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Li X, Jin H, Lv Y, Liu C, Luo X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Zhao Z. Analysis of microRNA expression profiles during the differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells into male germ cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1120-1131. [PMID: 35020556 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2013858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into germ cells in vitro could have very promising applications for infertility treatment and could provide an excellent model for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of germline generation. This study aimed to investigate the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) during the differentiation of chicken ESCs (cESCs) into male germ cells and to establish a profile of the DEMs. Cells before and after induction were subjected to miRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq). A total of 113 DEMs were obtained, including 61 upregulated and 52 downregulated DEMs. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the target genes were enriched mainly in the MAPK signaling pathway, HTLV infection signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecule (CAM)-related pathways, viral myocarditis, Wnt signaling pathway, ABC transporters, TGF-β signaling pathways, Notch signaling pathways and insulin signaling pathway. The target genes of the miRNAs were related to cell binding, cell parts and biological regulatory processes. Six DEMs, let-7k-5p, miR-132c-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-202-5p, miR-383-5p and miR-6553-3p, were assessed by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with the results of miRNA-seq. Based on qRT-PCR and western blot verification, miR-383-5p and its putative target gene STRN3 were selected to construct an STRN3 3'-UTR dual-luciferase gene reporter vector and its mutant vector. The double luciferase reporter activity of the cotransfected STRN3-WT + miR-383-5p mimics group was significantly lower (by approximately 46%) than that of the other five groups (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in luciferase activity among the other 5 groups. This study establishes a DEM profile during the process of cESC differentiation into male germ cells; illustrates the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate target genes; provides a theoretical basis for further research on the mechanisms of the formation and regulation of male germ cells; and provides an important strategy for gene editing, animal genetic resource protection and transgenic animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
| | - Haiguo Jin
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
| | - Yang Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
| | - Xiaotong Luo
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
| | - Zhongli Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhu Ling, China
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2
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Setthawong P, Phakdeedindan P, Techakumphu M, Tharasanit T. Molecular signature and colony morphology affect in vitro pluripotency of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1104-1116. [PMID: 34013645 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overall efficiency of cell reprogramming for porcine fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is currently poor, and few cell lines have been established. This study examined gene expression during early phase of cellular reprogramming in the relationship to the iPSC colony morphology and in vitro pluripotent characteristics. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed with OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. Two different colony morphologies referred to either compact (n = 10) or loose (n = 10) colonies were further examined for proliferative activity, gene expression and in vitro pluripotency. A total of 1,697 iPSC-like colonies (2.34%) were observed after gene transduction. The compact colonies contained with tightly packed cells with a distinct-clear border between the colony and feeder cells, while loose colonies demonstrated irregular colony boundary. For quantitative expression of genes responsible for early phase cell reprogramming, the Dppa2 and EpCAM were significantly upregulated while NR0B1 was downregulated in compact colonies compared with loose phenotype (p < .05). Higher proportion of compact iPSC phenotype (5 of 10, 50%) could be maintained in undifferentiated state for more than 50 passages compared unfavourably with loose morphology (3 of 10, 30%). All iPS cell lines obtained from these two types of colony morphologies expressed pluripotent genes and proteins (OCT4, NANOG and E-cadherin). In addition, they could aggregate and form three-dimensional structure of embryoid bodies. However, only compact iPSC colonies differentiated into three germ layers. Molecular signature of early phase of cell reprogramming coupled with primary colony morphology reflected the in vitro pluripotency of porcine iPSCs. These findings can be simply applied for pre-screening selection of the porcine iPSC cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyathip Setthawong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praopilas Phakdeedindan
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Techakumphu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,CU-Animal Fertility Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Yuan ZD, Zhu WN, Liu KZ, Huang ZP, Han YC. Small Molecule Epigenetic Modulators in Pure Chemical Cell Fate Conversion. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8890917. [PMID: 33144865 PMCID: PMC7596432 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8890917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although innovative technologies for somatic cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation provide new strategies for the research of translational medicine, including disease modeling, drug screening, artificial organ development, and cell therapy, recipient safety remains a concern due to the use of exogenous transcription factors during induction. To resolve this problem, new induction approaches containing clinically applicable small molecules have been explored. Small molecule epigenetic modulators such as DNA methylation writer inhibitors, histone methylation writer inhibitors, histone acylation reader inhibitors, and histone acetylation eraser inhibitors could overcome epigenetic barriers during cell fate conversion. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in reprogramming and transdifferentiation of somatic cells with small molecule approaches. In the present review, we systematically discuss recent achievements of pure chemical reprogramming and transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Di Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Grade 19, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ning Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Grade 19, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Zhi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Grade 19, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chuang Han
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
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Xiong C, Wang M, Ling W, Xie D, Chu X, Li Y, Huang Y, Li T, Otieno E, Qiu X, Xiao X. Advances in Isolation and Culture of Chicken Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:43-54. [PMID: 32150690 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken embryonic stem cells (cESCs) isolated from the egg at the stage X hold great promise for cell therapy, tissue engineering, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. They are considered to be pluripotent cells with the capacity to self-renewal and differentiate into specialized cells. However, long-term maintenance of cESCs cannot be realized now, which impedes the establishment of cESC line and limits their applications. Therefore, the separation locations, isolation methods, and culture conditions especially the supplements and action mechanisms of cytokines, including leukemia inhibitory factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, bone morphogenic protein, and activin for cESCs in vitro, have been reviewed here. These defined strategies will contribute to identify the key mechanism on the self-renewal of cESCs, facilitate to optimize system that supports the derivation and longtime maintenance of cESCs, establish the cESC line, and develop the biobank of genetic resources in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhui Ling
