1
|
Buchmiller NE, Weaver SJ, Bedard RE, Taylor EN, Moniz HA. Short communication: Storage time and temperature affect plasma osmolality values in field-collected blood samples. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111665. [PMID: 38762048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
As climate change alters the hydric regime of many habitats, understanding the hydric physiology of animals becomes increasingly important. Plasma osmolality is a popular metric to assess an organism's hydration, but samples often need to be stored before being analyzed, under varying conditions and for different lengths of time. Previous studies on plasma storage conditions, and how they impact sample integrity, are minimal and have focused more on clinical applications than field studies. We studied the stability of osmolality values from wild rattlesnake plasma samples stored in commonly used plastic snap-cap tubes under different time (0, 2, 3, 7, 29 days) and temperature (refrigerated at 2 °C and frozen at -18 °C) treatments. We hypothesized that frozen samples would remain more stable (e.g., retain osmolality values more similar to baseline values) than refrigerated samples because freezing the plasma would reduce evaporation. We found that osmolality of samples increased over time at both temperatures, becoming significantly higher than baseline after 7 days. Contrary to our prediction, osmolality increased more in frozen samples than in refrigerated samples. We discuss possible reasons for our results, along with their implications. To obtain the most accurate plasma osmolality values, we recommend refrigerating plasma samples for as short a time as possible, 3 days or fewer, before analyzing them on an osmometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nemo E Buchmiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Savannah J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Robin E Bedard
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Emily N Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Haley A Moniz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pisano R, Semeraro J, Artusio F, Barresi AA. Insights into Thermal Interactions in Frozen Pharmaceutical Vials: Effects on Ice Nucleation Times and Inhibition. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03713-2. [PMID: 38769275 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the thermal interactions between adjacent vials during freezing and assesses their impact on nucleation times. METHODS Various loading configurations were analyzed to understand their impact on nucleation times. Configurations involving direct contact between vials and freeze-dryer shelves were studied, along with setups using empty vials between filled ones. Additionally, non-conventional loading configurations and glycol-filled vials were tested. The analysis includes 2R and 20R vials, which are commonly utilized in the freezing and lyophilization of drug products, along with two different fill depths, 1 and 1.4 cm. RESULTS The investigation revealed that configurations with direct contact between vials and freeze-dryer shelves led to substantial thermal interactions, resulting in delayed nucleation in adjacent vials and affecting the temperature at which nucleation takes place in a complex way. In another setup, empty vials were placed between filled vials, significantly reducing thermal interactions. Further tests with non-conventional configurations and glycol-filled vials confirmed the presence of thermal interactions with a minimal inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings carry significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry, highlighting the role of thermal interactions among vials during freezing and their impact on the temperature at which ice nucleation occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, IT10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Jessica Semeraro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, IT10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, IT10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonello A Barresi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, IT10129, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peláez SS, Mahler HC, Vila PR, Huwyler J, Allmendinger A. Characterization of Freezing Processes in Drug Substance Bottles by Ice Core Sampling. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:102. [PMID: 38714592 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Freezing of biological drug substance (DS) is a critical unit operation that may impact product quality, potentially leading to protein aggregation and sub-visible particle formation. Cryo-concentration has been identified as a critical parameter to impact protein stability during freezing and should therefore be minimized. The macroscopic cryo-concentration, in the following only referred to as cryo-concentration, is majorly influenced by the freezing rate, which is in turn impacted by product independent process parameters such as the DS container, its size and fill level, and the freezing equipment. (At-scale) process characterization studies are crucial to understand and optimize freezing processes. However, evaluating cryo-concentration requires sampling of the frozen bulk, which is typically performed by cutting the ice block into pieces for subsequent analysis. Also, the large amount of product requirement for these studies is a major limitation. In this study, we report the development of a simple methodology for experimental characterization of frozen DS in bottles at relevant scale using a surrogate solution. The novel ice core sampling technique identifies the axial ice core in the center to be indicative for cryo-concentration, which was measured by osmolality, and concentrations of histidine and polysorbate 80 (PS80), whereas osmolality revealed to be a sensitive read-out. Finally, we exemplify the suitability of the method to study cryo-concentration in DS bottles by comparing cryo-concentrations from different freezing protocols (-80°C vs -40°C). Prolonged stress times during freezing correlated to a higher extent of cryo-concentration quantified by osmolality in the axial center of a 2 L DS bottle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Peláez
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanns-Christian Mahler
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Allmendinger
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Munjal B, Zeng C, Suryanarayanan R. Dual Functionality of Poloxamer 188 in Freeze-Dried Protein Formulations: A Stabilizer in Frozen Solutions and a Bulking Agent in Lyophiles. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2555-2564. [PMID: 38551918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Poloxamer 188 (P188) was hypothesized to be a dual functional excipient, (i) a stabilizer in frozen solution to prevent ice-surface-induced protein destabilization and (ii) a bulking agent to provide elegant lyophiles. Based on X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry, sucrose, in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited P188 crystallization during freeze-drying, while trehalose had no such effect. The recovery of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the model protein, was evaluated after reconstitution. While low LDH recovery (∼60%) was observed in the lyophiles prepared with P188, the addition of sugar improved the activity recovery to >85%. The secondary structure of LDH in the freeze-dried samples was assessed using infrared spectroscopy, and only moderate structural changes were observed in the lyophiles formulated with P188 and sugar. Thus, P188 can be a promising dual functional excipient in freeze-dried protein formulations. However, P188 alone does not function as a lyoprotectant and needs to be used in combination with a sugar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bhushan Munjal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chaowang Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du Y, Su Y. Quantification of Residual Water in Pharmaceutical Frozen Solutions Via 1H Solid-State NMR. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00144-8. [PMID: 38643897 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Freezing is essential for the stability of biological drug substances and products, particularly in frozen solution formulations and during the primary drying of lyophilized preparations. However, the unfrozen segment within the frozen matrix can alter solute concentration, ionic strength, and stabilizer crystallization, posing risks of increased biophysical instability and faster chemical degradation. While quantifying the unfrozen water content is important for designing stable biopharmaceuticals, there is a lack of analytical techniques for in situ quantitative measurements. In this study, we introduce a 1H magic angle spinning NMR technique to identify the freezing point (Tice) and quantify mobile water content in frozen biologics, applying this method to analyze the freezing of a commercial high-concentration drug product, Dupixent®. Our results demonstrate that water freezing is influenced by buffer salt properties and formulation composition, including the presence of sugar cryoprotectants and protein concentration. Additionally, the 1H chemical shift can probe pH in the unfrozen phase, potentially predicting the microenvironmental acidity in the frozen state. Our proposed methodology provides fresh insights into the analysis of freeze-concentrated solutions, enhancing our understanding of the stability of frozen and lyophilized biopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Hu J, Bai G. Reversible Stacking and Delamination-Regulation of MXene via Controlled Freezing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311218. [PMID: 38533979 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
