1
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Wang Z, Chen X, Zhang Y, Ma J, Lin Z, Abdelkader A, Titirici MM, Deng L. Locally Enhanced Flow and Electric Fields Through a Tip Effect for Efficient Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 17:26. [PMID: 39331327 PMCID: PMC11436671 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Low-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging desalination technology with great potential for removal and/or recycling ions from a range of waters. However, it still suffers from inefficient charge transfer and ion transport kinetics due to weak turbulence and low electric intensity in flow electrodes, both restricted by the current collectors. Herein, a new tip-array current collector (designated as T-CC) was developed to replace the conventional planar current collectors, which intensifies both the charge transfer and ion transport significantly. The effects of tip arrays on flow and electric fields were studied by both computational simulations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed the reduction of ion transport barrier, charge transport barrier and internal resistance. With the voltage increased from 1.0 to 1.5 and 2.0 V, the T-CC-based FCDI system (T-FCDI) exhibited average salt removal rates (ASRR) of 0.18, 0.50, and 0.89 μmol cm-2 min-1, respectively, which are 1.82, 2.65, and 2.48 folds higher than that of the conventional serpentine current collectors, and 1.48, 1.67, and 1.49 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors. Meanwhile, with the solid content in flow electrodes increased from 1 to 5 wt%, the ASRR for T-FCDI increased from 0.29 to 0.50 μmol cm-2 min-1, which are 1.70 and 1.67 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors. Additionally, a salt removal efficiency of 99.89% was achieved with T-FCDI and the charge efficiency remained above 95% after 24 h of operation, thus showing its superior long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Amor Abdelkader
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, England, BH12 5BB, UK
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Av. Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Libo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Lim J, Lee S, Lee H, Hong S. Energetic Comparison of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Technology: Assessment on Applicability in Desalination Fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6181-6191. [PMID: 38536729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising technology for sustainable water treatment. However, studies on the process have thus far been limited to lab-scale conditions and select fields of application. Such limitation is induced by several shortcomings, one of which is the absence of a comprehensive process model that accurately predicts the operational performance and the energy consumption of FCDI. In this study, a simulation model is newly proposed with initial validation based on experimental data and is then utilized to elucidate the performance and the specific energy consumption (SEC) of FCDI under multiple source water conditions ranging from near-groundwater to high salinity brine. Further, simulated pilot-scale FCDI system was compared with actual brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant data with regard to SEC to determine the feasibility of FCDI as an alternative to the conventional membrane processes. Analysis showed that FCDI is competent for operation against brackish water solutions under all possible operational conditions with respect to the BWRO. Moreover, its distinction can be extended to the SWRO for seawater conditions through optimization of its total effective membrane area via scale-up. Accordingly, future directions for the advancement of FCDI was suggested to ultimately prompt the commercialization of the FCDI process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Lim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonkyu Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheal Lee
- Energy Environmental Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University-KIST, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwan Hong
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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3
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Shan W, Zi Y, Chen H, Li M, Luo M, Oo TZ, Lwin NW, Aung SH, Tang D, Ying G, Chen F, Chen Y. Coupling redox flow desalination with lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121205. [PMID: 38301527 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical redox flow desalination is an emerging method to obtain freshwater; however, the costly requirement for continuously supplying and regenerating redox species limits their practical applications. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is a growing challenge for their sustainable utilization. Existing battery recycling methods often involve massive secondary pollution. Here, we demonstrate a redox flow system to couple redox flow desalination with lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries. The spontaneous reaction between a battery cathode material (LiFePO4) and ferricyanide enables the continuous regeneration of the redox species required for desalination. Several critical operating parameters are optimized, including current density, the concentrations of redox species, salt concentrations of brine, and the amounts of added LiFePO4. With the addition of 0.5920 g of spent LiFePO4 in five consecutive batches, the system can operate over 24 h, achieving 70.46 % lithium recovery in the form of LiCl aqueous solution at the concentration of 6.716 g·L-1. Simultaneously, the brine (25 mL, 10000 ppm NaCl) was desalinated to freshwater. Detailed cost analysis shows that this redox flow system could generate a revenue of ¥ 13.66 per kg of processed spent lithium-ion batteries with low energy consumption (0.77 MJ kg-1) and few greenhouse gas emissions indicating excellent economic and environmental benefits over existing lithium-ion battery recycling technologies, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. This work opens a new approach to holistically addressing water and energy challenges to achieve sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shan
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yang Zi
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hedong Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Minzhang Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Min Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Than Zaw Oo
- Department of Physics, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Nyein Wint Lwin
- Department of Physics, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Su Htike Aung
- Department of Physics, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Danling Tang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Fuming Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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4
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He J, Zhou J, Yang K, Luo L, Wang P, Wang Z, Ma J. Pulsed electric field drives chemical-free membrane stripping for high ammonia recovery from urine. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121129. [PMID: 38237457 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Recovering ammonia from waste streams (e.g., urine) is highly desirable to reduce natural gas-based NH3 production and nitrogen discharge into the water environment. Electrochemical membrane stripping is an attractive alternative because it can drive NH4+ transformation to NH3 via cathodic OH- production; however, the conventional configurations suffer from relatively low ammonia recovery (<80 %) and significant acid/material usage for ammonia adsorption. To this end, we develop a novel stack system that simply uses an oxygen evolution reaction to in-situ produce acid from water, enabling chemical-free ammonia recovery from synthetic urine. In batch mode, the percentage removal and recovery increased respectively from 74.5 % to 97.9 % and 81.8 % to 92.7 % when the electrode pairs increased from 2 to 4 in the stack system. To address the gas-sparging issue that deteriorated ammonia recovery in continuous operation, pulsed electric field (PEF) mode was applied, resulting in ∼100 % recovery under optimized conditions. At an ammonia removal rate of 35.1 g-N m-2 h-1 and electrical energy consumption of 28.9 kWh kg-N-1, our chemical-free system in PEF mode has achieved significantly higher ammonia recovery (>90 %) from synthetic urine. The total cost to recover 1 kg of NH3-N from real human urine was $15.9 in the proposed system. Results of this study demonstrate that this novel approach holds great promise for high ammonia recovery from waste streams, opening a new pathway toward sustainable nitrogen management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou He