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dengfeng Xie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxin Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Edward Otieno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Johari B, Asadi Z, Rismani E, Maghsood F, Sheikh Rezaei Z, Farahani S, Madanchi H, Kadivar M. Inhibition of transcription factor T-cell factor 3 (TCF3) using the oligodeoxynucleotide strategy increases embryonic stem cell stemness: possible application in regenerative medicine. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:852-862. [PMID: 31033094 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor T-cell factor 3 (TCF3), one component of the Wnt pathway, is known as a cell-intrinsic inhibitor of many pluripotency genes in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that influences the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. In this study, the effects of inhibition of TCF3 transcription factor on the stemness of mouse ESCs (mESCs) were investigated using the decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) strategy. The TCF3 decoy and its scramble ODNs were designed and synthesized. The interaction specificity of the TCF3 decoy with the TCF3 transcription factor was evaluated by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Subcellular localization was carried out using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Self-renewal and pluripotency of mESCs were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), cell cycle and apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), embryoid body (EB) formation, and real-time assays. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The results showed that knockdown of TCF3 by decoy ODNs transfection in mESCs led to an increase in the cell proliferation, ALP enzyme activity, and master regulatory stemness genes and a decrease in the number and diameter of EBs. These results supported TCF3 as a potential target to maintain the pluripotency and self-renewal capacity of mESCs. Knockdown of the TCF3 transcription factor using decoy ODNs can be a promising method to maintain the stemness of stem cells in regenerative medicine and cell therapy researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Johari
- Student Research Committee, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zoleykha Asadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Rismani
- Deartment of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Maghsood
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Farahani
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department and Center for Biotechnology Research, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kadivar
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Chen W, Huang Q, Ma S, Li M. Progress in Dopaminergic Cell Replacement and Regenerative Strategies for Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:839-851. [PMID: 30346716 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder symptomatically characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and gait impairment. These motor deficits suffered by PD patients primarily result from selective dysfunction or loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Most of the existing therapies for PD are based on the replacement of dopamine, which is symptomatically effective in the early stage but becomes increasingly less effective and is accompanied by serious side effects in the advanced stages of the disease. Currently, there are no strategies to slow neuronal degeneration or prevent the progression of PD. Thus, the prospect of regenerating functional dopaminergic neurons is very attractive. Over the last few decades, significant progress has been made in the development of dopaminergic regenerative strategies for curing PD. The most promising approach seems to be cell-replacement therapy (CRT) using human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are unlimitedly available and have gained much success in preclinical trials. Despite the challenges, stem cell-based CRT will make significant steps toward the clinic in the coming decade. Alternatively, direct lineage reprogramming, especially in situ direct conversion of glia cells to induced neurons, which exhibits some advantages including no ethical concerns, no risk of tumor formation, and even no need for transplantation, has gained much attention recently. Evoking the endogenous regeneration ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) is an idyllic method of dopaminergic neuroregeneration which remains highly controversial. Here, we review many of these advances, highlighting areas and strategies that might be particularly suited to the development of regenerative approaches that restore dopaminergic function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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7
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Rico-Varela J, Ho D, Wan LQ. In Vitro Microscale Models for Embryogenesis. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 2:1700235. [PMID: 30533517 PMCID: PMC6286056 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a highly regulated developmental process requiring complex mechanical and biochemical microenvironments to give rise to a fully developed and functional embryo. Significant efforts have been taken to recapitulate specific features of embryogenesis by presenting the cells with developmentally relevant signals. The outcomes, however, are limited partly due to the complexity of this biological process. Microtechnologies such as micropatterned and microfluidic systems, along with new emerging embryonic stem cell-based models, could potentially serve as powerful tools to study embryogenesis. The aim of this article is to review major studies involving the culturing of pluripotent stem cells using different geometrical patterns, microfluidic platforms, and embryo/embryoid body-on-a-chip modalities. Indeed, new research opportunities have emerged for establishing in vitro culture for studying human embryogenesis and for high-throughput pharmacological testing platforms and disease models to prevent defects in early stages of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rico-Varela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Dominic Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
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8
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Xie X, Fu Y, Liu J. Chemical reprogramming and transdifferentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:104-113. [PMID: 28755566 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The revolutionizing somatic cell reprogramming/transdifferentiation technologies provide a new path for cell replacement therapies and drug screening. The original method for reprogramming involves the delivery of exogenous transcription factors, leading to the safety concerns about the possible genome integration. Many efforts have been taken to avoid genetic alteration in somatic cell reprogramming/transdifferentiation by using non-integrating gene delivery approaches, cell membrane permeable proteins, and small molecule compounds. Compared to other methods, small-molecule compounds have several unique advantages, such as structural versatility and being easy to control in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent way. More importantly, small molecules have been used as drugs to treat human diseases for thousands of years. So the small molecule approach to reprogramming might be more acceptable in clinical-related uses. In the past few years, small molecule approaches have made significant progresses in inducing pluripotent or functional differentiated cells from somatic cells. Here we review the recent achievements of chemical reprogramming/transdifferentiation and discuss the advantages and challenges facing this strategy in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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An integrative approach predicted co-expression sub-networks regulating properties of stem cells and differentiation. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:250-262. [PMID: 27475236 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) is accompanied by the formation of different intermediary cells, gradually losing its stemness and acquiring differentiation. The precise mechanisms underlying hESCs integrity and its differentiation into fibroblast (Fib) are still elusive. Here, we aimed to assess important genes and co-expression sub-networks responsible for stemness, early differentiation of hESCs into embryoid bodies (EBs) and its lineage specification into Fibs. To achieve this, we compared transcriptional profiles of hESCs-EBs and EBs-Fibs and obtained differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusive to hESCs-EBs (early differentiation), EBs-Fibs (late differentiation) and common DEGs in hESCs-EBs and EBs-Fibs. Then, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) followed by overrepresentation study and identified key genes for each gene category. The regulations of these genes were studied by integrating ChIP-Seq data of core transcription factors (TFs) and histone methylation marks in hESCs. Finally, we identified co-expression sub-networks from key genes of each gene category using k-clique sub-network extraction method. Our study predicted seven genes edicting core stemness properties forming a co-expression network. From the pathway analysis of sub-networks of hESCs-EBs, we hypothesize that FGF2 is contributing to pluripotent transcription network of hESCs in association with DNMT3B and JARID2 thereby facilitating cell proliferation. On the contrary, FGF2 is found to promote cell migration in Fibs along with DDR2, CAV1, DAB2, and PARVA. Moreover, our study identified three k-clique sub-networks regulating TGF-β signaling pathway thereby promoting EBs to Fibs differentiation by: (i) modulating extracellular matrix involving ITGB1, TGFB1I1 and GBP1, (ii) regulating cell cycle remodeling involving CDKN1A, JUNB and DUSP1 and (iii) helping in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) involving THBS1, INHBA and LOX. This study put forward the unexplored genes and co-expression sub-networks regulating stemness and different stages of differentiation of hESCs which will undoubtedly add to the comprehensive understanding of hESCs biology.
