1
|
Susa F, Arpicco S, Pirri CF, Limongi T. An Overview on the Physiopathology of the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Central Nervous System Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:849. [PMID: 39065547 PMCID: PMC11279990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The state of well-being and health of our body is regulated by the fine osmotic and biochemical balance established between the cells of the different tissues, organs, and systems. Specific districts of the human body are defined, kept in the correct state of functioning, and, therefore, protected from exogenous or endogenous insults of both mechanical, physical, and biological nature by the presence of different barrier systems. In addition to the placental barrier, which even acts as a linker between two different organisms, the mother and the fetus, all human body barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-retinal barrier, blood-nerve barrier, blood-lymph barrier, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, operate to maintain the physiological homeostasis within tissues and organs. From a pharmaceutical point of view, the most challenging is undoubtedly the BBB, since its presence notably complicates the treatment of brain disorders. BBB action can impair the delivery of chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals into the brain, reducing their therapeutic efficacy and/or increasing their unwanted bioaccumulation in the surrounding healthy tissues. Recent nanotechnological innovation provides advanced biomaterials and ad hoc customized engineering and functionalization methods able to assist in brain-targeted drug delivery. In this context, lipid nanocarriers, including both synthetic (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, proniosomes, and cubosomes) and cell-derived ones (extracellular vesicles and cell membrane-derived nanocarriers), are considered one of the most successful brain delivery systems due to their reasonable biocompatibility and ability to cross the BBB. This review aims to provide a complete and up-to-date point of view on the efficacy of the most varied lipid carriers, whether FDA-approved, involved in clinical trials, or used in in vitro or in vivo studies, for the treatment of inflammatory, cancerous, or infectious brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Susa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.S.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.S.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Topçu BT, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Akdağ Y, Mut M, Öner L. Antibody Conjugated Nano-Enabled Drug Delivery Systems Against Brain Tumors. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1455-1469. [PMID: 38555997 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The use of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for brain tumor treatment has gained significant attention in recent years. Nanoparticles functionalized with anti-transferrin receptor antibodies have shown promising results in facilitating nanoparticle uptake by endothelial cells of brain capillaries and post-capillary venules. This approach offers a potential alternative to the direct conjugation of biologics to antibodies. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the potential of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles in targeting brain tumors, as evidenced by the specific binding of these nanoparticles to brain cancer cells. Additionally, the development of targeted nanoparticles designed to transcytoses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver small molecule drugs and therapeutic antibodies to brain metastases holds promise for brain tumor treatment. While the use of nanoparticles as a delivery method for brain cancer treatment has faced challenges, including the successful delivery of nanoparticles to malignant brain tumors due to the presence of the BBB and infiltrating cancer cells in the normal brain, recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems have shown potential for enhancing the efficacy of brain cancer therapy. Moreover, the development of brain-penetrating nanoparticles capable of distributing over clinically relevant volumes when administered via convection-enhanced delivery presents a promising strategy for improving drug delivery to brain tumors. In conclusion, the use of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for brain tumor treatment shows great promise in overcoming the challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain. By leveraging the specific targeting capabilities of these nanoparticles, researchers are making significant strides in developing effective and targeted therapies for brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beril Taş Topçu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Bozdağ Pehlivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yagmur Akdağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong C, Yu X, Jin K, Qian J. Overcoming brain barriers through surface-functionalized liposomes for glioblastoma therapy; current status, challenges and future perspective. