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Mijaljica D, Townley JP, Spada F, Harrison IP. The heterogeneity and complexity of skin surface lipids in human skin health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101264. [PMID: 37940006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The outermost epidermal layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, is not simply a barrier that safeguards skin integrity from external insults and invaders, it is also a delicately integrated interface composed of firm, essentially dead corneocytes and a distinctive lipid matrix. Together, the stratum corneum lipid matrix and sebum lipids derived from sebaceous glands give rise to a remarkably complex but quite unique blend of skin surface lipids that demonstrates tremendous heterogeneity and provides the skin with its indispensable protective coating. The stratum corneum lipid matrix is composed primarily of three major lipid classes: ceramides, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol, whereas sebum is a waxy mixture predominantly composed of acylglycerols, wax esters, non-esterified fatty acids, squalene, cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The balance of these skin surface lipids in terms of their relative abundance, composition, molecular organisation and dynamics, and their intricate interactions play a crucial role in the maintenance of healthy skin. For that reason, even minuscule alterations in skin surface lipid properties or overall lipid profile have been implicated in the aetiology of many common skin diseases including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, xerosis, ichthyosis and acne. Novel lipid-based interventions aimed at correcting the skin surface lipid abnormalities have the potential to repair skin barrier integrity and the symptoms associated with such skin diseases, even though the exact mechanisms of lipid restoration remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Mijaljica
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, 21-31 Malcolm Road, Braeside, Victoria 3195, Australia.
| | - Joshua P Townley
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, 21-31 Malcolm Road, Braeside, Victoria 3195, Australia.
| | - Fabrizio Spada
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, 21-31 Malcolm Road, Braeside, Victoria 3195, Australia.
| | - Ian P Harrison
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, 21-31 Malcolm Road, Braeside, Victoria 3195, Australia.
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2
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Stimmelmayr R, Rotstein D, Sanchez S, Baird A, Sheffield G, Snyder JA. Novel peeling skin condition in neonatal Pacific walruses, Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska, USA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:761-765. [PMID: 37705293 PMCID: PMC10621566 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here a novel peeling skin condition (PSC) in 2 neonatal Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus subsp. divergens). Macroscopically, calves had various degrees of peeling skin exacerbated by mechanical trauma. Lesions occurred in areas subject to friction: ventrum, fore- and hindflippers, and associated joints. Histopathologic features included pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia with orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. Bacterial cocci were present within the stratum corneum. A few intraepidermal clefts were present. Inflammation, epidermolysis, and vasculopathies were not observed. PCR assays were negative for vesivirus and for Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins. Tissue samples were cultured and bacteria isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF MS as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, Globicatella sanguinis, Streptococcus phocae, Pseudomonas spp., Rahnella aquatilis, and Escherichia coli. Given the young age of the calves and their clinical presentation, congenital ichthyosis was suspected. No genetic differences were detected for sequenced portions of keratin genes (keratin gene K10) between diseased and normal walrus skin. This rare PSC in neonatal Pacific walruses is recognized as novel by indigenous Alaskan marine mammal hunters of the Bering Strait region. A comprehensive diagnostic work-up of future case materials is needed to characterize the underlying biochemical defect(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management, Utqiagvik, AK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy Baird
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston–Downtown, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gay Sheffield
- Alaska Sea Grant–Marine Advisory Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Nome, AK, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Snyder
- Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, USA
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3
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Cortés H, Cariño-Calvo L, Reyes-Hernández OD, Rojas-Márquez M, Magaña JJ, Vizcaino-Dorado PA, Villegas-Vazquez EY, Quintas-Granados LI, Jiménez-Islas E, Cortés-Mollinedo VA, Leyva-Gómez G, González-Del Carmen M. High Levels of Anxiety, Depression, Risk of Suicide, and Implications for Treatment in Patients with Lamellar Ichthyosis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2071. [PMID: 37510511 PMCID: PMC10380064 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamellar ichthyosis (LI) is a genodermatosis that injures the structure and function of the skin, affecting the appearance and self-esteem of patients, which may seriously impair their mental health and quality of life. In the present study, we determined anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk levels in patients with LI through the Beck anxiety and depression inventories (BAI and DBI-II, respectively) and the SAD PERSONS scale (SPS). We observed that anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation were strongly associated with the LI (Cramér's V = 0.429, 0.594, and 0.462, respectively). Furthermore, patients with LI showed a significant increase in the scores of anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk (p = 0.011, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively) compared to individuals without the disease. Additionally, the suicide risk increased even more in patients who presented comorbidity of anxiety and depression than in patients who presented only anxiety or depression (p = 0.02). Similarly, the increase in the BAI scores correlated with the score observed on the SPS. Our results indicate that patients with LI have higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to individuals without the disease, which could be associated with suicidal risk. Therefore, the collaborative involvement of skin and mental health professionals is necessary to manage patients with LI appropriately. We believe that psychiatric studies and individual evaluations must be performed in LI patients to determine a treatment that, in addition to reducing skin symptoms, focuses on reducing the levels of depression and anxiety and improving the quality of life to reduce the risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | | | - Octavio D Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, UMIEZ, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Martín Rojas-Márquez
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Jonathan J Magaña
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Pablo A Vizcaino-Dorado
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Edgar Y Villegas-Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, UMIEZ, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | | | - Elizabeth Jiménez-Islas
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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4
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Dias JV, Cardoso K, Prado SN, Cavaco H. Congenital ichthyosis: a multidisciplinary approach in a neonatal care unit. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e250077. [PMID: 36854483 PMCID: PMC9980165 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital ichthyoses are a rare group of genetic disorders caused by defects in the two outermost skin layers, resulting in an abnormal barrier function. We report the case of a male preterm neonate presenting at delivery with thickened and scaling skin, ectropium and eclabium. Supportive care aiming at improving skin condition and handling possible complications was provided. Following gradual clinical improvement, he was discharged after 27 days. Molecular testing identified mutations in a gene encoding lipoxygenase (ALOX12B), associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. This case highlights an uncommon disease that can determine significant morbidity and mortality in the first few weeks of life. Management of this complex disease benefits from a multidisciplinary approach. Molecular studies allow a more accurate diagnosis and enable genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kátia Cardoso
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Sara Noéme Prado
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Hugo Cavaco
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
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5
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Jaffar H, Shakir Z, Kumar G, Ali IF. Ichthyosis vulgaris: An updated review. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2023; 3:e187. [PMID: 36751330 PMCID: PMC9892433 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyosis vulgaris is an inherited, non-syndromic form of ichthyosis that presents with skin problems. Making up more than 95% cases of ichthyosis, ichthyosis vulgaris is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of the filaggrin gene, raising the fragility and permeability of the stratum corneum. It typically presents in infancy as xerosis, skin lesions, keratosis pilaris, palmoplantar hyper linearity, scaly dermatosis, and erythroderma, clearly identifiable by age 5. Although majority of patients have a normal lifespan, possible complications include a vitamin D deficiency and auditory problems due to scaling in the ears, besides a drop in quality of life due to dermatological changes. Urea-based creams with 10% urea, ceramides, and other ceramides are often the first line therapy in ichthyosis vulgaris. There is no known curative treatment for ichthyosis vulgaris, but lifelong treatment can alleviate the symptoms. Urea-based creams are highly therapeutic, whereas ammonium lactate 12% lotion with a physiological lipid-based repair cream can help with scaling and dryness. There is also evidence in favour of propylene glycol solutions. Risankizumab, an anti-interleukin-23 drug, and enhancement of natural moisturizing factors are also two highly promising solutions that require additional research. This review aims to provide updates on the manifestation, evaluation, and treatment of ichthyosis vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Jaffar
- Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zobia Shakir
- Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan
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6
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Gutiérrez-Cerrajero C, Sprecher E, Paller AS, Akiyama M, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Hernández-Martín A, González-Sarmiento R. Ichthyosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36658199 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ichthyoses are a large, heterogeneous group of skin cornification disorders. They can be inherited or acquired, and result in defective keratinocyte differentiation and abnormal epidermal barrier formation. The resultant skin barrier dysfunction leads to increased transepidermal water loss and inflammation. Disordered cornification is clinically characterized by skin scaling with various degrees of thickening, desquamation (peeling) and erythema (redness). Regardless of the type of ichthyosis, many patients suffer from itching, recurrent infections, sweating impairment (hypohidrosis) with heat intolerance, and diverse ocular, hearing and nutritional complications that should be monitored periodically. The characteristic clinical features are considered to be a homeostatic attempt to repair the skin barrier, but heterogeneous clinical presentation and imperfect phenotype-genotype correlation hinder diagnosis. An accurate molecular diagnosis is, however, crucial for predicting prognosis and providing appropriate genetic counselling. Most ichthyoses severely affect patient quality of life and, in severe forms, may cause considerable disability and even death. So far, treatment provides only symptomatic relief. It is lifelong, expensive, time-consuming, and often provides disappointing results. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these conditions is essential for designing pathogenesis-driven and patient-tailored innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gutiérrez-Cerrajero
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Paediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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7
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Nikbina M, Sayahi M. Harlequin ichthyosis newborn: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022; 10:2050313X221139610. [PMCID: PMC9742929 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x221139610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis is a rare and severe genetic skin disorder that occurs
within the developing foetus. Harlequin ichthyosis is the most severe and
devastating form of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses. It is caused by
mutations in the lipid transporter adenosine triphosphate binding cassette A 12.