MXene's configuration, whether it is aggregated or dispersed in a monolayer, determines the specific application areas and even greatly influences the intrinsic properties of MXene. However, how to desirably control MXene's configuration is challenging. Here, a simple, additive-free, chemical reaction-free, and scalable strategy to optionally and reversibly regulate MXene's ordered stacking and delamination of MXene aggregates (AM) is reported. Just by controlled freezing of MXene aqueous dispersions, the aggregation percentage, delamination percentage, and interlayer spacing of AM can be finely tuned. Experimental results reveal that the freezing-induced aggregation and delamination effects can be explained by the squeezing action of growing ice grains on the MXene excluded/concentrated between ice grains and the expanding action caused by the ice formation between AM lamellae, respectively. The dominance between them depends on the freezing parameter-influenced ice nucleation sites, numbers, and ice grain sizes. This work not only contributes to the preparation, storage, and practical applications of MXene, but also opens a new and green avenue for controlling materials' assembly structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Guoying Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deck LT, Shardt N, El-Bakouri I, Isenrich FN, Marcolli C, deMello AJ, Mazzotti M. Monitoring Aqueous Sucrose Solutions Using Droplet Microfluidics: Ice Nucleation, Growth, Glass Transition, and Melting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6304-6316. [PMID: 38494636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Freezing and freeze-drying processes are commonly used to extend the shelf life of drug products and to ensure their safety and efficacy upon use. When designing a freezing process, it is beneficial to characterize multiple physicochemical properties of the formulation, such as nucleation rate, crystal growth rate, temperature and concentration of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution, and melting point. Differential scanning calorimetry has predominantly been used in this context but does have practical limitations and is unable to quantify the kinetics of crystal growth and nucleation. In this work, we introduce a microfluidic technique capable of quantifying the properties of interest and use it to investigate aqueous sucrose solutions of varying concentration. Three freeze-thaw cycles were performed on droplets with 75-μm diameters at cooling and warming rates of 1 °C/min. During each cycle, the visual appearance of the droplets was optically monitored as they experienced nucleation, crystal growth, formation of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution, and melting. Nucleation and crystal growth manifested as increases in droplet brightness during the cooling phase. Heating was associated with a further increase as the temperature associated with the maximally freeze-concentrated solution was approached. Heating beyond the melting point corresponded to a decrease in brightness. Comparison with the literature confirmed the accuracy of the new technique while offering new visual data on the maximally freeze-concentrated solution. Thus, the microfluidic technique presented here may serve as a complement to differential scanning calorimetry in the context of freezing and freeze-drying. In the future, it could be applied to a plethora of mixtures that undergo such processing, whether in pharmaceutics, food production, or beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leif-Thore Deck
- Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Shardt
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Imad El-Bakouri
- Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Florin N Isenrich
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Marcolli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mazzotti
- Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee S, Jo K, Jeong SKC, Choi YS, Jung S. Production of freeze-dried beef powder for complementary food: Effect of temperature control in retaining protein digestibility. Food Chem 2024; 433:137419. [PMID: 37690130 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of temperature control during freeze-drying of beef on the in vitro protein digestibility. Frozen (at - 50 °C for 2 days)-then-aged (at 4 °C for 26 days) beef was freeze-dried at 25 °C (FD1) and 2 °C (FD2) to obtain freeze-dried beef powder. Tryptophan fluorescence intensity and total free sulfhydryl groups of beef myofibrillar proteins decreased (P < 0.05) and increased (P < 0.05) after freeze-drying, respectively. In the myosin fraction of FD2, α-helix increased and β-sheet decreased (P < 0.05) compared to raw beef. In contrast, the actin fraction of FD1 showed a decrease in α-helix and increase in β-sheet (P < 0.05) compared to raw beef. The contents of α-amino group and proteins digested to<3 kDa in the in vitro digesta of beef were retained in FD2 while the α-amino group of FD1 decreased (P < 0.05). Therefore, freeze-drying at 2 °C can efficiently retain in vitro protein digestibility of beef.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonmin Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki-Chan Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dirak M, Chan J, Kolemen S. Optical imaging probes for selective detection of butyrylcholinesterase. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1149-1167. [PMID: 38196348 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02468g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a member of the human serine hydrolase family, is an essential enzyme for cholinergic neurotransmission as it catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. It also plays central roles in apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification. On the other side, abnormal levels of BChE are directly associated with the formation of pathogenic states such as neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric and cardiovascular disorders, liver damage, diabetes, and cancer. Thus, selective and sensitive detection of BChE level in living organisms is highly crucial and is of great importance to further understand the roles of BChE in both physiological and pathological processes. However, it is a very complicated task due to the potential interference of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the other human cholinesterase, as these two enzymes share a very similar substrate scope. To this end, optical imaging probes have attracted immense attention in recent years as they have modular structures, which can be tuned precisely to satisfy high selectivity toward BChE, and at the same time they offer real time and nondestructive imaging opportunities with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarize BChE selective imaging probes by discussing the critical milestones achieved during the development process of these molecular sensors over the years. We put a special emphasis on design principles and biological applications of highly promising new generation activity-based probes. We also give a comprehensive outlook for the future of BChE-responsive probes and highlight the ongoing challenges. This collection marks the first review article on BChE-responsive imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musa Dirak
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moino C, Artusio F, Pisano R. Shear stress as a driver of degradation for protein-based therapeutics: More accomplice than culprit. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123679. [PMID: 38065348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein degradation is a major concern for protein-based therapeutics. It may alter the biological activity of the product and raise the potential for undesirable effects on the patients. Among the numerous drivers of protein degradation, shear stress has been the focus around which much work has revolved since the 1970s. In the pharmaceutical realm, the product is often processed through several unit operations, which include mixing, pumping, filtration, filling, and atomization. Nonetheless, the drug might be exposed to significant shear stresses, which might cooperatively contribute to product degradation, together with interfacial stress. This review presents fundamentals of shear stress about protein structure, followed by an overview of the drivers of product degradation. The impact of shear stress on protein stability in different unit operations is then presented, and recommendations for limiting the adverse effects on the biopharmaceutical formulations are outlined. Finally, several devices used to explore the effects of shear stress are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Moino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Korang-Yeboah M, Ako-Adounvo AM, Hengst L, Dong X, Zhang S, Ma L, Connor TO, Ashraf M. Root Cause Analysis of An Inverse Relationship Between The Ice Nucleation Temperature, Process Efficiency And Quality of A Lyophilized Product. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3035-3044. [PMID: 37648156 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to probe an unexpected relationship between the ice nucleation temperature (TIN), process efficiency and product attributes in a controlled ice nucleation (CIN) lyophilization process. An amorphous product was lyophilized with (CIN-5 °C, CIN-7 °C or CIN-10 °C) or without (NOCIN) control of ice nucleation. Process parameters and product attributes were monitored and compared using a series of advanced in-line and off-line process analytical technology (PAT) tools. Unexpectedly, an indirect relationship was observed between TIN and primary drying efficiency for the CIN processes. Further, the CIN-5 °C process was associated with higher product resistance to mass flow than corresponding CIN-7 °C and CIN-10 °C processes. Surprisingly, the air voids in some NOCIN products were larger than CIN-5 °C products but comparable to CIN-7 °C. Heat flux analysis revealed an indirect relationship between TIN and the minimum hold time required to complete solidification. The heat flux analysis also revealed all products underwent complete solidification prior to primary drying. The order of homogeneity in water activity of the products was CIN-5 °C ≥NOCIN>CIN-7 °C. The higher homogeneity in water activity of CIN-5 °C than corresponding CIN-7 °C processes indicated that the lower process efficiency of CIN-5 °C could not be attributed to unsuccessful induction of ice nucleation during CIN-5 °C. High resolution micro-CT imaging and Artificial Intelligence Image analysis revealed cake wall deformation in CIN-7 °C and NOCIN products but not in CIN-5 °C. In addition, NOCIN products had bimodal distribution in air voids with median size range of 4-5 µm and 151.9-309 µm, respectively, hence the lower process efficiency of NOCIN despite the higher D90. Thus, the observed relationship between TIN and process efficiency may be attributed to microstructural changes post freezing. This hypothesis was corroborated by visible macroscopic cake collapse in NOCIN products but not in CIN products after lyophilization at a higher shelf temperature. In conclusion, the advantages of controlling the ice nucleation temperature of a lyophilization process may only be attained through a robust process design that takes into consideration the primary and secondary drying process parameters. Further, combined use of advanced in-line and off-line PAT tools for process and product characterization may hasten the at scale adoption of advance techniques such as CIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Korang-Yeboah
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA.
