1
|
Tang X, Huang Y, Tan S, Yang H. Vertical spatial denitrification performance and microbial community composition in denitrification biofilters coupled with water electrolysis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15431-15440. [PMID: 38741968 PMCID: PMC11090088 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a denitrification biofilter coupled with water electrolysis (DNBF-WE) was developed as a novel heterotrophic-hydrogen autotrophic denitrification system, which could enhance denitrification with limited organic carbon in the secondary effluent. The volumetric denitrification rate of DNBF-WE reached 152.16 g N m-3 d-1 (C/N = 2, I = 60 mA, and HRT = 5 h). Besides, the vertical spatial denitrification of DNBF-WE was explored, with the nitrate removal rate being 49.5%, 16.3%, and 29.3% in the top, middle, and bottom, respectively. The concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) was consistent with the denitrification performance vertically. The high-throughput sequencing analysis results revealed that autotrophic denitrification bacteria (e.g. Thauera) gradually enriched along DNBF-WE from top to bottom. The functional gene prediction results illustrated the vertical stratification mechanisms of the denitrification. Both dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification contributed to nitrate removal, and denitrification became more advantageous with an increase in the filter depth. The research on both the performance of DNBF-WE and the characteristics of microbial communities in the vertical zones of the biofilter may lay a foundation for the biofilter denitrification process in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shenyu Tan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Heng Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang CK, Deng YF, Xu Z, Siriweera B, Wu D, Chen GH. Sulphate reduction, mixed sulphide- and thiosulphate-driven Autotrophic denitrification, NItrification, and Anammox (SANIA) integrated process for sustainable wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120824. [PMID: 37956523 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes the Sulphate reduction, mixed sulphide- and thiosulphate-driven Autotrophic denitrification, Nitrification, and Anammox integrated (SANIA) process for sustainable treatment of mainstream wastewater after organics capture. Three moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were applied for developing sulphate reduction (SR), mixed sulphide- and thiosulphate-driven partial denitrification and Anammox (MSPDA), and NItrification (N), respectively. Typical mainstream wastewater after organics capture (e.g., chemically enhanced primary treatment, CEPT) was synthesized with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 110 mg/L, sulphate of 50 mg S/L, ammonium of 30 mgN/L. The feasibility of SANIA was investigated with mimic nitrifying effluent supplied in MSPDA-MBBR (Period I), followed by the examination of the applicability of SANIA process with N-MBBR integrated (Period II), under moderate temperatures (25-27 ℃). In Period I, SANIA process was established with both SR- and MSPDA-MBBR continuously operated for over 300 days (no Anammox biomass inoculation). Specifically, in MSPDA-MBBR, high rates of denitratation (2.7 gN/(m2·d)) and Anammox (2.8 gN/(m2·d)) were achieved with Anammox contributing to 81 % of the total inorganic nitrogen removal. In Period II, the integrated SANIA system was continuously operated for over 130 days, achieving up to 90 % of COD, 93 % of ammonium, and 61 % of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal, with effluent concentrations lower than 10 mg COD/L, 3 mg NH4+-N/L, and 13 mg TIN-N/L. The implementation of SANIA can ultimately reduce 75 % and 40 % of organics and aeration energy for biological nitrogen removal. Considering the combination of SANIA with CEPT for carbon capture and sludge digestion/incineration for energy recovery, the new integrated wastewater technology can be a promising strategy for sustainable wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Kuan Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Centre, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang-Fan Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Centre, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zou Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Centre, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Buddhima Siriweera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Centre, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Centre, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Environment and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, and Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Guang-Hao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Centre, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma C, Zeng W, Miao H, Li S, Peng Y. Combination of sulfide-driven partial denitrification with anammox enhanced by zeolite powder for autotrophic nitrogen and sulfide removal from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116906. [PMID: 37595825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-driven partial denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing (anammox) (SPDA) is a high-efficiency technology to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and sulfide removal. Nitrite accumulation from sulfide-driven partial denitrification is the key to achieve SPDA. Zeolite powder was added to strengthen the competition of anammox bacteria against nitrite. The nitrogen removal rate (NRR) and partial denitrification efficiency in reactor was 5.18 kg-N m-3d-1 and 92.3% during 180 days of operation, higher than those without zeolite powder, indicating an improving contribution of zeolite powder. Metabolomics analysis revealed zeolite powder addition enhanced the metabolisms of amino acids, nicotinate and porphyrin through increasing glutamate content, and improved EPS secretion, heme c content and particle size. Besides, high ammonia enriched by zeolite powder was conducive to improve anammox activity and NRR. This study provides the metabolic insights into the mechanism of zeolite powder enhancing SPDA, which is meaningful towards overcoming the limitations in practical application of SDPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Haohao