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Vafae Eslahi A, Mamedova S, Nassiba R, Karanis P. Unveiling risks in healthy food: Vegetables and fruits are linked to the distribution chain of protozoan parasites. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104592. [PMID: 39038884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Vegetable and fruit contamination is recognized as a significant parasite transmission route. This review presents the current state of vegetables ad fruits contamination with food-borne parasitic protozoa worldwide. We consider the methodologies and strategies for detecting parasitic stages developed in the last decade and the contamination data. Asia had the highest number of reports (94 studies), followed by Africa (74 studies). At the country level, with 41 studies, Iran had the most reports among other countries, followed by Nigeria (28 studies). According to the studies included in the current review, 41.22% of vegetables and fruits were contaminated with different species of protozoan parasites. Among different continents, Asia accounted for the highest contamination rate of protozoan parasites (57.12%). Giardia spp. (10%) had the highest contamination rate in vegetables and fruits, followed by Entamoeba coli (8%), E. histolytica/dispar (7%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (6%). This study provides essential data for health authorities to develop food safety programs. The presence of protozoan parasites in fruits and vegetables highlights the critical need for maintaining rigorous food safety measures across the entire production and distribution process, particularly in countries that are major producers and distributors of these food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Department of Protistology, Institute of Zoology, National, Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Passage 1128, Block 504, Baku, AZ, 1073, Azerbaijan; Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Reghaissia Nassiba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Taoura, University of Souk Ahras, Souk-Ahras, Algeria
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia, Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Lakavathu S, Reddy VK, Singh N, Kamble P, Jadhav J, Choudhury AR, Palani SG. Feasibility study of faecal sludge treatment by Geotube and jute tube-based technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124382-124400. [PMID: 37950778 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The decentralized standalone treatment of faecal sludge is a generally cumbersome, energy-intensive, and expensive process. Particle size enlargement, dewatering, and disinfection are the crucial unit operations that contribute to the major portion of the operational expenditure. Therefore, the present study took up the task to investigate and yield a natural alternative to each of the above-delineated unit operations. Crushed seed powders of Moringa, Guilandina bonduc, Nirmali, tamarind, soap nut, nutmeg, jackfruit, and custard apple were experimented as natural coagulants, while a double-stitched cow dung-lined jute tube was utilized as the media for solid-liquid separation. Finally, the powder of Neem and custard apple seed and leaf were considered herbal disinfectants for the separated liquid and solid fractions, respectively. The findings of the physicochemical and biological analyses of the above unit operations were compared with a conventional polymer-based Geotube-driven treatment scheme. The natural alternatives registered some promising outcomes. However, the combined treatment efficiency of 79.32% (mean value of TS, TSS, TDS, COD, and BOD percentage removal) for pollutant removal and disinfection could not exceed the value of 97.98% offered by the conventional method. Further, the financial comparison for processing a 10 KL batch of FS indicates that the conventional scheme is considerably cheaper (USD 7.95) than the herbal alternate (USD 22.1). Therefore, though the present findings depict promising alternatives for sustainable and eco-friendly faecal sludge treatment, the authors advocate conducting further research to address the existing challenges to facilitate their seamless implementation on a field-scale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakkubai Lakavathu
- Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India
| | - Vamshi Krishna Reddy
- Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Chadwick's FSM Laboratory, Banka BioLoo Limited, Shed no-37, Industrial Development Area, Mallapur, Secunderabad, 500076, India
| | - Pramod Kamble
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Jayesh Jadhav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Atun Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Secunderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Sankar Ganesh Palani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Secunderabad, Telangana, 500078, India.
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Song J, Fang W, Lai J, Cao B, Zhang T, Xu Z. Conditioning fecal sludge of public toilets with coupled zero-valent iron and persulfate: Efficiency and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131615. [PMID: 37201282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of fecal sludge conditioning using peroxydisulfate (PDS) activated by zero-valent iron (ZVI). For fecal sludge obtained from public toilets in a densely-populated rural area in China, the ZVI/PDS coupling greatly improved its dewaterability as well as the supernatant quality in terms of organic matter and nutrient contents. The capillary suction time (CST) and supernatant turbidity of fecal sludge can be reduced up to 97% and 73% respectively in 10 min by the combination of 0.15 g/g TS ZVI and 0.2 g/g TS PDS. Protein removal, especially for tightly and loosely bound extracellular-polymeric-substance (EPS), is more linearly correlated to CST reduction than polysaccharide removal. Fecal sludge dewatering was improved by the hybrid functions of radical oxidation and iron coagulation. The ZVI/PDS treatment produced larger and looser flocs, probably because 1) surface ionic and hydrophilic groups of fecal sludge were reduced, 2) surface charge was neutralized, and 3) secondary structures of EPS proteins were altered by the radicals. The excellent fecal sludge dewatering was related to strengthened particle hydrophobicity and reduced sludge viscosity and compressibility. The results highlight that the ZVI/PDS combination is potentially an effective conditioning approach for fecal sludge from public toilets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxue Song
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China; Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Wei Fang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jing Lai
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Bingdi Cao
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China.
