1
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Brack L, Merkel O, Schroeder R. A rapid method to monitor structural perturbations of high-concentrated therapeutic antibody solutions using Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114377. [PMID: 38955284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Drug product development of therapeutic antibody formulations is still dictated by the risk of protein particle formation during processing or storage, which can lead to loss of potency and potential immunogenic reactions. Since structural perturbations are the main driver for irreversible protein aggregation, the conformational integrity of antibodies should be closely monitored. The present study evaluated the applicability of a plate reader-based high throughput method for Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission (ITFE) spectroscopy to detect protein aggregation due to protein unfolding in high-concentrated therapeutic antibody samples. The impact of fluorophore concentration on the ITFE signal in microplate readers was investigated by analysis of dilution series of two therapeutic antibodies and pure tryptophan. At low antibody concentrations (< 5 mg/mL, equivalent to 0.8 mM tryptophan), the low inner filter effect suggests a quasi-linear relationship between antibody concentration and ITFE intensity. In contrast, the constant ITFE intensity at high protein concentrations (> 40 mg/mL, equivalent to 6.1 mM tryptophan) indicate that ITFE spectroscopy measurements of IgG1 antibodies are feasible in therapeutically relevant concentrations (up to 223 mg/mL). Furthermore, the capability of the method to detect low levels of unfolding (around 1 %) was confirmed by limit of detection (LOD) determination with temperature-stressed antibody samples as degradation standards. Change of fluorescence intensity at the maximum (ΔIaM) was identified as sensitive descriptor for protein degradation, providing the lowest LOD values. The results demonstrate that ITFE spectroscopy performed in a microplate reader is a valuable tool for high-throughput monitoring of protein degradation in therapeutic antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brack
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Product Development Science & Technology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Olivia Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schroeder
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Product Development Science & Technology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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2
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Jogdeo CM, Bhattacharya DS, Lin V, Kolhe P, Badkar A. Assessing Physicochemical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies in a Simulated Subcutaneous Environment. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1854-1864. [PMID: 38341129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being increasingly administered by the subcutaneous (SC) route compared to the traditional intravenous route. Despite the growing popularity of the subcutaneous route, our current knowledge regarding the intricate mechanistic changes happening in the formulation after injection in the subcutaneous space, as well as the in vivo stability of administered mAbs, remains quite limited. Changes in the protein environment as it transitions from a stabilized, formulated drug product in an appropriate container closure to the SC tissue environment can drastically impact the structural stability and integrity of the injected protein. Interactions of the protein with components of the extracellular matrix can lead to changes in its structure, potentially impacting both safety and efficacy. Investigating protein stability in the SC space can enable early assessment of risk and performance of subcutaneously administered proteins influencing clinical decisions and formulation development strategies. The Subcutaneous Injection Site Simulator (SCISSOR) is a novel in vitro system that mimics the subcutaneous injection site and models the events that a protein goes through as it transitions from a stabilized formulation environment to the dynamic physiological space. In this paper, we utilize the SCISSOR to probe for biophysical and chemical changes in seven mAbs post SC injection using a variety of analytical techniques. After 24 h, all mAbs demonstrated a relative decrease in conformational stability, an increase in fragmentation, and elevated acidic species. Higher order structure analysis revealed a deviation in the secondary structure from the standard and an increase in the number of unordered species. Our findings suggest an overall reduced stability of mAbs after subcutaneous administration. This reduced stability could have a potential impact on safety and efficacy. In vitro systems such as the SCISSOR combined with downstream analyses have potential to provide valuable information for assessing the suitability of lead molecules and aid in formulation design optimized for administration in the intended body compartment, thus improving chances of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay M Jogdeo
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Deep S Bhattacharya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA.
