotoxins due to its toxicity and abundant that cause health hazards for humans through of the drinking water. In this study, BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal method and employed for the removal of MC-LR. The characteristics of the catalysts were determined by FESEM, XRD and FTIR spectra. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to assess the effects of operating variables (pH, contact time, and catalyst dose) on the MC-LR removal. The coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated 98.7% for the response. The residual concentration of MC-LR was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that the highest removal efficiency of MC-LR was 98% under the optimum conditions (pH = 5, contact time = 90 min, and catalyst dose = 0.5 g/l). MC-LR decomposition efficiency by BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposite was enhanced by pH reduction and increasing of contact time and catalyst dose. The prepared BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposite with technological potential can be used directly in environmental preservation, specifically in the decontamination of MC-LR from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Jafari
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahbobe Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Ebrahimi
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Moosová Z, Šindlerová L, Ambrůzová B, Ambrožová G, Vašíček O, Velki M, Babica P, Kubala L. Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis Cyanobacteria-Dominated Water Bloom and from Laboratory Cultures Trigger Human Immune Innate Response. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040218. [PMID: 30978967 PMCID: PMC6520794 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive toxic blooms of cyanobacteria represent a major threat to water supplies worldwide. Here, the biological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, the most prominent cyanobacteria in water bloom, were studied. LPS was isolated from complex environmental water bloom samples dominated by M. aeruginosa, and from laboratory cultures of non-axenic as well as axenic M. aeruginosa strains PCC7806 and HAMBI/UHCC130. Employing human blood-based in vitro tests, the LPS isolated from complex water bloom revealed the priming of both major blood phagocyte population monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes documented by the increased surface expression of CD11b and CD66b. This was accompanied by a water bloom LPS-mediated dose-dependent induction of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 production. In accordance with its priming effects, water bloom LPS induced significant activation of p38 and ERK1/2 kinases, as well as NF-κB phosphorylation, in isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory potential of LPS from the axenic strain of M. aeruginosa was not lower compared to that of LPS isolated from non-axenic strains. In contrast to the biological activity, water bloom LPS revealed almost twice higher pyrogenicity levels compared to Escherichia coli LPS, as analyzed by the PyroGene test. Moreover, LPS from the non-axenic culture exhibited higher endotoxin activity in comparison to LPS from axenic strains. Taking the above findings together, M. aeruginosa LPS can contribute to the health risks associated with contamination by complex water bloom mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Moosová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Ambrůzová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Ambrožová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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