Here, we reported a case of harlequin ichthyosis with no family history. No
abnormalities were detected in prenatal sonography. A 24-year-old pregnant woman
with premature rupture of membrane and labour pain was referred to a hospital in
Shoushtar city, Iran. The mother delivered a male baby with harlequin
ichthyosis. The infant baby died on the 5th day. Harlequin ichthyosis is
associated with adenosine triphosphate binding cassette A 12 gene mutation;
therefore, genetic screening and counselling for susceptible parents should be
taken into account. Prenatal diagnosis of harlequin ichthyosis principally via
sonographic techniques is important in managing the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nikbina
- Maryam Nikbina, Department of Midwifery,
Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahid Sherafat Blvd, Shoushtar,
84534-64516, Iran.
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8
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Murata T, Honda T, Mostafa A, Kabashima K. Stratum corneum as polymer sheet: concept and cornification processes. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:350-359. [PMID: 35337733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skin barrier protects our body from external insults and water loss through a specialized layer, the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum, an accumulation of dead keratinocytes (corneocytes), comprises lipids and supporting cell bodies. We propose a framework of lipid-filled polymer sheet of corneocytes, a unique structure that achieves flexibility and robustness, updating the rigid image of the historical bricks-and-mortar model. The polymerization of polymer sheet (cornification) by cell death of keratinocytes (corneoptosis) is delicately and dynamically controlled by cytoplasmic calcium ion and pH. Understanding the structure and formation of the stratum corneum can lead to better treatments for skin diseases and a better understanding of the evolution of the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruasa Murata
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Alshimaa Mostafa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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9
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Lei Z, Sun W, Guo T, Li J, Zhu S, Lu Z, Qiao G, Han M, Zhao H, Yang B, Zhang L, Liu J, Yuan C, Yue Y. Genome-Wide Selective Signatures Reveal Candidate Genes Associated with Hair Follicle Development and Wool Shedding in Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121924. [PMID: 34946875 PMCID: PMC8702090 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle development and wool shedding in sheep are poorly understood. This study investigated the population structures and genetic differences between sheep with different wool types to identify candidate genes related to these traits. We used Illumina ovine SNP 50K chip genotyping data of 795 sheep populations comprising 27 breeds with two wool types, measuring the population differentiation index (Fst), nucleotide diversity (θπ ratio), and extended haplotype homozygosity among populations (XP-EHH) to detect the selective signatures of hair sheep and fine-wool sheep. The top 5% of the Fst and θπ ratio values, and values of XP-EHH < −2 were considered strongly selected SNP sites. Annotation showed that the PRX, SOX18, TGM3, and TCF3 genes related to hair follicle development and wool shedding were strongly selected. Our results indicated that these methods identified important genes related to hair follicle formation, epidermal differentiation, and hair follicle stem cell development, and provide a meaningful reference for further study on the molecular mechanisms of economically important traits in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lei
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (S.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Weibo Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jianye Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (S.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Guoyan Qiao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Mei Han
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Hongchang Zhao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (S.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.L.); (W.S.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (H.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Novel Homozygous Mutations in the Genes TGM1, SULT2B1, SPINK5 and FLG in Four Families Underlying Congenital Ichthyosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030373. [PMID: 33807935 PMCID: PMC7999895 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ichthyoses are a large group of hereditary cornification disorders, which are both clinically and etiologically heterogeneous and affect mostly all the skin surface of the patients. Ichthyosis has its origin in an ancient Greek word “ichthys” meaning fish, this is because the ichthyosis patients have dry, thickened, and scaly skin. There is an excess accumulation of epidermal cells resulting in the appearance of continuous and widespread scales on the body. There are many varieties of ichthyosis with a broad spectrum of intensity, severity, and associated symptoms, most of them are extremely rare. Ichthyosis vulgaris is the most frequently occurring type of ichthyoses. Method: The present study consists of four Pakistani ichthyosis families (A, B, C, and D). Whole exome sequencing (WES) approach was used to identify the pathogenic sequence variants in probands. The segregation of these variants in other participants was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results: Total four variants including, two splice site (TGM1: c.2088 + 1G > A) and (SPINK5: c.882 + 1G > T), a missense (SULT2B1: c.419C > T; p. Ala140Val), and a nonsense (FLG: c.6109C > T; p. Arg2037Ter) variant were identified in families A, C, B, and D, respectively, as causative mutations responsible for ichthyosis in these families. Conclusion: Our study unravels the molecular etiology of the four Pakistani ichthyosis families and validates the involvement of TGM1, SULT2B1, SPINK5, and FLG, in the etiology of different forms of ichthyosis. In addition, this study also aims to give a detailed clinical report of the studied ichthyosis families.
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11
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Youssefian L, Niaziorimi F, Saeidian AH, South AP, Khosravi-Bachehmir F, Khodavaisy S, Vahidnezhad H, Uitto J. Knockdown of SDR9C7 Impairs Epidermal Barrier Function. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1754-1764.e1. [PMID: 33422619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mendelian disorders of cornification consist of a highly heterogeneous group of diseases, and the majority of nonsyndromic cases belong to the family of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Mutations in SDR9C7 have been associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, and clinical manifestations include mild to moderately dry, scaly skin with or without hyperkeratosis, palmoplantar keratoderma, and erythroderma. SDR9C7, with short-chain dehydrogenase and/or reductase activity, is known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‒ or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‒dependent oxidoreductase and has been shown to be involved in the final step of epidermal lipid barrier formation by covalent binding of acylceramide to the cornified envelope. In this study, we present the clinical and molecular description of 19 patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in five consanguineous families with SDR9C7 mutations. We also downregulated the expression of SDR9C7 in keratinocytes using the small interfering RNA technique in three-dimensional organotypic skin constructs. Our results demonstrated morphological and histological abnormalities in these constructs ex vivo, similar to those observed in patients with ichthyosis. Moreover, the results from keratinocyte migration and epidermal dye penetration assays provided evidence for the role of SDR9C7 in the disease pathomechanism. Collectively, our results indicate that SDR9C7 deficiency by itself is sufficient to disrupt epidermal barrier function leading to ichthyotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Youssefian
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Genetics, Genomics & Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fatemeh Niaziorimi
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Genetics, Genomics & Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew P South
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Farzaneh Khosravi-Bachehmir
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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Chermnykh ES, Alpeeva EV, Vorotelyak EA. Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091996. [PMID: 32872587 PMCID: PMC7563467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGMs) contribute to the formation of rigid, insoluble macromolecular complexes, which are essential for the epidermis and hair follicles to perform protective and barrier functions against the environment. During differentiation, epidermal keratinocytes undergo structural alterations being transformed into cornified cells, which constitute a highly tough outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. Similar processes occur during the hardening of the hair follicle and the hair shaft, which is provided by the enzymatic cross-linking of the structural proteins and keratin intermediate filaments. TGM3, also known as epidermal TGM, is one of the pivotal enzymes responsible for the formation of protein polymers in the epidermis and the hair follicle. Numerous studies have shown that TGM3 is extensively involved in epidermal and hair follicle physiology and pathology. However, the roles of TGM3, its substrates, and its importance for the integument system are not fully understood. Here, we summarize the main advances that have recently been achieved in TGM3 analyses in skin and hair follicle biology and also in understanding the functional role of TGM3 in human tumor pathology as well as the reliability of its prognostic clinical usage as a cancer diagnosis biomarker. This review also focuses on human and murine hair follicle abnormalities connected with TGM3 mutations.