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Handral HK, Tong HJ, Islam I, Sriram G, Rosa V, Cao T. Pluripotent stem cells: An in vitro model for nanotoxicity assessments. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1250-8. [PMID: 27241574 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of technology has led to an established range of engineered nanoparticles that are used in diverse applications, such as cell-cell interactions, cell-material interactions, medical therapies and the target modulation of cellular processes. The exponential increase in the utilization of nanomaterials and the growing number of associated criticisms has highlighted the potential risks of nanomaterials to human health and the ecosystem. The existing in vivo and in vitro platforms show limitations, with fluctuations being observed in the results of toxicity assessments. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are viable source of cells that are capable of developing into specialized cells of the human body. PSCs can be efficiently used to screen new biomaterials/drugs and are potential candidates for studying impairments of biophysical morphology at both the cellular and tissue levels during interactions with nanomaterials and for diagnosing toxicity. Three-dimensional in vitro models obtained using PSC-derived cells would provide a realistic, patient-specific platform for toxicity assessments and in drug screening applications. The current review focuses on PSCs as an alternative in vitro platform for assessing the hazardous effects of nanomaterials on health systems and highlights the importance of PSC-derived in vitro platforms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish K Handral
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huei Jinn Tong
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Intekhab Islam
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Experimental Dermatology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Vinicus Rosa
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Techniques of Human Embryonic Stem Cell and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:349-70. [PMID: 26939778 PMCID: PMC5021740 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Developing procedures for the derivation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) gave rise to novel pathways into regenerative medicine research. For many years, stem cells have attracted attention as a potentially unlimited cell source for cellular therapy in neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and spinal cord injuries, for example. In these studies, adult stem cells were insufficient; therefore, many attempts were made to obtain PSCs by other means. This review discusses key issues concerning the techniques of pluripotent cell acquisition. Technical and ethical issues hindered the medical use of somatic cell nuclear transfer and embryonic stem cells. Therefore, induced PSCs (iPSCs) emerged as a powerful technique with great potential for clinical applications, patient-specific disease modelling and pharmaceutical studies. The replacement of viral vectors or the administration of analogous proteins or chemical compounds during cell reprogramming are modifications designed to reduce tumorigenesis risk and to augment the procedure efficiency. Intensified analysis of new PSC lines revealed other barriers to overcome, such as epigenetic memory, disparity between human and mouse pluripotency, and variable response to differentiation of some iPSC lines. Thus, multidimensional verification must be conducted to fulfil strict clinical-grade requirements. Nevertheless, the first clinical trials in patients with spinal cord injury and macular dystrophy were recently carried out with differentiated iPSCs, encouraging alternative strategies for potential autologous cellular therapies.