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:2161-2184. [PMID: 38180008 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) originating from astrocytes is considered a grade IV astrocytoma tumor with severe consequences. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) offers a major obstacle in drug delivery to the brain to overcome GB. The current treatment options possess limited efficacy and maximal systemic toxic effects in GB therapy. Emerging techniques such as targeted drug delivery offer significant advantages, including enhanced drug delivery to the tumor site by overcoming the BBB. This review article focuses on the status of surface-modified lipid nanocarriers with functional ligands to efficiently traverse the BBB and improve brain targeting for successful GB treatment. The difficulties with surface-functionalized liposomes and potential future directions for opening up novel treatment options for GB are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changming Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Xuebin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinchang People's Hospital, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xinchang, Zhejiang, 312500, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee JH, Chapman DV, Saltzman WM. Nanoparticle Targeting with Antibodies in the Central Nervous System. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0012. [PMID: 37849659 PMCID: PMC10085254 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for disease in the central nervous system (CNS) are limited because of difficulties in agent penetration through the blood-brain barrier, achieving optimal dosing, and mitigating off-target effects. The prospect of precision medicine in CNS treatment suggests an opportunity for therapeutic nanotechnology, which offers tunability and adaptability to address specific diseases as well as targetability when combined with antibodies (Abs). Here, we review the strategies to attach Abs to nanoparticles (NPs), including conventional approaches of chemisorption and physisorption as well as attempts to combine irreversible Ab immobilization with controlled orientation. We also summarize trends that have been observed through studies of systemically delivered Ab-NP conjugates in animals. Finally, we discuss the future outlook for Ab-NPs to deliver therapeutics into the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mitusova K, Peltek OO, Karpov TE, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS. Overcoming the blood–brain barrier for the therapy of malignant brain tumor: current status and prospects of drug delivery approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:412. [PMID: 36109754 PMCID: PMC9479308 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain tumors. Therapeutic molecules crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaching an appropriate targeting ability remain the key challenges. Many invasive and non-invasive methods, and various types of nanocarriers and their hybrids have been widely explored for brain tumor treatment. However, unfortunately, no crucial clinical translations were observed to date. In particular, chemotherapy and surgery remain the main methods for the therapy of brain tumors. Exploring the mechanisms of the BBB penetration in detail and investigating advanced drug delivery platforms are the key factors that could bring us closer to understanding the development of effective therapy against brain tumors. In this review, we discuss the most relevant aspects of the BBB penetration mechanisms, observing both invasive and non-invasive methods of drug delivery. We also review the recent progress in the development of functional drug delivery platforms, from viruses to cell-based vehicles, for brain tumor therapy. The destructive potential of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered to the brain tumor is also considered. This review then summarizes the existing challenges and future prospects in the use of drug delivery platforms for the treatment of brain tumors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pardridge WM. Kinetics of Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Insulin Receptor and the Transferrin Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:3. [PMID: 35056060 PMCID: PMC8778919 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic drugs are large molecule pharmaceuticals that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the brain capillary endothelium. Biologics can be re-engineered for BBB transport as IgG fusion proteins, where the IgG domain is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that targets an endogenous BBB transporter, such as the insulin receptor (IR) or transferrin receptor (TfR). The IR and TfR at the BBB transport the receptor-specific MAb in parallel with the transport of the endogenous ligand, insulin or transferrin. The kinetics of BBB transport of insulin or transferrin, or an IRMAb or TfRMAb, can be quantified with separate mathematical models. Mathematical models to estimate the half-time of receptor endocytosis, MAb or ligand exocytosis into brain extracellular space, or receptor recycling back to the endothelial luminal membrane were fit to the brain uptake of a TfRMAb or a IRMAb fusion protein in the Rhesus monkey. Model