1
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Som M, Gikanga B, Kanapuram V, Yadav S. Drug product Formulation and Fill/Finish Manufacturing Process Considerations for AAV-Based Genomic Medicines. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1711-1725. [PMID: 38570073 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have become the delivery medium of choice for a variety of genomic medicine applications i.e., gene therapy, gene editing/regulation, and ex-vivo cell therapy. AAVs are protein-DNA complexes which have unique stability characteristics that are susceptible to various stress exposure conditions commonly seen in the drug product (DP) life cycle. This review takes a comprehensive look at AAV DP formulation and process development considerations that could impact critical quality attributes (CQAs) during manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and clinical use. Additional aspects related to AAV development reviewed herein are: (1) Different AAV serotypes with unique protein sequences and charge characteristics potentially leading to discrete stability profiles; (2) Manufacturing process challenges and optimization efforts to improve yield, recovery and purity especially during early development activities; and (3) Defining and identifying CQAs with analytical methods which are constantly evolving and present unique characterization challenges for AAV-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Som
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005, United States.
| | - Benson Gikanga
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005, United States
| | - Varna Kanapuram
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005, United States
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005, United States.
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2
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Rodriguez A, Jalimarada-Shivakumar S, Banazadeh A, Afroz S, Ali A, Deng K, Huang L, Galibert L, Singh R, Zhou C. Insight into the Degradation Pathways of an AAV9. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00218-1. [PMID: 38876368 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is a popular choice for in vivo gene therapy, with hundreds of ongoing clinical trials targeting various genetic diseases. However, due to limited material availability and the complexity of AAV structure, there is a critical lack of comprehensive studies on AAV degradation pathways. In this study, we intended to elucidate the degradation pathways for a model AAV9 with GFP as the transgene under relevant stressed conditions. We assessed a diverse set of critical quality attributes and examined the overall impact of various stresses on transgene expression. This assessment revealed various degradation mechanisms of AAV9 and demonstrated the potential risk of a base formulation in causing AAV9 instability and potency loss under thermal stress at 25 and 40°C while maintaining stability under freeze-thaw stress, interfacial stress due to membrane filtration, and short-term storage of up to 4 weeks at 5°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Rodriguez
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Ali Banazadeh
- Analytical Development, Science & Technology Biologics, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Sharmin Afroz
- Biotherapeutics and Genetic Medicine, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Amr Ali
- Analytical Development, Science & Technology Biologics, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Kangwen Deng
- Biotherapeutics and Genetic Medicine, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lili Huang
- Biotherapeutics and Genetic Medicine, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lionel Galibert
- Biotherapeutics and Genetic Medicine, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Rajeeva Singh
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Chen Zhou
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605.
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3
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Thomas SP, Spinelli MM, Rghei AD, Lopes JA, Zielinska N, McLeod BM, Pei Y, Zhang W, Thebaud B, Karimi K, Wootton SK. Analysis of the impact of pluronic acid on the thermal stability and infectivity of AAV6.2FF. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:22. [PMID: 38664752 PMCID: PMC11045451 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advancement of AAV vectors into clinical testing has accelerated rapidly over the past two decades. While many of the AAV vectors being utilized in clinical trials are derived from natural serotypes, engineered serotypes are progressing toward clinical translation due to their enhanced tissue tropism and immune evasive properties. However, novel AAV vectors require formulation and stability testing to determine optimal storage conditions prior to their use in a clinical setting. RESULTS Here, we evaluated the thermal stability of AAV6.2FF, a rationally engineered capsid with strong tropism for lung and muscle, in two different buffer formulations; phosphate buffered saline (PBS), or PBS supplemented with 0.001% non-ionic surfactant Pluronic F68 (PF-68). Aliquots of AAV6.2FF vector encoding the firefly luciferase reporter gene (AAV6.2FF-ffLuc) were incubated at temperatures ranging from -20°C to 55°C for varying periods of time and the impact on infectivity and particle integrity evaluated. Additionally, the impact of several rounds of freeze-thaw treatments on the infectivity of AAV6.2FF was investigated. Vector infectivity was measured by quantifying firefly luciferase expression in HEK 293 cells and AAV particle integrity was measured by qPCR quantification of encapsidated viral DNA. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that formulating AAV6.2FF in PBS containing 0.001% PF-68 leads to increased stability and particle integrity at temperatures between -20℃ to 21℃ and protection against the destructive effects of freeze-thaw. Finally, AAV6.2FF-GFP formulated in PBS supplemented with 0.001% PF-68 displayed higher transduction efficiency in vivo in murine lung epithelial cells following intranasal administration than vector buffered in PBS alone further demonstrating the beneficial properties of PF-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia P Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marcus M Spinelli
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amira D Rghei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jordyn A Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Zielinska
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Benjamin M McLeod
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bernard Thebaud
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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4
