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Qi Y, Zheng H, Wang J, Chen Y, Guo X, Li Z, Zhang W, Zhou J, Wang S, Lin B, Zhang L, Yan T, Clemens J, Xia J, An Z, Yin Z, Wang X, Feng Z. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Effectiveness of Chinese-Made COVID-19 Vaccines in the Real World: An Interim Report of a Living Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:781. [PMID: 39066419 PMCID: PMC11281383 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Several COVID-19 vaccines were developed and approved in China. Of these, the BIBB-CorV and CoronaVac inactivated whole-virion vaccines were widely distributed in China and developing countries. However, the performance of the two vaccines in the real world has not been summarized. Methods: A living systematic review based on findings from ongoing post-licensure studies was conducted, applying standardized algorithms. Articles published between 1 May 2020 and 31 May 2022 in English and Chinese were searched for in Medline, Embase, WanFang Data, medRxiv, bioRxiv, arXiv, SSRN, and Research Square, using SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and vaccine as the MeSH terms. Studies with estimates of safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness from receiving the BIBB-CorV or CoronaVac vaccine that met the predefined screening criteria underwent a full-text review. The Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist and the Cochrane risk of bias were used for assessment of the quality. A random-effects meta-regression model was applied to identify the potential impact factors on the vaccines' effectiveness. Results: In total, 32578 articles were identified, of these, 770 studies underwent a full-text review. Eventually, 213 studies were included. The pooled occurrence of solicited and unsolicited adverse events after any dose of either vaccine varied between 10% and 40%. The top five commonly reported rare adverse events were immunization stress-related responses (211 cases, 50.0%), cutaneous responses (43 cases, 10.2%), acute neurological syndrome (39 cases, 9.2%), anaphylaxis (17 cases, 4.0%), and acute stroke (16 cases, 3.8%). The majority (83.3%) recovered or were relieved within several days. The peak neutralization titers against the ancestral strain was found within 1 month after the completion of the primary series of either vaccine, with a GMT (geometric mean titer) of 43.7 (95% CI: 23.2-82.4), followed by a dramatic decrease within 3 months. At Month 12, the GMT was 4.1 (95% CI: 3.8-4.4). Homologous boosting could restore humoral immunity, while heterologous boosting elicited around sixfold higher neutralization titers in comparison with homologous boosting. The effectiveness of receiving either vaccine against death and severe disease was around 85% for both shortly after the primary series. At Month 12, the protection against death did not decline, while the protection against severe disease decreased to ~75%. Conclusions: Both the BIBP-CorV and CoronaVac inactivated vaccines are safe. Sustained vaccine effectiveness against death was determined 12 months after the primary series, although protection against severe disease decreased slightly over time. A booster dose could strengthen the waning effectiveness; however, the duration of the incremental effectiveness and the additional benefit provided by a heterologous booster need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Q.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jinxia Wang
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yani Chen
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xu Guo
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zheng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Q.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Medical Library, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Songmei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Boyi Lin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Tingting Yan
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - John Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jielai Xia
- Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Zhijie An
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zundong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (B.L.); (L.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xuanyi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Q.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Beijing 100009, China
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Parker RS, Le J, Villa M, Luong A, Lin TY, Lee Y, Doan A, Aguayo-Hiraldo P, Pannaraj PS, Yoon SJ, Wallace WD, Armstrong A, O'Gorman MR, Bard JD, Parekh C. COVID-19 vaccinated children, adolescents, and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia show spike reactive antibodies and multifunctional T-cells. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39005114 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines during acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy (ALL); data for COVID-19 vaccine immune responses in pediatric leukemia remain sparse. We conducted a single center study of patients aged 5-25 years undergoing ALL chemotherapy who received COVID-19 vaccination. Twenty-one patients were enrolled; efficacy was evaluable in 20. Twenty were vaccinated while receiving chemotherapy. Twenty received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Spike reactive antibodies (S-IgG) and/or T-cells (SRT) were detected in 16 of 20 (80%) vaccinated patients; 13 (65%) and 9 (45%) were positive for S-IgG and SRT, respectively. Six (30%) showed both spike reactive B and T-cell responses. Eleven of the 13 with S-IgG positivity were negative for anti-Nucleocapsid IgG, an antibody profile consistent with a vaccine induced immune response. All 13S-IgG+ patients showed neutralizing antibodies. SRT included CD4+ (7) and CD8+ (6) T-cells; both CD4+ and CD8+ SRT were seen in 4. SRT were multifunctional (producing multiple cytokines) in most patients (8 of 9); 4 showed SRT with triple cytokine and B-cell co-stimulatory responses, indicating a multimodal adaptive immune response. Immune responses were seen among patients vaccinated in the settings of lymphopenia (6 of 12) intensive chemotherapy (3 of 4), and Peg allergy (6 of 8). Sequencing revealed public CD4+ and CD8+ TCR sequences reactive to epitopes across the spike protein. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccination induced B and/or T-cell responses in a majority of children and young adults undergoing ALL chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Parker
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Justin Le