fits to the data also allow for estimates of the rates of association of the MAb in plasma with the IR or TfR that is embedded within the endothelial luminal membrane in vivo. The parameters generated from the model fits can be used to estimate the brain concentration profile of the MAb over time, and this brain exposure is shown to be a function of the rate of clearance of the antibody fusion protein from the plasma compartment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mojarad-Jabali S, Farshbaf M, Hemmati S, Sarfraz M, Motasadizadeh H, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Atyabi F, Zakeri-Milani P, Valizadeh H. Comparison of three synthetic transferrin mimetic small peptides to promote the blood-brain barrier penetration of vincristine liposomes for improved glioma targeted therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121395. [PMID: 34933080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes the clinical chemotherapy of glioma a formidable challenge, because it hinders the passage of different chemotherapeutics into the brain and reduces the overall therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to design a drug delivery system in way that would favor the transportation of anti-cancer agents across the BBB and increase their selective accumulation within the tumor cells without affecting the normal tissues. Transferrin receptor (TfR) that shows an elevated level of expression on the BBB and glioma cells emerges as a promising tool for brain targeted delivery and glioma therapy. However, only a limited number of studies have comparatively evaluated the functionally of TfR targeting ligands. Herein, a series of liposomal formulations modified with the most well-known TfR targeting peptides including T12 (also known as THR), B6, and T7 was developed and their brain targeting capability and selective glioma accumulation was comparatively evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Among all TfR targeting or non-targeting groups, T7-modified liposomes (T7-LS) showed the highest BBB penetration capacity and brain distribution and displayed an enhanced accumulation in glioma cells. When loaded with vincristine (VCR), as a model chemotherapeutic, T7-LS/VCR could achieve the best anti-glioma outcome by means of targeted cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro. The obtained results suggested T7-LS as a potential platform for effective brain targeted delivery and glioma therapy in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Mojarad-Jabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Farshbaf
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Salar Hemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamidreza Motasadizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Juhairiyah F, de Lange ECM. Understanding Drug Delivery to the Brain Using Liposome-Based Strategies: Studies that Provide Mechanistic Insights Are Essential. AAPS J 2021; 23:114. [PMID: 34713363 PMCID: PMC8553706 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain drug delivery may be restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and enhancement by liposome-based drug delivery strategies has been investigated. As access to the human brain is limited, many studies have been performed in experimental animals. Whereas providing interesting data, such studies have room for improvement to provide mechanistic insight into the rate and extent of specifically BBB transport and intrabrain distribution processes that all together govern CNS target delivery of the free drug. This review shortly summarizes BBB transport and current liposome-based strategies to overcome BBB transport restrictions, with the emphasis on how to determine the individual mechanisms that all together determine the time course of free drug brain concentrations, following their administration as such, and in liposomes. Animal studies using microdialysis providing time course information on unbound drug in plasma and brain are highlighted, as these provide the mechanistic information needed to understand BBB drug transport of the drug, and the impact of a liposomal formulations of that drug on BBB transport. Overall, these studies show that brain distribution of a drug administered as liposomal formulation depends on both drug properties and liposomal formulation characteristics. In general, evidence suggests that active transporters at the BBB, either being influx or efflux transporters, are circumvented by liposomes. It is concluded that liposomal formulations may provide interesting changes in BBB transport. More mechanistic studies are needed to understand relevant mechanisms in liposomal drug delivery to the brain, providing an improved basis for its prediction in human using animal data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firda Juhairiyah