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12
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Zhang C, Ball J, Panzica-Kelly J, Augustine-Rauch K. In Vitro Developmental Toxicology Screens: A Report on the Progress of the Methodology and Future Applications. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:534-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zhang
- Discovery
Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jonathan Ball
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Panzica-Kelly
- Discovery
Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Karen Augustine-Rauch
- Discovery
Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
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ELABELA Is an Endogenous Growth Factor that Sustains hESC Self-Renewal via the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:435-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Wade SL, Langer LF, Ward JM, Archer TK. MiRNA-Mediated Regulation of the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex Controls Pluripotency and Endodermal Differentiation in Human ESCs. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2925-35. [PMID: 26119756 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs and chromatin remodeling complexes represent powerful epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the pluripotent state. miR-302 is a strong inducer of pluripotency, which is characterized by a distinct chromatin architecture. This suggests that miR-302 regulates global chromatin structure; however, a direct relationship between miR-302 and chromatin remodelers has not been established. Here, we provide data to show that miR-302 regulates Brg1 chromatin remodeling complex composition in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) through direct repression of the BAF53a and BAF170 subunits. With the subsequent overexpression of BAF170 in hESCs, we show that miR-302's inhibition of BAF170 protein levels can affect the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation. Furthermore, miR-302-mediated repression of BAF170 regulates pluripotency by positively influencing mesendodermal differentiation. Overexpression of BAF170 in hESCs led to biased differentiation toward the ectoderm lineage during EB formation and severely hindered directed definitive endoderm differentiation. Taken together, these data uncover a direct regulatory relationship between miR-302 and the Brg1 chromatin remodeling complex that controls gene expression and cell fate decisions in hESCs and suggests that similar mechanisms are at play during early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staton L Wade
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - Lee F Langer
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services
| | - James M Ward
- Integrative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor K Archer
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services
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15
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Zhang Z, Elsayed AK, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Zuo Q, Li D, Lian C, Tang B, Xiao T, Xu Q, Chang G, Chen G, Zhang L, Wang K, Wang Y, Jin K, Wang Y, Song J, Cui H, Li B. Crucial genes and pathways in chicken germ stem cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13605-21. [PMID: 25847247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cell differentiation is a subtle and complex regulatory process. Currently, its regulatory mechanism is still not fully understood. In our experiment, we performed the first comprehensive genome and transcriptome-wide analyses of the crucial genes and signaling pathways in three kinds of crucial cells (embryonic stem cells, primordial germ cell, and spermatogonial stem cells) that are associated with the male germ cell differentiation. We identified thousands of differentially expressed genes in this process, and from these we chose 173 candidate genes, of which 98 genes were involved in cell differentiation, 19 were involved in the metabolic process, and 56 were involved in the differentiation and metabolic processes, like GAL9, AMH, PLK1, and PSMD7 and so on. In addition, we found that 18 key signaling pathways were involved mainly in cell proliferation, differentiation, and signal transduction processes like TGF-β, Notch, and Jak-STAT. Further exploration found that the candidate gene expression patterns were the same between in vitro induction experiments and transcriptome results. Our results yield clues to the mechanistic basis of male germ cell differentiation and provide an important reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Ahmed Kamel Elsayed
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China, the Anatomy and Embryology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Qingqing Shi
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China,
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lian
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Tang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianrong Xiao
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xu
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- the Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Jin
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- the Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, and
| | - Hengmi Cui
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Li
- From the College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China,
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16
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Hong SG, Winkler T, Wu C, Guo V, Pittaluga S, Nicolae A, Donahue RE, Metzger ME, Price SD, Uchida N, Kuznetsov SA, Kilts T, Li L, Robey PG, Dunbar CE. Path to the clinic: assessment of iPSC-based cell therapies in vivo in a nonhuman primate model. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1298-1309. [PMID: 24835994 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based cell therapies have great potential for regenerative medicine but are also potentially associated with tumorigenic risks. Current rodent models are not optimal predictors of efficiency and safety for clinical application. Therefore, we developed a clinically relevant nonhuman primate model to assess the tumorigenic potential and in vivo efficacy of both undifferentiated and differentiated iPSCs in autologous settings without immunosuppression. Undifferentiated autologous iPSCs indeed form mature teratomas in a dose-dependent manner. However, tumor formation is accompanied by an inflammatory reaction. On the other hand, iPSC-derived mesodermal stromal-like cells form new bone in vivo without any evidence of teratoma formation. We therefore show in a large animal model that closely resembles human physiology that undifferentiated autologous iPSCs form teratomas, and that iPSC-derived progenitor cells can give rise to a functional tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Gun Hong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chuanfeng Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vicky Guo
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alina Nicolae
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert E Donahue
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark E Metzger
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sandra D Price
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naoya Uchida
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sergei A Kuznetsov
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tina Kilts
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Li
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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17
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Hao J, Zhang Y, Deng M, Ye R, Zhao S, Wang Y, Li J, Zhao Z. MicroRNA control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1019-27. [PMID: 24500893 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of cancer cell populations that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells. They have the ability to self-renew, and are able to generate diverse tumor cells and account for metastases. Therefore, CSCs are widely accepted as potential mediators of therapeutic resistance and novel targets for anti-cancer treatments. Recent progress has highlighted the significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in CSC formation, as well as the crucial role of microRNAs in controlling EMT and cancer metastasis. MicroRNAs are also reported to take part in the control of CSC functions and the regulation of cancer progression by affecting EMT process. Thus, it is highly crucial to develop deeper understanding of the mechanisms that how microRNAs control EMT processes and regulate CSC functions for better therapeutics of cancer disease. Herein we make this review to summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of EMT in CSC initiation, with a special focus on the role of microRNAs in EMT control, and discuss the implications of targeting CSCs for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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18
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells potentially represent an unlimited source of cells and tissues for regenerative medicine. Understanding signaling events that drive proliferation and specialization of these cells into various differentiated derivatives is of utmost importance for controlling their behavior in vitro. Major progress has been made in unraveling these signaling events with large-scale studies at the transcriptional level, but analysis of protein expression, interaction and modification has been more limited, since it requires different strategies. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics indicate that proteome characterization can contribute significantly to our understanding of embryonic stem cell biology. In this article, we review mass spectrometry-based studies of human and mouse embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny, as well as studies of conditioned media that have been reported to support self-renewal of the undifferentiated cells in the absence of the more commonly used feeder cells. In addition, we make concise comparisons with related transcriptome profiling reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Van Hoof
- Netherlands Institute of Developmental Biology, Hubrecht Laboratory, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Knockdown of p53 suppresses Nanog expression in embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:652-7. [PMID: 24333425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) express high levels of cytoplasmic p53. Exposure of mouse ESCs to DNA damage leads to activation of p53, inducing Nanog suppression. In contrast to earlier studies, we recently reported that chemical inhibition of p53 suppresses ESC proliferation. Here, we confirm that p53 signaling is involved in the maintenance of mouse ESC self-renewal. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of p53 induced downregulation of p21 and defects in ESC proliferation. Furthermore, p53 knockdown resulted in a significant downregulation in Nanog expression at 24 and 48 h post-transfection. p53 knockdown also caused a reduction in Oct4 expression at 48 h post-transfection. Conversely, exposure of ESCs to DNA damage caused a higher reduction of Nanog expression in control siRNA-treated cells than in p53 siRNA-treated cells. These data show that in the absence of DNA damage, p53 is required for the maintenance of mouse ESC self-renewal by regulating Nanog expression.