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Miguel Villa
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Annie Luong
- The Saban Research institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tsen Yin Lin
- The Saban Research institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yesun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew Doan
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paibel Aguayo-Hiraldo
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Seon-Jae Yoon
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - William Dean Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - April Armstrong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maurice R O'Gorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chintan Parekh
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disease, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zhuang Z, Zhuo J, Yuan Y, Chen Z, Zhang S, Zhu A, Zhao J, Zhao J. Harnessing T-Cells for Enhanced Vaccine Development against Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:478. [PMID: 38793729 PMCID: PMC11125924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides in vaccine research and the availability of vaccines for many infectious diseases, the threat posed by both known and emerging infectious diseases persists. Moreover, breakthrough infections following vaccination remain a concern. Therefore, the development of novel vaccines is imperative. These vaccines must exhibit robust protective efficacy, broad-spectrum coverage, and long-lasting immunity. One promising avenue in vaccine development lies in leveraging T-cells, which play a crucial role in adaptive immunity and regulate immune responses during viral infections. T-cell recognition can target highly variable or conserved viral proteins, and memory T-cells offer the potential for durable immunity. Consequently, T-cell-based vaccines hold promise for advancing vaccine development efforts. This review delves into the latest research advancements in T-cell-based vaccines across various platforms and discusses the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianfen Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
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4
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Huang M, Cui T, Liu S, Su X, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhong J, Cao J, Mei X, Li K, Luo Q, Sun X, Cheng L, Wei R, Zhao Z, Wang Z. Blended BA.5 infection within 8 days after a boosted bivalent mRNA vaccination strengthens and lengthens the host immunity. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29544. [PMID: 38511577 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection shortly after vaccination on vaccine-induced immunity is unknown, which is also one of the concerns for some vaccinees during the pandemic. Here, based on a cohort of individuals who encountered BA.5 infection within 8 days after receiving the fourth dose of a bivalent mRNA vaccine, preceded by three doses of inactivated vaccines, we show that booster mRNA vaccination provided 48% protection efficacy against symptomatic infections. At Day 7 postvaccination, the level of neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) against WT and BA.5 strains in the uninfected group trended higher than those in the symptomatic infection group. Moreover, there were greater variations in Nabs levels and a significant decrease in virus-specific CD4+ T cell response observed in the symptomatic infection group. However, symptomatic BA.5 infection significantly increased Nab levels against XBB.1.9.1 and BA.5 (symptomatic > asymptomatic > uninfected group) at Day 10 and resulted in a more gradual decrease in Nabs against BA.5 compared to the uninfected group at Day 90. Our data suggest that BA.5 infection might hinder the early generation of Nabs and the recall of the CD4+ T cell response but strengthens the Nab and virus-specific T cell response in the later phase. Our data confirmed that infection can enhance host immunity regardless of the short interval between vaccination and infection and alleviate concerns about infections shortly after vaccination, which provides valuable guidance for developing future vaccine administration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxiang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Mahony TJ, Briody TE, Ommeh SC. Can the Revolution in mRNA-Based Vaccine Technologies Solve the Intractable Health Issues of Current Ruminant Production Systems? Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:152. [PMID: 38400135 PMCID: PMC10893269 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To achieve the World Health Organization's global Sustainable Development Goals, increased production of high-quality protein for human consumption is required while minimizing, ideally reducing, environmental impacts. One way to achieve these goals is to address losses within current livestock production systems. Infectious diseases are key limiters of edible protein production, affecting both quantity and quality. In addition, some of these diseases are zoonotic threats and potential contributors to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Vaccination has proven to be highly successful in controlling and even eliminating several livestock diseases of economic importance. However, many livestock diseases, both existing and emerging, have proven to be recalcitrant targets for conventional vaccination technologies. The threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented global investment in vaccine technologies to accelerate the development of safe and efficacious vaccines. While several vaccination platforms emerged as front runners to meet this challenge, the clear winner is mRNA-based vaccination. The challenge now is for livestock industries and relevant stakeholders to harness these rapid advances in vaccination to address key diseases affecting livestock production. This review examines the key features of mRNA vaccines, as this technology has the potential to control infectious diseases of importance to livestock production that have proven otherwise difficult to control using conventional approaches. This review focuses on the challenging diseases of ruminants due to their importance in global protein production. Overall, the current literature suggests that, while mRNA vaccines have the potential to address challenges in veterinary medicine, further developments are likely to be required for this promise to be realized for ruminant and other livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Mahony
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.E.B.); (S.C.O.)