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13
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Rodríguez-Manchón S, Pedrón-Giner C, Cañedo-Villarroya E, Muñoz-Codoceo RA, Hernández-Martín Á. Malnutrition in children with ichthyosis: Recommendations for monitoring from a multidisciplinary clinic experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 85:144-151. [PMID: 32585277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short stature has been reported in congenital ichthyoses (CI), but few data exist on patients' nutritional status. OBJECTIVE To describe the nutritional status at the first evaluation of children and young adults with CI. METHODS Prospective observational study of patients assessed at a multidisciplinary clinic. Clinical variables and ichthyosis severity were collected. Anthropometric assessment was made by measuring weight and height, and nutritional status was classified based on the World Health Organization definitions for malnutrition. Analytical assessment included markers of nutritional status, fat-soluble vitamins, and micronutrients. RESULTS We included 50 patients with a median age of 5 years (IQR, 1.6-10.3). Undernutrition was found in 32% of patients, and 75% of the undernourished children presented growth impairment. Younger children and those with severe ichthyoses were the most affected. Micronutrient deficiencies were found in 60% of patients. Deficiencies of selenium (34%), iron (28%), vitamin D (22%), and zinc (4%) were the most frequent findings. LIMITATIONS Our small sample includes a heterogeneous group of ichthyoses. CONCLUSION Children with CI appear to be at risk of undernutrition, especially at younger ages. Nutritional deficiencies are common and should be monitored. Growth failure in children with ichthyosis could be caused by undernutrition and aggravated by nutritional deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodríguez-Manchón
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Pedrón-Giner
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Cañedo-Villarroya
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Muñoz-Codoceo
- Section of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
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Li W, Oberlin KE, Wilson TE, Haggstrom AN. Bathing suit ichthyosis: Two Burmese siblings and a review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:165-170. [PMID: 31631373 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bathing suit ichthyosis (BSI) is a subtype of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) characterized by the development of large platelike scales mainly limited to the trunk. It is caused by temperature sensitive variants in transglutaminase 1, encoded by the gene TGM1. We describe a rare case of intrafamilial variation in phenotypic expressivity in two Burmese siblings with BSI that demonstrates the heterogeneity of the disorder within the same family and even in the same individual across time. We also present a concise review of the genotypic spectrum of BSI from 54 cases reported in the literature as evidence that both environmental and additional genetic factors can significantly alter the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Li
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kate E Oberlin
- Departments of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Theodore E Wilson
- Departments of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anita N Haggstrom
- Departments of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Wiegmann H, Valentin F, Tarinski T, Liebau E, Loser K, Traupe H, Oji V. LEKTI domains D6, D7 and D8+9 serve as substrates for transglutaminase 1: implications for targeted therapy of Netherton syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:999-1008. [PMID: 30801672 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase (TG)1 plays a key role in the formation of the cornified envelope and thus in the maintenance of the epidermal barrier. Patients with Netherton syndrome (LEKTI deficiency) have increased activity of both TG1 and serin proteases. OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is a functional biochemical link between TG1 and LEKTI and whether LEKTI domains could possibly serve as substrates for TG1. METHODS We analysed the protein sequence of LEKTI for possible TG1 recognition sites using bioinformatics. Synthetic peptides and recombinant LEKTI domains D6, D7 and D8+9 were examined in vitro and in situ for possible substrate specificity. The recombinant LEKTI domains were studied for inhibitory activity in a kallikrein (KLK)5 activity test. RESULTS We identified possible TG1 consensus sequences in LEKTI domains D6, D7 and D8+9, pointing to a novel biological link between these two proteins. Indeed, synthesized short peptides from these consensus sequences were incorporated into the TG1 activity zone of the epidermis. In vitro the entire recombinant domains of LEKTI showed substrate specificity for TG1, which was again confirmed in situ. The inhibitory activity of the recombinant LEKTI domains was confirmed by a KLK5 inhibition test. The strongest inhibition was observed for domains D8+9. CONCLUSIONS There are specific domains of LEKTI that are recognized and processed by TG1. LEKTI domains D6, D7 and D8+9 contribute to the formation and protection of the cornified envelope. These results impact the development of protein replacement therapy approaches for Netherton syndrome. What's already known about this topic? LEKTI and transglutaminase (TG)1 are key proteins involved in the terminal differentiation of the epidermis. Lack of LEKTI causes Netherton syndrome; TG1 deficiency causes lamellar ichthyosis. The serine protease inhibitor LEKTI is processed into different functional units. Among different target proteases, kallikrein (KLK)5 appears to be a key player in disease pathology. It has been demonstrated that LEKTI domain 6 inhibits KLK5 and KLK7; LEKTI domains 8-11 also inhibit KLK14. What does this study add? The single LEKTI domains 6, 7 and the functional unit of domains 8 and 9 contain recognition motifs for TG1. We show that these domains and unit are crosslinked into the epidermis by TG1. Functional analyses of the recombinant LEKTI domains revealed that LEKTI D8+9 has the strongest inhibitory effect on KLK5. What is the translational message? The novel functional link between LEKTI and TG1 should be taken into account when considering the development of a targeted topical protein therapy for Netherton syndrome. The unit of domains D8+9 may be sufficient for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wiegmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - F Valentin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - T Tarinski
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - E Liebau
- Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - K Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - H Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - V Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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16
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Karim N, Durbin-Johnson B, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Naeem M, Rice RH. Proteomic manifestations of genetic defects in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. J Proteomics 2019; 201:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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3D-Organotypic Cultures to Unravel Molecular and Cellular Abnormalities in Atopic Dermatitis and Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050489. [PMID: 31121896 PMCID: PMC6562513 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by dry and itchy skin evolving into disseminated skin lesions. AD is believed to result from a primary acquired or a genetically-induced epidermal barrier defect leading to immune hyper-responsiveness. Filaggrin (FLG) is a protein found in the cornified envelope of fully differentiated keratinocytes, referred to as corneocytes. Although FLG null mutations are strongly associated with AD, they are not sufficient to induce the disease. Moreover, most patients with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV), a monogenetic skin disease characterized by FLG homozygous, heterozygous, or compound heterozygous null mutations, display non-inflamed dry and scaly skin. Thus, all causes of epidermal barrier impairment in AD have not yet been identified, including those leading to the Th2-predominant inflammation observed in AD. Three dimensional organotypic cultures have emerged as valuable tools in skin research, replacing animal experimentation in many cases and precluding the need for repeated patient biopsies. Here, we review the results on IV and AD obtained with epidermal or skin equivalents and consider these findings in the context of human in vivo data. Further research utilizing complex models including immune cells and cutaneous innervation will enable finer dissection of the pathogenesis of AD and deepen our knowledge of epidermal biology.