| | - Vicky Lin
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Parag Kolhe
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Advait Badkar
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
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3
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Wang S, Zhang W, Yang B, Zhang X, Fang J, Rui H, Chen Z, Gu J, Chen Z, Xu J. A case study of a bispecific antibody manufacturability assessment and optimization during discovery stage and its implications. Antib Ther 2024; 7:189-198. [PMID: 39036070 PMCID: PMC11259756 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The manufacturability assessment and optimization of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) during the discovery stage are crucial for the success of the drug development process, impacting the speed and cost of advancing such therapeutics to the Investigational New Drug (IND) stage and ultimately to the market. The complexity of bsAbs creates challenges in employing effective evaluation methods to detect developability risks in early discovery stage, and poses difficulties in identifying the root causes and implementing subsequent engineering solutions. This study presents a case of engineering a bsAb that displayed a normal solution appearance during the discovery phase but underwent significant precipitation when subjected to agitation stress during 15 L Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) production Leveraging analytical tools, structural analysis, in silico prediction, and wet-lab validations, the key molecular origins responsible for the observed precipitation were identified and addressed. Sequence engineering to reduce protein surface hydrophobicity and enhance conformational stability proved effective in resolving agitation-induced aggregation. The refined bsAb sequences enabled successful mass production in CMC department. The findings of this case study contribute to the understanding of the fundamental mechanism of agitation-induced aggregation and offer a potential protein engineering procedure for addressing similar issues in bsAb. Furthermore, this case study emphasizes the significance of a close partnership between Discovery and CMC teams. Integrating CMC's rigorous evaluation methods with Discovery's engineering capability can facilitate a streamlined development process for bsAb molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Baotian Yang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Haopeng Rui
- D3 Bio (Wuxi) Co., Ltd., 1101, 11/F, Building 1, No.6, Lane 38, Yuanshen Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- D3 Bio (Wuxi) Co., Ltd., 1101, 11/F, Building 1, No.6, Lane 38, Yuanshen Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jijie Gu
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- D3 Bio (Wuxi) Co., Ltd., 1101, 11/F, Building 1, No.6, Lane 38, Yuanshen Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
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4
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van Haaren C, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Study of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation at the Air-Liquid Interface under Flow by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5858-5868. [PMID: 38445553 PMCID: PMC10956494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Throughout bioprocessing, transportation, and storage, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) experience stress conditions that may cause protein unfolding and/or chemical modifications. Such structural changes may lead to the formation of aggregates, which reduce mAb potency and may cause harmful immunogenic responses in patients. Therefore, aggregates need to be detected and removed or ideally prevented from forming. Air-liquid interfaces, which arise during various stages of bioprocessing, are one of the stress factors causing mAb aggregation. In this study, the behavior of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) at the air-liquid interface was investigated under flow using macro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging. This chemically specific imaging technique allows observation of adsorption of IgG to the air-liquid interface and detection of associated secondary structural changes. Chemical images revealed that IgG rapidly accumulated around an injected air bubble under flow at 45 °C; however, no such increase was observed at 25 °C. Analysis of the second derivative spectra of IgG at the air-liquid interface revealed changes in the protein secondary structure associated with increased intermolecular β-sheet content, indicative of aggregated IgG. The addition of 0.01% w/v polysorbate 80 (PS80) reduced the amount of IgG at the air-liquid interface in a static setup at 30 °C; however, this protective effect was lost at 45 °C. These results suggest that the presence of air-liquid interfaces under flow may be detrimental to mAb stability at elevated temperatures and demonstrate the power of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging for studying the structural integrity of mAbs under bioprocessing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline van Haaren
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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5
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Sreenivasan S, Patil SS, Rathore AS. Does Aggregation of Therapeutic IgGs in PBS Offer a True Picture of What Happens in Models Derived from Human Body Fluids? J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:596-603. [PMID: 37717637 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are known to form aggregates due to various factors. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), human serum, and human serum filtrate (HSF) are some of the models used to analyze mAb stability in physiologically relevant in-vitro conditions. In this study, aggregation of mAb in PBS and models derived from body fluids seeded with mAb samples subjected to various stresses were compared. Samples containing mAb subjected to pH, temperature, UV light, stirring, and interfacial agitation stress were seeded into different models for 2 case studies. In the first case study, %HMW (high molecular weight species) of mAb in PBS and HSF were compared using size exclusion chromatography. It was found that change in %HMW was higher in PBS compared to HSF. For example, PBS containing mAb that was subjected to UV light stress showed change in HMW by >10 % over 72 h, but the change was <5 % in HSF. In second case study, aggregates particles of FITC tagged mAb were monitored in PBS and serum using fluorescence microscope image processing. It was found that PBS and serum containing mAb subjected to stirring and interfacial agitation resulted in aggregates of >2 µm size, and average size and percentage number of particles having >10 µm size was higher in serum compared to PBS at all analysis time point. Overall, it was found that aggregation of mAb in PBS was different from that in human body fluids. Second case study also showed the importance of advanced strategies for further characterization of mAb in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas-110016, India
| | - Sanjeet S Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas-110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas-110016, India.