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Yu S, Chen S, Zhu J, Qu J. The roles of innate and adaptive immunity in inactivated viral vaccination-mediated protection against COVID-19. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1530. [PMID: 38224200 PMCID: PMC10788877 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhe Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational Medicine at ShanghaiCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao‐Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shijun Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational Medicine at ShanghaiCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao‐Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational Medicine at ShanghaiCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologyRuijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao‐Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineRuijin HospitalInstitute of Respiratory DiseasesSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao‐Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious DiseasesShanghaiChina
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8
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Cui T, Su X, Sun J, Liu S, Huang M, Li W, Luo C, Cheng L, Wei R, Song T, Sun X, Luo Q, Li J, Su J, Deng S, Zhao J, Zhao Z, Zhong N, Wang Z. Dynamic immune landscape in vaccinated-BA.5-XBB.1.9.1 reinfections revealed a 5-month protection-duration against XBB infection and a shift in immune imprinting. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104903. [PMID: 38064992 PMCID: PMC10749875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of previous vaccination on protective immunity, duration, and immune imprinting in the context of BA.5-XBB.1.9.1 reinfection remains unknown. METHODS Based on a 2-year longitudinal cohort from vaccination, BA.5 infection and XBB reinfection, several immune effectors, including neutralizing antibodies (Nabs), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), virus-specific T cell immunity were measured to investigate the impact of previous vaccination on host immunity induced by BA.5 breakthrough infection and BA.5-XBB.1.9.1 reinfection. FINDINGS In absence of BA.5 Nabs, plasma collected 3 months after receiving three doses of inactivated vaccine (I-I-I) showed high ADCC that protected hACE2-K18 mice from fatality and significantly reduced viral load in the lungs and brain upon BA.5 challenge, compared to plasma collected 12 months after I-I-I. Nabs against XBB.1.9.1 induced by BA.5 breakthrough infection were low at day 14 and decreased to a GMT of 10 at 4 months and 28% (9/32) had GMT ≤4, among whom 67% (6/9) were reinfected with XBB.1.9.1 within 1 month. However, 63% (20/32) were not reinfected with XBB.1.9.1 at 5 months post BA.5 infection. Interestingly, XBB.1.9.1 reinfection increased Nabs against XBB.1.9.1 by 24.5-fold at 14 days post-reinfection, which was much higher than that against BA.5 (7.3-fold) and WT (4.5-fold), indicating an immune imprinting shifting from WT to XBB antigenic side. INTERPRETATION Overall, I-I-I can provide protection against BA.5 infection and elicit rapid immune response upon BA.5 infection. Furthermore, BA.5 breakthrough infection effectively protects against XBB.1.9.1 lasting more than 5 months, and XBB.1.9.1 reinfection results in immune imprinting shifting from WT antigen induced by previous vaccination to the new XBB.1.9.1 antigen. These findings strongly suggest that future vaccines should target variant strain antigens, replacing prototype strain antigens. FUNDING This study was supported by R&D Program of Guangzhou National Laboratory (SRPG23-005), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2604104, 2019YFC0810900), S&T Program of Guangzhou Laboratory (SRPG22-006), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971485, 82271801, 81970038), Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory (EKPG21-30-3), Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province (ZNSA-2020013), and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (J19112006202304).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengna Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shidong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhuxiang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Esteban I, Pastor-Quiñones C, Usero L, Aurrecoechea E, Franceschini L, Esprit A, Gelpí JL, Martínez-Jiménez F, López-Bigas N, Breckpot K, Thielemans K, Leal L, Gómez CE, Sisteré-Oró M, Meyerhans A, Esteban M, Alonso MJ, García F, Plana M. Assessment of Human SARS CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Responses Elicited In Vitro by New Computationally Designed mRNA Immunogens (COVARNA). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:15. [PMID: 38250827 PMCID: PMC10820377 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes and advances in the field of vaccination, including the implementation and widespread use of encapsidated mRNA vaccines in general healthcare practice. Here, we present two new mRNAs expressing antigenic parts of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and provide data supporting their functionality. The first mRNA, called RBD-mRNA, encodes a trimeric form of the virus spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). The other mRNA, termed T-mRNA, codes for the relevant HLA I and II spike epitopes. The two mRNAs (COVARNA mRNAs) were designed to be used for delivery to cells in combination, with the RBD-mRNA being the primary source of antigen and the T-mRNA working as an enhancer of immunogenicity by supporting CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation. This innovative approach substantially differs from other available mRNA vaccines, which are largely directed to antibody production by the entire spike protein. In this study, we first show that both mRNAs are functionally transfected into human antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We obtained peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from three groups of voluntary donors differing in their immunity against SARS-CoV-2: non-infected (naïve), infected-recovered (convalescent), and vaccinated. Using an established method of co-culturing autologous human dendritic cells (hDCs) with T-cells, we detected proliferation and cytokine secretion, thus demonstrating the ability of the COVARNA mRNAs to activate T-cells in an antigen-specific way. Interestingly, important differences in the intensity of the response between the infected-recovered (convalescent) and vaccinated donors were observed, with the levels of T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion (IFNγ, IL-2R, and IL-13) being higher in the vaccinated group. In summary, our data support the further study of these mRNAs as a combined approach for future use as a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Esteban
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Carmen Pastor-Quiñones
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Lorena Usero
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Elena Aurrecoechea
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Franceschini
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (L.F.); (A.E.); (K.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Arthur Esprit
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (L.F.); (A.E.); (K.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Josep Lluís Gelpí
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez-Jiménez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.M.-J.); (N.L.-B.)
| | - Núria López-Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.M.-J.); (N.L.-B.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (L.F.); (A.E.); (K.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (L.F.); (A.E.); (K.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Lorna Leal
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.E.G.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sisteré-Oró
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain;
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.E.G.); (M.E.)
