1
|
Liang C, Meng F, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Luo L, Li H, Tu X, He F, Luo Z, Wang Q, Zhang J. In vivo quantitative characterization of nano adjuvant transport in the tracheal layer by photoacoustic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3962-3974. [PMID: 38867767 PMCID: PMC11166438 DOI: 10.1364/boe.527912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable ingredients in vaccine formulations. Evaluating the in vivo transport processes of adjuvants, particularly for inhalation formulations, presents substantial challenges. In this study, a nanosized adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (AlOOH) was synthesized and labeled with indocyanine green (ICG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to achieve strong optical absorption ability and high biocompatibility. The adjuvant nanomaterials (BSA@ICG@AlOOH, BIA) were delivered as an aerosol into the airways of mice, its distribution was monitored using photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in vivo. PAI results illustrated the gradual cross-layer transmission process of BIA in the tracheal layer, traversing approximately 250 µm from the inner layer of the trachea to the outer layer. The results were consistent with pathology. While the intensity of the BIA reduced by approximately 46.8% throughout the transport process. The ability of PAI for quantitatively characterized the dynamic transport process of adjuvant within the tracheal layer may be widely used in new vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohao Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinbo Tu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengbing He
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijia Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith WJ, Thompson R, Egan PM, Zhang Y, Indrawati L, Skinner JM, Blue JT, Winters MA. Impact of aluminum adjuvants on the stability of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:5113-5125. [PMID: 37321893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine drug product requires formulation optimization to ensure that the vaccine's effectiveness is preserved upon storage throughout the shelf-life of the product. Although aluminum adjuvants have been widely used in vaccine formulations to safely and effectively potentiate an immune response, careful attention must be directed towards ensuring that the type of aluminum adjuvant does not impact the stability of the antigenic composition. PCV15 is a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine comprising the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F), each individually conjugated to the protein carrier CRM197. PCV15 was formulated with either amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate adjuvant (AAHS) or aluminum phosphate adjuvant (AP) and examined for both stability and immunogenicity. Using a collection of methods to evaluate vaccine stability, it was discovered that certain PCV15 serotypes (e.g., 6A, 19A, 19F) formulated with AAHS resulted in a reduction of immunogenicity in vivo and a reduction in recoverable dose as tested by an in vitro potency assay. The same polysaccharide-protein conjugates formulated with AP were stable regarding all measures tested. Moreover, the reduction in potency of certain serotypes correlated with chemical degradation of the polysaccharide antigen caused by the aluminum adjuvant as measured by reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), High-Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with UV detection (HPSEC-UV) and ELISA immunoassay. This study suggests a formulation, which includes AAHS, may negatively impact the stability of a pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine that contains phosphodiester groups. This decrease in stability would likely result in a decrease in the "active" concentration of antigen dose, and herein, it is shown that such instability directly compromised vaccine immunogenicity in an animal model. The results presented in this study help to explain critical degradation mechanisms of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Smith
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Rachel Thompson
- Vaccine Analytical Research and Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Patricia M Egan
- Vaccine Analytical Research and Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Vaccine Biometrics Research, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey T Blue
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Yang L, Gong W. Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1304. [PMID: 37631874 PMCID: PMC10457792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laera D, HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT. Aluminum Adjuvants-'Back to the Future'. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1884. [PMID: 37514070 PMCID: PMC10383759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines, including important combination vaccines. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years. In addition, they are inexpensive, readily available, and are well known and generally accepted by regulatory agencies. Moreover, they offer a very flexible platform, to which many vaccine components can be adsorbed, enabling the preparation of liquid formulations, which typically have a long shelf life under refrigerated conditions. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, they are perceived as relatively 'weak' vaccine adjuvants. Hence, there have been many attempts to improve their performance, which typically involves co-delivery of immune potentiators, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This approach has allowed for the development of improved aluminum adjuvants for inclusion in licensed vaccines against HPV, HBV, and COVID-19, with others likely to follow. This review summarizes the various aluminum salts that are used in vaccines and highlights how they are prepared. We focus on the analytical challenges that remain to allowing the creation of well-characterized formulations, particularly those involving multiple antigens. In addition, we highlight how aluminum is being used to create the next generation of improved adjuvants through the adsorption and delivery of various TLR agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Laera