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Chowdhury RB, Wijayasundara M. Phosphorus circular economy of disposable baby nappy waste: Quantification, assessment of recycling technologies and plan for sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149339. [PMID: 34426359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the potential for minimizing human excreta bound phosphorus (P) loss through used disposable baby nappies, an area that remained unexplored for nations. Accordingly, it performed a substance flow analysis to assess the national P loss through used disposable baby nappies in the case of Australia. The analysis revealed that approximately 308 tonne P is lost through used baby nappies to landfills in Australia in 2019, which is nearly 2.5% of the overall P excreta as human waste. Although the quantity seems small in percentage term, it could result in the loss of a significant amount of P over several years, as assessed 5452 tonne P over the 2001-2019 period, which is concerning in the context of anticipated future global P scarcity. The review of peer-reviewed literature on available technologies/methods for recycling disposable baby nappy waste indicates that there are some technologies for recycling P particularly through co-composting with food and other organic wastes, while the majority of these are still at the lab/pilot scale. There are also various recycling techniques with purpose ranging from energy recovery to volume reduction, generation of pulp, hydrogel, cellulose, and polymer as well as to increase yield stress and viscosity of concrete, however, these are not effective in P recovery. The study implies that compost made of nappy waste can be used as fertilizer to produce bamboo, cotton, and maize plants to supply raw materials for producing biodegradable nappies, hence, to close the loop. The various product and system design options e.g., designing for flushing, designing for disassembling the excreta containing part, and designing for community composting suggested in this study could be further researched for identifying best suitable option to achieve P circular economy of disposable baby nappies. This study also recommends necessary interventions at various stages of the nappy life cycle to ensure sustainable management of phosphorus.
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Firmansyah I, Carsjens GJ, de Ruijter FJ, Zeeman G, Spiller M. An integrated assessment of environmental, economic, social and technological parameters of source separated and conventional sanitation concepts: A contribution to sustainability analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 295:113131. [PMID: 34214794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resource recovery and reuse from domestic wastewater has become an important subject for the current development of sanitation technologies and infrastructures. Different technologies are available and combined into sanitation concepts, with different performances. This study provides a methodological approach to evaluate the sustainability of these sanitation concepts with focus on resource recovery and reuse. St. Eustatius, a small tropical island in the Caribbean, was used as a case study for the evaluation. Three source separation-community-on-site and two combined sewerage island-scale concepts were selected and compared in terms of environmental (net energy use, nutrient recovery/reuse, BOD/COD, pathogens, and GHG emission, land use), economic (CAPEX and OPEX), social cultural (acceptance, required competences and education), and technological (flexibility/adaptability, reliability/continuity of service) indicators. The best performing concept, is the application of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) and Trickling Filter (TF) at island level for combined domestic wastewater treatment with subsequent reuse in agriculture. Its overall average normalised score across the four categories (i.e., average of average per category) is about 15% (0.85) higher than the values of the remaining systems and with a score of 0.73 (conventional activated sludge - centralised level), 0.77 (UASB-septic tank (ST)), 0.76 (UASB-TF - community level), and 0.75 (ST - household level). The higher score of the UASB-TF at community level is mainly due to much better performance in the environmental and economic categories. In conclusion, the case study provides a methodological approach that can support urban planning and decision-making in selecting more sustainable sanitation concepts, allowing resource recovery and reuse in small island context or in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Firmansyah
- Wageningen University & Research, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G J Carsjens
- Wageningen University & Research, Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - F J de Ruijter
- Wageningen University & Research, Agrosystems Research, P.O. Box 616, 6700 AP, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Zeeman
- Wageningen University & Research, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Leaf BV P.O. Box 500, 6700 AM, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Spiller
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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