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6
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Sreenivasan S, Rathore AS. Taurine, a Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, as a Physical Stability Enhancer of Different Monoclonal Antibodies. AAPS J 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 38355847 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a major concern as it affects efficacy, shelf-life, and safety of the product. Taurine, a naturally occurring amino acid, is investigated in this study as a potential mAb stabilizer with an extensive analytical characterization to monitor product degradation. Forced degradation of trastuzumab biosimilar (mAb1)-containing samples by thermal stress for 30 min resulted in high-molecular-weight species by more than 65% in sample without taurine compared to the sample with taurine. Samples containing mAb1 without taurine also resulted in higher Z-average diameter, altered protein structure, higher hydrophobicity, and lower melting temperature compared to samples with taurine. The stabilizing effect of taurine was retained at different mAb and taurine concentrations, time, temperatures, and buffers, and at the presence of polysorbate 80 (PS80). Even the lowest taurine concentration (10 mM) considered in this study, which is in the range of taurine levels in amino acid injections, resulted in enhanced mAb stability. Taurine-containing samples resulted in 90% less hemolysis than samples containing PS80. Additionally, mAb in the presence of taurine showed enhanced stability upon subjecting to stress with light of 365 nm wavelength, combination of light and H2O2, and combination of Fe2+ and H2O2, as samples containing mAb without taurine resulted in increased degradation products by more than 50% compared to samples with taurine upon subjecting to these stresses for 60 min. In conclusion, the presence of taurine enhanced physical stability of mAb by preventing aggregate formation, and the industry can consider it as a new mAb stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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7
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Li M, Wang Y, Tao F, Xu P, Zhang S. QTY code designed antibodies for aggregation prevention: A structural bioinformatic and computational study. Proteins 2024; 92:206-218. [PMID: 37795805 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are the most rapidly growing class of molecular medicine, and they are beneficial to the treatment of a broad spectrum of human diseases. However, the aggregation of antibodies during the process of manufacture, distribution, and storage poses significant challenges, potentially compromising efficacy and inducing adverse immune responses. We previously conceived a QTY (glutamine, threonine, tyrosine) code, a simple tool for enhancing protein water-solubility by systematically pairwise replacing hydrophobic residues L (leucine), V (valine)/I (isoleucine), and F (phenylalanine). The QTY code offers a promising alternative to traditional methods of controlling aggregation in integral transmembrane proteins. In this study, we designed variants of four antibodies applying the QTY code, changing only the β-sheets. Through the structure-based aggregation analysis, we found that these QTY antibody variants demonstrated significantly decreased aggregation propensity compared to their wild-type counter parts. Our results of molecular dynamics simulations showed that the design by QTY code is capable of maintaining the antigen-binding affinity and structural stability. Our structural informatic and computational study suggests that the QTY code offers a significant potential in mitigating antibody aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Wu KW, Chen TH, Yang TC, Wang SC, Shameem M, Graham KS. Continuous monitoring of a monoclonal antibody by size exclusion chromatography reveals a correlation between system suitability parameters and column aging. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115622. [PMID: 37540994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a foundational analytical method to assess product purity of biological molecules. To ensure accurate and reproducible data that meet regulatory agency standards, it is critical to monitor the chromatographic column with efficient and continuous approaches. In this study, 19 SEC columns (Waters Acquity BEH200) were evaluated using an in-house monoclonal antibody made at Regeneron. System suitability parameters (SSPs) were used to monitor the performance of the SEC assay, including USP resolution, USP plate count, USP tailing factor, asymmetry factor, elution time, peak width, and peak height. A general linear model was built and revealed that elution time, peak width, asymmetry factor, and tailing factor increased with injection number, while peak height, resolution, and plate count decreased. After 1000 injections, tailing factor and peak width increased by more than 10%, while resolution and plate count decreased by more than 10% from their respective starting values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Tse-Hong Chen