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jieqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Liang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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5
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Zhang W, Xue W, Zhang C, Xiao K. Towards long-term operation of flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI): Optimization of operating parameters and regeneration of flow-electrode. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24940. [PMID: 38312617 PMCID: PMC10834994 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study systematically optimized the key operating parameters and interpreted their effecting mechanisms in a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system. The optimal voltage, activated carbon electrode content, electrolyte concentration, feedwater flowrate, and electrode flowrate for desalinating low salinity feedwater (1.0 g L-1 NaCl) were determined to be 1.8 V, 2.0 wt%, 10.0 g L-1, 80 mL min-1, and 60 mL min-1, respectively. The variations of the above parameters can affect the system conductivity, the thickness and stability of the electric double layers, and/or the degree of concentration polarization, thereby influencing the desalination performance. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis identified the operating voltage as the dominant parameter with the most significant influence on the FCDI system. Subsequently, a long-term operation was carried out under single-pass mode. The results showed that the lab-scale FCDI system was able to constantly maintain the desalination efficiency of 1.0 g L-1 feedwater (NaCl) at 40-60 % for multiple operating cycles. Over 99.8 % of electrode material regeneration and desalination efficiency recovery was able to be obtained during a 60-h operation, demonstrating that the FCDI system showed strong stability and long-term operation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanni Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wenchao Xue
- Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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6
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Bales C, Kinsela AS, Miller C, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Lian B, Waite TD. Removal of Trace Uranium from Groundwaters Using Membrane Capacitive Deionization Desalination for Potable Supply in Remote Communities: Bench, Pilot, and Field Scale Investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37464745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The performance of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) desalination was investigated at bench, pilot, and field scales for the removal of uranium from groundwater. It was found that up to 98.9% of the uranium can be removed using MCDI from a groundwater source containing 50 μg/L uranium, with the majority (94.5%) being retained on the anode. Uranium was found to physiochemically adsorb to the electrode without the application of a potential by displacing chloride ions, with 16.6% uranium removal at the bench scale via this non-electrochemical process. This displacement of chloride did not occur during the MCDI adsorption phase with the adsorption of all ions remaining constant during a time series analysis on the pilot unit. For the scenarios tested on the pilot unit, the flowrate of the product water ranged from 0.15 to 0.23 m3/h, electrode energy consumption from 0.28 to 0.51 kW h/m3, and water recovery from 69 to 86%. A portion (13-53% on the pilot unit) of the uranium was found to remain on the electrodes after the brine discharge phase with conventional cleaning techniques unable to release this retained uranium. MCDI was found to be a suitable means to remove uranium from groundwater systems though with the need to manage the accumulation of uranium on the electrodes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bales
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew S Kinsela
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Miller
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China
| | - Yunyi Zhu
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China
| | - Boyue Lian
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China
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7
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Zhang W, Xue W, Xiao K, Visvanathan C, Tang J, Li L. Selection and optimization of carbon-based electrode materials for flow-electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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8
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM. Electrodialysis desalination: The impact of solution flowrate (or Reynolds number) on fluid dynamics throughout membrane spacers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115115. [PMID: 36574794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of a spacer among membranes has a major influence on fluid dynamics and performance metrics. Spacers create feed channels and operate as turbulence promoters to increase mixing and reduce concentration/temperature polarization effects. However, spacer geometry remains unoptimized, and studies continue to investigate a wide range of commercial and custom-made spacer designs. The in-depth discussion of the present systematic review seeks to discover the influence of Reynolds number or solution flowrate on flow hydrodynamics throughout a spacer-filled channel. A fast-flowing solution sweeping one membrane's surface first, then the neighboring membrane's surface produces good mixing action, which does not happen commonly at laminar solution flowrates. A sufficient flowrate can suppress the polarization layer, which may normally require the utilization of a simple feed channel rather than complex spacer configurations. When a recirculation eddy occurs, it disrupts the continuous flow and effectively curves the linear fluid courses. The higher the flowrate, the better the membrane performance, the higher the critical flux (or recovery rate), and the lower the inherent limitations of spacer design, spacer shadow effect, poor channel hydrodynamics, and high concentration polarization. In fact, critical flow achieves an acceptable balance between improving flow dynamics and reducing the related trade-offs, such as pressure losses and the occurrence of concentration polarization throughout the cell. If the necessary technical flowrate is not used, the real concentration potential for transport is relatively limited at low velocities than would be predicted based on bulk concentrations. Electrodialysis stack therefore may suffer from the dissociation of water molecules. Next studies should consider that applying a higher flowrate results in greater process efficiency, increased mass transfer potential at the membrane interface, and reduced stack thermal and electrical resistance, where pressure drop should always be indicated as a consequence of the spacer and circumstances used, rather than a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
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9
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Jiang L, Zhu L, Chen L, Ding Y, Zhang W, Brice S. Coupling hybrid membrane capacitive deionization (HMCDI) with electric-enhanced direct contact membrane distillation (EE-DCMD) for lithium/cobalt separation and concentration. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Tauk M, Bechelany M, Lagerge S, Sistat P, Habchi R, Cretin M, Zaviska F. Influence of particle size distribution on carbon-based flowable electrode viscosity and desalination efficiency in flow electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Xiong J, Zhu Z, Ye W, Mu L, Lu X, Zhu J. Regulating Surface Wettability and Charge Density of Porous Carbon Particles by In Situ Growth of Polyaniline for Constructing an Efficient Electrical Percolation Network in Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12263-12272. [PMID: 36177722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both electrical conductivity and surface wettability are required for the selection of active carbon materials in flow-electrode capacitive deionization, while a trade-off exists between these two properties. In this work, a hybrid material with a thin layer of polyaniline (PANI) coating on activated carbon (AC/PANI) was successfully developed to retain excellent electrical conductivity and acquire good surface wettability. By adjusting the dosage of initiator, AC/PANI composites with different loading fractions of PANI were obtained. The electrochemical testing demonstrated that the AC/PANI composites have higher specific capacitance and lower ion diffusion resistance compared to pure AC, resulting in better desalinization performance. Specifically, with a feed concentration of 1600 mg/L, excellent adsorption capacity and high charge efficiency can be simultaneously achieved at 13.51 mg/g and 92.21%, respectively. Benefiting from the formation of a continuous electrical percolation network and reduced solid/liquid interfacial transport resistance, a 39% enhancement of average salt adsorption rate (from 0.54 to 0.75 μmol/min/cm2) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiong
- State key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Zetao Zhu
- State key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Wenkai Ye
- State key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Liwen Mu
- State key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- State key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- State key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing211816, China
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12
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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13
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Luo L, He Q, Yi D, Zu D, Ma J, Chen Y. Indirect charging of carbon by aqueous redox mediators contributes to the enhanced desalination performance in flow-electrode CDI. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118688. [PMID: 35661514 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible electrochemical separation based on flow electrodes (e.g., flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI)) is promising to desalinate brackish water, a reliable alternative source of freshwater. The deployment of redox mediators (RMs) in FCDI offers an energy-efficient means to improve the process performance, but the nature of the RMs-mediated charge transfer remains poorly understand. We therefore systematically investigated commonly-used RMs including sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), hydroquinone (HQ) and ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-). Results showed that the desalination rate could be increased by over 260% with the addition of 10 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-. The lowest efficiency of AQS among the RMs should be ascribed to its reduction potential of -0.84 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) exceeding the potential (-0.48 V) of the negatively charged current collector at 1.2 V. While aqueous TEMPO and HQ could facilitate salt removal, their loss of efficiencies upon sorption onto the carbon surface indicated the insignificant pseudocapacitive contribution to ion migration. In-situ cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated the crucial role of the indirect charging of the flowable carbon materials to enhance the desalination performance in RMs-mediated FCDI. To sum up, results of this work pave a way to understand the RMs-mediated charge transfer and ion migration in FCDI, which would serve the purpose of design and optimization of the flow electrode systems for wider environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Duo Yi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Daoyuan Zu
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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15
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Xu L, Peng S, Mao Y, Zong Y, Zhang X, Wu D. Enhancing Brackish Water Desalination using Magnetic Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118290. [PMID: 35306460 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is viewed as a potential alternative to the current state-of-the-art electrodriven technology for the desalination of brackish water. However, the key shortcoming of the FCDI is still the discontinuous nature of the electrode conductive network, resulting in low electron transport efficiency and ion adsorption capacity. Here, a novel magnetic field-assisted FCDI system (termed magnetic FCDI) is proposed to enhance brackish water desalination, simply by using magnetic activated carbon (MAC) as flow electrodes. The results show that the assistance from the magnetic field enables a 78.9% - 205% enhancement in the average salt removal rate (ASRR) compared with that in the absence of a magnetic field, which benefits from the artificial manipulation of the flow electrode transport behavior. In long-term tests, the stable desalination performance of magnetic FCDI was also demonstrated with a stable ASRR of 0.70 μmol cm-2 min-1 and energy-normalized removed salt (ENRS) of 8.77 μmol J-1. In addition, magnetic field also enables the regeneration of the electrode particles from the concentrated electrolyte. In summary, the findings indicate that the magnetic FCDI is an energy-efficient and operation convenient technology for brackish water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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16
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Mohandass G, Chen W, Krishnan S, Kim T. Asymmetric and Symmetric Redox Flow Batteries for Energy-Efficient, High-Recovery Water Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4477-4488. [PMID: 35297617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical separation offers an energy-efficient means to desalinate brackish water, a relatively untapped but increasingly utilized water source for freshwater supply. Several electrochemical techniques are being developed to enable low-energy desalination combined with energy storage. We report a new approach that produced a peak power density of 6.0 mW cm-2 from the energy stored in iron cyanide (Fe-CN) and iron citrate (Fe-Cit) redox couples during water desalination, using asymmetric redox flow batteries (RFBs). Desalination and the charging of the redox couples occurred in a four-channel RFB cell. The stored energy was extracted in a two-channel RFB cell. Desalination of model brackish water (2.9 g L-1) to freshwater (0.5 g L-1) was also studied in a symmetric system using the environmentally benign Fe-Cit. The process was characterized by low energy consumption (0.56 kW h m-3), high productivity (41.1 L freshwater m-2 area h-1, representing practical operating conditions for brackish water desalination), and high water recovery (91% product-to-intake water ratio, addressing the environmental and economic challenges of brine disposal). The low cell voltage (<0.5 V) required in the reported system is ideally suited for developing modular desalination systems powered by renewables, including solar energy. Collectively, water-based RFBs for desalination and power production would lead to sustainable water-energy infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Mohandass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Weikun Chen
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sitaraman Krishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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17
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Wang Q, Fang K, He C, Wang K. Ammonia removal from municipal wastewater via membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) in pilot-scale. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Wang K, Liu Y, Ding Z, Chen Z, Zhu G, Xu X, Lu T, Pan L. Controlled synthesis of NaTi2(PO4)3/Carbon composite derived from Metal-organic-frameworks as highly-efficient electrodes for hybrid capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Chen TH, Chen YA, Tsai SW, Wang DM, Hou CH. Development of an integrated capacitive-electrodialysis process (CapED) for continuous, low-energy electrochemical deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Yu C, Xu L, Mao Y, Zong Y, Wu D. Efficient recovery of carboxylates from the effluents treated by advanced oxidation processes using flow-electrode capacitive deionization in short-circuited closed-cycle operation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Making Waves: Zero Liquid Discharge for Sustainable Industrial Effluent Management. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13202852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) aims to minimize liquid waste generation whilst extend water supply, and this industrial strategy has attracted renewed interest worldwide in recent years. In spite of the advantages such as reduced water pollution and resource recovery from waste, there are several challenges to overcome prior to wider applications of ZLD. This study will examine the main processes involved in ZLD, and analyze their limitations and potential solutions. This study also differs from past reviews on the subject, by providing a summary of the challenges that were found light of in prevalent studies. To fulfill the sustainable vision, future research that can bridge the gap between the theoretical study and industrial practice is highlighted.