- Research Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Research Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mojarad-Jabali S, Farshbaf M, Walker PR, Hemmati S, Fatahi Y, Zakeri-Milani P, Sarfraz M, Valizadeh H. An update on actively targeted liposomes in advanced drug delivery to glioma. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120645. [PMID: 33915182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-grade glioma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer with a low survival rate ranging from 12 to 15 months after the first diagnosis. Though being the most common strategy for glioma therapy, conventional chemotherapy suffers providing the therapeutic dosage of common therapeutics mostly because of limited permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB), and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB) to anticancer agents. Among various nanoformulations, liposomes are considered as the most popular carriers aimed for glioma therapy. However, non-targeted liposomes which passively accumulate in most of the cancer tissues mainly through the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR), may not be applicable for glioma therapy due to BBB tight junctions. In the recent decade, the surface modification of liposomes with different active targeting ligands has shown promising results by getting different chemotherapeutics across the BBB and BBTB and leading them into the glioma cells. The present review discusses the major barriers for drug delivery systems to glioma, elaborates the existing mechanisms for liposomes to traverse across the BBB, and explores the main strategies for incorporation of targeting ligands onto the liposomes. It subsequently investigates the most recent and relevant studies of actively targeted liposomes modified with antibodies, aptamers, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and peptides applied for effective glioma therapy, and highlights the common challenges facing this area. Finally, the actively targeted liposomes undergoing preclinical and clinical studies for delivery of different anticancer agents to glioma cells will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Mojarad-Jabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Farshbaf
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paul R Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva and Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salar Hemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dal Magro R, Vitali A, Fagioli S, Casu A, Falqui A, Formicola B, Taiarol L, Cassina V, Marrano CA, Mantegazza F, Anselmi-Tamburini U, Sommi P, Re F. Oxidative Stress Boosts the Uptake of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles by Changing Brain Endothelium Microvilli Pattern. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020266. [PMID: 33572224 PMCID: PMC7916071 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular oxidative stress is considered a worsening factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels promote the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), one of the main hallmarks of AD. In turn, Aβ is a potent inducer of oxidative stress. In early stages of AD, the concomitant action of oxidative stress and Aβ on brain capillary endothelial cells was observed to compromise the blood-brain barrier functionality. In this context, antioxidant compounds might provide therapeutic benefits. To this aim, we investigated the antioxidant activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) exposed to Aβ oligomers. Treatment with CNP (13.9 ± 0.7 nm in diameter) restored basal ROS levels in hCMEC/D3 cells, both after acute or prolonged exposure to Aβ. Moreover, we found that the extent of CNP uptake by hCMEC/D3 was +43% higher in the presence of Aβ. Scanning electron microscopy and western blot analysis suggested that changes in microvilli structures on the cell surface, under pro-oxidant stimuli (Aβ or H2O2), might be involved in the enhancement of CNP uptake. This finding opens the possibility to exploit the modulation of endothelial microvilli pattern to improve the uptake of anti-oxidant particles designed to counteract ROS-mediated cerebrovascular dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dal Magro
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agostina Vitali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.V.); (U.A.-T.)
| | - Stefano Fagioli
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Alberto Casu
- NABLA Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (A.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Falqui
- NABLA Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (A.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Beatrice Formicola
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Taiarol
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Valeria Cassina
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Claudia Adriana Marrano
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | | | - Patrizia Sommi
- Human Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesca Re