- Formulation Development Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
| | - Teng-Chieh Yang
- Formulation Development Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Formulation Development Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Formulation Development Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kenneth S Graham
- Formulation Development Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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9
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Bhattacharya S, Rathore AS. A novel filter-assisted protein precipitation (FAPP) based sample pre-treatment method for LC-MS peptide mapping for biosimilar characterization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115527. [PMID: 37364451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Establishing analytical and functional comparability serves as the foundation of biosimilar development. A critical part of this exercise is sequence similarity search and categorization of post-translational modifications (PTMs), often by peptide mapping using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). When performing bottom-up proteomic sample preparation, efficient digestion of the protein and extraction of peptides for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis can be a challenge. Conventional sample preparation strategies face the risk of allowing interference of chemicals which are essential for extraction but are likely to interfere with digestion, resulting in complex chromatographic profiles due to semi-cleavages, insufficient peptide cleavages, and other unwanted reactions. Further, peptide cleanup through commonly used immobilized C-18 pipette tips can cause significant peptide loss as well as variability in individual peptide yields, thereby causing artifacts of various product-related modifications. In this study, we proposed a simple enzymatic digestion technique by incorporating different molecular weight filters and protein precipitation, with the objective to minimize interference of denaturing, reducing, and alkylating agents throughout overnight digestion. As a result, the need for peptide cleanup is significantly reduced and results in higher peptide yield. The proposed FAPP approach outperformed the conventional method across multiple metrics including, 30% more peptides, 8.19% more fully digested peptides, 14% higher sequence coverage rate, and 11.82% more site-specific alterations. Quantitative and qualitative repeatability of the proposed approach have been demonstrated. It can be concluded that the filter-assisted protein precipitation (FAPP) protocol proposed in this study offers an effective substitute for the traditional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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10
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Kumar S, Savane TS, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Aggregates and Charge Variants of Monoclonal Antibody through Native 2D-SEC-MS-WCX-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37327380 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of critical quality attributes such as size and charge-related heterogeneities is essential for biopharmaceutical manufacturers. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the preferred analytical technique for the quantification of aggregates and fragments in the product, whereas weak-cation exchange chromatography (WCX) is widely used for the characterization of charge variants of biotherapeutic products, in particular monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Multiattribute monitoring offers the ability to monitor these attributes in a single run flow using two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). Typically, in this approach, only the second-dimension samples are directly analyzed through mass spectrometry, as the first dimension has limitations concerning direct coupling with mass spectrometry. In the present study, a novel 2D-SEC-MS/WCX-MS workflow has been proposed, in which chromatography of both dimensions (D1 and D2) was directly coupled with mass spectrometry, through which size-related and charge-related variants of monoclonal antibody mAb A were analyzed simultaneously in their native form. In comparison to stand-alone SEC and WCX methods, this method enables simultaneous analysis of size and charge variants in a single workflow without manual intervention, allowing analysis of low abundant variants. Further, this method has 75% less sample requirement and a shorter analysis time (25 min vs 90 min) when size and charge variants were analyzed individually. The proposed native 2D-LC-MS workflow was used to analyze a stressed sample of mAb A, in which D1 analysis revealed the presence of aggregates (8-20%), which were primarily dimers, whereas D2 analysis showed an increment in acidic variants (9-21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tushar Sharad Savane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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11