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20
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Leal J, Lleonart M. MicroRNAs and cancer stem cells: Therapeutic approaches and future perspectives. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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The RB family is required for the self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1244. [PMID: 23212373 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms ensuring the long-term self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells are still only partly understood, limiting their use in cellular therapies. Here we found that increased activity of the RB cell cycle inhibitor in human embryonic stem cells induces cell cycle arrest, differentiation and cell death. Conversely, inactivation of the entire RB family (RB, p107 and p130) in human embryonic stem cells triggers G2/M arrest and cell death through functional activation of the p53 pathway and the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Differences in E2F target gene activation upon loss of RB family function between human embryonic stem cells, mouse embryonic stem cells and human fibroblasts underscore key differences in the cell cycle regulatory networks of human embryonic stem cells. Finally, loss of RB family function promotes genomic instability in both human and mouse embryonic stem cells, uncoupling cell cycle defects from chromosomal instability. These experiments indicate that a homeostatic level of RB activity is essential for the self-renewal and the survival of human embryonic stem cells.
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22
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Li H, Wu Z, Wei F, Wang H. Role of the ERas gene in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:50-6. [PMID: 23612786 PMCID: PMC3729207 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a novel member of the Ras family, ERas, found in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells in 2003, was considered a pseudogene. To date, there are a few reports on the relationship between ERas and tumors. It was recently suggested that ERas could affect gastric carcinoma (GC) metastasis, but no significant relationship was found with tumor proliferation. Since ERas plays an important role in tumor-like growth of ES cells subcutaneously injected into nude mice, we hypothesized that ERas plays a role in tumor proliferation. In this experiment, we selected 7 GC strains from different sources with different differentiation degrees, we detected the expression of full length ERas transcript, and selected two ERas highly expressing GC strains, MKN-28 and BGC-823. After knocking down the ERas gene by siRNA, we observed that there was a significant decrease in proliferation, metastasis as well as clonality. Therefore, ERas is confirmed to be an important gene in affecting tumor proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, the significance of the ERas mechanism and signaling pathway is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Experimental Research Center, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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23
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Single Mechanosensitive and Ca2+-Sensitive Channel Currents Recorded from Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells. J Membr Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Specification of functional neurons and glia from human pluripotent stem cells. Protein Cell 2012; 3:818-25. [PMID: 23143871 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine as they are an important source of functional cells for potential cell replacement. These human PSCs, similar to their counterparts of mouse, have the full potential to give rise to any type of cells in the body. However, for the promise to be fulfilled, it is necessary to convert these PSCs into functional specialized cells. Using the developmental principles of neural lineage specification, human ESCs and iPSCs have been effectively differentiated to regional and functional specific neurons and glia, such as striatal gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons, spinal motor neurons and myelin sheath forming oligodendrocytes. The human PSCs, in general differentiate after the similar developmental program as that of the mouse: they use the same set of cell signaling to tune the cell fate and they share a conserved transcriptional program that directs the cell fate transition. However, the human PSCs, unlike their counterparts of mouse, tend to respond divergently to the same set of extracellular signals at certain stages of differentiation, which will be a critical consideration to translate the animal model based studies to clinical application.
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25
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Som A, Luštrek M, Singh NK, Fuellen G. Derivation of an interaction/regulation network describing pluripotency in human. Gene 2012; 502:99-107. [PMID: 22548825 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the key genes/proteins of pluripotency and their interrelationships is an important step in understanding the induction and maintenance of pluripotency. Experimental approaches have accumulated large amounts of interaction/regulation data in mouse. We investigate how far such information can be transferred to human, the species of maximum interest, for which experimental data are much more limited. To address this issue, we mapped an existing mouse pluripotency network (the PluriNetWork) to human. We transferred interaction and regulation links between genes/proteins from mouse to human on the basis of orthologous relationship of the genes/proteins (called interolog mapping). To reduce the number of false positives, we used four different methods: phylogenetic profiling, Gene Ontology semantic similarity, gene co-expression, and RNA interference (RNAi) data. The methods and the resulting networks were evaluated by a novel approach using the information about the genes known to be involved in pluripotency from the literature. The RNAi method proved best for filtering out unlikely interactions, so it was used to construct the final human pluripotency network. The RNAi data are based on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that are generally considered to be in a (primed) epiblast stem cell state. Therefore, we assume that the final human network may reflect the (primed) epiblast stem cell state more closely, while the mouse network reflects the (unprimed/naïve) embryonic stem cell state more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Som
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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26
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Steffenhagen C, Kraus S, Dechant FX, Kandasamy M, Lehner B, Poehler AM, Furtner T, Siebzehnrubl FA, Couillard-Despres S, Strauss O, Aigner L, Rivera FJ. Identity, fate and potential of cells grown as neurospheres: species matters. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 7:815-35. [PMID: 21431886 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis follow the same principles through the mammalian class. However, it has been reported that neurogenesis might differ between species, even from the same order, like in rodents. Currently, it is not known if neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from various species differ in their cell identity and potential. NSPCs can be expanded ex vivo as neurospheres (NSph), a model widely used to study neurogenesis in vitro. Here we demonstrate that rat (r) and mouse (m) NSph display different cell identities, differentiation fate, electrophysiological function and tumorigenic potential. Adult rNSph consist mainly of oligodendroglial progenitors (OPCs), which after repeated passaging proliferate independent of mitogens, whereas adult mNSph show astroglial precursor-like characteristics and retain their mitogen dependency. Most of the cells in rNSph express OPC markers and spontaneously differentiate into oligodendrocytes after growth factor withdrawal. Electrophysiological analysis confirmed OPC characteristics. mNSph have different electrophysiological properties, they express astrocyte precursor markers and spontaneously differentiate primarily into astrocytes. Furthermore, rNSph have the potential to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, whereas mNSph are restricted to the astrocytic lineage. The phenotypic differences between rNSph and mNSph were not due to a distinct response to species specific derived growth factors and are probably not caused by autocrine mechanisms. Our findings suggest that NSph derived from adult rat and mouse brains display different cell identities. Thus, results urge for caution when data derived from NSph are extrapolated to other species or to the in vivo situation, especially when aimed towards the clinical use of human NSph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Steffenhagen