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Coleman H, Saylor Perez J, Schwartz DK, Kaar J, Garcea RL, Randolph TW. Effect of mechanical stresses on viral capsid disruption during droplet formation and drying. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113661. [PMID: 38006709 PMCID: PMC10986848 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the mechanisms by which viruses lose activity during droplet formation and drying is of great importance to understanding the spread of infectious diseases by virus-containing respiratory droplets and to developing thermally stable spray dried live or inactivated viral vaccines. In this study, we exposed suspensions of baculovirus, an enveloped virus, to isolated mechanical stresses similar to those experienced during respiratory droplet formation and spray drying: fluid shear forces, osmotic pressure forces, and surface tension forces at interfaces. DNA released from mechanically stressed virions was measured by SYBR Gold staining to quantify viral capsid disruption. Theoretical estimates of the force exerted by fluid shear, osmotic pressures and interfacial tension forces during respiratory droplet formation and spray drying suggest that osmotic and interfacial stresses have greater potential to mechanically destabilize viral capsids than forces associated with shear stresses. Experimental results confirmed that rapid changes in osmotic pressure, such as those associated with drying of virus-containing droplets, caused significant viral capsid disruption, whereas the effect of fluid shear forces was negligible. Surface tension forces were sufficient to provoke DNA release from virions adsorbed at air-water interfaces, but the extent of this disruption was limited by the time required for virions to diffuse to interfaces. These results demonstrate the effect of isolated mechanical stresses on virus particles during droplet formation and drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Coleman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - J Saylor Perez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Joel Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Robert L Garcea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
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5
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Kumar P, Wang M, Kumru OS, Hickey JM, Sanmiguel J, Zabaleta N, Vandenberghe LH, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Correlating physicochemical and biological properties to define critical quality attributes of a rAAV vaccine candidate. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:103-121. [PMID: 37746246 PMCID: PMC10512015 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are a preferred vector system in clinical gene transfer. A fundamental challenge to formulate and deliver rAAVs as stable and efficacious vaccines is to elucidate interrelationships between the vector's physicochemical properties and biological potency. To this end, we evaluated an rAAV-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate that encodes the Spike antigen (AC3) and is produced by a commercially viable process. First, state-of-the-art analytical techniques were employed to determine key structural attributes of AC3, including primary and higher-order structures, particle size, empty/full capsid ratios, aggregates, and multi-step thermal degradation pathway analysis. Next, several quantitative potency measures for AC3 were implemented, and data were correlated with the physicochemical analyses on thermally stressed and control samples. Results demonstrate links between decreasing AC3 physical stability profiles, in vitro transduction efficiency in a cell-based assay, and, importantly, in vivo immunogenicity in a mouse model. These findings are discussed in the general context of future development of rAAV-based vaccine candidates as well as specifically for the rAAV vaccine application under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - John M. Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Julio Sanmiguel
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nerea Zabaleta
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luk H. Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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6
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Grossen P, Skaripa Koukelli I, van Haasteren J, H E Machado A, Dürr C. The ice age - A review on formulation of Adeno-associated virus therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:1-23. [PMID: 37423416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapies offer promising therapeutic alternatives for many disorders that currently lack efficient treatment options. Due to their chemical nature and physico-chemical properties, delivery of polynucleic acids into target cells and subcellular compartments remains a significant challenge. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have gained a lot of interest for the efficient delivery of therapeutic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes over the past decades. More than a hundred products have been tested in clinical settings and three products have received market authorization by the US FDA in recent years. A lot of effort is being made to generate potent recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors that show favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles for either local or systemic administration. Manufacturing processes are gradually being optimized to deliver a consistently high product quality and to serve potential market needs beyond rare indications. In contrast to protein therapeutics, most rAAV products are still supplied as frozen liquids within rather simple formulation buffers to enable sufficient product shelf life, significantly hampering global distribution and access. In this review, we aim to outline the hurdles of rAAV drug product development and discuss critical formulation and composition aspects of rAAV products under clinical evaluation. Further, we highlight recent development efforts in order to achieve stable liquid or lyophilized products. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview on current state-of-the-art rAAV formulations and can further serve as a map for rational formulation development activities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Grossen
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Irini Skaripa Koukelli
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joost van Haasteren
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Cell and Gene Therapy Unit, Gene Therapy Development Clinical Manufacturing, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra H E Machado
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dürr
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Hiemenz C, Pacios-Michelena A, Helbig C, Vezočnik V, Strebl M, Nikels F, Hawe A, Garidel P, Menzen T. Characterization of Virus Particles and Submicron-Sized Particulate Impurities in Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2190-2202. [PMID: 37211315 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of particulate impurities such as aggregates is necessary to develop safe and efficacious adeno-associated virus (AAV) drug products. Although aggregation of AAVs can reduce the bioavailability of the virus, only a limited number of studies focus on the analysis of aggregates. We explored three technologies for their capability to characterize AAV monomers and aggregates in the submicron (<1 µm) size range: (i) mass photometry (MP), (ii) asymmetric flow field flow fractionation coupled to a UV-detector (AF4-UV/Vis) and (iii) microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS). Although low counts for aggregates impeded a quantitative analysis, MP was affirmed as an accurate and rapid method for quantifying the genome content of empty/filled/double-filled capsids, consistent with sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation results. MRPS and AF4-UV/Vis enabled the detection and quantification of aggregate content. The developed AF4-UV/Vis method separated AAV monomers from smaller aggregates, thereby enabling a quantification of aggregates <200 nm. MRPS was experienced as a straightforward method to determine the particle concentration and size distribution between 250-2000 nm, provided that the samples do not block the microfluidic cartridge. Overall, within this study we explored the benefits and limitations of the complementary technologies for assessing aggregate content in AAV samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Strebl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Innovation Unit, Germany
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Innovation Unit, Germany.