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Felipe García
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (E.A.); or (L.L.); (F.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Kim SE, Park SH, Park WJ, Kim G, Kim SY, Won H, Hwang YH, Lim H, Kim HG, Kim YJ, Kim D, Lee JA. Evaluation of immunogenicity-induced DNA vaccines against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295594. [PMID: 38060612 PMCID: PMC10703263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. As of September 2023, the number of confirmed coronavirus cases has reached over 770 million and caused nearly 7 million deaths. The World Health Organization assigned and informed the characterization of variants of concern (VOCs) to help control the COVID-19 pandemic through global monitoring of circulating viruses. Although many vaccines have been proposed, developing an effective vaccine against variants is still essential to reach the endemic stage of COVID-19. We designed five DNA vaccine candidates composed of the first isolated genotype and major SARS-CoV-2 strains from isolated Korean patients classified as VOCs, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. To evaluate the immunogenicity of each genotype via homologous and heterologous vaccination, mice were immunized twice within a 3-week interval, and the blood and spleen were collected 1 week after the final vaccination to analyze the immune responses. The group vaccinated with DNA vaccine candidates based on the S genotype and the Alpha and Beta variants elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses, with higher total IgG levels and neutralizing antibody responses than the other groups. In particular, the vaccine candidate based on the Alpha variant induced a highly diverse cytokine response. Additionally, we found that the group subjected to homologous vaccination with the S genotype and heterologous vaccination with S/Alpha induced high total IgG levels and a neutralization antibody response. Homologous vaccination with the S genotype and heterologous vaccination with S/Alpha and S/Beta significantly induced IFN-γ immune responses. The immunogenicity after homologous vaccination with S and Alpha and heterologous vaccination with the S/Alpha candidate was better than that of the other groups, indicating the potential for developing novel DNA vaccines against different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Park
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeong Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Won
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Lim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Guk Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokeun Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Andhika R, Anand MI, Tiara MR, Debora J, Djauhari H, Susandi E, Mareta A, Riswoko A, Susilawati N, Indrati AR, Alisjahbana B, Supriyadi R. Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1802. [PMID: 38140206 PMCID: PMC10747993 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis (ESKD-HD) have a high risk of contracting severe COVID-19. Vaccination can help reduce disease severity, but the immune dysregulation observed in these patients may result in an inadequate antibody response. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the immune response postvaccination in ESKD-HD patients. This prospective cohort study was conducted in two hemodialysis centers in Indonesia. We enrolled ESKD-HD patients (n = 143) pre- and postvaccination and compared them to healthy subjects (n = 67). SARS-CoV-2 antibody response was assessed using anti-S-RBD antibodies and SVNT % inhibition tests. We performed bivariate and multivariate analysis to determine factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Seropositive conversion was observed in 97% ESKD-HD subjects postvaccination. Compared with healthy subjects, ESKD-HD patients showed a comparable anti-S-RBD antibody titer postvaccination. mRNA vaccines remained a significant factor for the high immune response, while hypoalbuminemia correlated with lower immune response. In conclusion, ESKD-HD patients showed a robust immune response postvaccination. mRNA vaccines induced a stronger antibody response than other vaccines. Lower levels of serum albumin correlate with lower immune responses in ESKD-HD patients after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizky Andhika
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Anand
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.I.A.)
| | - Marita Restie Tiara
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases (RC3ID), Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.R.T.); (H.D.)
| | - Josephine Debora
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.I.A.)
| | - Hofiya Djauhari
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases (RC3ID), Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.R.T.); (H.D.)
| | - Evan Susandi
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.I.A.)
| | - Adnes Mareta
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases (RC3ID), Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.R.T.); (H.D.)
| | - Asep Riswoko
- Research Center for Polymer Technology—National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Nopi Susilawati
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases (RC3ID), Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.R.T.); (H.D.)
| | - Agnes Rengga Indrati
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia;
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases (RC3ID), Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (M.R.T.); (H.D.)
- Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Supriyadi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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12
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Wang L, Nicols A, Turtle L, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P, Payne RP. T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000468. [PMID: 38027416 PMCID: PMC10668147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher JA Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Chen Q, Chia A, Hang SK, Lim A, Koh WK, Peng Y, Gao F, Chen J, Ho Z, Wai LE, Kunasegaran K, Tan AT, Le Bert N, Loh CY, Goh YS, Renia L, Dong T, Vathsala A, Bertoletti A. Engineering immunosuppressive drug-resistant armored (IDRA) SARS-CoV-2 T cells for cell therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1300-1312. [PMID: 37666955 PMCID: PMC10616128 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) and are susceptible to developing severe COVID-19. Here, we analyze the Spike-specific T-cell response after 3 doses of mRNA vaccine in a group of SOT patients (n = 136) treated with different ISDs. We demonstrate that a combination of a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone (Pred) treatment regimen strongly suppressed the mRNA vaccine-induced Spike-specific cellular response. Such defects have clinical consequences because the magnitude of vaccine-induced Spike-specific T cells was directly proportional to the ability of SOT patients to rapidly clear SARS-CoV-2 after breakthrough infection. To then compensate for the T-cell defects induced by immunosuppressive treatment and to develop an alternative therapeutic strategy for SOT patients, we describe production of 6 distinct SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific ISD-resistant T-cell receptor (TCR)-T cells engineered using the mRNA electroporation method with reactivity minimally affected by mutations occurring in Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron variants. This strategy with transient expression characteristics marks an improvement in the immunotherapeutic field and provides an attractive and novel therapeutic possibility for immunosuppressed COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adeline Chia
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shou Kit Hang
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy Lim
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Kun Koh
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jili Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zack Ho
- Lion TCR Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu-En Wai
- Lion TCR Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kamini Kunasegaran
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Tanoto Tan
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiew Yee Loh
- A*STAR ID labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- A*STAR ID labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR ID labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anantharaman Vathsala
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Chen Y, Hu C, Wang Z, Su J, Wang S, Li B, Liu X, Yuan Z, Li D, Wang H, Zhu B, Shao Y. Immunity Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Breadth, Durability, Potency, and Specificity in a Healthcare Worker Cohort. Pathogens 2023; 12:1254. [PMID: 37887770 PMCID: PMC10610065 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has proven to be highly effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the long-term immunogenicity and the functional preserved immune responses of vaccines are needed to inform evolving evidence-based guidelines for boosting schedules. We enrolled 205 healthcare workers into a cohort study; all had received three doses of BBIBP-CorV (China Sinopharm Bio-Beijing Company, Beijing, China) inactivated vaccine. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and peripheral T and B cell responses. We demonstrated that more robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were elicited by booster immunization compared with primary vaccination. Neutralizing antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 were also efficiently elevated post-homologous vaccine booster despite being in a lower titer compared with the prototype stain. In addition to S-specific humoral and cellular immunity, BBIBP-CorV also induced N-specific antibody and effector T cell responses. The third-dose vaccination led to further expansion of critical polyfunctional T cell responses, likely an essential element for vaccine protection. In particular, a functional role for Tfh cell subsets in immunity was suggested by the correlation between both CD4+ Tfh and CD8+ Tfh with total antibody, IgG, B cell responses, and neutralizing antibodies. Our study details the humoral and cellular responses generated by the BBIBP-CorV booster vaccination in a seven-month follow-up study. There is a clear immunologic boosting value of homologous inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine boosters, a consideration for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China;
| | - Caiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.W.); (S.W.); (B.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Junwei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.W.); (S.W.); (B.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.W.); (S.W.); (B.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhenzhen Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.W.); (S.W.); (B.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.W.); (S.W.); (B.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China;
| | - Biao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.); (X.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.W.); (S.W.); (B.L.); (Z.Y.)
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
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15
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Rakshit S, Babji S, Parthiban C, Madhavan R, Adiga V, J SE, Chetan Kumar N, Ahmed A, Shivalingaiah S, Shashikumar N, V M, Johnson AR, Ramesh N, B RG, Asokan M, Mayor S, Kang G, D'souza G, Dias M, Vyakarnam A. Polyfunctional CD4 T-cells correlating with neutralising antibody is a hallmark of COVISHIELD TM and COVAXIN ® induced immunity in COVID-19 exposed Indians. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:134. [PMID: 37709772 PMCID: PMC10502007 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterisation of immune responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines rolled out in India: COVISHIELDTM (CS) and COVAXIN® (CO) in a pre-exposed population is only recently being discovered. We addressed this issue in subjects who received their primary series of vaccination between November 2021 and January 2022. Both vaccines are capable of strongly boosting Wuhan Spike-specific neutralising antibody, polyfunctional Th1 cytokine producing CD4+ T-cells and single IFN-γ + CD8+ T-cells. Consistent with inherent differences in vaccine platform, the vector-based CS vaccine-induced immunity was of greater magnitude, breadth, targeting Delta and Omicron variants compared to the whole-virion inactivated vaccine CO, with CS vaccinees showing persistent CD8+ T-cells responses until 3 months post primary vaccination. This study provides detailed evidence on the magnitude and quality of CS and CO vaccine induced responses in subjects with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity in India, thereby mitigating vaccine hesitancy arguments in such a population, which remains a global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Madhavan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon Eveline J
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nandini Shashikumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamatha V
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Naveen Ramesh
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George D'souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.