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, Salzburg 5020, Austria
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27
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Gonzalez MA, Bernad A. Characteristics of adult stem cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:103-20. [PMID: 22457106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their unlimited ability to divide specifically; a stem cell is capable of making an immense number of copies of itself, maintaining the same characteristics. Moreover, these cells are able to generate several of the cell lineages which make up the body, including cells from the heart, liver, kidney, neurons, and muscles. Investigation of the mechanisms through which this differentiation occurs, the genes involved and the possibility of increasing the efficiency with which stem cells can be isolated and/or characterized are currently among the most important fields in biology and biomedicine.To date, stems cells have been identified from four different sources: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), germinal stem cells, and those derived from embryonic carcinomas (teratocarcinomas) and from somatic tissues (somatic stem cells). The latter are called adult stem cells (ASC) when they are found in postnatal tissues. We now know that there is a great diversity among ASC, with some tissues, such as the bone marrow, containing more than one type of ASC. Adult stem cells have several characteristics that make them to be the main players in current regenerative medicine and are being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for a wide variety of diseases. Specifically, HSC and MSC are being assessed in increasing numbers of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Gonzalez
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Loh YH, Yang L, Yang JC, Li H, Collins JJ, Daley GQ. Genomic approaches to deconstruct pluripotency. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2011; 12:165-85. [PMID: 21801025 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082410-101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) first derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos have the unique capacity of indefinite self-renewal and potential to differentiate into all somatic cell types. Similar developmental potency can be achieved by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Both types of pluripotent stem cells provide great potential for fundamental studies of tissue differentiation, and hold promise for disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine. Although much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms that underlie pluripotency in such cells, our understanding remains incomplete. A comprehensive understanding of ESCs and iPSCs requires the deconstruction of complex transcription regulatory networks, epigenetic mechanisms, and biochemical interactions critical for the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency. In this review, we will discuss recent advances gleaned from application of global "omics" techniques to dissect the molecular mechanisms that define the pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuin-Han Loh
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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29
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Liu S, Tang Z, Xiong T, Tang W. Isolation and characterization of human spermatogonial stem cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:141. [PMID: 22018465 PMCID: PMC3235066 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To isolate and characterization of human spermatogonial stem cells from stem spermatogonium. METHODS The disassociation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were performed using enzymatic digestion of type I collagenase and trypsin. The SSCs were isolated by using Percoll density gradient centrifugation, followed by differential surface-attachment method. Octamer-4(OCT4)-positive SSC cells were further identified using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry technques. The purity of the human SSCs was also determined, and a co-culture system for SSCs and Sertoli cells was established. RESULTS The cell viability was 91.07% for the suspension of human spermatogonial stem cells dissociated using a two-step enzymatic digestion process. The cells isolated from Percoll density gradient coupled with differential surface-attachement purification were OCT4 positive, indicating the cells were human spermatogonial stem cells. The purity of isolated human spermatogonial stem cells was 86.7% as assessed by flow cytometry. The isolated SSCs were shown to form stable human spermatogonial stem cell colonies on the feeder layer of the Sertoli cells. CONCLUSIONS The two-step enzyme digestion (by type I collagenase and trypsin) process is an economical, simple and reproducible technique for isolating human spermatogonial stem cells. With little contamination and less cell damage, this method facilitates isolated human spermatogonial stem cells to form a stable cell colony on the supporting cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixue Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- West China Medical College, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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30
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Abstract
Neurological syndromes, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and lysosomal storage disorders, such as Battens disease, are devastating because they result in increasing loss of cognitive and physical function. Sadly, no drugs are currently available to halt their progression. The relative paucity of curative approaches for these and other conditions of the nervous system have led to a widespread evaluation of alternative treatment modalities including cell-based interventions. Several cell types have been tested successfully in animal models where safety and efficacy have been demonstrated. Early clinical trials have also been initiated in humans, and some have shown a degree of success albeit on a more limited scale than in animal experiments. Recent demonstrations that pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, can differentiate into a variety of specific neural phenotypes has stimulated worldwide enthusiasm for developing cell-based intervention of neurological disease. Indeed, several groups are preparing investigational new drug applications to treat disorders as diverse as macular degeneration, lysosomal storage diseases, and Parkinson's disease. It is noteworthy that cell replacement therapies for neurological conditions face key challenges, some of which are unique, because of the development and organization of the nervous system, its metabolism, and connectivity. Choice of the cell (or cells), the process of manufacturing them, defining the delivery pathway, developing and testing in an appropriate preclinical model, selecting a patient population, and visualizing and following or monitoring patients all pose specific issues as related to the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this review, we address a myriad of challenges that are solvable, but require careful planning and attention to the special demands of the human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Y Chiu
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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31