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Di J, Xie F, Xu Y. When liposomes met antibodies: Drug delivery and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:151-162. [PMID: 32926944 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug encapsulated liposomes and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are two distinctively different classes of therapeutics, but both aim to become the ultimate "magic bullet". While PEGylated liposomes rely on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for accumulation in solid tumor tissues, Mabs are designed to bind tightly to specific surface antigens on target cells to exert effector functions. Immunoliposome (IL) refers to the structural combination of liposomes and antibodies, whereas the antibodies are usually decorated on the liposome surface. ILs can therefore take advantage of interactions between antibodies and cancer cells for more efficient endocytosis and intracellular drug delivery. The antibody structure, affinity, density, as well as the liposome surface properties and drug to lipid ratios all contribute to the IL pharmacokinetic(PK) and pharmacodynamic(PD) behaviors. The optimal formulation parameters may vary for different target cells and tissues. Furthermore, besides the delivery of cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells, new ILs are being developed to interact with multiple target receptors, multiple target cells and trigger multiple therapeutic effects. We envision that the IL format can be a great platform for the molecular engineering of multi-valent, multi-specific interactions to achieve complex biological functions for therapeutic benefits, especially in the area of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Xu
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Agarwal S, Mohamed MS, Mizuki T, Maekawa T, Sakthi Kumar D. Chlorotoxin modified morusin-PLGA nanoparticles for targeted glioblastoma therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:5896-5919. [PMID: 31423502 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors remain a major cause of concern and mortality as successful treatment is hindered due to the poor transport and low penetration of chemotherapeutics across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, a nano formulation composed of chlorotoxin (CTX)-conjugated morusin loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-MOR-CTX) was devised against Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and its anti-proliferative effects were evaluated in vitro. The synthesized nanoparticles were loaded with morusin, a naturally derived chemotherapeutic drug, and surface conjugated with CTX, a peptide derived from scorpion venom, highly specific for chloride channels (CIC-3) expressed in glioma tumor cells, as well as for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2), which is up regulated in the tumor microenvironment. Subsequently, the anti-cancer potential of the NPs was assessed in U87 and GI-1 (human glioblastoma) cells. Antiproliferative, cell apoptosis, and other cell-based assays demonstrated that the PLGA-MOR-CTX NPs resulted in enhanced inhibitory effects on U87 and GI-1 glioma cells. Prominent cytotoxicity parameters such as ROS generation, enhanced caspase activity, cytoskeletal destabilization, and inhibition of MMP-activity were observed in glioblastoma cells upon PLGA-MOR-CTX NP treatment. The cytocompatibility observed with normal human neuronal cells (HCN-1A) and the enhanced lethal effects in glioblastoma cells highlight the potential of PLGA-MOR-CTX nanoparticles as promising therapeutic nanocarriers towards GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Agarwal
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kang S, Duan W, Zhang S, Chen D, Feng J, Qi N. Muscone/RI7217 co-modified upward messenger DTX liposomes enhanced permeability of blood-brain barrier and targeting glioma. Theranostics 2020; 10:4308-4322. [PMID: 32292496 PMCID: PMC7150489 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The dual-targeted drug delivery system was designed for enhancing permeation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and providing an anti-glioma effect. As transferrin receptor (TfR) is over-expressed by the brain capillary endothelial (hCMEC/D3) and glioma cells, a mouse monoclonal antibody, RI7217, with high affinity and selectivity for TfR, was used to study the brain targeted drug delivery system. Muscone, an ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) musk, was used as the "guide" drug to probe the permeability of the BBB for drug delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid. This study investigated the combined effects of TCM aromatic resuscitation and modern receptor-targeted technology by the use of muscone/RI7217 co-modified docetaxel (DTX) liposomes for enhanced drug delivery to the brain for anti-glioma effect. Methods: Cellular drug uptake from the formulations was determined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The drug penetrating ability into tumor spheroids were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In vivo glioma-targeting ability of formulations was evaluated using whole-body fluorescent imaging system. The survival curve study was performed to evaluate the anti-glioma effect of the formulations. Results: The results showed that muscone and RI7217 co-modified DTX liposomes enhanced uptake into both hCMEC/D3 and U87-MG cells, increased penetration to the deep region of U87-MG tumor spheroids, improved brain targeting in vivo and prolonged survival time of nude mice bearing tumor. Conclusion: Muscone and RI7217 co-modified DTX liposomes were found to show improved brain targeting and enhanced the efficacy of anti-glioma drug treatment in vivo.