| | - Ann-Marie Ako-Adounvo
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Leanna Hengst
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Xiangyi Dong
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Shawn Zhang
- DigiM Solution LLC, 500 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Lisa Ma
- DigiM Solution LLC, 500 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Thomas O' Connor
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leandro P, Lino PR, Lopes R, Leandro J, Amaro MP, Sousa P, Vicente JB, Almeida AJ. Isothermal denaturation fluorimetry vs Differential scanning fluorimetry as tools for screening of stabilizers for protein freeze-drying: human phenylalanine hydroxylase as the case study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:1-11. [PMID: 37011788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural maintenance of therapeutic proteins during formulation and/or storage is a critical aspect, particularly for multi-domain and/or multimeric proteins which usually exhibit intrinsic structural dynamics leading to aggregation with concomitant loss-of-function. Protein freeze-drying is a widely used technique to preserve protein structure and function during storage. To minimize chemical/physical stresses occurring during this process, protein stabilizers are usually included, their effect being strongly dependent on the target protein. Therefore, they should be screened for on a time-consuming case-by-case basis. Herein, differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and isothermal denaturation fluorimetry (ITDF) were employed to screen, among different classes of freeze-drying additives, for the most effective stabilizer of the model protein human phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPAH). Correlation studies among retrieved DSF and ITDF parameters with recovered enzyme amount and activity indicated ITDF as the most appropriate screening method. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of hPAH freeze-dried with ITDF-selected stabilizers and a long-term storage study (12 months, 5 ± 3 °C) showed that the selected compounds prevented protein aggregation and preserved hPAH structural and functional properties throughout time storage. Our results provide a solid basis towards the choice of ITDF as a high-throughput screening step for the identification of protein freeze-drying protectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo R Lino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Amaro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa
- Sofarimex, Indústria Química e Farmacêutica SA, Av. das Indústrias, Alto de Colaride, 2735-521 Agualva, Portugal
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António J Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Analysis of the Shear Stresses in a Filling Line of Parenteral Products: The Role of Tubing. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenteral products appear to be sensitive to process conditions in bioprocessing steps, such as interfacial stress and shear stress. The combination of these elements is widely believed and proven to influence product stability, but the defined roles of these players in the product damage process have not yet been identified. The present work addresses a current industrial problem, by focusing on the analysis of shear stress on protein-based therapeutics flowing in tubing by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. The purpose of this article is not to pinpoint the mechanism triggering the damage of the product, but it represents the first step towards wider experimental investigations and introduces a new strategy to quantify the average shear stress. The field of scale-down approaches, used to scale the commercial process down to the laboratory level, is also explored. Since quality control is critical in the pharmaceutical realm, it is essential that the scale-down approach preserves the same stress exposure as the commercial scale, which in the present work is considered to be that resulting from shear effects. Therefore, a new approach for scaling down the commercial process is proposed, which has been compared with traditional approaches and shown to provide greater representativeness between the two scales.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jakubek ZJ, Chen S, Zaifman J, Tam YYC, Zou S. Lipid Nanoparticle and Liposome Reference Materials: Assessment of Size Homogeneity and Long-Term -70 °C and 4 °C Storage Stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2509-2519. [PMID: 36748988 PMCID: PMC9948293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances and anticipated proliferation of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-delivered vaccines and therapeutics, there is a need for the availability of internationally recognized reference materials of LNP systems. Accordingly, we developed six LNP and liposome (anionic, neutral, and cationic each) candidate reference material formulations and thoroughly characterized by dynamic light scattering their particle hydrodynamic size (Z-avr) and polydispersity. We also evaluated the particle size homogeneity and long-term -70 °C and 4 °C storage stability using multiple large sets of randomly selected vials for each formulation. The formulations stored at -70 °C remained stable and homogeneous for a minimum of 9 months. The Z-avr relative combined uncertainty and the long-term variability were both <1.3% for liposome formulations and anionic LNPs, (3.9% and 1.7%) for neutral LNPs, and (6.7% and 4.4%) for cationic LNPs. An inadvertent few-hour-long storage temperature increase to -35 °C due to a freezer malfunction resulted in a small change of the size and size distribution of anionic liposomes and LNPs but, unexpectedly, a larger size increase of the neutral and cationic liposomes (≤5%) and LNPs (≤25%). The mean Z-avr values of the LNPs stored at 4 °C appeared to slowly increase with t1/3, where t is the storage time, and the Z-avr between-vial heterogeneity and mean polydispersity index values appeared to decrease; no change was observed for liposomes. The size and size distribution evolution of LNPs stored at 4 °C was attributed to an incomplete equilibration of the formulations following the addition of sucrose prior to the initial freezing. Such a process of size increase and size distribution narrowing has not been previously discussed nor observed in the context of LNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zygmunt J. Jakubek
- Metrology
Research Center, National Research Council
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sam Chen
- Integrated
Nanotherapeutics Inc., 205-4475 Wayburne Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4X4, Canada
| | - Josh Zaifman
- Integrated
Nanotherapeutics Inc., 205-4475 Wayburne Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4X4, Canada
| | - Yuen Yi C. Tam
- Integrated
Nanotherapeutics Inc., 205-4475 Wayburne Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4X4, Canada
| | - Shan Zou
- Metrology
Research Center, National Research Council
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pisano R, Artusio F, Adami M, Barresi AA, Fissore D, Frare MC, Zanetti F, Zunino G. Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials Nested in a Rack System-Part I: Freezing Behaviour. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020635. [PMID: 36839958 PMCID: PMC9960346 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of biopharmaceuticals often requires either ultra-cold conditions or lyophilisation. In both cases, the drug product is frozen and, thus, exposed to similar stress conditions, which can be detrimental to its quality. However, these stresses can be inhibited or mitigated by a suitable formulation and/or an appropriate freezing design. This paper addresses how the key freezing parameters, i.e., ice nucleation temperature and cooling rate, impact the freezing behaviour of a sucrose-based formulation. The analysis included two loading configurations, vials directly resting on the shelf and nested in a rack system. The loading configuration affected the product freezing rate and the ice nucleation temperature distribution, resulting in larger ice crystals in the case of vials nested in a rack system. SEM micrographs and specific surface area measurements confirmed the different product morphology. Eventually, the different product morphology impacted the bioactivity recovery of lactate dehydrogenase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonello A. Barresi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Fissore
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Zunino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kopp MRG, Grigolato F, Zürcher D, Das TK, Chou D, Wuchner K, Arosio P. Surface-Induced Protein Aggregation and Particle Formation in Biologics: Current Understanding of Mechanisms, Detection and Mitigation Strategies. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:377-385. [PMID: 36223809 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein stability against aggregation is a major quality concern for the production of safe and effective biopharmaceuticals. Amongst the different drivers of protein aggregation, increasing evidence indicates that interactions between proteins and interfaces represent a major risk factor for the formation of protein aggregates in aqueous solutions. Potentially harmful surfaces relevant to biologics manufacturing and storage include air-water and silicone oil-water interfaces as well as materials from different processing units, storage containers, and delivery devices. The impact of some of these surfaces, for instance originating from impurities, can be difficult to predict and control. Moreover, aggregate formation may additionally be complicated by the simultaneous presence of interfacial, hydrodynamic and mechanical stresses, whose contributions may be difficult to deconvolute. As a consequence, it remains difficult to identify the key chemical and physical determinants and define appropriate analytical methods to monitor and predict protein instability at these interfaces. In this review, we first discuss the main mechanisms of surface-induced protein aggregation. We then review the types of contact materials identified as potentially harmful or detected as potential triggers of proteinaceous particle formation in formulations and discuss proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we present current methods to probe surface-induced instabilities, which represent a starting point towards assays that can be implemented in early-stage screening and formulation development of biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie R G Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Grigolato