Miao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zou X, Guo H, Jiang C, Nguyen DV, Chen GH, Wu D. Physics-informed neural network-based serial hybrid model capturing the hidden kinetics for sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120331. [PMID: 37454462 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SdAD) is a biological process that can remove nitrate from low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio wastewater. Although this process has been intensively researched, the mechanism whereby its intermediates (i.e., elemental sulfur and nitrite ions) are generated and accumulated remains elusive. Existing mathematical models developed for SdAD cannot accurately predict the intermediates in SdAD because of the incomplete knowledge of process kinetic resulting from changes in the environmental conditions and electron competition during SdAD. To address this limitation, we proposed a novel serial hybrid model structure based on a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to capture the dynamics of the process kinetics and predict the substrate concentrations in SdAD. In this study, we evaluated the model through numerical experiments and applied it to real case studies involving batch and continuous-flow reactor scenarios. By leveraging the PINN approach, the hybrid model yielded accurate predictions at both the state (i.e. substrate concentration) and kinetic levels in the numerical experiments and performed better than both mechanistic and purely data-driven models in the case studies. Furthermore, we used the trained hybrid model to design control strategies for SdAD and a novel integrated process involving SdAD and anammox for energy-efficient nitrogen removal. Finally, we discuss the advantages and application scope of the PINN-based hybrid model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongxiao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chukuan Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Duc Viet Nguyen
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban REsource recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guang-Hao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban REsource recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Z, Zuo Q, Liu C, Li L, Deliz Quiñones KY, He Q. Insights into solid phase denitrification in wastewater tertiary treatment: the role of solid carbon source in carbon biodegradation and heterotrophic denitrification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128838. [PMID: 36898568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The practical application of solid phase denitrification (SPD) was hindered by either poor water quality from natural plant-like materials or high cost of pure synthetic biodegradable polymers. In this study, by combining polycaprolactone (PCL) with new natural materials (peanut shell, sugarcane bagasse), two novel economical solid carbon sources (SCSs) named as PCL/PS and PCL/SB were developed. Pure PCL and PCL/TPS (PCL with thermal plastic starch) were supplied as controls. During the 162-day operation, especially in the shortest HRT (2 h), higher NO3--N removal was achieved by PCL/PS (87.60%±0.06%) and PCL/SB (87.93%±0.05%) compared to PCL (83.28%±0.07%) and PCL/TPS (81.83%±0.05%). The predicted abundance of functional enzymes revealed the potential metabolism pathways of major components of SCSs. The natural components entered the glycolytic cycle by enzymatical generation of intermediates, while biopolymers being converted into small molecule products under specific enzyme activities (i.e., carboxylesterase, aldehyde dehydrogenase), together providing electrons and energy for denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qingyang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Katherine Y Deliz Quiñones
- Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment (ESSIE), Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6580, USA
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun S, Zhang M, Gu X, He S, Tang L. Microbial response mechanism of plants and zero valent iron in ecological floating bed: Synchronous nitrogen, phosphorus removal and greenhouse gas emission reduction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116326. [PMID: 36182841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron-based ecological floating beds (EFBs) are often used to treat the secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plant to enhance the denitrification process. However, the impact and necessity of plants on iron-based EFBs have not been systematically studied. In this research, two iron-based EFBs with and without plants (EFB-P and EFB) were performed to investigate the response of plants on nutrient removal, GHG emissions, microbial communities and functional genes. Results showed the total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal in EFB-P was 45-79% and 48-72%, respectively, while that in EFB was 31-67% and 44-57%. Meanwhile, plants could decrease CH4 emission flux (0-3.89 mg m-2 d-1) and improve CO2 absorption (4704-22321 mg m-2 d-1). Plants could increase the abundance of Nitrosospira to 1.6% which was a kind of nitrifying bacteria dominant in plant rhizosphere. Among all denitrification related genera, Simplicispira (13.08%) and Novosphingobium (6.25%) accounted for the highest proportion of plant rhizosphere and iron scrap, respectively. Anammox bacteria such as Candidatus_Brocadia was more enriched on iron scraps with the highest proportion was 1.21% in EFB-P, and 2.20% in EFB. Principal co-ordinates analysis showed that plants were the critical factor determining microbial community composition. TN removal pathways were mixotrophic denitrification and anammox in EFB-P while TP removal pathways were plant uptake and phosphorus-iron coprecipitation. In general, plants play an important directly or indirectly role in iron-based EFBs systems, which could not only improve nutrients removal, but also minimize the global warming potential and alleviate the greenhouse effect to a certain extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Manping Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xushun Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shengbing He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 20092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscape Water Environment, Shanghai, 200031, PR China.