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18
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Crumrine D, Khnykin D, Krieg P, Man MQ, Celli A, Mauro TM, Wakefield JS, Menon G, Mauldin E, Miner JH, Lin MH, Brash AR, Sprecher E, Radner FPW, Choate K, Roop D, Uchida Y, Gruber R, Schmuth M, Elias PM. Mutations in Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses Illuminate the Origin and Functions of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:760-768. [PMID: 30471252 PMCID: PMC11249047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides whose function(s) remain(s) uncertain, is absent in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses with mutations in enzymes that regulate epidermal lipid synthesis. Secreted lipids fail to transform into lamellar membranes in certain autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis epidermis, suggesting the CLE provides a scaffold for the extracellular lamellae. However, because cornified envelopes are attenuated in these autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses, the CLE may also provide a scaffold for subjacent cornified envelope formation, evidenced by restoration of cornified envelopes after CLE rescue. We provide multiple lines of evidence that the CLE originates as lamellar body-limiting membranes fuse with the plasma membrane: (i) ABCA12 patients and Abca12-/- mice display normal CLEs; (ii) CLEs are normal in Netherton syndrome, despite destruction of secreted LB contents; (iii) CLEs are absent in VSP33B-negative patients; (iv) limiting membranes of lamellar bodies are defective in lipid-synthetic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses; and (v) lipoxygenases, lipase activity, and LIPN co-localize within putative lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Krieg
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Keith Choate
- Departments of Dermatology and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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19
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Liang Q, Xiong F, Liang X, Zheng D, Su S, Wen Y, Wang X. Two successive cases of fetal harlequin ichthyosis: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:449-452. [PMID: 30651820 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a genetic skin disorder characterized by thickening and splitting of the skin. In fetuses presenting with the disorder, the mortality rate is markedly high. A number of fetal HI cases have been documented. The present study reports a case of a pregnant woman who underwent two successive pregnancies at the ages of 35 and 36, respectively, with both fetuses presenting with HI. The first fetus was delivered alive though succumbed shortly after birth, while the second fetus was stillborn and birthed by induced labor. The fetuses exhibited typical features of fetal HI, including thick, platelike scaling and fissuring, which act as a nidus for infection. The present study is the first to report two cases of fetal HI from successive pregnancies in the same woman. Improved understanding of the genetic basis of HI indicates that genetic screening for candidate gene mutations related to HI, particularly mutations in the adenosine triphosphate binding-cassette transporter ABCA12, may prove beneficial in prenatal diagnosis. Establishing methods for early diagnosis of fetal HI may reduce the physical and mental distress to parents and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Liang
- Ultrasound Department, He Xian Memorial Hospital, Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Fu Xiong
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xuankun Liang
- Ultrasound Department, He Xian Memorial Hospital, Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- Ultrasound Department, He Xian Memorial Hospital, Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Shuguang Su
- Ultrasound Department, He Xian Memorial Hospital, Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Wen
- Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center, Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510663, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center, Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510663, P.R. China
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20
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Kien B, Grond S, Haemmerle G, Lass A, Eichmann TO, Radner FPW. ABHD5 stimulates PNPLA1-mediated ω- O-acylceramide biosynthesis essential for a functional skin permeability barrier. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2360-2367. [PMID: 30361410 PMCID: PMC6277169 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes coding for patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 1 (PNPLA1) and α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), also known as comparative gene identification 58, are causative for ichthyosis, a severe skin barrier disorder. Individuals with mutations in either of these genes show a defect in epidermal ω-O-acylceramide (AcylCer) biosynthesis, suggesting that PNPLA1 and ABHD5 act in the same metabolic pathway. In this report, we identified ABHD5 as a coactivator of PNPLA1 that stimulates the esterification of ω-hydroxy ceramides with linoleic acid for AcylCer biosynthesis. ABHD5 interacts with PNPLA1 and recruits the enzyme to its putative triacylglycerol substrate onto cytosolic lipid droplets. Conversely, alleles of ABHD5 carrying point mutations associated with ichthyosis in humans failed to accelerate PNPLA1-mediated AcylCer biosynthesis. Our findings establish an important biochemical function of ABHD5 in interacting with PNPLA1 to synthesize crucial epidermal lipids, emphasizing the significance of these proteins in the formation of a functional skin permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kien
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Grond
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Explorative Lipidomics, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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21
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Martins AF, Bennett NC, Clavel S, Groenewald H, Hensman S, Hoby S, Joris A, Manger PR, Milinkovitch MC. Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3865. [PMID: 30279508 PMCID: PMC6168576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An intricate network of crevices adorns the skin surface of the African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana. These micrometre-wide channels enhance the effectiveness of thermal regulation (by water retention) as well as protection against parasites and intense solar radiation (by mud adherence). While the adaptive value of these structures is well established, their morphological characterisation and generative mechanism are unknown. Using microscopy, computed tomography and a custom physics-based lattice model, we show that African elephant skin channels are fractures of the animal brittle and desquamation-deficient skin outermost layer. We suggest that the progressive thickening of the hyperkeratinised stratum corneum causes its fracture due to local bending mechanical stress in the troughs of a lattice of skin millimetric elevations. The African elephant skin channels are therefore generated by thickening of a brittle material on a locally-curved substrate rather than by a canonical tensile cracking process caused by frustrated shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- António F Martins
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sylvie Clavel
- Zoo African Safari, Plaisance du Touch, 31830, France
| | - Herman Groenewald
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sean Hensman
- Adventures with Elephants, Bela Bela, D1000 LP, South Africa
| | | | | | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Braamfontein, 2000, South Africa
| | - Michel C Milinkovitch
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.
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22
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Vahlquist A, Fischer J, Törmä H. Inherited Nonsyndromic Ichthyoses: An Update on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:51-66. [PMID: 28815464 PMCID: PMC5797567 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary ichthyoses are due to mutations on one or both alleles of more than 30 different genes, mainly expressed in the upper epidermis. Syndromic as well as nonsyndromic forms of ichthyosis exist. Irrespective of etiology, virtually all types of ichthyosis exhibit a defective epidermal barrier that constitutes the driving force for hyperkeratosis, skin scaling, and inflammation. In nonsyndromic forms, these features are most evident in severe autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) and epidermolytic ichthyosis, but to some extent also occur in the common type of non-congenital ichthyosis. A correct diagnosis of ichthyosis-essential not only for genetic counseling but also for adequate patient information about prognosis and therapeutic options-is becoming increasingly feasible thanks to recent progress in genetic knowledge and DNA sequencing methods. This paper reviews the most important aspects of nonsyndromic ichthyoses, focusing on new knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disorders, which will hopefully lead to novel ideas about therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Vahlquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Törmä
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Noutsou M, Li J, Ling J, Jones J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Sen GL. The Cohesin Complex Is Necessary for Epidermal Progenitor Cell Function through Maintenance of Self-Renewal Genes. Cell Rep 2017; 20:3005-3013. [PMID: 28954219 PMCID: PMC5683098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem and progenitor cells are critical for replenishing lost tissue due to injury or normal turnover. How these cells maintain self-renewal and sustain the tissue they populate are areas of active investigation. Here, we show that the cohesin complex, which has previously been implicated in regulating chromosome segregation and gene expression, is necessary to promote epidermal stem and progenitor cell self-renewal through cell-autonomous mechanisms. Cohesin binds to genomic sites associated with open chromatin, including DNase-I-hypersensitive sites, RNA polymerase II, and histone marks such as H3K27ac and H3K4me3. Reduced cohesin expression results in spontaneous epidermal differentiation due to loss of open chromatin structure and expression of key self-renewal genes. Our results demonstrate a prominent role for cohesin in modulating chromatin structure to allow for enforcement of a stem and progenitor cell gene expression program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noutsou
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jackson Jones
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA.