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Zürcher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim B, Hosn RR, Remba T, Yun D, Li N, Abraham W, Melo MB, Cortes M, Li B, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Irvine DJ. Optimization of storage conditions for lipid nanoparticle-formulated self-replicating RNA vaccines. J Control Release 2023; 353:241-253. [PMID: 36414195 PMCID: PMC9708520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The recent clinical success of multiple mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has proven the potential of RNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in humans, and products based on base-modified RNA, sequence-optimized RNA, and self-replicating RNAs formulated in LNPs are all in various stages of clinical development. However, much remains to be learned about critical parameters governing the manufacturing and use of LNP-RNA formulations. One important issue that has received limited attention in the literature to date is the identification of optimal storage conditions for LNP-RNA that preserve long-term activity of the formulations. Here, we analyzed the physical structure, in vivo expression characteristics, and functional activity of alphavirus-derived self-replicating RNA (repRNA)-loaded LNPs encoding HIV vaccine antigens following storage in varying temperatures, buffers, and in the presence or absence of cryoprotectants. We found that for lipid nanoparticles with compositions similar to clinically-used LNPs, storage in RNAse-free PBS containing 10% (w/v) sucrose at -20 °C was able to maintain vaccine stability and in vivo potency at a level equivalent to freshly prepared vaccines following 30 days of storage. LNPs loaded with repRNA could also be lyophilized with retention of bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byungji Kim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ryan R Hosn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tanaka Remba
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongsoo Yun
- Nanotechnology Materials Core, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Na Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mariane B Melo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Manuel Cortes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bridget Li
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuebao Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Cancer Engineering, Center for Cancer Metabolism, Pelotonia Institute for Immune-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Departments of Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bluemel O, Anuschek M, Buecheler JW, Hoelzl G, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. The effect of mAb and excipient cryoconcentration on long-term frozen storage stability – Part 1: Higher molecular weight species and subvisible particle formation. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100108. [PMID: 35024603 PMCID: PMC8724966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryoconcentration upon large-scale freezing of monoclonal antibody (mAb) solutions leads to regions of different ratios of low molecular weight excipients, like buffer species or sugars, to protein. This study focused on the impact of the buffer species to mAb ratio on aggregate formation after frozen storage at −80 °C, −20 °C, and − 10 °C after 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. An optimised sample preparation was established to measure Tg′ of samples with different mAb to histidine ratios via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). After storage higher molecular weight species (HMWS) and subvisible particles (SVPs) were detected using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and FlowCam, respectively. For all samples, sigmoidal curves in DSC thermograms allowed to precisely determine Tg′ in formulations without glass forming sugars. Storage below Tg′ did not lead to mAb aggregation. Above Tg′, at −20 °C and − 10 °C, small changes in mAb and buffer concentration markedly impacted stability. Samples with lower mAb concentration showed increased formation of HMWS. In contrast, higher concentrated samples led to more SVPs. A shift in the mAb to histidine ratio towards mAb significantly increased overall stability. Cryoconcentration upon large-scale freezing affects mAb stability, although relative changes compared to the initial concentration are small. Storage below Tg′ completely prevents mAb aggregation and particle formation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bluemel O, Buecheler JW, Hauptmann A, Hoelzl G, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. The effect of mAb and excipient cryoconcentration on long-term frozen storage stability – part 2: Aggregate formation and oxidation. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100109. [PMID: 35024604 PMCID: PMC8724956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and buffer concentration, mimicking the cryoconcentration found upon freezing in a 2 L bottle, on mAb stability during frozen storage. Upon cryoconcentration, larger protein molecules and small excipient molecules freeze-concentrate differently, resulting in different protein to stabiliser ratios within a container. Understanding the impact of these shifted ratios on protein stability is essential. For two mAbs a set of samples with constant mAb (5 mg/mL) or buffer concentration (medium histidine/adipic acid) was prepared and stored for 6 months at −10 °C. Stability was evaluated via size-exclusion chromatography, flow imaging microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy at 350 nm, and protein A chromatography. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine kD values. Soluble aggregate levels were unaffected by mAb concentration, but increased with histidine concentration. No trend in optical density could be identified. In contrast, increasing mAb or buffer concentration facilitated the formation of subvisible particles. A trend towards attractive protein-protein interactions was seen with higher ionic strength. MAb oxidation levels were negatively affected by increasing histidine concentration, but became less with higher mAb concentration. Small changes in mAb and buffer composition had a significant impact on stability during six-month frozen storage. Thus, preventing cryoconcentration effects in larger freezing containers may improve long-term stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bluemel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob W. Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dao HM, Sahakijpijarn S, Chrostowski R, Peng HH, Moon C, Xu H, Mangolini F, Do HH, Cui Z, Williams RO. Entrapment of air microbubbles by ice crystals during freezing exacerbates freeze-induced denaturation of proteins. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
22
|
Sun H, Chen T, Zhang L, Dong D, Li Y, Guo Z. Distribution of florfenicol and norfloxacin in ice during water freezing process: Dual effects by fluorine substituents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119921. [PMID: 35973450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Distribution in ice is regarded as one of important transport modes for pollutants in seasonal freeze-up waters in cold regions. However, the distribution characteristics and mechanisms of fluorinated antibiotics as emerging contaminants during the water freezing process remain unclear. Here, florfenicol and norfloxacin were selected as model fluorinated antibiotics to investigate their ice-water distribution. Effects of antibiotic molecular structure on the distribution were explored through comparative studies with their non-fluorinated structural analogs. Results showed that phase changes during the ice growth process redistributed the antibiotics, with antibiotic concentrations in water 3.0-6.4 times higher than those in ice. The solute-rich boundary layer with a concentration gradient was presented at the ice-water interface and controlled by constitutional supercooling during the freezing process. The ice-water distribution coefficient (KIW) values of antibiotics increased by 34.8%-38.0% with a doubling of the cooling area. The solute distribution coefficient (Kbs) values of antibiotics at -20 °C were 65.6%-70.3% higher than at -10 °C. The KIW and Kbs values of all antibiotics were negatively correlated with their water solubilities. The fluorine substituents influenced the binding energies between antibiotics and ice, resulting in a 1.1-fold increase in the binding energy of norfloxacin on the ice surface relative to its structural analog pipemidic acid. The results provide a new insight into the transport behaviors of fluorinated pharmaceuticals in ice-water systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Bureau of Chengde High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hsein H, Auffray J, Noel T, Tchoreloff P. Recent advances and persistent challenges in the design of freeze-drying process for monoclonal antibodies. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:942-955. [PMID: 36206457 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2131818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies constitute nowadays an important therapeutic class and the number of approved molecules for clinical uses continues to increase, achieving considerable part of the therapeutic market. Yet, the stability in solution of these biopharmaceuticals is often low. That's why freeze-drying has been and remains the method of choice to obtain monoclonal antibodies in the solid state and to improve their stability. The design of freeze-drying process and its optimization are still topical subjects of interest and the pharmaceutical industry is regularly challenged by the requirements of quality, safety and efficiency set by the regulatory authorities. These requirements imply a deep understanding of each step of the freeze-drying process, developing techniques to control the critical parameters and to monitor the quality of the intermediate and the final product. In addition to quality issues, the optimization of the freeze-drying process in order to reduce the cycle length is of great interest since freeze-drying is known to be an energy-expensive and time consuming process. In this review, we will present the recent literature dealing with the freeze-drying of monoclonal antibodies and focus on the process parameters and strategies used to improve the stability of these molecules and to optimize the FD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassana Hsein
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, I2M Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Julie Auffray
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, I2M Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Noel
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Tchoreloff