| | - Li Tang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscape Water Environment, Shanghai, 200031, PR China; Shanghai Landscape Architecture Design Institute, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng YF, Zan FX, Huang H, Wu D, Tang WT, Chen GH. Coupling sulfur-based denitrification with anammox for effective and stable nitrogen removal: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119051. [PMID: 36113234 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anoxic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an energy-efficient nitrogen removal process for wastewater treatment. However, the unstable nitrite supply and residual nitrate in the anammox process have limited its wide application. Recent studies have proven coupling of sulfur-based denitrification with anammox (SDA) can achieve an effective nitrogen removal, owing to stable provision of substrate nitrite from the sulfur-based denitrification, thus making its process control more efficient in comparison with that of partial nitrification and anammox process. Meanwhile, the anammox-produced nitrate can be eliminated through sulfur-based denitrification, thereby enhancing SDA's overall nitrogen removal efficiency. Nonetheless, this process is governed by a complex microbial system that involves both complicated sulfur and nitrogen metabolisms as well as multiple interactions among sulfur-oxidising bacteria and anammox bacteria. A comprehensive understanding of the principles of the SDA process is the key to facilitating the development and application of this novel process. Hence, this review is conducted to systematically summarise various findings on the SDA process, including its associated biochemistry, biokinetic reactions, reactor performance, and application. The dominant functional bacteria and microbial interactions in the SDA process are further discussed. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and future research perspectives of SDA are outlined. Overall, this work gives an in-depth insight into the coupling mechanism of SDA and its potential application in biological nitrogen removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fan Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei-Xiang Zan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-Tao Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Guang-Hao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Y, Li M, Zheng X, Ma H, Nerenberg R, Chai H. Extracellular DNA plays a key role in the structural stability of sulfide-based denitrifying biofilms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155822. [PMID: 35561912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-based biofilm processes are increasingly used for wastewater denitrification, yet little is known about the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition of sulfide-oxidizing biofilms. This can have an important impact on biofilm mechanical strength and stability. In this research, the properties and roles of EPS components in biofilm stability were investigated. Weak biofilm stability characterized by high roughness and numerous "needle" structures was visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microscopy. A high abundance of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and a low protein to polysaccharide ratio were found in the biofilm. The roles of eDNA, protein and polysaccharide in biofilm cohesion and adhesion were identified through enzyme treatment and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The enzymatic hydrolysis of eDNA increased the elastic modulus of biofilms by 57 times and reduced the adhesion energy by 96%. The hydrolysis of proteins led to an increase of elastic modulus by 27 times and a loss of adhesion energy by 95.5%. The enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides caused minimal changes in elastic modulus and adhesion energy. These results suggest that eDNA was the key EPS component for biofilm cohesion and adhesion, possibly because it provided special binding sites and can form strong cross-linking with magnesium or other multivalent cations. This study provided new insights into the role of eDNA in biofilm stability and shed light on the development of sulfide-based denitrifying biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mengfei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Robert Nerenberg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Decru SO, Baeten JE, Cui YX, Wu D, Chen GH, Volcke EIP. Model-based analysis of sulfur-based denitrification in a moving bed biofilm reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2948-2955. [PMID: 33775225 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1910349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a biofilm model was developed for sulfur-based denitrification in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), including mass transport as well as the conversion kinetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). The experimental reactor simulated received a synthetic wastewater containing nitrate, sulfide and thiosulfate. The substrate affinity of SOB for intermediary elemental sulfur (S0) was found the most sensitive parameter. After estimating this single parameter, the model could adequately describe the steady state performance of the experimental MBBR. The experimental and simulated mass balances indicated that a fraction of influent sulfur accumulated into intermediate S0. Furthermore, the simulations showed that SOB were active over the entire thickness of a 200 µm biofilm. The simulation results allowed to quantify the extent of diffusion and substrate limitation. Scenario analyses indicated that the specific nitrogen loading rate could be increased from 0.05 to 0.20 kg N.kg-1 VSS.day-1 (corresponding to 0.22-0.86 kg N.m-2.day-1 expressed per biofilm surface area) while maintaining nitrogen removal efficiencies above 70%. An increasing specific nitrogen loading rate in this range resulted in an almost linearly increasing specific nitrogen removal rate, independent from whether it was realized through a decreasing HRT, carrier filling ratio or biofilm thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S O Decru