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Rush ET, Baker CV, Rizzo WB. Dolichol kinase deficiency (DOLK-CDG): Two new cases and expansion of phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2428-2434. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Rush
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Children's Hospital & Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
| | - Craig V. Baker
- Department of Pediatrics-Division of Medical Genetics; UTHealth McGovern Medical School; Houston Texas
| | - William B. Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Children's Hospital & Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
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Rice RH, Durbin-Johnson BP, Salemi M, Schwartz ME, Rocke DM, Phinney BS. Proteomic profiling of Pachyonychia congenita plantar callus. J Proteomics 2017. [PMID: 28648685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Callus samples from the ball and the arch of the foot, collected on tape circles, were compared by shotgun proteomic profiling. Pachyonychia congenita subjects were sampled who exhibited a mutation in KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT16 or KRT17, and the proteins were digested and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. In comparison with samples from unaffected control subjects, those from subjects with KRT6A or KRT16 mutations displayed the most differences in profile from normal, while those from subjects with KRT6C or KRT17 mutations showed few differences from normal. The profiles from subjects with KRT6B mutations were intermediate in protein profile differences. Degree of departure from the normal profile could be estimated by expression of numerous proteins in callus from the ball of the foot that were consistently different. By contrast, the protein profile from the arch of the foot was hardly affected. The results provide a foundation for noninvasive monitoring of the efficacy of treatments with quantitative assessment of departure from the normal phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Pachyonychia congenita is an orphan disease in which the connection between the basic defect (keratin mutation) and debilitating symptoms (severe plantar pain) is poorly understood. Present work addresses the degree to which the protein profile is altered in the epidermis where the severe pain originates. The results indicate that the mutated keratins differ greatly in the degree to which they elicit perturbations in protein profile. In those cases with markedly altered protein levels, monitoring the callus profile may provide an objective measure of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA
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Rodriguez Cruz SI, Phillips MA, Kültz D, Rice RH. Tgm1-like transglutaminases in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177016. [PMID: 28472103 PMCID: PMC5417640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the adaptations of aquatic species during evolution of terrestrial tetrapods was the development of an epidermis preventing desiccation. In present day mammals, keratinocytes of the epidermis, using a membrane-bound transglutaminase (Tgm1), accomplish this function by synthesizing a scaffold of cross-linked protein to which a lipid envelope is attached. This study characterizes the abilities of two homologous transglutaminase isozymes in the teleost fish tilapia to form cross-linked protein structures and their expression in certain tissues. Results indicate they are capable of membrane localization and of generating cellular structures resistant to detergent solubilization. They are both expressed in epithelial cells of the lip, buccal cavity and tips of gill filaments. Adaptation of transglutaminase use in evolution of terrestrial keratinocytes evidently involved refinements in tissue expression, access to suitable substrate proteins and activation of cross-linking during terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjorie A. Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Schmuth M, Blunder S, Dubrac S, Gruber R, Moosbrugger-Martinz V. Epidermal barrier in hereditary ichthyoses, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 13:1119-23. [PMID: 26513068 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several skin disorders are associated with impaired skin barrier function. Primary dysfunction is caused by monogenic defects in key components of the epidermis (for example ichthyoses). Secondary barrier impairment occurs in inflammatory dermatoses marked by disturbed epidermal homeostasis (eczema, psoriasis, etc.). In these disorders, inflammation impedes the synthesis or maintenance of skin barrier components. Recent evidence suggests a combination of primary and secondary barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis and, to a lesser extent, also in psoriasis. In the future, subtypes of atopic dermatitis may likely be defined, in which one or the other is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Rice RH, Durbin-Johnson BP, Ishitsuka Y, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rocke DM, Roop DR. Proteomic Analysis of Loricrin Knockout Mouse Epidermis. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2560-6. [PMID: 27418529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The crosslinked envelope of the mammalian epidermal corneocyte serves as a scaffold for assembly of the lipid barrier of the epidermis. Thus, deficient envelope crosslinking by keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) is a major cause of the human autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses characterized by barrier defects. Expectations that loss of some envelope protein components would also confer an ichthyosis phenotype have been difficult to demonstrate. To help rationalize this observation, the protein profile of epidermis from loricrin knockout mice has been compared to that of wild type. Despite the mild phenotype of the knockout, some 40 proteins were incorporated into envelope material to significantly different extents compared to those of wild type. Nearly half were also incorporated to similarly altered extents into the disulfide bonded keratin network of the corneocyte. The results suggest that loss of loricrin alters their incorporation into envelopes as a consequence of protein-protein interactions during cell maturation. Mass spectrometric protein profiling revealed that keratin 1, keratin 10, and loricrin are prominent envelope components and that dozens of other proteins are also components. This finding helps rationalize the potential formation of functional envelopes, despite loss of a single component, due to the availability of many alternative transglutaminase substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Autosomal recessive ichthyosis with limb reduction defect: A simple association and not CHILD syndrome. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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30
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Schmuth M, Blunder S, Dubrac S, Gruber R, Moosbrugger-Martinz V. Epidermale Barriere bei hereditären Ichthyosen, atopischer Dermatitis und Psoriasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.30_12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Robert Gruber
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
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32
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Chan A, Godoy-Gijon E, Nuno-Gonzalez A, Crumrine D, Hupe M, Choi EH, Gruber R, Williams ML, Choate K, Fleckman PH, Elias PM. Cellular basis of secondary infections and impaired desquamation in certain inherited ichthyoses. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151:285-92. [PMID: 25565224 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Secondary infections and impaired desquamation complicate certain inherited ichthyoses, but their cellular basis remains unknown. In healthy human epidermis, the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β-defensin 2 (HBD2), as well as the desquamatory protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7), are delivered to the stratum corneum (SC) interstices by lamellar body (LB) exocytosis. OBJECTIVE To assess whether abnormalities in the LB secretory system could account for increased risk of infections and impaired desquamation in inherited ichthyoses with known abnormalities in LB assembly (Harlequin ichthyosis [HI]), secretion (epidermolytic ichthyosis [EI]), or postsecretory proteolysis (Netherton syndrome [NS]). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Samples from library material were taken from patients with HI, EI, NS, and other ichthyoses, but with a normal LB secretory system, and in healthy controls and were evaluated by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis from July 1, 2010, through March 31, 2013. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Changes in LB secretion and in the fate of LB-derived enzymes and antimicrobial peptides in ichthyotic patients vs healthy controls. RESULTS In healthy controls and patients with X-linked ichthyosis, neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, and Gaucher disease, LB secretion is normal, and delivery of LB-derived proteins and LL-37 immunostaining persists high into the SC. In contrast, proteins loaded into nascent LBs and their delivery to the SC interstices decrease markedly in patients with HI, paralleled by reduced immunostaining for LL-37, HBD2, and KLK7 in the SC. In patients with EI, the cytoskeletal abnormality impairs the exocytosis of LB contents and thus results in decreased LL-37, HBD2, and KLK7 secretion, causing substantial entombment of these proteins within the corneocyte cytosol. Finally, in patients with NS, although abundant enzyme proteins loaded in parallel with accelerated LB production, LL-37 disappears, whereas KLK7 levels increase markedly in the SC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Together, these results suggest that diverse abnormalities in the LB secretory system account for the increased risk of secondary infections and impaired desquamation in patients with HI, EI, and NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aegean Chan
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elena Godoy-Gijon
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Almudena Nuno-Gonzalez
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Melanie Hupe
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Eung-Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco5Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Keith Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut7Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
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33