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22
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Xu L, Mao Y, Zong Y, Peng S, Zhang X, Wu D. Membrane-Current Collector-Based Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization System: A Novel Stack Configuration for Scale-Up Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13286-13296. [PMID: 34529405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The stack configuration in flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) has been verified to be an attractive and feasible strategy for scaling up the desalination process. However, challenges still exist when attempting to simultaneously improve the desalination scale and the cell configuration. Here, we describe a novel stack FCDI configuration (termed a gradient FCDI system) based on a membrane-current collector assembly, in which the charge neutralization enables the in situ regeneration of the flow electrodes in the single cycle operation, thereby realizing a considerable increase in the desalinating performance. By evaluating standardized metrics such as the salt rejection, productivity (P), average salt removal rate (ASRR), energy-normalized removed salt (ENRS), and TEE, the results indicated that the gradient FCDI system could be a performance-stable and energy-efficient alternative for scale-up desalination. Under optimal operating conditions (carbon content = 10 wt %, feed salinity = 3000 mg L-1, cell voltage = 1.2 V, and productivity = 56.7 L m-2 h-1), the robust desalination performance (ASRR = 1.07 μmol cm-2 min-1) and energy consumption (ENRS = 7.8 μmol J-1) of the FCDI system with a desalination unit number of four were verified at long-term operation. In summary, the stacked gradient FCDI system and its operation mode described here may be an innovative and promising strategy capable of enlarging the scale of desalination while realizing performance improvement and device simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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23
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Liu Y, Wang K, Xu X, Eid K, Abdullah AM, Pan L, Yamauchi Y. Recent Advances in Faradic Electrochemical Deionization: System Architectures versus Electrode Materials. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13924-13942. [PMID: 34498859 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an energy-efficient desalination technique. However, the maximum desalination capacity of conventional carbon-based CDI systems is approximately 20 mg g-1, which is too low for practical applications. Therefore, the focus of research on CDI has shifted to the development of faradic electrochemical deionization systems using electrodes based on faradic materials which have a significantly higher ion-storage capacity than carbon-based electrodes. In addition to the common symmetrical CDI system, there has also been extensive research on innovative systems to maximize the performance of faradic electrode materials. Research has focused primarily on faradic reactions and faradic electrode materials. However, the correlation between faradic electrode materials and the various electrochemical deionization system architectures, i.e., hybrid capacitive deionization, rocking-chair capacitive deionization, and dual-ion intercalation electrochemical desalination, remains relatively unexplored. This has inhibited the design of specific faradic electrode materials based on the characteristics of individual faradic electrochemical desalination systems. In this review, we have characterized faradic electrode materials based on both their material category and the electrochemical desalination system in which they were utilized. We expect that the detailed analysis of the properties, advantages, and challenges of the individual systems will establish a fundamental correlation between CDI systems and electrode materials that will facilitate future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xingtao Xu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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24
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Luo L, He Q, Ma Z, Yi D, Chen Y, Ma J. In situ potential measurement in a flow-electrode CDI for energy consumption estimation and system optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117522. [PMID: 34384947 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising electrochemical technique for brackish water desalination; however, there are challenges in estimating the distribution of resistance and energy consumption inside a FCDI system, which hinders the optimization of the rate-limiting compartment. In this study, energy consumption of each FCDI component (e.g., flow electrodes, membranes and desalination chamber) was firstly described by using in situ potential measurement (ISPM). Results of this study showed that the energy consumption (EC) of the flow electrodes dominated under most conditions. While an increase in the carbon black content in the flow electrodes could improve the energy efficiency of the electrode component, consideration should be given to the contribution of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) and the desalination chamber to the EC. Based on the above analysis, system optimization was carried out by introducing IEMs with relatively low resistance and/or packing the desalination chamber with titanium meshes. Results showed that the voltage-driven desalination capability was increased by 39.3% with the EC reduced by 17.5% compared to the control, which overcame the tradeoff between the kinetic and energetic efficiencies. Overall, the present work facilitates our understanding of the potential drops across an FCDI system and provides insight to the optimization of system design and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Duo Yi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China..