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16
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Zhou P, Cao C, Ji T, Zheng T, Dai Y, Liu M, Jiang J, Sun D, Bai Z, Lu X, Gong F. Longitudinal analysis of memory Tfh cells and antibody response following CoronaVac vaccination. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168437. [PMID: 37384407 PMCID: PMC10445683 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inactivated vaccine CoronaVac is one of the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines globally. However, the longitudinal evolution of the immune response induced by CoronaVac remains elusive compared with other vaccine platforms. Here, we recruited 88 healthy individuals who received 3 doses of CoronaVac vaccine. We longitudinally evaluated their polyclonal and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and neutralizing antibody response after receiving each dose of vaccine for over 300 days. Both the second and third doses of vaccine induced robust spike-specific neutralizing antibodies, with a third vaccine further increasing the overall magnitude of antibody response and neutralization against Omicron sublineages B.1.1.529, BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, and BA.2.75.2. Spike-specific CD4+ T cells and circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells were markedly increased by the second and third dose of CoronaVac vaccine, accompanied by altered composition of functional cTfh cell subsets with distinct effector and memory potential. Additionally, cTfh cells were positively correlated with neutralizing antibody titers. Our results suggest that CoronaVac vaccine-induced spike-specific T cells are capable of supporting humoral immunity for long-term immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaping Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Daoqi Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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17
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Yue C, Wang P, Tian J, Gao GF, Liu K, Liu WJ. Seeing the T cell Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV: Believing the Epitope-Oriented Vaccines. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4052-4060. [PMID: 37705735 PMCID: PMC10496500 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.80468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019 stimulated vigorous research efforts in immunology and vaccinology. In addition to innate immune responses, both virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses are of importance for viral clearance. T cell epitopes play a central role in T cell-based immune responses. Herein, we summarized the peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) structures of the SARS-CoV-2-derived T cell epitopes available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and proposed the challenge and opportunities for using of T cell epitopes in future vaccine development efforts. A total of 27 SARS-CoV-2 related pMHC structures and five complexes with T cell receptors were retrieved. The peptides are mainly distributed on spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), and ORF1ab proteins. Most peptides are conserved among variants of concerns (VOCs) for SARS-CoV-2, except for several mutated peptides located in the S protein. The structures of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexed with seven epitopes derived from SARS-CoV were also retrieved, which showed a potential cross T cell immunity with SARS-CoV-2. Structural studies of antigenic peptides from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV help to visualize the processes and the mechanisms of cross T cell immunity. T cell epitope-oriented vaccines are potential next-generation vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, which are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinmin Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - George F. Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
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18
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Samoud S, Bettaieb J, Gdoura M, Kharroubi G, Ben Ghachem F, Zamali I, Ben Hmid A, Salem S, Gereisha AA, Dellagi M, Hogga N, Gharbi A, Baccouche A, Gharbi M, Khemissi C, Akili G, Slama W, Chaieb N, Galai Y, Louzir H, Triki H, Ben Ahmed M. Immunogenicity of Mix-and-Match CoronaVac/BNT162b2 Regimen versus Homologous CoronaVac/CoronaVac Vaccination: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Parallel Group Superiority Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1329. [PMID: 37631897 PMCID: PMC10459159 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to compare the immunogenicity of the mix-and-match CoronaVac/BNT162b2 vaccination to the homologous CoronaVac/CoronaVac regimen. (2) Methods: We conducted a simple-blinded randomized superiority trial to measure SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibodies and anti-spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG concentrations in blood samples of participants who had received the first dose of CoronaVac vaccine followed by a dose of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccine. The primary endpoint for immunogenicity was the serum-neutralizing antibody level with a percentage of inhibition at 90% at 21-35 days after the boost. A difference of 25% between groups was considered clinically relevant. (3) Results: Among the 240 eligible participants, the primary endpoint data were available for 100 participants randomly allocated to the mix-and-match group versus 99 participants randomly allocated to the homologous dose group. The mix-and-match regimen elicited significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (median level of 96%, interquartile range (IQR) (95-97) versus median level of 94%, IQR (81-96) and anti-spike IgG antibodies (median level of 13,460, IQR (2557-29,930) versus median level of 1190, IQR (347-4964) compared to the homologous group. Accordingly, the percentage of subjects with a percentage of neutralizing antibodies > 90% was significantly higher in the mix-and-match group (90.0%) versus the homologous (60.6%). Interestingly, no severe events were reported within 30 days after the second dose of vaccination in both groups. (4) Conclusions: Our data showed the superiority of the mix-and-match CoronaVac/BNT162b2 vaccination compared to the CoronaVac/CoronaVac regimen in terms of immunogenicity, thus constituting a proof-of-concept study supporting the use of inactivated vaccines in a mix-and-match strategy while ensuring good immunogenicity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Samoud
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Bettaieb
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (J.B.); (G.K.); (S.S.); (M.D.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Mariem Gdoura
- Department of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (N.H.); (M.G.); (C.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Ghassen Kharroubi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (J.B.); (G.K.); (S.S.); (M.D.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Feriel Ben Ghachem
- Vaccination Center of Ariana City, Ariana Regional Health Directorate, Ariana 2080, Tunisia; (F.B.G.); (G.A.); (W.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Imen Zamali
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Ahlem Ben Hmid
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Sadok Salem
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (J.B.); (G.K.); (S.S.); (M.D.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Ahmed Adel Gereisha
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Mongi Dellagi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (J.B.); (G.K.); (S.S.); (M.D.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Nahed Hogga
- Department of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (N.H.); (M.G.); (C.K.)
| | - Adel Gharbi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (J.B.); (G.K.); (S.S.); (M.D.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Amor Baccouche
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (J.B.); (G.K.); (S.S.); (M.D.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Manel Gharbi
- Department of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (N.H.); (M.G.); (C.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Chadha Khemissi
- Department of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (N.H.); (M.G.); (C.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Ghada Akili
- Vaccination Center of Ariana City, Ariana Regional Health Directorate, Ariana 2080, Tunisia; (F.B.G.); (G.A.); (W.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Wissem Slama
- Vaccination Center of Ariana City, Ariana Regional Health Directorate, Ariana 2080, Tunisia; (F.B.G.); (G.A.); (W.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Nabila Chaieb
- Vaccination Center of Ariana City, Ariana Regional Health Directorate, Ariana 2080, Tunisia; (F.B.G.); (G.A.); (W.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Yousr Galai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
- Department of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (N.H.); (M.G.); (C.K.)