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Bhattacharya S, Joshi S, Rathore AS. A native multi-dimensional monitoring workflow for at-line characterization of mAb titer, size, charge, and glycoform heterogeneities in cell culture supernatant. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463983. [PMID: 37054641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
With growing maturity of the biopharmaceutical industry, new modalities entering the therapeutic design space and increasing complexity of formulations such as combination therapy, the demands and requirements on analytical workflows have also increased. A recent evolution in newer analytical workflows is that of multi-attribute monitoring workflows designed on chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) platform. In comparison to traditional one attribute per workflow paradigm, multi-attribute workflows are designed to monitor multiple critical quality attributes through a single workflow, thus reducing the overall time to information and increasing efficiency and throughput. While the 1st generation multi-attribute workflows focused on bottom-up characterization following peptide digestion, the more recent workflows have been focussing on characterization of intact biologics, preferably in native state. So far intact multi-attribute monitoring workflows suitable for comparability, utilizing single dimension chromatography coupled with MS have been published. In this study, we describe a native multi-dimensional multi-attribute monitoring workflow for at-line characterization of monoclonal antibody (mAb) titer, size, charge, and glycoform heterogeneities directly in cell culture supernatant. This has been achieved through coupling ProA in series with size exclusion chromatography in 1st dimension followed by cation exchange chromatography in the 2nd dimension. Intact paired glycoform characterization has been achieved through coupling 2D-LC with q-ToF-MS. The workflow with a single heart cut can be completed in 25 mins and utilizes 2D-liquid chromatography (2D-LC) to maximize separation and monitoring of titer, size as well as charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghati Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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12
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Takano M, Inoue M, Ikeda Y, Kage H, Inokawa T, Nakadate K, Yasu T, Tsuda Y, Goto K. SEM Observation of the Filter after Administration of Blinatumomab: A Possibility of Leakage during Home Administration Using a Portable Infusion Pump. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065729. [PMID: 36982821 PMCID: PMC10052184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Blinatumomab (Blincyto® injection solution) is classified as a bispecific T-cell engaging (BiTE) antibody and is intended for the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It requires continuous infusion to maintain therapeutic levels. Therefore, it is often administered at home. Monoclonal antibodies, which are administered intravenously, have the potential to leak depending on the nature of the administration devices. Therefore, we investigated device-associated causes of blinatumomab leakage. We observed no apparent changes to the filter and its materials after exposure to the injection solution and surfactant. From scanning electron microscopic images, precipitate on the surface of the filters was observed after physical stimulation of the injection solution. Therefore, physical stimulations should be avoided during the prolonged administration of blinatumomab. In conclusion, the findings of this study assist in the safe administration of antibodies using portable infusion pumps, taking into consideration the composition of drug excipients and the choice of filter type and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Takano
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Motoki Inoue
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kage
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Tohru Inokawa
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakadate
- Department of Basic Science, Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takeo Yasu
- Department of Medicinal Therapy Research, Pharmaceutical Education and Research Center, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Tsuda
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Kazumi Goto
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
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13
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Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.
