1
|
Liang M, Chen J, Dong Y, Guo G, Wu X, Zan F. Feasibility assessment and underlying mechanisms of metabisulfite pretreatment for enhanced volatile fatty acids production from anaerobic sludge fermentation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 265:122286. [PMID: 39190952 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Employing chemical pretreatment for waste activated sludge (WAS) fermentation is crucial to achieving sustainable sludge management. This study investigated the feasibility of metabisulfite (MS) pretreatment for enhancing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from WAS. The results show that after 24-h MS pretreatment, the content of soluble organic matter and loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), especially proteins, increased significantly. During the fermentation, MS pretreatment under alkaline conditions was more efficient, with VFA peaking on the fifth day, showing a 140 % increase compared to the alkaline control group. Correlation analysis suggests that the dosage of MS, rather than pH, is closely related to the levels of soluble protein, polysaccharides, LB-EPS, and subsequential VFAs production, while alkaline conditions facilitate the dissolution of total organic carbon. Furthermore, sulfite radicals (SO3•-) are attributed to cell inactivation and lysis, while alkaline conditions initially reduce the size of the flocs, further promoting MS for attacking flocs, thereby improving the performance of fermentation. The study also found that MS pretreatment reduced microbial community diversity, enriched hydrolytic and fermentation bacteria (Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes), and suppressed methanogens (Methanobacteriaceae and Methanosaetaceae), making it a safe, viable, and cost-effective chemical agent for sustainable sludge management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muxiang Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yongrui Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Feixiang Zan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Cao L, Cheng Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Liu Z, Ma J, Xie P. Efficient disinfection of combined sewer overflows by ultraviolet/peracetic acid through intracellular oxidation with preserving cell integrity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121959. [PMID: 38909420 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) introduce microbial contaminants into the receiving water bodies, thereby posing risks to public health. This study systematically investigated the disinfection performance and mechanisms of the combined process of ultraviolet and peracetic acid (UV/PAA) in CSOs with selecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a target microbial contaminant. The UV/PAA process exhibited superior performance in inactivating E. coli in simulated CSOs compared with UV, PAA, and UV/H2O2 processes. Increasing the PAA dosage greatly enhanced the disinfection efficiency, while turbidity and organic matter hindered the inactivation performance. Singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl (•OH) and organic radicals (RO•) contributed to the inactivation of E. coli, with •OH and RO• playing the prominent role. Variations of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, enzymes activities, DNA contents and biochemical compositions of E. coli cells suggested that UV/PAA primarily caused oxidative damage to intracellular molecules rather than the damage to the lipids of the cell membrane, therefore effectively limited the regrowth of E. coli. Additionally, the UV/PAA process displayed an outstanding performance in disinfecting actual raw CSOs, achieving a 2.90-log inactivation of total bacteria after reaction for 4 min. These results highlighted the practical applicability and effectiveness of the UV/PAA process in the disinfection of CSOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhao Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lisan Cao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yujie Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenbin Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zongping Wang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zizheng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pengchao Xie
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng H, Zheng Y, Yuan L, Li S, Niu J, Dong X, Kit Leong Y, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Oxidation effects on Microcystis aeruginosa inactivation through various reactive oxygen species: Degradation efficiency, mechanisms, and physiological properties. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130806. [PMID: 38718906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa using a combined approach involving thermally activated peroxyacetic acid (Heat/PAA) and thermally activated persulfate (Heat/PDS). The Heat/PDS algal inactivation process conforms to first-order reaction kinetics. Both hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical (SO4-•) significantly impact the disruption of cell integrity, with SO4-• assuming a predominant role. PAA appears to activate organic radicals (RO•), hydroxyl (•OH), and a minimal amount of singlet oxygen (1O2). A thorough analysis underscores persulfate's superior ability to disrupt algal cell membranes. Additionally, SO4-• can convert small-molecule proteins into aromatic hydrocarbons, accelerating cell lysis. PAA can accelerate cell death by diffusing into the cell membrane and triggering advanced oxidative reactions within the cell. This study validates the effectiveness of the thermally activated persulfate process and the thermally activated peroxyacetic acid as strategies for algae inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Junfeng Niu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng R, He Q, Yang D, Chen M, Chen Y. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma promotes disinfection-residual-bacteria inactivation via electric field and reactive species. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121386. [PMID: 38457942 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Traditional disinfection processes face significant challenges such as health and ecological risks associated with disinfection-residual-bacteria due to their single mechanism of action. Development of new disinfection processes with composite mechanisms is therefore urgently needed. In this study, we employed liquid ground-electrode dielectric barrier discharge (lgDBD) to achieve synergistic sterilization through electric field electroporation and reactive species oxidation. At a voltage of 12 kV, Pseudomonas fluorescens (ultraviolet and ozone-resistant) and Bacillus subtilis (chlorine-resistant) were completely inactivated within 8 and 6 min, respectively, surpassing a 7.0-log reduction. The lgDBD process showed good disinfection performance across a wide range of pH values and different practical water samples. Staining experiments suggest that cellular membrane damage contributes to this inactivation. In addition, we used a two-dimensional parallel streamer solver with kinetics code to fashion a representative model of the basic discharge unit, and discovered the presence of a persistent electric field during the discharge process with a peak value of 2.86 × 106 V/m. Plasma discharge generates excited state species such as O(1D) and N2(C3Πu), and further forms reactive oxygen and nitrogen species at the gas-liquid interface. The physical process, which is driven by electric field-induced cell membrane electroporation, synergizes with the bactericidal effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to provide effective disinfection. Adopting the lgDBD process enhances sterilization efficiency and adaptability, underscoring its potential to revolutionize physicochemical synergistic disinfection practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nie J, Tang X, Wei J, Li Z, Zhou B, Dai X, Wu W, Ni Z. Fluorescent Biomass-Based Platform for Detection of ClO - in Cells and Water-Soluble Systems. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:217-226. [PMID: 38190986 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231219524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The generation and presence of excessive hypochlorous acid derivative ionic form (ClO-) could cause various diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, DNA damage, and cardiovascular illness. It is a critical need to develop a highly sensitive sensor for reliable detection of ClO- in cells and water-soluble systems. In this work, a hydroxyl group has been introduced into the compound 2-amino-3-(((E)-4-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-6-yl)benzylidene)amino)maleonitrile (NDC) to increase its solubility in water, at the same time, the hydrazone unit was designed as a specific recognition group for the "off-on" fluorescence probe of ClO-. The probe NDC presents high selectivity, sensitivity, anti-interference, and low detection limit (67 nM) for ClO-. The recognition mechanism that ClO- breaks the C=N bond and forms the fluorescent compound 4-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-6-yl)benzaldehyde (ND-3) has been confirmed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The probe NDC presents a good performance in the actual test of water samples and can be designed as the test papers for the quick and convenient detection of ClO- range from 0 to 1 μM. Moreover, the practical application was demonstrated by the successful imaging of endogenous and exogenous ClO- in HeLa cells. Our fluorescent biomass-based platform opens vast possibilities for repeatability, sensitivity, and selectivity detection of ClO- in cells and water-soluble systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Institute of Building Intelligence, Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxue Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zebiao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghai Ni
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moreno-Andrés J, Romero-Martínez L, Seoane S, Acevedo-Merino A, Moreno-Garrido I, Nebot E. Evaluation of algaecide effectiveness of five different oxidants applied on harmful phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131279. [PMID: 36989795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas similarly impact both ecosystems and human health. The translocation of phytoplankton species via maritime transport can potentially promote the growth of HABs in coastal systems. Accordingly, ballast water must be disinfected. The main goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of different emerging biocides, including H2O2, peracetic acid (PAA), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The effectiveness of these biocides is compared with that of conventional chlorination methods. Their effects on two ichthyotoxic microalgae with worldwide distribution, i.e., Prymnesium parvum and Heterosigma akashiwo, are examined. To ensure the prolonged effectiveness of the different reagents, their concentration-response curves for 14 days are constructed and examined. The results suggest a strong but shorter effect by PMS (EC50 = 0.40-1.99 mg·L-1) and PAA (EC50 = 0.32-2.70 mg·L-1), a maintained effect by H2O2 (EC50 = 6.67-7.08 mg·L-1), and a negligible effect by PDS. H. akashiwo indicates higher resistance than P. parvum, except when H2O2 is used. Based on the growth inhibition performance and consumption of the reagents as well as a review of important aspects regarding their application, using H2O2, PAA, or PMS can be a feasible alternative to chlorine-based reagents for inhibiting the growth of harmful phytoplankton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Seoane
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE, UPV/EHU), Plentzia 48620, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Angyal D, Fábián I, Szabó M. Kinetic Role of Reactive Intermediates in Controlling the Formation of Chlorine Dioxide in the Hypochlorous Acid-Chlorite Ion Reaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5426-5434. [PMID: 36977487 PMCID: PMC10091416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