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (S.S.); (I.Z.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.G.); (Y.G.); (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
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19
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Nowill AE, Caruso M, de Campos-Lima PO. T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2: what if the known best is not the optimal course for the long run? Adapting to evolving targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133225. [PMID: 37388738 PMCID: PMC10303130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanity did surprisingly well so far, considering how unprepared it was to respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat. By blending old and ingenious new technology in the context of the accumulated knowledge on other human coronaviruses, several vaccine candidates were produced and tested in clinical trials in record time. Today, five vaccines account for the bulk of the more than 13 billion doses administered worldwide. The ability to elicit biding and neutralizing antibodies most often against the spike protein is a major component of the protection conferred by immunization but alone it is not enough to limit virus transmission. Thus, the surge in numbers of infected individuals by newer variants of concern (VOCs) was not accompanied by a proportional increase in severe disease and death rate. This is likely due to antiviral T-cell responses, whose evasion is more difficult to achieve. The present review helps navigating the very large literature on T cell immunity induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination. We examine the successes and shortcomings of the vaccinal protection in the light of the emergence of VOCs with breakthrough potential. SARS-CoV-2 and human beings will likely coexist for a long while: it will be necessary to update existing vaccines to improve T-cell responses and attain better protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre E. Nowill
- Integrated Center for Pediatric OncoHaematological Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Caruso
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro O. de Campos-Lima
- Boldrini Children’s Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Molecular and Morphofunctional Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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20
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Cui Z, Luo W, Chen R, Li Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu S, Feng L, Jia Z, Cheng R, Tang J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang X, Li W. Comparing T- and B-cell responses to COVID-19 vaccines across varied immune backgrounds. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:179. [PMID: 37142583 PMCID: PMC10157553 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of adapted variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a surge in breakthrough infections worldwide. A recent analysis of immune responses in people who received inactivated vaccines has revealed that individuals with no prior infection have limited resistance to Omicron and its sub-lineages, while those with previous infections exhibit a significant amount of neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells. However, specific T-cell responses remain largely unaffected by the mutations, indicating that T-cell-mediated cellular immunity can still provide protection. Moreover, the administration of a third dose of vaccine has resulted in a marked increase in the spectrum and duration of neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells in vivo, which has enhanced resistance to emerging variants such as BA.2.75 and BA.2.12.1. These results highlight the need to consider booster immunization for previously infected individuals and the development of novel vaccination strategies. The rapid spread of adapted variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus presents a significant challenge to global health. The findings from this study underscore the importance of tailoring vaccination strategies based on individual immune backgrounds and the potential need for booster shots to combat emerging variants. Continued research and development are crucial to discovering new immunization strategies that will effectively protect public health against the evolving virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhoufeng Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No .31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - LeiLei Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zijing Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruixin Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No .31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huawen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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21
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Zhang L, Yang J, Deng M, Xu C, Lai C, Deng X, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Liu Y, Wan L, Li P, Fang J, Hou J, Lai X, Ma F, Li N, Li G, Kong W, Zhang W, Li J, Cao M, Feng L, Chen Z, Chen L, Ji T. Blood unconjugated bilirubin and tacrolimus are negative predictors of specific cellular immunity in kidney transplant recipients after SAR-CoV-2 inactivated vaccination. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7263. [PMID: 37142713 PMCID: PMC10158706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is poor in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The factors related to poor immunogenicity to vaccination in KTRs are not well defined. Here, observational study demonstrated no severe adverse effects were observed in KTRs and healthy participants (HPs) after first or second dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. Different from HPs with excellent immunity against SARS-CoV-2, IgG antibodies against S1 subunit of spike protein, receptor-binding domain, and nucleocapsid protein were not effectively induced in a majority of KTRs after the second dose of inactivated vaccine. Specific T cell immunity response was detectable in 40% KTRs after the second dose of inactivated vaccine. KTRs who developed specific T cell immunity were more likely to be female, and have lower levels of total bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, and blood tacrolimus concentrations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that blood unconjugated bilirubin and tacrolimus concentration were significantly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immunity response in KTRs. Altogether, these data suggest compared to humoral immunity, SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immunity response are more likely to be induced in KTRs after administration of inactivated vaccine. Reduction of unconjugated bilirubin and tacrolimus concentration might benefit specific cellular immunity response in KTRs following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Deng
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Neurosurgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Lai
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanying Deng
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wan
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingcai Hou
- Organ Transplant Department, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, 528403, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqiang Lai
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Obstetrical Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiya Kong
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Zhang
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Li
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Mibu Cao
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tianxing Ji