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14
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Physicochemical factors of bioprocessing impact the stability of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Dash R, Singh SK, Chirmule N, Rathore AS. Assessment of Functional Characterization and Comparability of Biotherapeutics: a Review. AAPS J 2021; 24:15. [PMID: 34931298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biosimilars is a complex process. The key to their successful development and commercialization is an in-depth understanding of the key product attributes that impact safety and efficacy and the strategies to control them. Functional assessment of mAb is a crucial part of the comparability of biopharmaceutical drugs. The development of a relevant and robust functional assay requires an interdisciplinary approach and sufficient flexibility to balance regulatory concerns as well as dynamics and variability during the manufacturing process. Although many advanced tools are available to study and compare the potency and bioactivity of the protein, most of these techniques suffer from major shortcomings that limit their routine use. These include the complexity of the task, establishment of the relevance of the chosen method with the mechanism of action (MOA) of the biosimilar, cost and extended time of analysis, and often the ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting data. To overcome or to address these challenges, the use of multiple orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is a necessary prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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16
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Image Analysis Algorithm-Based Platform for Determining Micron and Higher Aggregate Size Distribution of Therapeutic IgG Using Brightfield and Fluorescence Microscope Images. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1747-1763. [PMID: 34664205 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A platform for determining size distribution of micron (1-100 μm) and larger (> 100 μm) aggregates of therapeutic IgG has been established by using image processing algorithms for brightfield and fluorescence microscope images. The algorithm for brightfield images involved conversion to grayscale followed by pixel-based and size-based thresholding. Morphological operations were then applied and the size distribution of aggregates were extracted. Fluorescence images of the aggregates of mAb tagged by a fluorescent dye were captured using widefield fluorescence microscope, confocal laser scanning microscope, and Cytell Cell Imaging System and the images were processed using a series of denoising steps followed by thresholding and morphological operations. The samples were subjected to different stresses, among which the aggregates were visible in the microscope for sample subjected to bubbling, stirring, and temperature. The images of these aggregates were effectively denoised and the size distribution of aggregates was analyzed using the algorithm. The overall aggregate size distribution obtained by image processing ranged in the micron and higher size range. The size obtained from brightfield image processing was validated using images of liquid chromatography resins. Further, the aggregate size distribution obtained using image processing was compared with experimental techniques such as Mastersizer 2000 and Micro Flow Imaging. It was found that analysis of IgG aggregates using image processing could serve as an orthogonal methodology to the existing approaches.
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17
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Sreenivasan S, Jiskoot W, Rathore AS. Rapid aggregation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by bubbling induced air/liquid interfacial and agitation stress at different conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:97-109. [PMID: 34461215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) due to interfacial agitation through air bubbling was investigated. Samples containing mAb in phosphate buffered saline were subjected to rapid bubbling by using a peristaltic pump at an air flow rate of 11.5 mL/min. Samples were analyzed by visual observation, UV-Vis, fluorescence, circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and cell-based activity assays. The stressed samples showed increasing turbidity with bubbling time, with mAb1 showing a protein loss of 53% in the supernatant at the latest time point (240 min), indicating formation of sub-visible and visible aggregates. Aggregate rich samples exhibited altered secondary structure and higher hydrophobicity with 40% reduction in activity. The supernatants of the stressed samples showed unchanged secondary and tertiary structure without the presence of any oligomers in SEC. Furthermore, the impact of various factors that could affect aggregation was investigated and it was found that the extent of aggregation was affected by protein concentration, sample volume, presence of surfactants, temperature, air flow rate, and presence of silicone oil. In conclusion, exposure to air/liquid interfacial stress through bubbling into liquid mAb samples effectively generated sub-visible and visible aggregates, making air bubbling an attractive approach for interfacial stress degradation studies of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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18
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Bansal R, Jha SK, Jha NK. Size-based Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins - Mechanisms, Modelling and Control. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:68-84. [PMID: 34146465 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are in great demand due to their effectiveness towards hard-to-treat diseases. Despite their high demand, these bio-therapeutics are very susceptible to degradation via aggregation, fragmentation, oxidation, and reduction, all of which are very likely to affect the quality and efficacy of the product. Mechanisms and modelling of these degradation (aggregation and fragmentation) pathways is critical for gaining a deeper understanding of stability of these products. This review aims to provide a summary of major developments that have occurred towards unravelling the mechanisms of size-based protein degradation (particularly aggregation and fragmentation), modelling of these size-based degradation pathways, and their control. Major caveats that remain in our understanding and control of size-based protein degradation have also been presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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A novel piperazine derivative that targets hepatitis B surface antigen effectively inhibits tenofovir resistant hepatitis B virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11723. [PMID: 34083665 PMCID: PMC8175705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem. The loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum is a therapeutic end point. Prolonged therapy with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues targeting the HBV-polymerase may lead to resistance and rarely results in the loss of HBsAg. Therefore, inhibitors targeting HBsAg may have potential therapeutic applications. Here, we used computational virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify potential small molecule inhibitors against HBsAg. After screening a million molecules from ZINC database, we identified small molecules with potential anti-HBV activity. Subsequently, cytotoxicity profiles and anti-HBV activities of these small molecules were tested using a widely used cell culture model for HBV. We identified a small molecule (ZINC20451377) which binds to HBsAg with high affinity, with a KD of 65.3 nM, as determined by Surface Plasmon Resonance spectroscopy. Notably, the small molecule inhibited HBsAg production and hepatitis B virion secretion (10 μM) at low micromolar concentrations and was also efficacious against a HBV quadruple mutant (CYEI mutant) resistant to tenofovir. We conclude that this small molecule exhibits strong anti-HBV properties and merits further testing.