An advanced experimental protocol is reported for studying the kinetics and mechanism of the complex redox reaction between chlorite ion and hypochlorous acid under acidic condition. The formation of ClO2 is followed directly by the classical two-component stopped-flow method. In sequential stopped-flow experiments, the target reaction is chemically quenched using NaI solution and the concentration of each reactant and product is monitored as a function of time by utilizing the principles of kinetic discrimination. Thus, in contrast to earlier studies, not only the formation of one of the products but the decay of the reactants was also directly followed. This approach provides a firm basis for postulating a detailed mechanism for the interpretation of the experimental results under a variety of conditions. The intimate details of the reaction are explored by simultaneously fitting 78 kinetic traces, i.e., the concentration vs. time profiles of ClO2-, HOCl, and ClO2, to an 11-step kinetic model. The most important reaction steps were identified, and it was shown that two reactive intermediates have a pivotal role in the mechanism. While chlorate ion predominantly forms via the reaction of Cl2O, chlorine dioxide is exclusively produced in reaction steps involving Cl2O2. This study leads to clear conclusions on how to control the stoichiometry of the reaction and achieve optimum conditions to produce chlorine dioxide and to reduce the formation of the toxic chlorate ion in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Angyal
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Mária Szabó
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao L, Wang J, Wang Z, Cheng Y, Dai J, Ma J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Xie P. Comparison of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite enhanced Fe(Ⅱ) coagulation on algae-laden water treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130571. [PMID: 37055977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Fe(Ⅱ)/peracetic acid (PAA) and Fe(Ⅱ)/sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) systems were applied as the combined preoxidation and coagulation process to enhance algae removal. A high removal rate of algae and turbidity could be achieved, with most algal cells keeping intact when adding reasonable concentrations of PAA and NaClO to enhance Fe(Ⅱ) coagulation. The variations of chlorophyll a, malondialdehyde, and intracellular reactive oxygen species suggested that moderate oxidation with only destroying surface-adsorbed organic matter rather than cell integrity was realized. The generated organic radicals, Fe(Ⅳ), and hydroxy radical played the major roles in the Fe(Ⅱ)/PAA system for the moderate oxidation of algal cells, but direct oxidation by NaClO rather than producing reactive species in the Fe(Ⅱ)/NaClO process contributed to the preoxidation. Concurrently, the in-situ formed Fe(Ⅲ) greatly promoted the agglomerating and settling of algae. The analysis of cell integrity, biochemical compositions, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices spectra demonstrated that excess NaClO but not PAA would seriously damage the algal cells. This might be because that NaClO would directly oxidize the cell wall/membrane, while PAA mainly permeates into the cell to inactivate algae. These results suggest that Fe(Ⅱ)/PAA is an efficient strategy for algae-laden water treatment without serious algae lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisan Cao
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zongping Wang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yujie Cheng
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiayue Dai
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zizheng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pengchao Xie
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pulgarin A, Decker J, Chen J, Giannakis S, Ludwig C, Refardt D, Pick H. Effective removal of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus from a Chlorella vulgaris microalgal culture by homogeneous solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119301. [PMID: 36369688 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a citrate-modified photo-Fenton process was successfully applied to decontaminate a Chlorella vulgaris microalgae culture spiked with the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (5 individuals mL-1). The applied treatment (1 mg L-1 Fe2+, 20 mg L-1 H2O2, 17.5 mg L-1 citric acid) had only moderate effects on viability and regrowth of the microalgae since, after a short post-treatment delay of a few days, they reached final cell densities similar to that obtained for microalgae cultures that were not spiked. The decontamination was effective as no regrowth of rotifers was observed in the microalgae cultures after treatment. The efficacy of the citrate-modified photo-Fenton treatment was also studied with a higher starting concentration of 20 rotifers mL-1 and was compared with a solar light/H2O2 treatment. Results show that both treatments had similar efficacies on the rotifer elimination, but that the citrate-modified photo-Fenton treatment had a lower negative impact on the regrowth of microalgae than the solar light/H2O2 treatment. However, when microalgae cultures were spiked with 20 rotifers mL-1, rotifers were only partially inactivated and post-treatment regrowth occurred, which highlights the importance to apply the photo-Fenton process at an early stage of a contamination to achieve full rotifer elimination. In any case, a contamination with 5 rotifers mL-1 is already a significant threat as numbers above 1000 rotifers mL-1 were reached after 14 days and caused the microalgae culture to fail. Overall, our treatment suggests that the citrate-modified solar photo-Fenton process is an environmentally friendly solution to support the maintenance of contaminant-free microalgal cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pulgarin
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Campus Grüental, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE), GR-LUD, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Decker
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE), GR-LUD, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiahua Chen
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE), GR-LUD, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christian Ludwig