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, I2M Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of diffusion kinetics on the ice nucleation temperature distribution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16334. [PMID: 36175610 PMCID: PMC9522862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleation behavior of water is crucial in many fields, spanning meteorology, glaciology, biology, and astrophysics. We report observations suggesting an effect of diffusion kinetics in water on the heterogeneous immersion/contact mode nucleation temperature distribution of ice. We performed differential scanning calorimetry analyses of repeated freeze/thaw cycles and investigated the effect of several variables on the regularity of the nucleation temperature distributions obtained. We observed that the thawing temperature and residence time above 0 °C affect the width of the measured distributions. We explain the observed phenomena according to the diffusion behavior of an external nucleator. Specifically, conditions of enhanced diffusion of the nucleator translated into broader, more scattered distributions, while conditions of limited diffusion translated into narrower, more regular distributions. Lastly, based on our experimental findings, we propose a theoretical explanation centered on the temperature dependence of diffusion kinetics in water.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee S, Jo K, Jeong HG, Choi YS, Kyoung H, Jung S. Freezing-induced denaturation of myofibrillar proteins in frozen meat. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1385-1402. [PMID: 36052640 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2116557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Freezing is commonly used to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products but may impact the overall quality of those products by inducing structural changes in myofibrillar proteins (MPs) through denaturation, chemical modification, and encouraging protein aggregation. This review covers the effect of freezing on the denaturation of MPs in terms of the effects of ice crystallization on solute concentrations, cold denaturation, and protein oxidation. Freezing-induced denaturation of MPs begins with ice crystallization in extracellular spaces and changes in solute concentrations in the unfrozen water fraction. At typical temperatures for freezing meat (lower than -18 °C), cold denaturation of proteins occurs, accompanied by an alteration in their secondary and tertiary structure. Moreover, the disruption of muscle cells triggers the release of cellular enzymes, accelerating protein degradation and oxidation. To minimize severe deterioration during the freezing and frozen storage of meat, there is a vital need to use an appropriate freezing temperature below the glass transition temperature and to avoid temperature fluctuations during storage to prevent recrystallization. Such an understanding of MP denaturation can be applied to determine the optimum freezing conditions for meat products with highly retained sensory, nutritional, and functional qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonmin Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung Jo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Gyung Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Deck LT, Ochsenbein DR, Mazzotti M. Stochastic ice nucleation governs the freezing process of biopharmaceuticals in vials. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122051. [PMID: 35907555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals commonly require freezing to ensure the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). At commercial scale, freezing is typically carried out over the course of days in pallets comprising tens of thousands of vials. The selected process conditions have to ensure both complete freezing in all vials and a satisfactory manufacturing throughput. Current process design, however, is mainly experimental, since no mechanistic understanding of pallet freezing and its underlying phenomena has been achieved so far. Within this work, we derive a mechanistic modeling framework and compare the model predictions with engineering run data from the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. The model qualitatively reproduced all observed trends and reveals that stochastic ice nucleation governs both process duration and batch heterogeneity. Knowledge on the ice nucleation kinetics of the formulation to be frozen thus is required to identify suitable freezing process conditions. The findings of this work pave the way towards a more rational design of pallet freezing, from which a plethora of frozen drug products may benefit. For this reason, we provide open source access to the model in the form of a python package (Deck et al., 2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leif-Thore Deck
- Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David R Ochsenbein
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Hochstrasse 201, CH-8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mazzotti
- Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sonje J, Chisholm CF, Suryanarayanan R. Frozen storage of proteins: Use of mannitol to generate a homogenous freeze-concentrate. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:121995. [PMID: 35809832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins may be subjected to several freeze-thaw cycles throughout manufacturing and storage. The protein solution composition and the freezing conditions may lead to incomplete ice crystallization in the frozen state. This can also result in freeze-concentrate heterogeneity characterized by multiple glass transition temperatures and protein destabilization. The overall objective was to investigate the potential advantages of including a crystallizing excipient (mannitol) along with a sugar (sucrose or trehalose) for frozen storage. This study showed that the addition of mannitol, a readily crystallizing excipient, facilitated ice crystallization. Inclusion of an isothermal hold during cooling (annealing) maximized the mannitol crystallization and resulted in a homogenous freeze-concentrate of a constant composition characterized by a single glass transition temperature. The role of freezing rate and annealing on both mannitol and ice crystallization were discerned using high intensity synchrotron radiation. The addition of sucrose or trehalose, at an appropriate concentration, stabilized the protein. The mannitol to sugar ratio (3:1 or 1:1, 5 % w/v) was optimized to selectively cause maximal crystallization of mannitol while retaining the sugar amorphous. Human serum albumin (1 mg/mL) in these optimized and annealed compositions did not show any meaningful aggregation, even after multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Thus, in addition to a sugar as a stabilizer, the use of a crystallizing excipient coupled with an annealing step can provide an avenue for frozen storage of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sonje
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carly Fleagle Chisholm
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fiedler D, Alva C, Pinto JT, Spoerk M, Jeitler R, Roblegg E. In-vial printing and drying of biologics as a personalizable approach. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121909. [PMID: 35697202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study addressed the need for a flexible (personalizable) production of biologics, allowing their stabilization in the solid state and processing of small batch volumes. Therefore, inkjet printing into vials followed by a gentle vacuum drying step at ambient temperature was investigated by screening different formulations with a 22-full factorial design of experiments regarding printability. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) was used as a model protein in a wide range of concentrations (5 to 50 mg/ml), with (10 w/v%) and without the surfactant polysorbate 80 (PS80). PS80 was identified to positively affect the formulations by increasing the Ohnesorge number and stabilizing the printing process. The dispensed volumes with a target dose of 0.5 mg HSA were dried and analyzed concerning their residual moisture (RM) and protein aggregation. All investigated formulations showed an RM < 10 wt% and no significant induced protein aggregation as confirmed by Size Exclusion Chromatography (<2.5%) and Dynamic Light Scattering (Aggregation Index ≤ 2.5). Additionally, long-term printability and the available final dose after reconstitution were investigated for two optimized formulations. A promising formulation providing ∼93% of the targeted dose and a reconstitution time of 30 s was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fiedler
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carolina Alva
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joana T Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Jeitler
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Juckers A, Knerr P, Harms F, Strube J. Model-Based Product Temperature and Endpoint Determination in Primary Drying of Lyophilization Processes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040809. [PMID: 35456643 PMCID: PMC9031979 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyophilization process design still relies mainly on empirical studies with high experimental loads. In the regulatory demanded Quality by Design approach, process modeling is a key aspect. It allows process design, optimization and process control to ensure a safe process and product quality. A modeling approach is outlined that is able to predict the primary drying endpoint and temperature profile of distinct vials. Model parameters are determined by a reproducible determination concept. Simulated results are validated with a fractional factorial Design of Experiments (DoE) in pilot scale. The model shows higher accuracy and precision than the experiments and similar parameter interactions for both the endpoint and temperature determination. This approach can now be used to explore the primary design space in lyophilization process design. This paper proposes a distinct method for endpoint determination and product temperature prediction by a modeling approach based on Velardi et al. combined with a distinct model parameter determination according to Wegiel et al. and Tang et al.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Juckers
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany;
- Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, 37520 Osterode am Harz, Germany; (P.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Petra Knerr
- Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, 37520 Osterode am Harz, Germany; (P.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Frank Harms
- Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, 37520 Osterode am Harz, Germany; (P.K.); (F.H.)