Collapse
|
14
|
He H, Nieminen AL, Xu P. A bioactivatable self-quenched nanogel for targeted photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5143-5149. [PMID: 31577285 PMCID: PMC6864251 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has attracted significant attention due to its localized treatment advantage. However, the non-specific distribution of photosensitizers and the subsequent potential toxicity caused by sunshine exposure hinder its wide adoption in cancer treatment. To minimize these unwanted effects and improve its efficacy, we developed a bioactivatable self-quenched nanogel, which remains in its inactive state in healthy tissues. Anti-EGFR Affibody decorated nanogels can effectively target head and neck cancer and release activated pheophorbide A in a reducing environment, such as in the tumor stroma and cytoplasm. Consequently, the EGFR targeted nanogel coupled with NIR irradiation alleviates tumor burden by 94.5% while not inducing systemic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng He
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, MSC 140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Johnsen KB, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB, Andresen TL, Moos T. Targeting the transferrin receptor for brain drug delivery. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Cox A, Vinciguerra D, Re F, Magro RD, Mura S, Masserini M, Couvreur P, Nicolas J. Protein-functionalized nanoparticles derived from end-functional polymers and polymer prodrugs for crossing the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:70-82. [PMID: 31176723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles may provide a viable way for neuroprotective drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the passage of most drugs from the peripheral circulation to the brain. Heterotelechelic polymer prodrugs comprising a neuroprotective model drug (adenosine) and a maleimide functionality were synthesized by the "drug-initiated" approach and subsequent nitroxide exchange reaction. Nanoparticles were obtained by nanoprecipitation and exhibited high colloidal stability with diameters in the 162-185 nm range and narrow size distributions. Nanoparticles were then covalently surface-conjugated to different proteins (albumin, α2-macroglobulin and fetuin A) to test their capability of enhancing BBB translocation. Their performances in terms of endothelial permeability and cellular uptake in an in vitro BBB model were compared to that of similar nanoparticles with surface-adsorbed proteins, functionalized or not with the drug. It was shown that bare NPs (i.e., NPs not surface-functionalized with proteins) without the drug exhibited significant permeability and cellular uptake, which were further enhanced by NP surface functionalization with α2-macroglobulin. However, the presence of the drug at the polymer chain-end prevented efficient passage of all types of NPs through the BBB model, likely due to adecrease in the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticle surface and alteration of the protein binding/coupling, respectively. These results established a new and facile synthetic approach for the surface-functionalization of polymer nanoparticles for brain delivery purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| | - Daniele Vinciguerra
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy.
| | - Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| | - Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Massimo Masserini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pulgar VM. Transcytosis to Cross the Blood Brain Barrier, New Advancements and Challenges. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1019. [PMID: 30686985 PMCID: PMC6337067 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) presents a formidable challenge to the delivery of drugs into the brain. Several strategies aim to overcome this obstacle and promote efficient and specific crossing through BBB of therapeutically relevant agents. One of those strategies uses the physiological process of receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) to transport cargo through the brain endothelial cells toward brain parenchyma. Recent developments in our understanding of intracellular trafficking and receptor binding as well as in protein engineering and nanotechnology have potentiated the opportunities for treatment of CNS diseases using RMT. In this mini-review, the current understanding of BBB structure is discussed, and recent findings exemplifying critical advances in RMT-mediated brain drug delivery are briefly presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jung M, Mertens C, Tomat E, Brüne B. Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020273. [PMID: 30641920 PMCID: PMC6359419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. On the one hand, it facilitates cell proliferation and growth. On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox abilities, thereby contributing to free radical formation, which in turn may provoke oxidative stress and DNA damage. Iron also plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis due to its major function in tumor cell survival and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, pathways of iron acquisition, export, and storage are often perturbed in cancers, suggesting that targeting iron metabolic pathways might represent opportunities towards innovative approaches in cancer treatment. Recent evidence points to a crucial role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as a source of iron within the tumor microenvironment, implying that specifically targeting the TAM iron pool might add to the efficacy of tumor therapy. Here, we provide a brief summary of tumor cell iron metabolism and updated molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular and systemic iron homeostasis with regard to the development of cancer. Since iron adds to shaping major hallmarks of cancer, we emphasize innovative therapeutic strategies to address the iron pool of tumor cells or cells of the tumor microenvironment for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cox