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Nowak-Imialek M, Kues W, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed cells in farm animals. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:474-497. [PMID: 21682936 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells are unique because of their ability to differentiate into the cell lineages forming the entire organism. True pluripotent stem cells with germ line contribution have been reported for mice and rats. Human pluripotent cells share numerous features of pluripotentiality, but confirmation of their in vivo capacity for germ line contribution is impossible due to ethical and legal restrictions. Progress toward derivation of embryonic stem cells from domestic species has been made, but the derived cells were not able to produce germ line chimeras and thus are termed embryonic stem-like cells. However, domestic animals, in particular the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), are excellent large animals models, in which the clinical potential of stem cell therapies can be studied. Reprogramming technologies for somatic cells, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, in vitro culture in the presence of cell extracts, in vitro conversion of adult unipotent spermatogonial stem cells into germ line derived pluripotent stem cells, and transduction with reprogramming factors have been developed with the goal of obtaining pluripotent, germ line competent stem cells from domestic animals. This review summarizes the present state of the art in the derivation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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32
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The miR 302-367 cluster drastically affects self-renewal and infiltration properties of glioma-initiating cells through CXCR4 repression and consequent disruption of the SHH-GLI-NANOG network. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:232-44. [PMID: 21720384 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain tumor in adults, often characterized by poor survival. Glioma-initiating cells (GiCs) are defined by their extensive self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor initiation properties. GiCs are known to be involved in tumor growth and recurrence, and in resistance to conventional treatments. One strategy to efficiently target GiCs in GBM consists in suppressing their stemness and consequently their tumorigenic properties. In this study, we show that the miR-302-367 cluster is strongly induced during serum-mediated stemness suppression. Stable miR-302-367 cluster expression is sufficient to suppress the stemness signature, self-renewal, and cell infiltration within a host brain tissue, through inhibition of the CXCR4 pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of CXCR4 leads to the disruption of the sonic hedgehog (SHH)-GLI-NANOG network, which is involved in self-renewal and expression of the embryonic stem cell-like signature. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the miR-302-367 cluster is able to efficiently trigger a cascade of inhibitory events leading to the disruption of GiCs stem-like and tumorigenic properties.
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33
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Cheong CY, Lufkin T. Alternative splicing in self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:560261. [PMID: 21776282 PMCID: PMC3137993 DOI: 10.4061/2011/560261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of embryonic stem cell biology has focused on transcriptional expression and regulation of genes that could mediate its unique potential in self-renewal or pluripotency. In alignment with our present understanding on the genetic, protein, and epigenetic factors that may direct cell fate, we present a short overview of the often overlooked contribution of alternative splice variants to regulatory diversity. Progressing beyond the limitations of a fixed genomic sequence, alternative splicing offers an additional layer of complexity to produce protein variants that may differ in function and localization that can direct embryonic stem cells to specific differentiation pathways. In light of the number of variants that can be produced at key ES cell genes alone, it is challenging to consider how much more multifaceted transcriptional regulation truly is, and if this can be captured more fully in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Y Cheong
- Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672
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Gu B, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Tan Z, Lin Y, Huang X, Chen L, Yao K, Zhang M. Proteomic analyses reveal common promiscuous patterns of cell surface proteins on human embryonic stem cells and sperms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19386. [PMID: 21559292 PMCID: PMC3086920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been proposed that early embryos and reproductive organs exhibit
similar gene expression profiles. However, whether this similarity is
propagated to the protein level remains largely unknown. We have previously
characterised the promiscuous expression pattern of cell surface proteins on
mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. As cell surface proteins also play
critical functions in human embryonic stem (hES) cells and germ cells, it is
important to reveal whether a promiscuous pattern of cell surface proteins
also exists for these cells. Methods and Principal Findings Surface proteins of hES cells and human mature sperms (hSperms) were purified
by biotin labelling and subjected to proteomic analyses. More than 1000
transmembrane or secreted cell surface proteins were identified on the two
cell types, respectively. Proteins from both cell types covered a large
variety of functional categories including signal transduction, adhesion and
transporting. Moreover, both cell types promiscuously expressed a wide
variety of tissue specific surface proteins, and some surface proteins were
heterogeneously expressed. Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that the promiscuous expression of functional and
tissue specific cell surface proteins may be a common pattern in embryonic
stem cells and germ cells. The conservation of gene expression patterns
between early embryonic cells and reproductive cells is propagated to the
protein level. These results have deep implications for the cell surface
signature characterisation of pluripotent stem cells and germ cells and may
lead the way to a new area of study, i.e., the functional significance of
promiscuous gene expression in pluripotent and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzong Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Tan
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanji Lin
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- The Institute of Cell and Developmental
Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Institute of Genetics and Developmental
Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kangshou Yao
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KY)
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KY)
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Willerth SM. Neural tissue engineering using embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:17. [PMID: 21539726 PMCID: PMC3226288 DOI: 10.1186/scrt58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent start of the first clinical trial evaluating a human embryonic stem cell-derived therapy for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury, it is important to review the current literature examining the use of embryonic stem cells for neural tissue engineering applications with a focus on diseases and disorders that affect the central nervous system. Embryonic stem cells exhibit pluripotency and thus can differentiate into any cell type found in the body, including those found in the nervous system. A range of studies have investigated how to direct the differentiation of embryonic cells into specific neural phenotypes using a variety of cues to achieve the goal of replacing diseased or damaged neural tissue. Additionally, the recent development of induced pluripotent stem cells provides an intriguing alternative to the use of human embryonic stem cell lines for these applications. This review will discuss relevant studies that have used embryonic stem cells to replicate the tissue found in the central nervous system as well as evaluate the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells for the aforementioned applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P6 Canada.