- Technical Research & Development, Drug Product, GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Global Manufacturing Division, Corporate Industrial Analytics, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang T, He P, Guo D, Chen K, Hu Z, Zou Y. Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1756. [PMID: 37376204 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of different adjuvants have been tried, aluminum-containing adjuvants are by far the most widely used currently. It is worth mentioning that although aluminum-containing adjuvants have been commonly applied in vaccine production, their acting mechanism remains not completely clear. Thus far, researchers have proposed the following mechanisms: (1) depot effect, (2) phagocytosis, (3) activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway NLRP3, (4) host cell DNA release, and other mechanisms of action. Having an overview on recent studies to increase our comprehension on the mechanisms by which aluminum-containing adjuvants adsorb antigens and the effects of adsorption on antigen stability and immune response has become a mainstream research trend. Aluminum-containing adjuvants can enhance immune response through a variety of molecular pathways, but there are still significant challenges in designing effective immune-stimulating vaccine delivery systems with aluminum-containing adjuvants. At present, studies on the acting mechanism of aluminum-containing adjuvants mainly focus on aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. This review will take aluminum phosphate as a representative to discuss the immune stimulation mechanism of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and the differences between aluminum phosphate adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, as well as the research progress on the improvement of aluminum phosphate adjuvants (including the improvement of the adjuvant formula, nano-aluminum phosphate adjuvants and a first-grade composite adjuvant containing aluminum phosphate). Based on such related knowledge, determining optimal formulation to develop effective and safe aluminium-containing adjuvants for different vaccines will become more substantiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Sinovac Biotech Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| | - Peng He
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102619, China
| | - Dejia Guo
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| | - Kaixi Chen
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102619, China
| | - Yening Zou
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gopalaiah S, Appaiah KM, Isloor S, Lakshman D, Thimmaiah RP, Rao S, Gouri M, Kumar N, Govindaiah K, Bhat A, Tiwari S. Comparative Evaluation of Intradermal vis- à- vis Intramuscular Pre-Exposure Prophylactic Vaccination against Rabies in Cattle. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050885. [PMID: 37242989 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a progressively fatal viral disease affecting a wide variety of warm-blooded animals and human beings. With cattle being major part of Indian livestock population, rabies can result in significant financial losses. Immunization of livestock vulnerable to exposure is the best way to control rabies. The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of a rabies pre-exposure prophylactic vaccine administered through different routes and to sequentially monitor the levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers in cattle. Thirty cattle were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I and III animals were immunized with 1 mL and 0.2 mL of rabies vaccine through intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) routes, respectively, on day 0, with a booster dose on day 21; Group II and IV animals were immunized with 1 mL and 0.2 mL of rabies vaccine, respectively, without the booster dose; unvaccinated animals served as a control (Group V). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28, and 90 to estimate RVNA titers using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). The titers were above an adequate level (≥0.5 IU/mL) on day 14 and maintained up to 90 days in all animals administered the rabies vaccine through the IM and ID route with or without a booster dose. The study indicated that both routes of vaccination are safe and effective in providing protection against rabies. Hence, both routes can be considered for pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, the ID route proved to be more economical due to its dose-sparing effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Gopalaiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Kshama M Appaiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Dilip Lakshman
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Ramesh P Thimmaiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Suguna Rao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Mahadevappa Gouri
- Department of LFC, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of AGB, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Kavitha Govindaiah
- Department of Biological Production, IAH and VB, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Avinash Bhat
- Masterlab, Nutreco, 5831 JN Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Simmi Tiwari
- Zoonosis Division, National Centre for Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI, Delhi 110054, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Badran G, Angrand L, Masson JD, Crépeaux G, David MO. Physico-chemical properties of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: Implications for toxicological evaluation. Vaccine 2022; 40:4881-4888. [PMID: 35810062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum salts have been used as adjuvants in human vaccines since 1932. The most used adjuvants are Al oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) and Al hydroxyphosphate (AlOHPO4). Al adjuvants have different physico-chemical properties. The differences in these properties are not well documented and not considered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), though they can largely influence biological effects of the adjuvants which are particulate components. In this study, different physico-chemical properties including the shape, size and charge of particles have been evaluated under different