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20
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Dash R, Rathore AS. Freeze thaw and lyophilization induced alteration in mAb therapeutics: Trastuzumab as a case study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114122. [PMID: 33989996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stability of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is necessary for their successful commercialization. Freeze-thaw (F/T) operations are often performed for a mAb product during processing, storage and distribution. Lyophilization (Lyo) is another unit operation that is commonly used for drug product manufacturing of mAbs. This paper aims to explore the impact of these operations on structure and function of a mAb therapeutic, as well as of biosimilars. Trastuzumab innovator and its five biosimilars were analysed for aggregation, charge heterogeneity, secondary structure, binding kinetics, and potency after each freeze-thaw and lyophilization cycle. It is observed that both F/T and Lyo induce protein aggregation, which in turn causes perturbations in the biological potency of the mAb therapeutic. The average value of the percentage of aggregation increased from 0.6 % (week 1) to 5.3 % (week 10) in F/T study and from 0.8 % (week 1) to 10.1 % (week 10) in Lyo study. The acidic pool increased from 26.5 % (week 1) to 44.4 % (week 10) and the basic variants from 13.9 % (week 1) to 24.0 % (week 10) in F/T study. Similarly, acidic pool increased from 27.1 % (week 1) to 42.0 % (week 10) and basic variants from 14.8 % (week 1) to 24.4 % (week 10) in Lyo study. The average percentage of beta-sheet increased from 58.4 % (week 1) to 60.9 % (week 10) in F/T study and from 59.7 % (week 1) to 72.6 % (week 10) in Lyo study. Lower binding affinity was found in week 7 as compared to week 1 in Lyo study whereas no change in binding affinity was observed in the F/T study. The average potency value gradually decreased from 0.97IU/ ml (week 1) to 0.75IU/ ml (week 10) in F/T study and from 1.0IU/ ml (week 1) to 0.66IU/ ml (week 10) in Lyo study. Results indicate that lyophilization has a bigger impact on binding affinity than freeze thaw and as expected, the impact was comparable across the innovator and biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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21
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Nitika N, Chhabra H, Rathore AS. Raman spectroscopy for in situ, real time monitoring of protein aggregation in lyophilized biotherapeutic products. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:309-313. [PMID: 33689770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quality of biotherapeutic products is of paramount importance for ensuring patient safety. Analytical tools that can facilitate rapid quality assessment of the therapeutic product at the point of care are very much in demand. In this article, we apply chemometrics based analysis of Raman spectra towards quantitative prediction of protein aggregation in lyophilized biotherapeutic products. Two commercially available therapeutic proteins, erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone (HGH), have been used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. Thermally induced protein aggregation was monitored by size exclusion chromatography as well as Raman spectroscopy with a 785 nm wavelength laser. Partial least square (PLS) regression was used to analyse the Raman spectra and create a model for quantitative determination of aggregate. Satisfactory performance was observed with both EPO and HGH with R2 of 0.91 and 0.94, cross-validation correlation coefficient of 0.85 and 0.89, and Root Mean Square Error computed from cross calibration (RMSEcv) of 5.25 and 1.92, respectively. The developed approach can enable rapid and accurate assessment of aggregation in lyophilized samples of biotherapeutic products. The study also demonstrates novel use of Raman spectroscopy for protein quantification through a vial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Nitika
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemlata Chhabra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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