A, Andreozzi P, Dal Magro R, Fiordaliso F, Corbelli A, Talamini L, Chinello C, Raimondo F, Magni F, Tringali M, Krol S, Jacob Silva P, Stellacci F, Masserini M, Re F. Evolution of Nanoparticle Protein Corona across the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7292-7300. [PMID: 29953205 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles offer the chance to improve drug transport and delivery through biological barriers, exploiting the possibility to leave the blood circulation and traverse the endothelial vascular bed, blood-brain barrier (BBB) included, to reach their target. It is known that nanoparticles gather molecules on their surface upon contact with biological fluids, forming the "protein corona", which can affect their fate and therapeutic/diagnostic performance, yet no information on the corona's evolution across the barrier has been gathered so far. Using a cellular model of the BBB and gold nanoparticles, we show that the composition of the corona undergoes dramatic quantitative and qualitative molecular modifications during passage from the "blood" to the "brain" side, while it is stable once beyond the BBB. Thus, we demonstrate that the nanoparticle corona dynamically and drastically evolves upon crossing the BBB and that its initial composition is not predictive of nanoparticle fate and performance once beyond the barrier at the target organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Patrizia Andreozzi
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology , IFOM-IEO Campus , Milan 20139 , Italy
- CICbiomaGUNE, Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group , San Sebastian-Donostia , 20014 Guipuzcoa , Spain
| | - Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- IRCCS Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri″ , Milan 20139 , Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- IRCCS Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri″ , Milan 20139 , Italy
| | - Laura Talamini
- IRCCS Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri″ , Milan 20139 , Italy
| | - Clizia Chinello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Francesca Raimondo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Maria Tringali
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan 20126 , Italy
| | - Silke Krol
- IRCCS Foundation Institute for Neurology "Carlo Besta" , IFOM-IEO Campus , Milan 20139 , Italy
- IRCCS Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari 70021 , Italy
| | - Paulo Jacob Silva
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1000 , Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1000 , Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1000 , Switzerland
| | - Massimo Masserini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Johnsen KB, Bak M, Kempen PJ, Melander F, Burkhart A, Thomsen MS, Nielsen MS, Moos T, Andresen TL. Antibody affinity and valency impact brain uptake of transferrin receptor-targeted gold nanoparticles. Theranostics 2018; 8:3416-3436. [PMID: 29930740 PMCID: PMC6010987 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The ability to treat invalidating neurological diseases is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which inhibits the transport of most blood-borne substances into the brain parenchyma. Targeting the transferrin receptor (TfR) on the surface of brain capillaries has been a popular strategy to give a preferential accumulation of drugs or nanomedicines, but several aspects of this targeting strategy remain elusive. Here we report that TfR-targeted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can accumulate in brain capillaries and further transport across the BBB to enter the brain parenchyma. Methods: We characterized our targeting strategy both in vitro using primary models of the BBB and in vivo using quantitative measurements of gold accumulation by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry together with morphological assessments using light microscopy after silver enhancement and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: We find that the uptake capacity is significantly modulated by the affinity and valency of the AuNP-conjugated antibodies. Specifically, antibodies with high and low affinities mediate a low and intermediate uptake of AuNPs into the brain, respectively, whereas a monovalent (bi-specific) antibody improves the uptake capacity remarkably. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that monovalent ligands may be beneficial for obtaining transcytosis of TfR-targeted nanomedicines across the BBB, which is relevant for future design of nanomedicines for brain drug delivery.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sharma G, Lakkadwala S, Modgil A, Singh J. The Role of Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Transferrin on Enhanced Delivery of Drug to Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060806. [PMID: 27231900 PMCID: PMC4926340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of effectively delivering therapeutic agents to brain has led to an entire field of active research devoted to overcome the blood brain barrier (BBB) and efficiently deliver drugs to brain. This review focusses on exploring the facets of a novel platform designed for the delivery of drugs to brain. The platform was constructed based on the hypothesis that a combination of receptor-targeting agent, like transferrin protein, and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) will enhance the delivery of associated therapeutic cargo across the BBB. The combination of these two agents in a delivery vehicle has shown significantly improved (p < 0.05) translocation of small molecules and genes into brain as compared to the vehicle with only receptor-targeting agents. The comprehensive details of the uptake mechanisms and properties of various CPPs are illustrated here. The application of this technology, in conjunction with nanotechnology, can potentially open new horizons for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | - Sushant Lakkadwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | - Amit Modgil
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|