conditions in three Al adjuvants containing-vaccines and two corresponding commercial adjuvants suspensions. The results showed that the two Al adjuvants have different shapes, sizes and charges but both form aggregates. In addition, a clear effect of dilution on the size of the aggregates was observed. Moreover, different sizes of Al particles were measured for both Al oxyhydroxide adjuvant alone or in the vaccine, at identical concentrations, displaying the impact of adsorbed proteins on the size of aggregates in the case of the vaccine. Taken together, this paper suggests the importance to evaluate, before any biological and especially toxicological impact study, the whole physico-chemical properties of Al particle without restricting to the sole evaluation of the injected concentration. Furthermore, any modification of these mentioned parameters during manipulation, before animal or cell exposure, should be considered. In a more global way, the fixed "safe dose" of Al adjuvants should be specific for each type of Al adjuvant independently or for a mix of the two compounds, due to their different properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghidaa Badran
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Univ Evry, Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, U1204, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Loïc Angrand
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; EnvA, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Masson
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; EnvA, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; EnvA, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Odile David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Univ Evry, Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, U1204, 91025 Evry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skovbo Hoffmann S, Thiesson EM, Johansen JD, Hviid A. Risk factors for granulomas in children following immunisation with aluminium adsorbed vaccines: A Danish population-based cohort study. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:430-438. [PMID: 35778959 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminium adsorbed vaccines may in some children cause severely itching nodules at the injection site, known as vaccination granulomas. OBJECTIVE To investigate vaccine-, child- and maternal level risk factors for the development of vaccination granulomas following immunisation with aluminium adsorbed vaccines. METHODS A Danish population-based cohort study with 553 932 children born in Denmark from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018, vaccinated with an aluminium adsorbed vaccine during the first year of life, followed until 31 December 2020. Poisson regression was used to estimate granuloma rate ratios according to type of adjuvant, accumulated dose of aluminium, timing of vaccination appointments, sex, gestational age, having siblings with granulomas, maternal age, and maternal ethnicity. RESULTS We identified 1 901 vaccination granuloma cases (absolute risk, 0.34%). Among vaccine level factors, revaccination (third vs first vaccination appointment, adjusted rate ratio [RR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.55), the specific adjuvant used (aluminium phosphate vs hydroxide, RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.48-0.70) and dosage (≥1.0 mg vs <1.0 mg, RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.52) were associated with risk of granulomas; the timing of vaccination appointments was not. Among child level factors, female sex (vs males, RR 1.12, 95% CI, 1.02-1.22), prematurity (vs term birth, RR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and having sibling(s) with granulomas (vs no siblings with granulomas, RR 46.15, 95% CI, 33.67-63.26) were associated with risk of granulomas. Among maternal level factors, non-Danish ethnicity (vs. Danish, RR 0.51, 95% CI, 0.42-0.63) and young maternal age (<20 yrs. vs 20-39 yrs., RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.83) were associated with risk of granulomas. CONCLUSIONS Several risk factors for vaccination granulomas at both the vaccine, child, and maternal level, was identified. Reducing the dose of aluminium or replacing aluminium hydroxide with aluminium phosphate could reduce the risk of granulomas. However, this must be balanced against the potential for reduced immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Skovbo Hoffmann
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Pharmacovigilance Research Centre, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biomimetic Nanotherapeutics: Employing Nanoghosts to fight Melanoma. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:157-174. [PMID: 35787429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes present at the basal layer of the skin. Nanomedicine has armed us with competent platform to manage such fatal neoplastic diseases. Nevertheless, it suffers from numerous pitfalls such as rapid clearance and opsonization of surface-functionalized carriers, biocompatibility and idiopathic reactions which could be difficult to predict in the patient. Biomimetic approach, a novel step towards personalized medicine bridges these drawbacks by employing endogenous cell membranes to traverse physiological barriers. Camouflaged carriers coated with natural cell membranes possess unique characteristics such as high circulatory periods, and the absence of allogenic and xenogenic responses. Proteins residing on the cell membranes render a diverse range of utilities to the coated nanoparticles including natural efficiency to identify cellular targets, homologous targeting, reticuloendothelial system evasion, biocompatibility and reduced adverse and idiopathic effects. In the present article, we have focused on cell membrane camouflaged nanocarriers for melanoma management. We have discussed various types of biomimetic systems, their processing and coating approaches, and their characterization. We have also enumerated novel avenues in melanoma treatment and the combination of biomimetic systems with smart nanoparticulate systems with the potential to bring breakthroughs in the near future. Additionally, immunotherapy-based biomimetic systems to combat melanoma have been highlighted. Hurdles towards clinical translation and ways to overcome them have been explained in detail.
Collapse
|