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Menon GK, Orsó E, Aslanidis C, Crumrine D, Schmitz G, Elias PM. Ultrastructure of skin from Refsum disease with emphasis on epidermal lamellar bodies and stratum corneum barrier lipid organization. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:731-7. [PMID: 24920240 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Classic Refsum disease (RD) is a rare, autosomal recessively-inherited disorder of peroxisome metabolism due to a defect in the initial step in the alpha oxidation of phytanic acid (PA), a C16 saturated fatty acid with four methyl side groups, which accumulates in plasma and lipid enriched tissues (please see van den Brink and Wanders, Cell Mol Life Sci 63:1752-1765, 2006). It has been proposed that the disease complex in RD is in part due to the high affinity of phytanic acid for retinoid X receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Structurally, epidermal hyperplasia, increased numbers of cornified cell layers, presence of cells with lipid droplets in stratum basale and reduction of granular layer to a single layer have been reported by Blanchet-Bardon et al. (The ichthyoses, SP Medical & Scientific Books, New York, pp 65-69, 1978). However, lamellar body (LB) density and secretion were reportedly normal. We recently examined biopsies from four unrelated patients, using both OsO4 and RuO4 post-fixation to evaluate the barrier lipid structural organization. Although lamellar body density appeared normal, individual organelles often had distorted shape, or had non-lamellar domains interspersed with lamellar structures. Some of the organelles seemed to lack lamellar contents altogether, showing instead uniformly electron-dense contents. In addition, we also observed mitochondrial abnormalities in the nucleated epidermis. Stratum granulosum-stratum corneum junctions also showed co-existence of non-lamellar and lamellar domains, indicative of lipid phase separation. Also, partial detachment or complete absence of corneocyte lipid envelopes (CLE) was seen in the stratum corneum of all RD patients. In conclusion, abnormal LB contents, resulting in defective lamellar bilayers, as well as reduced CLEs, likely lead to impaired barrier function in RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Menon
- Global Research and Development, Ashland, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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34
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Stacey SN, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Jonasdottir A, Thorleifsson G, Gudjonsson SA, Masson G, Gudmundsson J, Sigurgeirsson B, Benediktsdottir KR, Thorisdottir K, Ragnarsson R, Fuentelsaz V, Corredera C, Grasa M, Planelles D, Sanmartin O, Rudnai P, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Hemminki K, Nexø BA, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Johannsdottir H, Helgadottir HT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Vogel U, Kumar R, Nagore E, Mayordomo JI, Rafnar T, Olafsson JH, Stefansson K. Germline sequence variants in TGM3 and RGS22 confer risk of basal cell carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3045-53. [PMID: 24403052 PMCID: PMC4014188 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To search for new sequence variants that confer risk of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), we conducted a genome-wide association study of 38.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small indels identified through whole-genome sequencing of 2230 Icelanders. We imputed genotypes for 4208 BCC patients and 109 408 controls using Illumina SNP chip typing data, carried out association tests and replicated the findings in independent population samples. We found new BCC susceptibility loci at TGM3 (rs214782[G], P = 5.5 × 10−17, OR = 1.29) and RGS22 (rs7006527[C], P = 8.7 × 10−13, OR = 0.77). TGM3 encodes transglutaminase type 3, which plays a key role in production of the cornified envelope during epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Stacey
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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35
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Scheers C, Andre J, Thompson C, Rebuffat E, Harag S, Kolivras A. Refractory Trichophyton rubrum infection in lamellar ichthyosis. Pediatr Dermatol 2013; 30:e200-3. [PMID: 23679236 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A 10-month-old boy with congenital lamellar ichthyosis presented with a chronic Trichophyton rubrum infection. There was no history of atopy or immunosuppression, and examination revealed high total immunoglobulin E (IgE) with a positive specific IgE for T. rubrum. Multiple treatments with fluconazole were necessary to control the infection. T. rubrum is present worldwide and is responsible for the vast majority of chronic dermatophytosis. Lamellar ichthyosis is a risk factor for chronic dermatophytosis because of excessive keratin and the barrier defect. A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to T. rubrum is associated with cure, whereas immediate hypersensitivity and IgE are not protective and may lead to chronic infection. Atopy and the Th2 profile therefore seem to be associated with chronic dermatophytosis. The association between ichthyosis and atopy is well documented. T. rubrum also has an interesting ability to evade immunity, which helps explain the chronic infection. Finally, in ichthyosis, it is likely that fluconazole has difficulty penetrating the acanthotic stratum corneum, which explains treatment failure. We report this case to alert clinicians to the possible association between lamellar ichthyosis and chronic dermatophytosis and to report the difficulties of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Scheers
- Department of Dermatology, CHU St Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Xu W, Jia S, Xie P, Zhong A, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. The expression of proinflammatory genes in epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by hydration status. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1044-1055. [PMID: 24226202 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal wounds heal more rapidly, exhibit less inflammation, and are associated with minimal scarring when compared with equivalent cutaneous wounds. We previously demonstrated that cutaneous epithelium exhibits an exaggerated response to injury compared with mucosal epithelium. We hypothesized that treatment of injured skin with a semiocclusive dressing preserves the hydration of the skin and results in a wound healing phenotype that more closely resembles that of mucosa. Here we explored whether changes in hydration status alter epidermal gene expression patterns in rabbit partial-thickness incisional wounds. Using microarray studies on injured epidermis, we showed that global gene expression patterns in highly occluded versus non-occluded wounds are distinct. Many genes including IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase 2) are upregulated in non-occluded wounds compared with highly occluded wounds. In addition, decreased levels of hydration resulted in an increased expression of proinflammatory genes in human ex vivo skin culture (HESC) and stratified keratinocytes. Hierarchical analysis of genes using RNA interference showed that both TNF-α and IL-1β regulate the expression of IL-8 through independent pathways in response to reduced hydration. Furthermore, both gene knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies showed that COX-2 mediates the TNF-α/IL-8 pathway by increasing the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). IL-8 in turn controls the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in keratinocytes. Our data show that hydration status directly affects the expression of inflammatory signaling in the epidermis. The identification of genes involved in the epithelial hydration pathway provides an opportunity to develop strategies to reduce scarring and optimize wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shengxian Jia
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ping Xie
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aimei Zhong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas A Mustoe
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Seok J Hong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Elias PM. Lipid abnormalities and lipid-based repair strategies in atopic dermatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:323-30. [PMID: 24128970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have revealed the key roles played by Th1/Th2 cell dysregulation, IgE production, mast cell hyperactivity, and dendritic cell signaling in the evolution of the chronic, pruritic, inflammatory dermatosis that characterizes atopic dermatitis (AD). We review here increasing evidence that the inflammation in AD results primarily from inherited abnormalities in epidermal structural and enzymatic proteins that impact permeability barrier function. We also will show that the barrier defect can be attributed to a paracellular abnormality due to a variety of abnormalities in lipid composition, transport and extracellular organization. Accordingly, we also review the therapeutic implications of this emerging pathogenic paradigm, including several current and potentially novel, lipid-based approaches to corrective therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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38
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Distinguishing ichthyoses by protein profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75355. [PMID: 24130705 PMCID: PMC3793978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the usefulness of protein profiling for characterization of ichthyoses, we here determined the profile of human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples were analyzed after collection on tape circles from six anatomic sites (forearm, palm, lower leg, forehead, abdomen, upper back), demonstrating site-specific differences in profiles. Additional samples were collected from the forearms of subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris (filaggrin (FLG) deficiency), recessive X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency) and autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis type lamellar ichthyosis (transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) deficiency). The ichthyosis protein expression patterns were readily distinguishable from each other and from phenotypically normal epidermis. In general, the degree of departure from normal was lower from ichthyosis vulgaris than from lamellar ichthyosis, parallel to the severity of the phenotype. Analysis of samples from families with ichthyosis vulgaris and concomitant modifying gene mutations (STS deficiency, GJB2 deficiency) permitted correlation of alterations in protein profile with more complex genetic constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Bradshaw
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Seeger MA, Paller AS. The role of abnormalities in the distal pathway of cholesterol synthesis in the Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects (CHILD) syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:345-52. [PMID: 24060582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CHILD syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects) is a rare X-linked dominant ichthyotic disorder. CHILD syndrome results from loss of function mutations in the NSDHL gene, which leads to inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates in affected tissues. The CHILD syndrome skin is characterized by plaques topped by waxy scales and a variety of developmental defects in extracutaneous tissues, particularly limb hypoplasia or aplasia. Strikingly, these alterations are commonly segregated to either the right or left side of the body midline with little to no manifestations on the ipsilateral side. By understanding the underlying disease mechanism of CHILD syndrome, a pathogenesis-based therapy has been developed that successfully reverses the CHILD syndrome skin phenotype and has potential applications to the treatment of other ichthyoses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Seeger