| | - Jochen Strube
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Harguindeguy M, Stratta L, Fissore D, Pisano R. Combining Mathematical Modeling and Thermal Infrared Data in the Freezing of Pharmaceutical Liquid Formulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maitê Harguindeguy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, IT-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stratta
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, IT-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Fissore
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, IT-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, IT-10129 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Impact of lyoprotectors on protein-protein separation in the solid state: Neutron- and X-ray-scattering investigation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130101. [PMID: 35151821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyhydroxycompounds (PHC) are used as lyoprotectors to minimize aggregation of pharmaceutical proteins during freeze-drying and storage. METHODS Lysozyme/PHC mixtures with 1:1 and 1:3 (w/w) ratios are freeze-dried from either H2O or D2O solutions. Disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), monosaccharide (glucose), and sugar alcohol (sorbitol) are used in the study. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) are applied to study protein-protein interaction in the freeze-dried samples. RESULTS Protein interaction peak in the freeze-dried mixtures has been detected by both SANS (D2O-based samples only) and SAXS (both D2O- and H2O-based). In the 1:1 mixtures, protein separation distances are similar (center-of-mass distance of approx. 31 Å) between all lyoprotectors studied. Mixtures with a higher content of the disaccharides (1:3 ratio) have a higher separation distance of approx 40 Å. The higher separation could reduce protein-protein contacts and therefore be associated with less favourable aggregation conditions. In the 1:3 mixtures with glucose and sorbitol, complex SANS and SAXS/WAXS patterns are observed. The pattern for the glucose sample indicate two populations of lysozyme molecules, while the origin of multiple SAXS peaks in the lysozyme/sorbitol 1:3 mixture is uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Protein-protein separation distance is determined predominantly by the lyoprotector/protein weight ratio. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of SANS and SAXS improves understanding of mechanisms of protein stabilization by sugars in freeze-dried formulations, and provide a tool to verify hypothesis on relationship between protein/protein separation and aggregation propensity in the dried state.
Collapse
|
32
|
Effects of different freeze-thaw processes on the bioactivity and digestibility of human milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Bluemel O, Rodrigues MA, Buecheler JW, Geraldes V, Hoelzl G, Hauptmann A, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. Evaluation of Two Novel Scale-Down Devices for Testing Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation During Large-Scale Freezing. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1973-1983. [PMID: 35007568 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for representative small volume devices that reflect monoclonal antibody (mAb) aggregation during freezing and thawing (FT) in large containers. We characterised two novel devices that aim to mimic the stress in rectangular 2 L bottles. The first scale-down device (SDD) consists of a 125 mL bottle surrounded by a 3D printed cover that manipulates heat exchange. The second device, a micro scale-down device (mSDD), adapts cooling and heating of 10 mL vials to extend stress time. MAb aggregation upon repeated FT was evaluated considering formation of higher molecular weight species, subvisible particles, and the increase in hydrodynamic radius, polydispersity index, and optical density at 350 nm. Three different mAb solutions were processed. Both an unshielded 125 mL bottle and the SDD can be used to predict aggregation during FT in 2 L bottles. In specific cases the unshielded 125 mL bottle underestimates whereas the SDD slightly overestimates soluble aggregate formation. The mSDD increases aggregation compared to 10 mL vials but is less representative than the SDD. Ultimately, both SDDs enable characterisation of protein sensitivity to large-scale FT with two orders of magnitude less volume and are superior to simply using smaller bottles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bluemel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel A Rodrigues
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Jakob W Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vitor Geraldes
- CeFEMA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
3D Characterization of Sponge Cake as Affected by Freezing Conditions Using Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography at Negative Temperature. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122915. [PMID: 34945466 PMCID: PMC8700666 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the microstructural evolution of a non-reactive porous model food (sponge cake) during freezing was investigated. Sponge cake samples were frozen at two different rates: slow freezing (0.3 °C min−1) and fast freezing (17.2 °C min−1). Synchrotron X-ray microtomography (µ-CT) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) were used to visualize and analyze the microstructure features. The samples were scanned before and after freezing using a specific thermostated cell (CellStat) combined with the synchrotron beamline. Cryo-SEM and 3D µ-CT image visualization allowed a qualitative analysis of the ice formation and location in the porous structure. An image analysis method based on grey level was used to segment the three phases of the frozen samples: air, ice and starch. Volume fractions of each phase, ice local thickness and shape characterization were determined and discussed according to the freezing rates.
Collapse
|
35
|
Duggirala NK, Sonje J, Yuan X, Shalaev E, Suryanarayanan R. Phase behavior of poloxamer 188 in frozen aqueous solutions - Influence of processing conditions and cosolutes. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121145. [PMID: 34600056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the thermal behavior of poloxamer 188 (P188) in binary (P188-water) and ternary (P188-trehalose-water) solutions during freezing and thawing. The thermal behavior of P188 in frozen (binary and ternary) systems was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-temperature X-ray powder diffractometry (XPRD) as a complementary technique. The influence of processing conditions (cooling rate, annealing) and a noncrystallizing co-solute (addition of trehalose) on the behavior of P188 was evaluated during freezing as well as thawing. In rapidly cooled (10 °C/min) aqueous binary solutions, P188 (10% w/v) was retained in the amorphous state. At slower cooling rates (0.5-5 °C/min), the extent of crystallization depended on the cooling rate. In ternary P188-trehalose-water systems (P188 4% w/v, trehalose 0-10% w/v), a concentration dependent inhibition of P188 crystallization was observed with increasing trehalose concentration. However, irrespective of trehalose concentration, annealing resulted in P188 crystallization. The presence of trehalose as well as the processing conditions (cooling rate and annealing) influenced the physical state of P188 at different stages of freezing and thawing. As the cooling rate decreased, the extent of P188 crystallization progressively increased. In presence of trehalose (≥4.0% w/v) crystallization of P188 (4.0% w/v) was inhibited and this effect could be reversed by annealing. Depending on the intended application, the physical form of P188 could be modulated, by annealing even in presence of a noncrystallizing solute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naga Kiran Duggirala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jayesh Sonje
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaoda Yuan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cui S, Zhang W, Shao X, Cai W. Hyperactive Antifreeze Proteins Promote Ice Growth before Binding to It. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5165-5174. [PMID: 34711054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antifreeze mechanism of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) evolved by organisms has been widely studied. However, detailed knowledge of the synergy between AFPs and ice crystals still remains fragmentary. In the present contribution, the cooperative effect of the hyperactive insect antifreeze protein TmAFP and ice crystals on the interfacial water during the entire process of inhibiting ice growth is systematically investigated at the atomic level and compared with its low activity mutant and a nonantifreeze protein. The results indicate a significant synergy between TmAFP and ice crystals, which enables the TmAFP to promote the ice growth before adsorbing on the surfaces of the ice crystals, while the mutant and the nonantifreeze protein cannot promote the ice growth due to the lack of this synergy. When TmAFP approaches the ice surface, the interfacial water is induced by both the AFP and the ice crystals to form the anchored clathrate motif, which binds TmAFP to the ice surface, resulting in a local increase in the curvature of the ice surface, thereby inhibiting the growth of ice. In this study, three stages, namely, promotion, adsorption, and inhibition, are observed in the complete process of TmAFP inhibiting ice growth, and the synergistic mechanism between protein and ice crystals is revealed. The results are helpful for the design of antifreeze proteins and bioinspired antifreeze materials with superior performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Cui
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xueguang Shao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wensheng Cai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Surface Treatment of Glass Vials for Lyophilization: Implications for Vacuum-Induced Surface Freezing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111766. [PMID: 34834181 PMCID: PMC8625182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze-drying is commonly used to increase the shelf-life of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Freezing represents a crucial phase in the freeze-drying process, as it determines both cycle efficiency and product quality. For this reason, different strategies have been developed to allow for a better control of freezing, among them, the so-called vacuum-induced surface freezing (VISF), which makes it possible to trigger nucleation at the same time in all the vials being processed. We studied the effect of different vial types, characterized by the presence of hydrophilic (sulfate treatment) or hydrophobic (siliconization and TopLyo Si–O–C–H layer) inner coatings, on the application of VISF. We observed that hydrophobic coatings promoted boiling and blow-up phenomena, resulting in unacceptable aesthetic defects in the final product. In contrast, hydrophilic coatings increased the risk of fogging (i.e., the undesired creeping of the product upward along the inner vial surface). We also found that the addition of a surfactant (Tween 80) to the formulation suppressed boiling in hydrophobic-coated vials, but it enhanced the formation of bubbles. This undesired bubbling events induced by the surfactant could, however, be eliminated by a degassing step prior to the application of VISF. Overall, the combination of degasification and surfactant addition seems to be a promising strategy for the successful induction of nucleation by VISF in hydrophobic vials.