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Gent, Belgium
| | - J E Baeten
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Gent, Belgium
| | - Y-X Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - D Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - G-H Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - E I P Volcke
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polizzi C, Gabriel D, Munz G. Successful sulphide-driven partial denitrification: Efficiency, stability and resilience in SRT-controlled conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133936. [PMID: 35149015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification is emerging as a valuable solution for NO2- supply in Anammox systems. When reduced sulphur compounds are used as electron donors, S-driven Partial Autotrophic Denitrification (PAD) can also be achieved, allowing for an integrated autotrophic nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) removal from liquid and gaseous streams. The aim of the present work was to maximise NO3- reduction to NO2- coupled with complete HS- oxidation, by the selective control of influent S/N ratio and sludge retention time (SRT). A 2.5-L chemostat was operated for 115 days and three operational phases were tested at decreasing SRT of 40, 23 and 13 h, testing S/N ratios in the range of 0.5-1 gS/gN. Successful sulphide-driven PAD was achieved and lead to average NO2- conversion efficiencies as high as77±17% at all the conditions tested, with the highest value of 99% at the lowest S/N of 0.58 gS/gN and SRT of 23 h. Respirometric tests showed that NO3- uptake rate was stable at 90±10 mgN/gVSS/h, when NO3- was present as sole electron acceptor or at NO2- levels as high as 120 mgN/l; on the contrary, NO2- uptake rates were very sensitive to the applied conditions. Metabarcoding analyses revealed that the microbial community was highly enriched in Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB>80%) and stable S-limiting conditions appeared to favour Thiobacillus over Sulfurimonas genus. A preliminary assessment of N2O potential emission was also performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work evaluating the synergic effect of SRT and influent S/N ratio on nitrite accumulation in highly SOB-enriched systems and the NO2- conversion efficiencies achieved are among the highest reported in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Polizzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy.
| | - David Gabriel
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola D'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Giulio Munz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huo P, Chen X, Yang L, Wei W, Ni BJ. Modeling of sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification coupled with Anammox process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126887. [PMID: 35202830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SDAD) occurring in the anoxic reactor of the sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) system has been regarded as the main nitrogen removal bioprocess, little is known about the accompanying Anammox bacteria whose presence is made possible by the co-existence of NH4+ and NO2-. Therefore, this work firstly developed an integrated SDAD-Anammox model to describe the interactions between sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox bacteria. The model was subsequently used to explore the impacts of influent conditions on the reactor performance and microbial community structure of the anoxic reactor. The results revealed that at a relatively low ratio of <1.5 mg S/mg N, Anammox bacteria could survive and even take a dominant position (up to 58.9%). Finally, a modified SANI system configuration based on the effective collaboration between SDAD and Anammox processes was proposed to improve the efficiency of the treatment of sulfate-rich saline sewage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Huo
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Xueming Chen
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China.
| | - Linyan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao S, Li Z, Hou Y, Wang A, Liu Q, Huang C. Effects of different carbon sources on the efficiency of sulfur-oxidizing denitrifying microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111946. [PMID: 34453896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the effects of different carbon sources on sulfur-oxidizing denitrifying microorganisms by using glucose, ethanol, and acetate as carbon sources. Under the same chemical oxygen demand Cr (CODCr), nitrate, and sulfide concentrations, the removal rate of nitrate and total organic carbon, and the yield of elemental sulfur in a static experiment and a continuous flow reactor with glucose as the carbon source were lower than those with ethanol and acetic acid as the carbon source. The core sulfur-oxidizing denitrifying bacteria that use glucose as the carbon source were Azoarcus, Geoalkalibacter, and Mangroviflexus; those that use ethanol as the carbon source were Arcobacter, Pseudomonas, and Thauera; those that use acetate as the carbon source were Pseudomonas and Azoarcus. The metabolic activity of microorganisms that use different carbon sources was explained by functional gene detection. The fluctuation of gltA, a functional gene indicating heterotrophic metabolism of microorganisms, was small in three reactors, but that of the sulfur oxidation gene, Sqr, in the reactor with acetic acid as the carbon source was larger. Our results suggest that acetate is a more suitable carbon source for denitrification-desulfurization systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Cong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ai T, Zou L, Cheng H, Luo Z, Al-Rekabi WS, Li H, Fu Q, He Q, Ai H. The potential of electrotrophic denitrification coupled with sulfur recycle in MFC and its responses to COD/SO 42- ratios. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132149. [PMID: 34496337 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrotrophic denitrification is a promising novel nitrogen removal technique. In this study, the performance and the mechanism of electrotrophic denitrification coupled with sulfate-sulfide cycle were investigated under different anodic influent COD/SO42- ratios. The results showed that electrotrophic denitrification contributed to more than 22% total nitrogen removal in cathode chamber. Higher COD/SO42- ratios would deteriorate the sulfate reduction but enhance methane production. Further mass balance indicated that the electron flow utilized by methanogenic archaea (MA) increased while that utilized by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) decreased as the COD/SO42- ratio increased from 0.44 to 1.11. However, higher COD/SO42- ratios would produce more electrons to strengthen electrotrophic denitrification. Microbial community analysis showed that the biocathode was predominantly covered by Thiobacillus that encoded with narG gene. These findings collectively suggest that electrotrophic denitrification could be a sustainable approach to simultaneously remove COD and nitrogen under suitable COD/SO42- ratio based on sulfur cycle in wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Linzhi Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Zhongwu Luo
- 3rd Construction Co., LTD of China Construction 5th Engineering Bureau, PR China
| | - Wisam S Al-Rekabi
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Iraq
| | - Hua Li
- Chongqing Water Group Co. Ltd, PR China
| | - Qibin Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Hainan Ai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li W, Zhen Y, Li N, Wang H, Lin M, Sui X, Zhao W, Guo P, Lin J. Sulfur transformation and bacterial community dynamics in both desulfurization-denitrification biofilm and suspended activated sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126108. [PMID: 34637911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Types of microbial aggregates have essential effects on bacterial communities' characteristics, thus affecting the pollutants removal. An up-flow biofilm reactor was used to study the different performances of S2-/NO2- removal and functional genes in suspended sludge and biofilms. The metabolic pathways of sulfurous and nitrogenous pollutants in the desulfurization-denitrification process were proposed. The results showed that S0 formation dominated the reactor with a high S2- concentration. Autotrophic Sulfurovum responsible for S2-/S0 oxidation was the only dominant bacteria in suspended sludge. Heterotrophic Desulfocapsa responsible for SO42- reduction coexisted with Sulfurovum and dominated in biofilms. S2- oxidation to S0 was catalyzed via fccA/B and sqr genes in suspended sludge. S32-/S0 oxidation to SO42- was catalyzed via dsrA/B gene in biofilms. SO42- and NO2- were removed via the dissimilatory sulfate reduction and denitrification pathway, respectively. This work provides a fundamental and practical basis for optimizing suspended sludge/biofilm systems for S2-/NO2- removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China.
| | - Yuming Zhen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Hengqi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Minghui Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Xiuting Sui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Ping Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Veshareh MJ, Dolfing J, Nick HM. Importance of thermodynamics dependent kinetic parameters in nitrate-based souring mitigation studies. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117673. [PMID: 34624655 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Souring is the unwanted formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in sewer systems and seawater flooded oil reservoirs. Nitrate treatment (NT) is one of the major methods to alleviate souring: The mechanism of souring remediation by NT is stimulation of nitrate reducing microorganisms (NRM) that depending on the nitrate reduction pathway can outcompete SRM for common electron donors, or oxidize sulfide to sulfate. However, some nitrate reduction pathways may challenge the efficacy of NT. Therefore, a precise understanding of souring rate, nitrate reduction rate and pathways is crucial for efficient souring management. Here, we investigate the necessity of incorporating two thermodynamic dependent kinetic parameters, namely, the growth yield (Y), and FT, a parameter related to the minimum catabolic energy production required by cells to utilize a given catabolic reaction. We first show that depending on physiochemical conditions, Y and FT for SRM change significantly in the range of [0-0.4] mole biomass per mole electron donor and [0.0006-0.5], respectively, suggesting that these parameters should not be considered constant and that it is important to couple souring models with thermodynamic models. Then, we highlight this further by showing an experimental dataset that can be modeled very well by considering variable FT. Next, we show that nitrate based lithotrophic sulfide oxidation to sulfate (lNRM3) is the dominant nitrate reduction pathway. Then, arguing that thermodynamics would suggest that S° consumption should proceed faster than S0 production, we infer that the reason for frequently observed S0 accumulation is its low solubility. Last, we suggest that nitrate based souring treatment will suffer less from S0 accumulation if we (i) act early, (ii) increase temperature and (iii) supplement stoichiometrically sufficient nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moein Jahanbani Veshareh