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Hu Q, Rice RH, Qin Q, Phinney BS, Eigenheer RA, Bao W, Zhao B. Proteomic analysis of human keratinocyte response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5340-7. [PMID: 23991859 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibeno-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related polyhalogenated organic pollutants occurs as a consequence of modern life. Exploring the cellular basis for their action is anticipated to help understand the risk they pose and improve the foundation for their regulation. A basis for the striking change in human keratinocyte colony morphology due to TCDD exposure has been investigated by shotgun proteomics. Concentrating on changes in protein levels among three cell strains has revealed significant decreases in the differentiation markers filaggrin, keratin 1, and keratin 10. EGF treatment in concert with TCDD enhanced the changes in these markers and several other proteins while reducing the levels of certain other proteins. The only protein stimulated by TCDD in all three strains and reversed by EGF in them was vimentin, not previously observed to be in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor response domain. Although TCDD is often proposed to enhance keratinocyte differentiation, proteomic analysis reveals it uncouples the differentiation program and suggests that reduced levels of differentiation marker proteins contribute to the observed excessive stratification it induces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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Akinshina A, Jambon-Puillet E, Warren PB, Noro MG. Self-consistent field theory for the interactions between keratin intermediate filaments. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2013; 6:12. [PMID: 24007681 PMCID: PMC3848802 DOI: 10.1186/2046-1682-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Keratins are important structural proteins found in skin, hair and nails. Keratin Intermediate Filaments are major components of corneocytes, nonviable horny cells of the Stratum Corneum, the outermost layer of skin. It is considered that interactions between unstructured domains of Keratin Intermediate Filaments are the key factor in maintaining the elasticity of the skin. Results We have developed a model for the interactions between keratin intermediate filaments based on self-consistent field theory. The intermediate filaments are represented by charged surfaces, and the disordered terminal domains of the keratins are represented by charged heteropolymers grafted to these surfaces. We estimate the system is close to a charge compensation point where the heteropolymer grafting density is matched to the surface charge density. Using a protein model with amino acid resolution for the terminal domains, we find that the terminal chains can mediate a weak attraction between the keratin surfaces. The origin of the attraction is a combination of bridging and electrostatics. The attraction disappears when the system moves away from the charge compensation point, or when excess small ions and/or NMF-representing free amino acids are added. Conclusions These results are in concordance with experimental observations, and support the idea that the interaction between keratin filaments, and ultimately in part the elastic properties of the keratin-containing tissue, is controlled by a combination of the physico-chemical properties of the disordered terminal domains and the composition of the medium in the inter-filament region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akinshina
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK.
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42
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Impaired epidermal ceramide synthesis causes autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and reveals the importance of ceramide acyl chain length. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2202-11. [PMID: 23549421 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the human epidermis is supposed to be governed by lipid composition and organization in the stratum corneum. Disorders of keratinization, namely ichthyoses, are typically associated with disturbed barrier activity. Using autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, we have identified a homozygous missense mutation in CERS3 in patients with congenital ichthyosis characterized by collodion membranes at birth, generalized scaling of the skin, and mild erythroderma. We demonstrate that the mutation inactivates ceramide synthase 3 (CerS3), which is synthesized in skin and testis, in an assay of N-acylation with C26-CoA, both in patient keratinocytes and using recombinant mutant proteins. Moreover, we show a specific loss of ceramides with very long acyl chains from C26 up to C34 in terminally differentiating patient keratinocytes, which is in line with findings from a recent CerS3-deficient mouse model. Analysis of reconstructed patient skin reveals disturbance of epidermal differentiation with an earlier maturation and an impairment of epidermal barrier function. Our findings demonstrate that synthesis of very long chain ceramides by CerS3 is a crucial early step for the skin barrier formation and link disorders presenting with congenital ichthyosis to defects in sphingolipid metabolism and the epidermal lipid architecture.
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43
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Cytokines and the skin barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6720-45. [PMID: 23531535 PMCID: PMC3645662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and builds a barrier to protect us from the harmful environment and also from unregulated loss of water. Keratinocytes form the skin barrier by undergoing a highly complex differentiation process that involves changing their morphology and structural integrity, a process referred to as cornification. Alterations in the epidermal cornification process affect the formation of the skin barrier. Typically, this results in a disturbed barrier, which allows the entry of substances into the skin that are immunologically reactive. This contributes to and promotes inflammatory processes in the skin but also affects other organs. In many common skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, a defect in the formation of the skin barrier is observed. In these diseases the cytokine composition within the skin is different compared to normal human skin. This is the result of resident skin cells that produce cytokines, but also because additional immune cells are recruited. Many of the cytokines found in defective skin are able to influence various processes of differentiation and cornification. Here we summarize the current knowledge on cytokines and their functions in healthy skin and their contributions to inflammatory skin diseases.
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Schmuth M, Martinz V, Janecke AR, Fauth C, Schossig A, Zschocke J, Gruber R. Inherited ichthyoses/generalized Mendelian disorders of cornification. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:123-33. [PMID: 22739337 PMCID: PMC3548255 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited ichthyoses, defined as the generalized form of Mendelian disorders of cornification, are characterized by visible scaling and/or hyperkeratosis of most or all of the skin. This etiologically and phenotypically heterogenous group of conditions is caused by mutations in various different genes important for keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier function. Diagnosing a specific entity is a particular challenge for the nonspecialist presented with the common clinical scaling. For the clinician, this review outlines an algorithmic approach for utilizing diagnostic clues to narrow down the differential diagnosis and to guide further testing and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Martinz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christine Fauth
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Schossig
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sugiura K. Unfolded protein response in keratinocytes: impact on normal and abnormal keratinization. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 69:181-6. [PMID: 23352280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the nucleus that protects cells from stress caused by misfolded or unfolded proteins. As such, ER stress is an ongoing challenge for all cells, given the central biologic importance of secretion as part of normal physiologic functions. Mild UPR is activated by mild ER stress, which occurs under normal conditions. Abnormal UPR is activated by severe ER stress, which occurs under pathological conditions. Abnormal UPR activation is associated with a number of diseases, including diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Within skin tissues, keratinocytes in the epidermis are especially dependent upon a mild UPR for normal differentiation in the course of their differentiation into secretory cells in the uppermost granular layers. Association between abnormal UPR activation and hereditary keratoses, including Darier's disease, keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and keratoderma syndrome, erythrokeratoderma variabilis, and ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia syndrome, have been elucidated recently. This review describes the UPR in normal and abnormal keratinization and discusses the regulation of abnormal UPR activation by chemical chaperones as a potential treatment for one of the hereditary keratoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Hatano Y, Adachi Y, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Sakai T, Kurahashi R, Katagiri K, Fujiwara S. The Th2 cytokine, interleukin-4, abrogates the cohesion of normal stratum corneum in mice: implications for pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:30-5. [PMID: 23173934 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that Th2 cytokines adversely affect skin barrier functions and contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is also characterized by abnormal cohesion in the stratum corneum (SC). However, the contribution of Th2 cytokines to this abnormality remains unknown. This study examined the effects of IL-4, a prototypic Th2 cytokine, on the cohesion of the SC. Structural and physiological assessments revealed that repeated intradermal injections of IL-4 compromised the cohesion of the SC of normal hairless mice. Two potential mechanisms were explored to account for the altered cohesion. First, IL-4 decreased the amount of corneodesmosomes and down-regulated the expression of desmoglein 1, but not of corneodesmosin (CDSN) or loricrin expression, in murine skin and in cultured human keratinocytes (KC). IL-4 did not affect the skin surface pH, and in situ zymography revealed no net change in total serine protease activity in the IL-4-treated SC. Yet, IL-4 enhanced expression of kallikrein (KLK)7, while simultaneously down-regulating KLK5 and KLK14. Finally, IL-4 did not alter the expression of the lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI) in KC. This study suggests that IL-4 abrogates the cohesion of SC primarily by reducing epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan.