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Innovation Unit, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany.
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8
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Pan L, Liu X, Fan D, Qian Z, Sun X, Wu P, Zhong L. Study of Oncolytic Virus Preservation and Formulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:843. [PMID: 37375789 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as an effective means of treating cancer. OVs have multiple oncotherapeutic functions including specifically infecting and lysing tumor cells, initiating immune cell death, attacking and destroying tumor angiogenesis and triggering a broad bystander effect. Oncolytic viruses have been used in clinical trials and clinical treatment as drugs for cancer therapy, and as a result, oncolytic viruses are required to have long-term storage stability for clinical use. In the clinical application of oncolytic viruses, formulation design plays a decisive role in the stability of the virus. Therefore, this paper reviews the degradation factors and their degradation mechanisms (pH, thermal stress, freeze-thaw damage, surface adsorption, oxidation, etc.) faced by oncolytic viruses during storage, and it discusses how to rationally add excipients for the degradation mechanisms to achieve the purpose of maintaining the long-term stability of oncolytic viral activity. Finally, the formulation strategies for the long-term formulation stability of oncolytic viruses are discussed in terms of buffers, permeation agents, cryoprotectants, surfactants, free radical scavengers, and bulking agent based on virus degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Dianfa Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhangbo Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xinjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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9
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Peng S, Li G, Lin Y, Guo X, Xu H, Qiu W, Zhu H, Zheng J, Sun W, Hu X, Zhang G, Li B, Pathak JL, Bi X, Dai J. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation environments and the efficacy of disinfection measures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1170505. [PMID: 37153150 PMCID: PMC10154586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1170505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low temperature is conducive to the survival of COVID-19. Some studies suggest that cold-chain environment may prolong the survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and increase the risk of transmission. However, the effect of cold-chain environmental factors and packaging materials on SARS-CoV-2 stability remains unclear. Methods This study aimed to reveal cold-chain environmental factors that preserve the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and further explore effective disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment. The decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in the cold-chain environment, on various types of packaging material surfaces, i.e., polyethylene plastic, stainless steel, Teflon and cardboard, and in frozen seawater was investigated. The influence of visible light (wavelength 450 nm-780 nm) and airflow on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus at -18°C was subsequently assessed. Results Experimental data show that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus decayed more rapidly on porous cardboard surfaces than on nonporous surfaces, including polyethylene (PE) plastic, stainless steel, and Teflon. Compared with that at 25°C, the decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus was significantly lower at low temperatures. Seawater preserved viral stability both at -18°C and with repeated freeze-thaw cycles compared with that in deionized water. Visible light from light-emitting diode (LED) illumination and airflow at -18°C reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus stability. Conclusion Our studies indicate that temperature and seawater in the cold chain are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and LED visible light irradiation and increased airflow may be used as disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Peng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojie Li
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyin Lin
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxi Qiu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Dai, ; Xinhui Bi, ; Janak L. Pathak,
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Dai, ; Xinhui Bi, ; Janak L. Pathak,
| | - Jianwei Dai
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Dai, ; Xinhui Bi, ; Janak L. Pathak,
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Optimized formulation buffer preserves adeno-associated virus-9 infectivity after 4 °C storage and freeze/thawing cycling. J Virol Methods 2022; 309:114598. [PMID: 35940276 PMCID: PMC10157798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) have long been one of the most common and versatile vectors for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. AAV production protocols are complex and time consuming, one key concern is the recovery and infectivity of viral vector after purification. The buffer used in the storage of AAV at 4 °C and - 80 °C is a crucial factor and methods to improve it have been thoroughly investigated. Viral core facilities have developed formulas using either 0.001% Pluronic F68 or 5% sorbitol in their storage buffers based on the results of this research. Interestingly, few use formulations that include both a non-ionic surfactant and cryopreservative. In this study, AAV9 stored at 4 °C and at - 80 °C in the standard buffers is compared to a buffer that contains 5% glycerol and 0.001% Pluronic F68. By viral genome quantitation with qPCR, all three formulations show the same extent of viral titer loss at 4 °C, while after several cycles of freeze/thaws at - 80 °C, the viral recovery and infectivity in the preparation with both glycerol and Pluronic F68 was most stable compared to the other buffers.
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