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Dolfing
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hamidreza M Nick
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun Y, Qaisar M, Wang K, Lou J, Li Q, Cai J. Production and characteristics of elemental sulfur during simultaneous nitrate and sulfide removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36226-36233. [PMID: 33687628 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production and characteristics of elemental sulfur were examined during simultaneous sulfide and nitrate removal, with abiotic assays as control. The biotic assay showed good sulfide and nitrate removal, with the respective removal percentage of which were 90.67-96.88% and 100%. Nitrate reduction resulted in the production of nitrogen gas, while sulfate formed due to sulfide oxidation. The concentration of elemental sulfur in the effluent was greater than that in the sludge, which accounted for 73.70-86.28% of total elemental sulfur produced. Furthermore, the elemental sulfur of the effluent and sludge from the biotic assays was orthorhombic crystal S8. Elemental sulfur was normally distributed in the effluent, but its average diameter increased with the increasing influent sulfide concentration (60-300 mg S/L), where the average diameter increased from 10 (60 mg S/L) to 29 μm (300 mg S/L).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mahmood Qaisar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Kaiquan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Juqing Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiangbiao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li M, Duan R, Hao W, Li Q, Liu P, Qi X, Huang X, Shen X, Lin R, Liang P. Utilization of Elemental Sulfur in Constructed Wetlands Amended with Granular Activated Carbon for High-Rate Nitrogen Removal. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 195:116996. [PMID: 33721673 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of granular activated carbon (GAC) on nitrogen removal performance of elemental sulfur-based constructed wetlands (S0-based CWs), three systems were constructed according to the different configurations in the functional layer, namely S-CW (S0 added in the functional layer), CSC-CW (GAC, S0 and GAC placed in layers in the functional layer) and SC-CW (S0 and GAC mixed evenly in the functional layer). In CSC-CW and SC-CW, the volumetric ratio of S0:GAC was 9:1. Three CWs were operated under four different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranged from 48 h to 6 h. Over the experiment, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal rates of the three CWs were 3.1 - 23.6 g m-2 d-1, 3.5 - 24.1 g m-2 d-1 and 3.4 - 11.5 g m-2 d-1, respectively; CSC-CW remained high TIN removal efficiency (from 74.7 ± 20.2 % to 93.4 ± 1.9 %) while SC-CW had significant lower values when HRT = 6 h (29.8 ± 30.1 %). Mass balance and high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that mixotrophic denitrification at the sulfur layer and simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) at the rhizosphere played the major role in N removal from CSC-CW (> 95 %). GAC addition facilitated the growth of Iris pseudacorus with the final fresh weight increased from 33.9 gFW ind-1 to 82.3 gFW ind-1 in CSC-CW and 82.7 gFW ind-1 in SC-CW. This study optimizes the practical application of S0-based CWs amended with GAC for N removal from carbon-limited wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Rui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wen Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qingcheng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Panpan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiang Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shen
- The Beijing Beiyun River Management Office, Beijing 101100, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Lin
- The Beijing Beiyun River Management Office, Beijing 101100, PR China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deng YF, Wu D, Huang H, Cui YX, van Loosdrecht MCM, Chen GH. Exploration and verification of the feasibility of sulfide-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox for wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116905. [PMID: 33581404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) is a well-developed biotechnology for treating high-strength ammonium wastewaters. Recently, partial denitrification has been considered as an alternative to supply anammox with the required nitrite. In this study, a process of sulfide-driven partial denitrification and anammox (SPDA) was developed and operated continuously in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for 392 days. This reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater containing 100 mgN/L nitrate, 80 mgN/L ammonium and 20-80 mgS/L sulfide. After 160 days of operation, the reactor reached stable performance, and the nitrogen removal efficiency and rate were maintained at 80% and 0.29 kgN/(m³•d), respectively. The estimated nitrogen removal via anammox and sulfide-driven denitrification were 87.2% and 12.8%. Additional batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sulfide on anammox and the mechanisms of nitrogen removal in the SPDA system. The following results were obtained: (1) sulfide had an inhibitory effect on the specific anammox activity with IC50 of 9.7 mgS-H2S/L. (2) The rapid oxidation of sulfide by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) could relieve the toxic effects of sulfide on the anammox in the SPDA system. (3) Sulfide bio-oxidation was a two-step reaction with biologically produced elemental sulfur (BPS0) as the intermediate, and the second step using BPS0 as the electron donor, can efficiently produce nitrite via partial denitrification (NO3- → NO2-) as a supply for anammox. Finally, a high-throughput sequencing analysis identified Thiobacillus and Sulfurimonas as the dominant genera of