Collapse
|
38
|
Investigation of the Freezing Phenomenon in Vials Using an Infrared Camera. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101664. [PMID: 34683957 PMCID: PMC8539506 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The freezing phenomenon has a dramatic impact on the quality of freeze-dried products. Several freezing models applied to solutions in vials have been proposed to predict the resulting product morphology and describe heat transfer mechanisms. However, there is a lack of detailed experimental observations of the freezing phenomenon in vials in the literature. Thus, the present work offers new experimental observations of the freezing phenomenon in vials by infrared (IR) thermography. IR imaging allowed each vial’s whole axial temperature profile to be collected during freezing, providing significant insights into the process. Spontaneous nucleation and vacuum-induced surface freezing (VISF), as a controlled nucleation technique, are investigated. Batches having vials in direct contact with the shelf (exchanging heat mainly through conduction) as well as suspended (exchanging heat mainly through natural convection and radiation) were tested. The study used three solutions: sucrose 5%, mannitol 5%, and dextran 10%. SEM images coupled with an automated image segmentation technique were also performed to examine possible correlations between the freezing observations and the resulting pore size distributions. IR thermography was found to be a promising tool for experimentally predicting the resulting product morphology in-line.
Collapse
|
39
|
Bao Y, Ertbjerg P, Estévez M, Yuan L, Gao R. Freezing of meat and aquatic food: Underlying mechanisms and implications on protein oxidation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5548-5569. [PMID: 34564951 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent decades,protein oxidation in muscle foods has gained increasing research interests as it is known that protein oxidation can affect eating quality and nutritional value of meat and aquatic products. Protein oxidation occurs during freezing/thawing and frozen storage of muscle foods, leading to irreversible physicochemical changes and impaired quality traits. Controlling oxidative damage to muscle foods during such technological processes requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of freezing-induced protein oxidation. This review focus on key physicochemical factors in freezing/thawing and frozen storage of muscle foods, such as formation of ice crystals, freeze concentrating and macromolecular crowding effect, instability of proteins at the ice-water interface, freezer burn, lipid oxidation, and so on. Possible relationships between these physicochemical factors and protein oxidation are thoroughly discussed. In addition, the occurrence of protein oxidation, the impact on eating quality and nutrition, and controlling methods are also briefly reviewed. This review will shed light on the complicated mechanism of protein oxidation in frozen muscle foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Per Ertbjerg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mario Estévez
- Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ruichang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thakral S, Sonje J, Munjal B, Suryanarayanan R. Stabilizers and their interaction with formulation components in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:1-19. [PMID: 33741437 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on protein stabilization during freezing and freeze-drying in relation to stress conditions commonly encountered during these processes. The traditional as well as refined mechanisms by which excipients may stabilize proteins are presented. These stabilizers encompass a wide variety of compounds including sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, surfactants, buffers and polymers. The rational selection of excipients for use in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations is presented. Lyophilized protein formulations are generally multicomponent systems, providing numerous possibilities of excipient-excipient and protein-excipient interactions. The interplay of different formulation components on the protein stability and excipient functionality in the frozen and freeze-dried systems are reviewed, with discussion of representative examples of such interactions.
Collapse
|
41
|
Rospiccio M, Arsiccio A, Winter G, Pisano R. The Role of Cyclodextrins against Interface-Induced Denaturation in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Molecular Dynamics Approach. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2322-2333. [PMID: 33999634 PMCID: PMC8289300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein-based pharmaceutical
products are subject to a variety
of environmental stressors, during both production and shelf-life.
In order to preserve their structure, and, therefore, functionality,
it is necessary to use excipients as stabilizing agents. Among the
eligible stabilizers, cyclodextrins (CDs) have recently gained interest
in the scientific community thanks to their properties. Here, a computational
approach is proposed to clarify the role of β-cyclodextrin (βCD)
and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) against granulocyte
colony-stimulating (GCSF) factor denaturation at the air–water
and ice–water interfaces, and also in bulk water at 300 or
260 K. Both traditional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and enhanced
sampling techniques (metadynamics, MetaD) are used to shed light on
the underlying molecular mechanisms. Bulk simulations revealed that
CDs were preferentially included within the surface hydration layer
of GCSF, and even included some peptide residues in their hydrophobic
cavity. HPβCD was able to stabilize the protein against surface-induced
denaturation in proximity of the air–water interface, while
βCD had a destabilizing effect. No remarkable conformational
changes of GCSF, or noticeable effect of the CDs, were instead observed
at the ice surface. GCSF seemed less stable at low temperature (260
K), which may be attributed to cold-denaturation effects. In this
case, CDs did not significantly improve conformational stability.
In general, the conformationally altered regions of GCSF seemed not
to depend on the presence of excipients that only modulated the extent
of destabilization with either a positive or a negative effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Rospiccio
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Andrea Arsiccio
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lo JCK, Pan HW, Lam JKW. Inhalable Protein Powder Prepared by Spray-Freeze-Drying Using Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Excipient. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050615. [PMID: 33923196 PMCID: PMC8145196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prospect of inhaled biologics has garnered particular interest given the benefits of the pulmonary route of administration. Pertinent considerations in producing inhalable dry powders containing biological medicines relate to aerosol performance and protein stability. Spray-freeze-drying (SFD) has emerged as an established method to generate microparticles that can potentially be deposited in the lungs. Here, the SFD conditions and formulation composition were evaluated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) as the protein stabilizer. A factorial design analysis was performed to investigate the effects of BSA content, solute concentration of feed solution, and atomization gas flow rate on dispersibility (as an emitted fraction), respirability (as fine particle fraction), particle size, and level of protein aggregation. The atomization gas flow rate was identified as a significant factor in influencing the aerosol performance of the powder formulations and protein aggregation. Nonetheless, high atomization gas flow rate induced aggregation, highlighting the need to further optimize the formulation. Of note, all the formulations exhibited excellent dispersibility, while no fragmentation of BSA occurred, indicating the feasibility of SFD and the promise of HPβCD as an excipient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. K. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.K.L.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Harry W. Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.K.L.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Jenny K. W. Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.K.L.); (H.W.P.)
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3917-9599
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Changes in bioactive proteins and serum proteome of human milk under different frozen storage. Food Chem 2021; 352:129436. [PMID: 33691214 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate changes in macronutrients, total bacterial count, and serum proteome of human milk (HM) under different frozen storage (-18°C and -60°C, 60 d and 180 d) by using IBT Labeling proteomics techniques and ELISA kit. The results indicated that total protein concentrations and total aerobic bacterial counts were significantly decreased at -18°C, while no difference at -60°C. A total of 1617 proteins were identified and quantified, and 173 proteins were significantly different. The -18°C storage had much higher influence on HM serum protein profiles than that of -60°C. Increased milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins at -18°C are highly related to the damage of MFGM and transfer of MFGM proteins. The reduction of bioactive proteins is probably related to the ice-induced denaturation. In conclusion, fast cooling and ultra-low constant temperature are more suitable for the cryopreservation of human milk.