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE), GR-LUD, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Energy and Environment Research Division (ENE), Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Chemical Processes and Materials Group (CPM), CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Refardt
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Campus Grüental, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE), GR-LUD, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lazado CC, Strand DA, Breiland MW, Furtado F, Timmerhaus G, Gjessing MC, Hytterød S, Merkin GV, Pedersen LF, Pittman KA, Krasnov A. Mucosal immune and stress responses of Neoparamoeba perurans-infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) treated with peracetic acid shed light on the host-parasite-oxidant interactions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948897. [PMID: 36090977 PMCID: PMC9454302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment development for parasitic infestation is often limited to disease resolution as an endpoint response, and physiological and immunological consequences are not thoroughly considered. Here, we report the impact of exposing Atlantic salmon affected with amoebic gill disease (AGD) to peracetic acid (PAA), an oxidative chemotherapeutic. AGD-affected fish were treated with PAA either by exposing them to 5 ppm for 30 min or 10 ppm for 15 min. Unexposed fish from both infected and uninfected groups were also included. Samples for molecular, biochemical, and histological evaluations were collected at 24 h, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks post-treatment. Behavioral changes were observed during PAA exposure, and post-treatment mortality was higher in the infected and PAA treated groups, especially in 10 ppm for 15 min. Plasma indicators showed that liver health was affected by AGD, though PAA treatment did not exacerbate the infection-related changes. Transcriptome profiling in the gills showed significant changes, triggered by AGD and PAA treatments, and the effects of PAA were more notable 24 h after treatment. Genes related to immune pathways of B- and T- cells and protein synthesis and metabolism were downregulated, where the magnitude was more remarkable in 10 ppm for 15 min group. Even though treatment did not fully resolve the pathologies associated with AGD, 5 ppm for 30 min group showed lower parasite load at 4 weeks post-treatment. Mucous cell parameters (i.e., size and density) increased within 24 h post-treatment and were significantly higher at termination, especially in AGD-affected fish, with some treatment effects influenced by the dose of PAA. Infection and treatments resulted in oxidative stress—in the early phase in the gill mucosa, while systemic reactive oxygen species (ROS) dysregulation was evident at the later stage. Infected fish responded to elevated circulating ROS by increasing antioxidant production. Exposing the fish to a crowding stress revealed the interference in the post-stress responses. Lower cortisol response was displayed by AGD-affected groups. Collectively, the study established that PAA, within the evaluated treatment protocols, could not provide a convincing treatment resolution and, thus, requires further optimization. Nonetheless, PAA treatment altered the mucosal immune and stress responses of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, shedding light on the host-parasite-treatment interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C. Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Carlo C. Lazado,
| | | | - Mette W. Breiland
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Francisco Furtado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gerrit Timmerhaus
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Lars-Flemming Pedersen
- DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Karin A. Pittman
- Quantidoc AS, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Berruti I, Nahim-Granados S, Abeledo-Lameiro MJ, Oller I, Polo-López MI. Recent advances in solar photochemical processes for water and wastewater disinfection. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
12
|
Farinelli G, Coha M, Vione D, Minella M, Tiraferri A. Formation of Halogenated Byproducts upon Water Treatment with Peracetic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5123-5131. [PMID: 35357818 PMCID: PMC9022431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid has quickly gained ground in water treatment over the last decade. Specifically, its disinfection efficacy toward a wide spectrum of microorganisms in wastewater is accompanied by the simplicity of its handling and use. Moreover, peracetic acid represents a promising option to achieve disinfection while reducing the concentration of typical chlorination byproducts in the final effluent. However, its chemical behavior is still amply debated. In this study, the reactivity of peracetic acid in the presence of halides, namely, chloride and bromide, was investigated in both synthetic waters and in a real contaminated water. While previous studies focused on the ability of this disinfectant to form halogenated byproducts in the presence of dissolved organic matter and halides, this work indicates that peracetic acid also contributes itself as a primary source in the formation of these potentially carcinogenic compounds. Specifically, this study suggests that 1.5 mM peracetic acid may form around 1-10 μg/L of bromoform when bromide is present. Bromoform formation reaches a maximum at near neutral pH, which is highly relevant for wastewater management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Farinelli
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Coha
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department
of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department