SOB in the SPDA system, and Candidatus Kuenenia as the dominant anammox bacteria. Overall, this research gives the foundation for the practical application of sulfide-driven partial denitrification and anammox process in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fan Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Guang-Hao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo G, Hao T. Optimizing granulation of a sulfide-based autotrophic denitrification (SOAD) sludge: Reactor configuration and mixing mode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141626. [PMID: 32858296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Challenges such as long-term cultivation and sludge floatation are common in flocculent sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification (SOAD) systems. The present study aims to optimize the granulation of SOAD sludge by mainly adjusting the reactor configuration and mixing mode. Three liquid-lift upflow reactors viz. a reactor equipped with a three-phase separator (Reactor A), a modified version of Reactor A equipped with a hydraulic regulator (Reactor B), and a reactor with a mounted baffle and intermittent mechanical mixing (Reactor C). These reactors were operated for more than 160 days. The results showed that dense and compact granules with 200 μm of diameter developed within 40 days and gradually increased to approximately 400 μm in Reactor C, which had a volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration of 7500 mg VSS/L of sludge concentration; this Reactor C was also subject to modified reactor configuration and operating conditions. In comparison, filamentous granules formed in Reactor A due to a low substrate loading and granules formed in Reactor B but with significant biomass loss caused by sludge flotation. Both of the reactors only have ≤1000 mg VSS/L VS 7500 mg VSS/L in Reactor C. Also, Reactor C having 0.77 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 0.94 kgNO3--N/m3 d & 1.87 kgS2--S/m3 d of nitrogen and sulfide loading rate, respectively, showed a better performance in terms of nitrate removal (89%) and sulfur conversion (above 70%) due to its enrichment by the typical autotrophic denitrifiers (39.0% of Thiobacillus, 22.4% of Sulfurimonas) in the granules. Our findings provide a method to optimize the design and operation of granulation reactors that can be extended to similar processes treating organic-deficient wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yuan Y, Li X, Li BL. Autotrophic nitrogen removal characteristics of PN-anammox process enhanced by sulfur autotrophic denitrification under mainstream conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 316:123926. [PMID: 32758922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of nitrification process and reduction of NO3--N concentration in effluent are the keys to realize mainstream application of partial nitrification-anaerobic ammonia oxidation (PN-anammox) process. The sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification (SADN) process was coupled with the PN-anammox in a single reactor to enhance and stabilize the nitrogen removal performance, and the feasibility and reaction characteristics of the coupling system under mainstream conditions were investigated. The results showed that the NO3- of PN-anammox effluent dropped from 22 to 24 mg/L to 5 mg/L after the SADN process coupled, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency and total nitrogen removal rate reached 83.5% and 0.15 kg/(m3·d), respectively. This coupling system doesn't need to over-strengthen PN control. Batch experiments showed that sulfur autotrophic oxidizing bacteria used O2 to oxidize S2- in the coupling system, which competed with SADN to remove NO3-. Moreover, Nitrosomonas, Candidatus Brocadia and Thiobacillus were the main genera for nitrogen and sulfur conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Bo-Lin Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lu Z, Li D, Jiang L, Chen G, Li K, Liu G. Characterizing the biofilm stoichiometry and kinetics on the media in situ based on pulse-flow respirometer coupling with a new breathing reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126378. [PMID: 32199161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm based systems and the hybrid between activated sludge and biofilms have been popularly applied for wastewater treatment. Unlike the suspended biomass, the biofilm concentration and kinetics on the media cannot be easily measured. In this study, a novel and easy-to-use approach has been developed based on pulse-flow respirometer to characterize the biofilm stoichiometry and kinetics in situ. With the new designed breathing reactor, the mutual interference between the magnetic stirring and biofilm media that happened in the conventional breathing reactor was solved. Moreover, Microsoft Excel based programs had been developed to fit the oxygen uptake rate curves with dynamic nonlinear regression. With this new approach, the yield coefficient, maximum oxidation capacity, and half-saturation constant of substrate for the heterotrophic biofilms in a fix bed reactor were determined to be 0.46 g-VSS/g-COD, 67.0 mg-COD/(h·L-media), and 4.4 mg-COD/L, respectively. Those parameters for biofilm ammonia oxidizers from a moving bed biofilm reactor were determined to be 0.17 g-VSS/g-N, 18.6 mg-N/(h·L-media), and 1.2 mg-N/L, respectively, and they were 0.11 g-VSS/g-N, 20.9 mg-N/(h·L-media), and 0.98 mg-N/L for nitrite oxidizers in the same biofilms. This study also found that the maximum specific substrate utilization rate for detached biofilms increased by 3.2 times, indicating that maintaining biofilm integrity was very important in the kinetic tests. Using this approach, the biofilm kinetics on the media can be regularly measured for treatment optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Lu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Deyong Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lugao Jiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gaofeng Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kaibin Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ai T, Zhan H, Zou L, Fu J, Fu Q, He Q, Ai H. Potential applications of endogenous sulfide for enhanced denitrification of low C/N domestic wastewater in anodic mixotrophic denitrification microbial fuel cell: The mechanism of electrons transfer and microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137830. [PMID: 32349200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anodic mixotrophic denitrification microbial fuel cell (MFC) was developed for pollutants removal and electricity generation in treatment of low C/N domestic wastewater. The experimental results show that the MFC achieved up to 100% of acetate, 100% of sulfide, and more than 91% of nitrate removal efficiency in all the MFCs. Particularly, thiosulfate was generated as the main intermediate of sulfide oxidation, and the sulfate generation ratio ranged from 66.93% to 73.76%. Those electrons produced during the acetate and sulfide oxidation were mainly used for denitrification and electricity generation. The microbial community analysis revealed that heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (HDB) and sulfide-based autotrophic denitrifying bacteria (SADB) were the dominant bacteria for pollutants removal, and those facultative autotrophic bacterium (FAB) were key functional genera for high sulfate generation under both low and high sulfide concentrations. Meanwhile, the microbial functional prediction revealed that sulfide oxidation gene of Sqr and Sox were highly expressed. Moreover, a preliminary sulfide-based autotrophic denitrification (SAD) potential estimation indicated that the sulfide generated in the WWTPs had great potential for denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Hao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Linzhi Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Junyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Qibin Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Hainan Ai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Hao
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (BUCEA), China.
| | - Guanghao Chen
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), China.
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cui YX, Biswal BK, van Loosdrecht MCM, Chen GH, Wu D. Long term performance and dynamics of microbial biofilm communities performing sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification in a moving-bed biofilm reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 166:115038. [PMID: 31505308 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification (SOAD) implemented in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a promising alternative to conventional heterotrophic denitrification in mainstream biological nitrogen removal. The sulfide-oxidation intermediate - elemental sulfur - is crucial for the kinetic and microbial properties of the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial communities, but its role is yet to be studied in depth. Hence, to investigate the performance and microbial communities of the aforementioned new biosystem, we operated for a long term a laboratory-scale (700 d) SOAD MBBR to treat synthetic saline domestic sewage, with an increase of the surface loading rate from 8 to 50 mg N/(m2·h) achieved by shortening the hydraulic retention time from 12 h to 2 h. The specific reaction rates of the reactor were eventually increased up to 0.37 kg N/(m3·d) and 0.73 kg S/(m3·d) for nitrate reduction and sulfide oxidation with no significant sulfur elemental accumulation. Two sulfur-oxidizing bacterial (SOB) clades, Sox-independent SOB (SOBI) and Sox-dependent SOB (SOBII), were responsible for indirect two-step sulfur oxidation (S2-→S0→SO42-) and direct one-step sulfur oxidation (S2-→SO42-), respectively. The SOBII biomass-specific electron transfer capacity could be around 2.5 times greater than that of SOBI (38 mmol e-/(gSOBII·d) versus 15 mmol e-/(gSOBI·d)), possibly resulting in the selection of SOBII over SOBI under stress conditions (such as a shorter HRT). Further studies on the methods and mechanism of selecting of SOBII over SOBI in biofilm reactors are recommended. Overall, the findings shed light on the design and operation of MBBR-based SOAD processes for mainstream biological denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xiang Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong China
| | | | - Guang-Hao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Center, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhong N, Wu Y, Wang Z, Chang H, Zhong D, Xu Y, Hu X, Huang L. Monitoring Microalgal Biofilm Growth and Phenol Degradation with Fiber-Optic Sensors. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15155-15162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nianbing Zhong
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Modern Photoelectric Detection Technology and Instrument, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yongwu Wu
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Modern Photoelectric Detection Technology and Instrument, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Zhengkun Wang
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Modern Photoelectric Detection Technology and Instrument, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Haixing Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Dengjie Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yunlan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Modern Photoelectric Detection Technology and Instrument, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Liwen Huang
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Modern Photoelectric Detection Technology and Instrument, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| |
Collapse
|