Collapse
|
44
|
Veselý L, Susrisweta B, Heger D. Making good's buffers good for freezing: The acidity changes and their elimination via mixing with sodium phosphate. Int J Pharm 2021; 593:120128. [PMID: 33271311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Solutions of three Good's buffers (HEPES, MOPS, and MES), both pure and mixed with sodium phosphate buffers (Na-P), are investigated in terms of the freezing-induced acidity changes in their operational pH ranges. The Good's buffers have the tendency to basify upon freezing and, more intensively, at lower pHs. The acidity varies most prominently in MES, where the change may reach the value of two. Importantly, the Good's buffers are shown to mitigate the strong acidification in the Na-P buffer. Diverse concentrations of the Good's buffers are added to cancel out the strong, freezing-induced acidity drop in 50 mM Na-P that markedly contributes to the solution's acidity; the relevant values are 3 mM HEPES, 10 mM MOPS, and 80 mM MES. These buffer blends are therefore proposed to be applied in maintaining approximately the acidity of solutions even after the freezing process and, as such, should limit the stresses for frozen chemicals and biochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Behera Susrisweta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Formation and Control of Ice Crystal and Its Impact on the Quality of Frozen Aquatic Products: A Review. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although freezing has been used to delay the deterioration of product quality and extend its shelf life, the formation of ice crystals inevitably destroys product quality. This comprehensive review describes detailed information on the effects of ice crystals on aquatic products during freezing storage. The affecting factors (including nucleation temperature, freezing point, freezing rate, and temperature fluctuation) on the size, number, distribution, and shape of ice crystals are also elaborated in detail. Meanwhile, the corresponding technologies to control ice crystals have been developed based on these affecting factors to control the formation of ice crystals by inhibiting or inducing ice crystallization. In addition, the effects of ice crystals on the water, texture, and protein of aquatic products are comprehensively discussed, and the paper tries to describe their underlying mechanisms. This review can provide an understanding of ice crystallization in the aquatic products during freezing and contribute more clues for maintaining frozen food quality.
Collapse
|
46
|
Butreddy A, Janga KY, Ajjarapu S, Sarabu S, Dudhipala N. Instability of therapeutic proteins - An overview of stresses, stabilization mechanisms and analytical techniques involved in lyophilized proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:309-325. [PMID: 33275971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state is the preferred choice for storage of protein therapeutics to improve stability and preserve the biological activity by decreasing the physical and chemical degradation associated with liquid protein formulations. Lyophilization or freeze-drying is an effective drying method to overcome the instability problems of proteins. However, the processing steps (freezing, primary drying and secondary drying) involved in the lyophilization process can expose the proteins to various stress and harsh conditions, leading to denaturation, aggregation often a loss in activity of protein therapeutics. Stabilizers such as sugars and surfactants are often added to protect the proteins against physical stress associated with lyophilization process and storage conditions. Another way to curtail the degradation of proteins due to process related stress is by modification of the lyophilization process. Slow freezing, high nucleation temperature, decreasing the extent of supercooling, and annealing can minimize the formation of the interface (ice-water) by producing large ice crystals with less surface area, thereby preserving the native structure and stability of the proteins. Hence, a thorough understanding of formulation composition, lyophilization process parameters and the choice of analytical methods to characterize and monitor the protein instability is crucial for development of stable therapeutic protein products. This review provides an overview of various stress conditions that proteins might encounter during lyophilization process, mechanisms to improve the stability and analytical techniques to tackle the proteins instability during both freeze-drying and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Formulation R&D, Biological E. Limited, IKP Knowledge Park, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500078, India; Laboratory of Nanotechnology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State 506009, India
| | - Karthik Yadav Janga
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State 506009, India
| | - Srinivas Ajjarapu
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Sandeep Sarabu
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State 506009, India
| | - Narendar Dudhipala
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State 506009, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal, Telangana State 506 005, India..
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Seifert I, Friess W. Freeze concentration during freezing: How does the maximally freeze concentrated solution influence protein stability? Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119810. [PMID: 32866649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During freeze drying of biologics, a highly viscous freeze concentrate (FC) is formed upon the initial freezing due to the crystallisation of ice. Protein stability in this freeze concentrated phase is not yet well understood, but can decide upon the success of the lyophilisation itself. Protein stability may be high below the Tg' as it is typically the case during primary drying but decreases above Tg', e.g. during annealing or during aggressive freeze drying above Tg' in presence of a crystalline bulking agent or, beyond freeze drying, during storage of frozen bulk. Different FCs containing monoclonal antibody, sucrose, histidine or phosphate buffer and sodium chloride were prepared via partial freeze drying and analysed for protein aggregation. No solute crystallisation is visible and the systems are vitrifying during cooling. Increasing sugar or buffer concentration showed positive effects on either melting and aggregation temperature or on protein self-interaction as indicated by A2 values. Protein integrity in the FC was not affected by 1 month storage at temperatures above Tg'. Thus, upconcentration of solutes during freezing does not negatively impact protein stability. Exceeding Tg' during freeze drying e.g. upon annealing or, intentionally or unintentionally, during primary drying does not lead to protein aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Seifert
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ostermeier L, de Oliveira GAP, Dzwolak W, Silva JL, Winter R. Exploring the polymorphism, conformational dynamics and function of amyloidogenic peptides and proteins by temperature and pressure modulation. Biophys Chem 2020; 268:106506. [PMID: 33221697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of amyloid structures and the mechanisms by which disease-associated peptides and proteins self-assemble into these fibrillar aggregates, has advanced considerably in recent years. It is also established that amyloid fibrils are generally polymorphic. The molecular structures of the aggregation intermediates and the causes of molecular and structural polymorphism are less understood, however. Such information is mandatory to explain the pathological diversity of amyloid diseases. What is also clear is that not only protein mutations, but also the physiological milieu, i.e. pH, cosolutes, crowding and surface interactions, have an impact on fibril formation. In this minireview, we focus on the effect of the less explored physical parameters temperature and pressure on the fibrillization propensity of proteins and how these variables can be used to reveal additional mechanistic information about intermediate states of fibril formation and molecular and structural polymorphism. Generally, amyloids are very stable and can resist harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme pH, high temperature and high pressure, and can hence serve as valuable functional amyloid. As an example, we discuss the effect of temperature and pressure on the catalytic activity of peptide amyloid fibrils that exhibit enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ostermeier
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Street 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guilherme A P de Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Wojciech Dzwolak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerson L Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Street 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Digital Twin for Lyophilization by Process Modeling in Manufacturing of Biologics. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyophilization stabilizes formulated biologics for storage, transport and application to patients. In process design and operation it is the link between downstream processing and with final formulation to fill and finish. Recent activities in Quality by Design (QbD) have resulted in approaches by regulatory authorities and the need to include Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools. An approach is outlined to validate a predictive physical-chemical (rigorous) lyophilization process model to act quantitatively as a digital twin in order to allow accelerated process design by modeling and to further-on develop autonomous process optimization and control towards real time release testing. Antibody manufacturing is chosen as a typical example for actual biologics needs. Literature is reviewed and the presented procedure is exemplified to quantitatively and consistently validate the physical-chemical process model with aid of an experimental statistical DOE (design of experiments) in pilot scale.
Collapse
|