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Lin TK, Man MQ, Santiago JL, Park K, Roelandt T, Oda Y, Hupe M, Crumrine D, Lee HJ, Gschwandtner M, Thyssen JP, Trullas C, Tschachler E, Feingold KR, Elias PM. Topical antihistamines display potent anti-inflammatory activity linked in part to enhanced permeability barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:469-78. [PMID: 23014339 PMCID: PMC3532566 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic antagonists of the histamine type 1 and 2 receptors (H1/2r) are widely used as anti-pruritics and central sedatives, but demonstrate only modest anti-inflammatory activity. Because many inflammatory dermatoses result from defects in cutaneous barrier function, and because keratinocytes express both Hr1 and Hr2, we hypothesized that H1/2r antagonists might be more effective, if they were used topically to treat inflammatory dermatoses. Topical H1/2r antagonists additively enhanced permeability barrier homeostasis in normal mouse skin by: i) stimulation of epidermal differentiation, leading to thickened cornified envelopes; and ii) enhanced epidermal lipid synthesis and secretion. Since barrier homeostasis was enhanced to a comparable extent in mast cell-deficient mice, with no further improvement following application of topical H1/2r antagonists, H1/2r antagonists likely oppose mast cell-derived histamine. In four immunologically-diverse, murine disease models, characterized by either inflammation alone (acute irritant contact dermatitis, acute allergic contact dermatitis), or by prominent barrier abnormalities (subacute allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis), topical H1/2r agonists aggravated, while H1/2r antagonists improved inflammation and/or barrier function. The apparent ability of topical H1r/2r antagonists to target epidermal H1/2r could translate into increased efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses, likely due to decreased inflammation and enhanced barrier function. These results could shift current paradigms of antihistamine utilization from a predominantly-systemic to a topical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Kai Lin
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Wolf R, Orion E, Ruocco E, Ruocco V. Abnormal epidermal barrier in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 2012; 30:323-8. [PMID: 22507047 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost 2 decades ago, Williams and Elias suggested a unifying concept for the pathogenesis of disorders of cornification, according to which the integrity of the epidermal barrier and its effective function is an important factor in the regulation of epidermal DNA synthesis. Interference with the barrier integrity or function will result in epidermal hyperplasia and may be the primary event leading to hyperproliferative skin diseases, such as psoriasis. We have analyzed alterations to several structures of the epidermal barrier that might be responsible for barrier dysfunction and thus lead to hyperproliferation of the epidermis in an attempt to repair the barrier and, as a result, might be inducers of psoriasis. There are several convincing reports indicating that inhibiting of epidermal transglutaminase may lead to epidermal hyperproliferation and that this stimulus might trigger psoriasis among genetically predisposed patients. Disturbance of epidermal barrier function caused by derangement of lipid or cholesterol or ceramide synthesis leads to increased DNA synthesis and epidermal hyperplasia and as a result might be an inducer of psoriasis. We could find little evidence to show that defective defense of the epidermis or an abnormal response of it to bacteria plays a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Accumulating data indicate that there is an association of psoriasis and mutations of genes within the epidermal differentiation complex, which are crucial for the development, maturation, cornification, cross-linking, and terminal differentiation of the epidermis, called psoriasis susceptibility locus 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Elias PM, Williams ML, Feingold KR. Abnormal barrier function in the pathogenesis of ichthyosis: therapeutic implications for lipid metabolic disorders. Clin Dermatol 2012; 30:311-22. [PMID: 22507046 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyoses, including inherited disorders of lipid metabolism, display a permeability barrier abnormality in which the severity of the clinical phenotype parallels the prominence of the barrier defect. The pathogenesis of the cutaneous phenotype represents the consequences of the mutation for epidermal function, coupled with a "best attempt" by affected epidermis to generate a competent barrier in a terrestrial environment. A compromised barrier in normal epidermis triggers a vigorous set of metabolic responses that rapidly normalizes function, but ichthyotic epidermis, which is inherently compromised, only partially succeeds in this effort. Unraveling mechanisms that account for barrier dysfunction in the ichthyoses has identified multiple, subcellular, and biochemical processes that contribute to the clinical phenotype. Current treatment of the ichthyoses remains largely symptomatic: directed toward reducing scale or corrective gene therapy. Reducing scale is often minimally effective. Gene therapy is impeded by multiple pitfalls, including difficulties in transcutaneous drug delivery, high costs, and discomfort of injections. We have begun to use information about disease pathogenesis to identify novel, pathogenesis-based therapeutic strategies for the ichthyoses. The clinical phenotype often reflects not only a deficiency of pathway end product due to reduced-function mutations in key synthetic enzymes but often also accumulation of proximal, potentially toxic metabolites. As a result, depending upon the identified pathomechanism(s) for each disorder, the accompanying ichthyosis can be treated by topical provision of pathway product (eg, cholesterol), with or without a proximal enzyme inhibitor (eg, simvastatin), to block metabolite production. Among the disorders of distal cholesterol metabolism, the cutaneous phenotype in Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform Erythroderma and Limb Defects (CHILD syndrome) and X-linked ichthyosis reflect metabolite accumulation and deficiency of pathway product (ie, cholesterol). We validated this therapeutic approach in two CHILD syndrome patients who failed to improve with topical cholesterol alone, but cleared with dual treatment with cholesterol plus lovastatin. In theory, the ichthyoses in other inherited lipid metabolic disorders could be treated analogously. This pathogenesis (pathway)-driven approach possesses several inherent advantages: (1) it is mechanism-specific for each disorder; (2) it is inherently safe, because natural lipids and/or approved drugs often are utilized; and (3) it should be inexpensive, and therefore it could be used widely in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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PPAR Medicines and Human Disease: The ABCs of It All. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:504918. [PMID: 22919365 PMCID: PMC3423947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/504918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a family of transmembrane proteins that pump a variety of hydrophobic compounds across cellular and subcellular barriers and are implicated in human diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Inhibition of ABC transporter activity showed promise in early preclinical studies; however, the outcomes in clinical trials with these agents have not been as encouraging. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate genes involved in fat and glucose metabolism, and inflammation. Activation of PPAR signaling is also reported to regulate ABC gene expression. This suggests the potential of PPAR medicines as a novel means of controlling ABC transporter activity at the transcriptional level. This paper summarizes the advances made in understanding how PPAR medicines affect ABC transporters, and the potential implications for impacting on human diseases, in particular with respect to cancer and atherosclerosis.
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