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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25
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He C, Lian B, Ma J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Mo H, Waite TD. Scale-up and Modelling of Flow-electrode CDI Using Tubular Electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117498. [PMID: 34371229 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel design for a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system consisting of tubular electrodes in a shell and tube heat exchanger configuration is proposed. Each electrode consists of a metallic mesh current collector along the inner circumference of a tubular ion-exchange membrane. This tubular FCDI design is suitable for scale-up as it consists of easily manufactured components which can be assembled in an array. An apparatus with 4 tubular electrodes with a large effective area (202.3 cm2) was constructed and shown to provide a high net salt (NaCl) removal rate (0.15 mg s-1 at 1.2 V applied voltage and ∼2000 mg L-1 influent total dissolved solids concentration). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating ion migration and transport mechanisms was developed to simulate the ion concentration and electrical potential profiles in the water channel. The results of CFD modelling highlighted the need to maximize regions of both high potential gradient and high hydraulic flow in order to achieve optimal salt removal. In brief, this study presents a new design approach for FCDI scale-up and provides a computational tool for optimization of this design and future innovative FCDI designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin He
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Boyue Lian
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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26
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Xu L, Ding R, Mao Y, Peng S, Li Z, Zong Y, Wu D. Selective recovery of phosphorus and urea from fresh human urine using a liquid membrane chamber integrated flow-electrode electrochemical system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117423. [PMID: 34284122 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) extraction from human urine is a potential strategy to address global resource shortage, but few approaches are able to obtain high-quality liquid P products. In this study, we introduced an innovative flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system, also called ion-capture electrochemical system (ICES), for selectively extracting P and N (i.e., urea) from fresh human urine simply by integrating a liquid membrane chamber (LMC) using a pair of anion exchange membrane (AEM). In the charging process, negatively charged P ions (i.e., HPO42- and H2PO4-) can be captured by acidic extraction solutions (e.g., solutions of HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) on their way to the anode chamber, leading to the conversion of P ions to uncharged H3PO4, while other undesired ions such as Cl- and SO42- are expelled. Simultaneously, uncharged urea molecules remain in the urine effluent with the removal of salt. Thus, high-purity phosphoric acid and urea solutions can be obtained in the LMC and spacer chambers, respectively. The purification of P in an acidic environment is ascribed largely to the competitive migration and protonation of ions. The latter contributes ~27% for the selective capture of P. Under the optimal operating conditions (i.e., ratio of the urine volume to the HCl volume = 7:3, initial pH of the extraction solution = 1.43, current density = 20 A/m2 and threshold pH ~ 2.0), satisfactory recovery performance (811 mg/L P with 73.85% purity and 8.3 g/L urea-N with 81.4% extraction efficiency) and desalination efficiency (91.1%) were obtained after 37.5 h of continuous operation. Our results reveal a promising strategy for improving in selective separation and continuous operation via adjustments to the cell configuration, initiating a new research dimension toward selective ion separation and high-quality P recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Ren Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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27
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Son M, Jeong K, Yoon N, Shim J, Park S, Park J, Cho KH. Pharmaceutical removal at low energy consumption using membrane capacitive deionization. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130133. [PMID: 33690037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) system was evaluated during the removal of three selected pharmaceuticals, neutral acetaminophen (APAP), cationic atenolol (ATN), and anionic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), in batch experiments (feed solution: 2 mM NaCl and 0.01 mM of each pharmaceutical). Upon charging, the cationic ATN showed the highest removal rate of 97.65 ± 1.71%, followed by anionic SMX (93.22 ± 1.66%) and neutral APAP (68.08 ± 5.24%) due to the difference in electrostatic charge and hydrophobicity. The performance parameters (salt adsorption capacity, specific capacity, and cycling efficiency) and energy factors (specific energy consumption and recoverable energy) were further evaluated over ten consecutive cycles depending on the pharmaceutical addition. A significant decrease in the specific adsorption capacity (from 24.6 to ∼3 mg-NaCl g-1) and specific capacity (from 17.6 to ∼2.5 mAh g-1) were observed mainly due to the shortened charging and discharging time by pharmaceutical adsorption onto the electrode. This shortened charging time also led to an immediate drop in specific energy consumption from 0.41 to 0.04 Wh L-1. Collectively, these findings suggest that MCDI can efficiently remove pharmaceuticals at a low energy demand; however, its performance changes dramatically as the pharmaceuticals are present in the target water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Son
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanho Jeong
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakyung Yoon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegyu Shim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Park
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkwan Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Shen K, Wei Q, Wang X, Ru Q, Hou X, Wang G, Hui KS, Shen J, Hui KN, Chen F. Electrocatalytic desalination with CO 2 reduction and O 2 evolution. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12157-12163. [PMID: 34236376 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrocatalytic desalination is a promising method to increase the production of additional valuable chemicals during the desalination process. In this work, a multifunctional desalination device was demonstrated to effectively desalinate brackish water (15 000 ppm) to 9 ppm while generating formate from captured CO2 at the Bi nanoparticle cathode and releasing oxygen at the Ir/C anode. The salt feed channel is sandwiched between two electrode chambers and separated by ion-exchange membranes. The electrocatalytic process accelerates the transportation of sodium ions and chloride ions in the brine to the cathode and anode chamber, respectively. The fastest salt removal rate to date was obtained, reaching up to 228.41 μg cm-2 min-1 with a removal efficiency of 99.94%. The influences of applied potential and the concentrations of salt feed and electrolyte were investigated in detail. The current research provides a new route towards an electrochemical desalination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yang F, He Y, Rosentsvit L, Suss ME, Zhang X, Gao T, Liang P. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization: A review and new perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117222. [PMID: 34029869 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), as a novel electro-driven desalination technology, has attracted growing exploration towards brackish water treatment, hypersaline water treatment, and selective resource recovery in recent years. As a flow-electrode-based electrochemical technology, FCDI has similarities with several other electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical flow capacitors and semi-solid fuel cells, whose performance are closely coupled with the characteristics of the flow-electrodes. In this review, we sort out the potentially parallel mechanisms of electrosorption and electrodialysis in the FCDI desalination process, and make clear the importance of the flowable capacitive electrodes. We then adopt an equivalent circuit model to distinguish the resistances to ion transport and electron transport within the electrodes, and clarify the importance of electronic conductivity on the system performance based on a series of electrochemical tests. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of electrode selection and flow circulation patterns on system performance (energy consumption, salt removal rate), review the current treatment targets and system performance, and then provide an outlook on the research directions in the field to support further applications of FCDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yunfei He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Leon Rosentsvit
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
| | - Xiaori Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Tie Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Zhang C, Ma J, Wu L, Sun J, Wang L, Li T, Waite TD. Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI): Recent Developments, Environmental Applications, and Future Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4243-4267. [PMID: 33724803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing severity of global water scarcity, a myriad of scientific activities is directed toward advancing brackish water desalination and wastewater remediation technologies. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), a newly developed electrochemically driven ion removal approach combining ion-exchange membranes and flowable particle electrodes, has been actively explored over the past seven years, driven by the possibility of energy-efficient, sustainable, and fully continuous production of high-quality fresh water, as well as flexible management of the particle electrodes and concentrate stream. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current advances of this interesting technology with particular attention given to FCDI principles, designs (including cell architecture and electrode and separator options), operational modes (including approaches to management of the flowable electrodes), characterizations and modeling, and environmental applications (including water desalination, resource recovery, and contaminant abatement). Furthermore, we introduce the definitions and performance metrics that should be used so that fair assessments and comparisons can be made between different systems and separation conditions. We then highlight the most pressing challenges (i.e., operation and capital cost, scale-up, and commercialization) in the full-scale application of this technology. We conclude this state-of-the-art review by considering the overall outlook of the technology and discussing areas requiring particular attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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Xu L, Mao Y, Zong Y, Wu D. Scale-up desalination: Membrane-current collector assembly in flow-electrode capacitive deionization system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116782. [PMID: 33387952 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salt removal from seawater/wastewater using flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is of particular interest, but scale-up desalination is limited by low water production, high energy consumption and complex cell configuration. In this study, an innovative FCDI system is described that uses integrated desalination modules equipped with membrane-current collector (MCC) assembly, and thereby named as MCC-FCDI system. A single desalination module design provides an average salt removal rate (ASRR, 0.3 - 0.44 µmol/(cm2·min)) close to that of the classic FCDI system (with a graphite current collector design), but the design requires a much lower infrastructure investment, device size and energy cost. More importantly, our design enables simultaneous operation of multiple modules in the shared flow-electrode tank, easily realizing scale-up desalination. Evidence is provided by the results of the multi-module operation: multi-modules isolated closed-cycle (MICC) and multi-modules short-circuited closed-cycle (MSCC). For instance, the MICC configuration showing nearly twice the desalination performance over ~ 50 h of operation compared to that of the single ICC operation. The results indicated that in addition to making the device suitable for practical application, the Ti-mesh MCC with a woven network enables the flow electrode to achieve substantial ion adsorption capacity due to the efficient update of fresh carbon particles. In short, the results of this study showed that MCC-FCDI is a promising desalination system for scale-up applications, providing a new reference and guidance for device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Xu L, Yu C, Mao Y, Zong Y, Zhang B, Chu H, Wu D. Can flow-electrode capacitive deionization become a new in-situ soil remediation technology for heavy metal removal? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123568. [PMID: 32763769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel soil electrochemical remediation technology (called S-FCDI), which is based on flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), for Cd removal from kaolin while under continuous operation mode. The results demonstrated that Cd can be effectively removed from kaolin with reasonable energy consumption and minimal macroelement loss. The carboxylic (OOH) functional groups on the surface of activated carbon (AC) facilitated the transfer of Cd from kaolin onto carbon surface. A stable acidic environment, which is advantageous for continuous Cd desorption, was achieved as a result of the balance between H+ generation and transmembrane migration. Once these net negative charges on the particle were eliminated or reversed, the adsorbed Cd could be released easily and driven in concentrated stream by electrostatic repulsion. Under the optimal operating conditions (i.e., carbon =50 g/L, j = 3.47 A/m2, pHi = 3.2, [NaCl]a =8.6 mmol/L), more than 80 % Cd was removed from (200 g) kaolin after continuous 19 h operation at a relatively low electricity consumption of 22.7 kW h/kg Cd and a limited Al loss of 0.06 wt‰. These results from this work demonstrated that S-FCDI could be an alternative soil electrochemical remediation technology for heavy metal removal with low soil damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Huaqiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Ashrafizadeh SN, Ganjizade A, Navapour A. A brief review on the recent achievements in flow-electrode capacitive deionization. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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The impact of concentration in electrolyte on ammonia removal in flow-electrode capacitive deionization system. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Kim H, Choi Y, Lee S, Lee KB, Jung KW, Choi JW. Pretreatment for capacitive deionization: Feasibility tests using activated filter media and granule activated carbon filtration. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Romanov A, Slouka Z, Přibyl M. Electric-field-enhanced selective separation of products of an enzymatic reaction in a membrane micro-contactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:715-724. [PMID: 33049066 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Processes employed in separations of products of enzyme reactions are often driven by diffusion, and their efficiency can be limited. Here, we exploit the effect of a direct current (DC) electric field that intensifies mass transfer through a semipermeable membrane for fast, continuous, and selective separation of electrically charged molecules. Specifically, we separate low-molecular-weight reaction products (phenylacetic acid, 6-aminopenicillanic acid) from the original reaction mixture containing a free enzyme (penicillin acylase). The developed microfluidic dialysis-membrane contactor allows a stable counter-current arrangement of the retentate and permeates liquid streams on which DC electric field is perpendicularly applied. The applied electric field significantly accelerates the transport of electrically charged products through the semipermeable membrane yielding high separation efficiencies at short residence times. The residence time of 5 min is sufficient to reach 100% separation yield in the electric field. The same residence time provides only a 50% yield in the diffusion-controlled experiments. We experimentally demonstrated that a combined microreactor-microextractor with a recycle of the soluble penicillin acylase can continuously produce both the reaction products at high concentrations. The developed membrane-contactor is a versatile platform allowing to tune its characteristics, such as selectivity given by the membrane, or the type of the retentate phase, for a specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Romanov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Slouka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Přibyl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Exploring the Function of Ion-Exchange Membrane in Membrane Capacitive Deionization via a Fully Coupled Two-Dimensional Process Model. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the arid west, the freshwater supply of many communities is limited, leading to increased interest in tapping brackish water resources. Although reverse osmosis is the most common technology to upgrade saline waters, there is also interest in developing and improving alternative technologies. Here we focus on membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), which has attracted broad attention as a portable and energy-efficient desalination technology. In this study, a fully coupled two-dimensional MCDI process model capable of capturing transient ion transport and adsorption behaviors was developed to explore the function of the ion-exchange membrane (IEM) and detect MCDI influencing factors via sensitivity analysis. The IEM enhanced desalination by improving the counter-ions’ flux and increased adsorption in electrodes by encouraging retention of ions in electrode macropores. An optimized cycle time was proposed with maximal salt removal efficiency. The usage of the IEM, high applied voltage, and low flow rate were discovered to enhance this maximal salt removal efficiency. IEM properties including water uptake volume fraction, membrane thickness, and fixed charge density had a marginal impact on cycle time and salt removal efficiency within certain limits, while increasing cell length and electrode thickness and decreasing channel thickness and dispersivity significantly improved overall performance.
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Wang G, Li Y, Sheng L, Xing Y, Liu G, Yao G, Ngo HH, Li Q, Wang XC, Li YY, Chen R. A review on facilitating bio-wastes degradation and energy recovery efficiencies in anaerobic digestion systems with biochar amendment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123777. [PMID: 32665106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, progress in the potential mechanisms of biochar amendment for AD performance promotion was summarized. As adsorbents, biochar was beneficial for alleviating microbial toxicity, accelerating refractory substances degradation, and upgrading biogas quality. The buffering capacity of biochar balanced pH decreasing caused by volatile fatty acids accumulation. Moreover, biochar regulated microbial metabolism by boosting activities, mediating electron transfer between syntrophic partners, and enriching functional microbes. Recent studies also suggested biochar as potential useful additives for membrane fouling alleviation in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR). By analyzing the reported performances based on different operation models or substrate types, debatable issues and associated research gaps of understanding the real role of biochar in AD were critically discussed. Accordingly, Future perspectives of developing biochar-amended AD technology for real-world applications were elucidated. Lastly, with biochar-amended AD as a core process, a novel integrated scheme was proposed towards high-efficient energy-resource recovery from various bio-wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Li Sheng
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yao Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Guohao Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gaofei Yao
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Qian Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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Pan SY, Haddad AZ, Kumar A, Wang SW. Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116064. [PMID: 32745671 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis (RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity < 5.0 g/L) desalination from the aspects of engineering, energy, economy and environment. We first illustrate the criteria and the key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of brackish water desalination. We then systematically summarize technological information of RO and CDI, focusing on the effect of key parameters on desalination performance, as well as energy-water efficiency, economic costs and environmental impacts (including carbon footprint). We provide in-depth discussion on the interconnectivity between desalination and energy, and the trade-off between kinetics and energetics for RO and CDI as critical factors for comparison. We also critique the results of technical-economic assessment for RO and CDI plants in the context of large-scale deployment, with focus on lifetime-oriented consideration to total costs, balance between energy efficiency and clean water production, and pretreatment/post-treatment requirements. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities for future brackish water desalination, including hybridization for energy-efficient brackish water desalination, co-removal of specific components in brackish water, and sustainable brine management with innovative utilization. Our study reveals that both RO and CDI should play important roles in water reclamation and resource recovery from brackish water, especially for inland cities or rural regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Andrew Z Haddad
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arkadeep Kumar
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sheng-Wei Wang
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan, ROC
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Bazinet L, Geoffroy TR. Electrodialytic Processes: Market Overview, Membrane Phenomena, Recent Developments and Sustainable Strategies. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E221. [PMID: 32887428 PMCID: PMC7557436 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the context of preserving and improving human health, electrodialytic processes are very promising perspectives. Indeed, they allow the treatment of water, preservation of food products, production of bioactive compounds, extraction of organic acids, and recovery of energy from natural and wastewaters without major environmental impact. Hence, the aim of the present review is to give a global portrait of the most recent developments in electrodialytic membrane phenomena and their uses in sustainable strategies. It has appeared that new knowledge on pulsed electric fields, electroconvective vortices, overlimiting conditions and reversal modes as well as recent demonstrations of their applications are currently boosting the interest for electrodialytic processes. However, the hurdles are still high when dealing with scale-ups and real-life conditions. Furthermore, looking at the recent research trends, potable water and wastewater treatment as well as the production of value-added bioactive products in a circular economy will probably be the main applications to be developed and improved. All these processes, taking into account their principles and specificities, can be used for specific eco-efficient applications. However, to prove the sustainability of such process strategies, more life cycle assessments will be necessary to convince people of the merits of coupling these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bazinet