of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moreno-Andrés J, Rivas-Zaballos I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. On the Efficacy of H 2O 2 or S 2O 82- at Promoting the Inactivation of a Consortium of Cyanobacteria and Bacteria in Algae-Laden Water. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040735. [PMID: 35456785 PMCID: PMC9024476 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms in coastal areas can significantly impact a water source. Microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and associated pathogenic bacteria may endanger an ecosystem and human health by causing significant eco-hazards. This study assesses the efficacy of two different reagents, H2O2 and S2O82−, as (pre-)treatment options for algae-laden waters. Anabaena sp. and Vibrio alginolyticus have been selected as target microorganisms. With the objective of activating H2O2 or S2O82−, additional experiments have been performed with the presence of small amounts of iron (18 µmol/L). For the cyanobacterial case, H2O2-based processes demonstrate greater efficiency over that of S2O82−, as Anabaena sp. is particularly affected by H2O2, for which >90% of growth inhibition has been achieved with 0.088 mmol/L of H2O2 (at 72 h of exposure). The response of Anabaena sp. as a co-culture with V. alginolyticus implies the use of major H2O2 amounts for its inactivation (0.29 mmol/L of H2O2), while the effects of H2O2/Fe(II) suggests an improvement of ~60% compared to single H2O2. These H2O2 doses are not sufficient for preventing the regrowth of V. alginolyticus after 24 h. The effects of S2O82− (+ Fe(II)) are moderate, reaching maximum inhibition growth of ~50% for Anabaena sp. at seven days of exposure. Nevertheless, doses of 3 mmol/L of S2O82− can prevent the regrowth of V. alginolyticus. These findings have implications for the mitigation of HABs but also for the associated bacteria that threaten many coastal ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR-International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR-International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR-International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR-International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu W, Yang K, Qu F, Liu B. A moderate activated sulfite pre-oxidation on ultrafiltration treatment of algae-laden water: Fouling mitigation, organic rejection, cell integrity and cake layer property. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
15
|
Cheng X, Wang S, Huang W, Wang F, Fang S, Ge R, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Du W, Fang F, Feng Q, Cao J, Luo J. Current status of hypochlorite technology on the wastewater treatment and sludge disposal: Performance, principals and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150085. [PMID: 34525771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As cost-effective and high-efficient oxidants, the hypochlorite chemicals have been widely utilized for bleaching and disinfection. However, its potential applications in wastewater treatment and sludge disposal were less concerned. This paper mainly summarized the state-of-the-art applications of hypochlorite technology in wastewater and sludge treatment based on the main influencing factors and potential mechanisms of hypochlorite treatment. The results indicated that the hypochlorite approaches were not only effective in pollutants removal and membrane fouling mitigation for wastewater treatment, but also contributed to sludge dewatering and resource recovery for sludge disposal. The ClO- and large generated free active radicals (i.e., reactive chlorine species and reactive oxygen species), which possessed strong oxidative ability, were the primary contributors to the pollutants decomposition, and colloids/microbes flocs disintegration during the hypochlorite treatment process. The performance of hypochlorite treatment was highly associated with various factors (i.e., pH, temperature, hypochlorite types and dosage). In combination with the reasonable activators (i.e., Fe2+ and ultraviolet), auxiliary agents, and innovative processes (i.e., hydrothermal and electro-oxidation), the operational performance of hypochlorite technology could be further enhanced. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of hypochlorite application for wastewater and sludge treatment were analyzed, and the existing challenges and future research efforts that need to be made have also prospected. The review can hopefully provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance to extend the application of hypochlorite technology for wastewater treatment and sludge disposal on large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Suna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shiyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ran Ge
- College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao L, Wang J, Wang Z, Yu S, Cheng Y, Ma J, Xie P. Inactivation of Microcystis Aeruginosa by peracetic acid combined with ultraviolet: Performance and characteristics. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117847. [PMID: 34794020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of algae by a combined process of peracetic acid and ultraviolet irradiation (UV/PAA) was systematically investigated by choosing Microcystis aeruginosa as the reference algal species. Both hydroxyl (HO•) and organic radicals (RO•) contributed to the cell integrity loss and RO• played the dominant roles. The algae inactivation kinetics can be well fitted by the typical Hom model, showing that the inactivation kinetic curves followed a type of shoulder and exponential reduction. The initial shoulder might be induced by the protection from the cell wall. Although the results from the cell morphology, UV-vis spectra and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices analysis suggested the cell lysis and the release of algal organic matter (AOM) in the UV/PAA process, the AOM could be subsequently degraded. Humic acid (1 - 5 mg/L) inhibited the algal cell inactivation, and the presence of chloride (0.5 - 2 mM) had little effect on the cell viability reduction. However, the addition of bicarbonate (1 - 5 mM) promoted cell integrity loss. The UV/PAA process displayed better performance under the natural water background, demonstrating the extensive potential for the practical application of this approach. This study suggests that the UV/PAA process is an effective strategy for algae inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisan Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zongping Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yujie Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pengchao Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|