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Ning J, Wang Q, Chen Y, He T, Zhang F, Chen X, Shi L, Zhai A, Li B, Wu C. Immunodominant SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses elicited by inactivated vaccines in healthy adults. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28743. [PMID: 37185843 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Safety profiles and humoral responses to inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been previously assessed, but cellular immune responses to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain understudied. Here, we report the comprehensive characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses elicited by the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. A total of 295 healthy adults were recruited, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were detected after stimulation with overlapping peptide pools spanning the entire length of the envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins. Robust and durable CD4+ (p < 0.0001) and CD8+ (p < 0.0001) T-cell responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 were detected following the third vaccination, with an increase in specific CD8+ T-cells, compared to CD4+ T-cells. Cytokine profiles showed that interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α were predominantly expressed with the negligible expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, indicating a Th1- or Tc1-biased response. Compared to E and M proteins, N and S activated a higher proportion of specific T-cells with broader functions. The predominant frequency of the N antigen (49/89) was highest for CD4+ T-cell immunity. Furthermore, N19-36 and N391-408 were identified to contain dominant CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes, respectively. In addition, N19-36 -specific CD8+ T-cells were mainly effector memory CD45RA cells, whereas N391-408 -specific CD4+ T-cells were mainly effector memory cells. Therefore, this study reports comprehensive features of T-cell immunity induced by the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV and proposes highly conserved candidate peptides which may be beneficial in vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Taojun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Study of the Effects of Several SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins on Antiviral Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030524. [PMID: 36992107 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike (S) protein is a critical viral antigenic protein that enables the production of neutralizing antibodies, while other structural proteins, including the membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and envelope (E) proteins, have unclear roles in antiviral immunity. In this study, S1, S2, M, N and E proteins were expressed in 16HBE cells to explore the characteristics of the resultant innate immune response. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from mice immunized with two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine or two doses of mRNA vaccine were isolated and stimulated by these five proteins to evaluate the corresponding specific T-cell immune response. In addition, the levels of humoral immunity induced by two-dose inactivated vaccine priming followed by mRNA vaccine boosting, two homologous inactivated vaccine doses and two homologous mRNA vaccine doses in immunized mice were compared. Our results suggested that viral structural proteins can activate the innate immune response and elicit a specific T-cell response in mice immunized with the inactivated vaccine. However, the existence of the specific T-cell response against M, N and E is seemingly insufficient to improve the level of humoral immunity.
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24
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Qin J, Jeon JH, Xu J, Langston LK, Marasini R, Mou S, Montoya B, Melo-Silva CR, Jeon HJ, Zhu T, Sigal LJ, Xu R, Zhu H. Design and preclinical evaluation of a universal SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126392. [PMID: 37033973 PMCID: PMC10076570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the rapid mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants is needed to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). T cells, in addition to neutralizing antibodies, are an important component of naturally acquired protective immunity, and a number of studies have shown that T cells induced by natural infection or vaccination contribute significantly to protection against several viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. However, it has never been tested whether a T cell-inducing vaccine can provide significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of preexisting antibodies. In this study, we designed and evaluated lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulated mRNA vaccines that induce only T cell responses or both T cell and neutralizing antibody responses by using two mRNAs. One mRNA encodes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike protein in prefusion conformation for induction of neutralizing antibodies. The other mRNA encodes over one hundred T cell epitopes (multi-T cell epitope or MTE) derived from non-Spike but conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2. We show immunization with MTE mRNA alone protected mice from lethal challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant or a mouse-adapted virus MA30. Immunization with both mRNAs induced the best protection with the lowest viral titer in the lung. These results demonstrate that induction of T cell responses, in the absence of preexisting antibodies, is sufficient to confer protection against severe disease, and that a vaccine containing mRNAs encoding both the Spike and MTE could be further developed as a universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Qin
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ju Hyeong Jeon
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiangsheng Xu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura Katherine Langston
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ramesh Marasini
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Mou
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hyo Jin Jeon
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- Greenbrier High School, Evans, GA, United States
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renhuan Xu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Huabin Zhu, ; Renhuan Xu,
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Huabin Zhu, ; Renhuan Xu,
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25
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Adaptive immune responses and cytokine immune profiles in humans following prime and boost vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 CoronaVac vaccine. Virol J 2022; 19:223. [PMID: 36550578 PMCID: PMC9774075 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive immune response has been thought to play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The role of B cells, CD4+T, and CD8+T cells are different in vaccine-induced immune response, thus it is imperative to explore the functions and kinetics of adaptive immune response. We collected blood samples from unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals. To assess the mechanisms contributing to protective immunity of CoronaVac vaccines, we mapped the kinetics and durability of humoral and cellular immune responses after primary and boost vaccination with CoronaVac vaccine in different timepoints. MATERIALS AND METHODS We separate PBMC and plasma from blood samples. The differentiation and function of RBD-spcific CD4+T and CD8+T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Antibodies response was analyzed by ELISA. ELISPOT analysis was perfomed to detected the RBD-spcific memory B cells. CBA analysis was performed to detected the cytokine immune profiles. Graphpad prism 8 and Origin 2021 were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Vaccine-induced CD4+T cell responses to RBD were more prominent than CD8+T cell responses, and characterized by a predominant Th1 and weak Th17 helper response. CoronaVac vaccine triggered predominant IgG1 antibody response and effectively recalled specific antibodies to RBD protein after booster vaccination. Robust antigen-specific memory B cells were detected (p < 0.0001) following booster vaccination and maintained at 6 months (p < 0.0001) following primary vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD4+T cells correlated with CD8+T cells (r = 0.7147, 0.3258, p < 0.0001, p = 0.04), memory B cell responses (r = 0.7083, p < 0.0001), and IgG and IgA (r = 0.6168, 0.5519, p = 0.0006, 0.003) after vaccination. In addition, vaccine induced a broader and complex cytokine pattern in plasma at early stage. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results highlight the potential role of B cell and T cell responses in vaccine-induced long-term immunity.
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