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ÉlectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electromembrane Processes), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Research Center (STELA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V0A6, Canada;
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Enhancing understandability and performance of flow electrode capacitive deionisation by optimizing configurational and operational parameters: A review on recent progress. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Chen GQ, Wei K, Hassanvand A, Freeman BD, Kentish SE. Single and binary ion sorption equilibria of monovalent and divalent ions in commercial ion exchange membranes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 175:115681. [PMID: 32171098 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The co-ion and counter-ion sorption of monovalent (Na+, K+, Cl- and NO3-) and divalent ions (Ca2+ and SO42-) in commercial Neosepta ion exchange membranes were systemically studied in both single and binary salt systems. The new generation of Neosepta cation exchange membrane (CSE) showed a significant difference in water uptake and co-ion sorption compared to the earlier generation (CMX). Use of the Manning model confirmed that there were significant differences between these membranes, with the estimated value of the Manning parameter changing from 1.0 ± 0.1 for CMX to 2.8 ± 0.5 for CSE. There were fewer differences between the two Neosepta anion exchange membranes, AMX and ASE. In single salt solutions, potassium sorbed most strongly into the cation exchange membranes, but in binary salt mixtures, calcium dominated due to Donnan exclusion at low concentrations. While these trends were expected, the sorption behaviour in the anion exchange membranes was more complex. The water uptake of both AMX and ASE was shown to be the greatest in Na2SO4 solutions. This strong water uptake was reflected in strong sorption of sulphate ions in a single salt solution. Conversely, in a binary salt mixture with NaCl, sulphate sorption fell significantly at higher concentrations. This was possibly caused by ion pairing within the solution, as well as the strongly hydrophobic nature of styrene in the charged polymer. Water uptake was lowest in NaNO3 solutions, even though sorption of the nitrate ion was comparable to that of chloride in these single salt solutions. In the binary mixture, nitrate was absorbed more strongly than chloride. These results could be due to the low surface charge density of this ion allowing it to bond more strongly with the hydrophobic polymeric backbone at the exclusion of water and other ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - K Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - A Hassanvand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - B D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E, Dean Keeton St., Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712-1589, United States
| | - S E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Zhang C, Wu L, Ma J, Wang M, Sun J, Waite TD. Evaluation of long-term performance of a continuously operated flow-electrode CDI system for salt removal from brackish waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115580. [PMID: 32065937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), one of the most popular CDI variants, possesses a number of advantages over conventional fixed-electrode CDI (e.g., large salt adsorption capacity, high flow efficiency and convenient management of the electrodes), challenges remain in constructing and operating an FCDI system such that it can operate continuously. Here we achieve effective continuous removal of salt from a brackish feed stream using flowing carbon electrodes which are regenerated in a closed-loop manner by using our previously introduced integrated FCDI/MF strategy. The performance of the FCDI/MF system is characterized over a two week period of operation with key factors influencing the desalination performance identified. Results show that the FCDI/MF system is capable of continuously desalinating brackish water (∼2 g L-1) to portable levels (<0.5 g L-1) whilst sustaining an extraordinary water recovery rate (∼92%) and relatively low energy consumption (∼0.5 kWh m-3). No obvious deterioration in performance or membrane fouling was observed during the 14-day operation. While the carbon particles used in the flow electrode exhibited only a minor increase in oxygen-containing groups over the 14 days of operation, a significant reduction in particle size was observed, likely as a consequence of the high-frequency collisions and associated friction between particles that occurred in the FCDI/MF system. Further studies regarding flowable electrode optimization, cell configuration design and process modelling are needed in order to realize the scale-up and practical implementation of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Min Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214206, PR China.
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Patel SK, Qin M, Walker WS, Elimelech M. Energy Efficiency of Electro-Driven Brackish Water Desalination: Electrodialysis Significantly Outperforms Membrane Capacitive Deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3663-3677. [PMID: 32084313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electro-driven technologies are viewed as a potential alternative to the current state-of-the-art technology, reverse osmosis, for the desalination of brackish waters. Capacitive deionization (CDI), based on the principle of electrosorption, has been intensively researched under the premise of being energy efficient. However, electrodialysis (ED), despite being a more mature electro-driven technology, has yet to be extensively compared to CDI in terms of energetic performance. In this study, we utilize Nernst-Planck based models for continuous flow ED and constant-current membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) to systematically evaluate the energy consumption of the two processes. By ensuring equivalently sized ED and MCDI systems-in addition to using the same feed salinity, salt removal, water recovery, and productivity across the two technologies-energy consumption is appropriately compared. We find that ED consumes less energy (has higher energy efficiency) than MCDI for all investigated conditions. Notably, our results indicate that the performance gap between ED and MCDI is substantial for typical brackish water desalination conditions (e.g., 3 g L-1 feed salinity, 0.5 g L-1 product water, 80% water recovery, and 15 L m-2 h-1 productivity), with the energy efficiency of ED often exceeding 30% and being nearly an order of magnitude greater than MCDI. We provide further insights into the inherent limitations of each technology by comparing their respective components of energy consumption, and explain why MCDI is unable to attain the performance of ED, even with ideal and optimized operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohum K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Mohan Qin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - W Shane Walker
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968-0513, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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