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Galvin-Burgess KE, Vivian JL. Transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 87:341-65. [PMID: 22127250 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that maintain the capability of undifferentiated self-renewal in culture. As mouse ES cells have the capacity to give rise to all the tissues of the body, they are an excellent developmental biology model system and a model for regenerative therapies. The extracellular cues and the intracellular signaling cascades that regulate ES cell self-renewal and cell-fate choices are complex and actively studied. Many developmental signaling pathways regulate the ES cell phenotype, and their intracellular programs interact to modulate the gene networks controlling ES cell pluripotency. This review focuses on the current understanding and outstanding questions of the roles of the transforming growth factor-beta-related signaling pathways in regulating pluripotency and differentiation of mouse ES cells. The complex dichotomic roles of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in maintaining the undifferentiated state and also inducing specific cell fates will be reviewed. The emerging roles of Nodal signaling in ES cell self-renewal will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Galvin-Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
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37
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Gu B, Zhang J, Wang W, Mo L, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhang M. Global expression of cell surface proteins in embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15795. [PMID: 21209962 PMCID: PMC3012103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that embryonic stem (ES) cells globally express most genes in the genome at the mRNA level; however, it is unclear whether this global expression is propagated to the protein level. Cell surface proteins could perform critical functions in ES cells, so determining whether ES cells globally express cell surface proteins would have significant implications for ES cell biology. Methods and Principal Findings The surface proteins of mouse ES cells were purified by biotin labeling and subjected to proteomics analysis. About 1000 transmembrane or secreted cell surface proteins were identified. These proteins covered a large variety if functional categories including signal transduction, adhesion and transporting. More over, mES cells promiscuously expressed a wide variety of tissue specific surface proteins. And many surface proteins were expressed heterogeneously on mES cells. We also find that human ES cells express a wide variety of tissue specific surface proteins. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that global gene expression is not simply a result of leaky gene expression, which could be attributed to the loose chromatin structure of ES cells; it is also propagated to the functional level. ES cells may use diverse surface proteins to receive signals from the diverse extracellular stimuli that initiate differentiation. Moreover, the promiscuous expression of tissue specific surface proteins illuminate new insights into the strategies of cell surface marker screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yusen Liu
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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38
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Som A, Harder C, Greber B, Siatkowski M, Paudel Y, Warsow G, Cap C, Schöler H, Fuellen G. The PluriNetWork: an electronic representation of the network underlying pluripotency in mouse, and its applications. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15165. [PMID: 21179244 PMCID: PMC3003487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of the mechanisms underlying pluripotency and reprogramming would benefit substantially from easy access to an electronic network of genes, proteins and mechanisms. Moreover, interpreting gene expression data needs to move beyond just the identification of the up-/downregulation of key genes and of overrepresented processes and pathways, towards clarifying the essential effects of the experiment in molecular terms. Methodology/Principal Findings We have assembled a network of 574 molecular interactions, stimulations and inhibitions, based on a collection of research data from 177 publications until June 2010, involving 274 mouse genes/proteins, all in a standard electronic format, enabling analyses by readily available software such as Cytoscape and its plugins. The network includes the core circuit of Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2 and Nanog, its periphery (such as Stat3, Klf4, Esrrb, and c-Myc), connections to upstream signaling pathways (such as Activin, WNT, FGF, BMP, Insulin, Notch and LIF), and epigenetic regulators as well as some other relevant genes/proteins, such as proteins involved in nuclear import/export. We describe the general properties of the network, as well as a Gene Ontology analysis of the genes included. We use several expression data sets to condense the network to a set of network links that are affected in the course of an experiment, yielding hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms. Conclusions/Significance We have initiated an electronic data repository that will be useful to understand pluripotency and to facilitate the interpretation of high-throughput data. To keep up with the growth of knowledge on the fundamental processes of pluripotency and reprogramming, we suggest to combine Wiki and social networking software towards a community curation system that is easy to use and flexible, and tailored to provide a benefit for the scientist, and to improve communication and exchange of research results. A PluriNetWork tutorial is available at http://www.ibima.med.uni-rostock.de/IBIMA/PluriNetWork/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Som
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Clemens Harder
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Boris Greber
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcin Siatkowski
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rostock, Germany
| | - Yogesh Paudel
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gregor Warsow
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Cap
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sullivan GJ, Bai Y, Fletcher J, Wilmut I. Induced pluripotent stem cells: epigenetic memories and practical implications. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:880-5. [PMID: 21059705 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be obtained by direct reprogramming of different somatic cells to a pluripotent state by forced expression of a handful of transcription factors. It was generally assumed that iPSCs are functionally equivalent to their embryonic stem cell (ESC) counterparts. Recently, a number of research groups have demonstrated that this is not the case, showing that iPSCs retain 'epigenetic memory' of the donor tissue from which they were derived and display skewed differentiation potential. This raises the question whether such cells are fit for experimental, diagnostic or therapeutic purpose. A brief survey of the literature illustrates that differences at both epigenetic and transcriptome level are observed between various pluripotent stem cell populations. Interestingly, iPSC populations with perceived 'anomalies' can be coaxed to a more ESC-like cellular state either by continuous passaging--which attenuates these epigenetic differences--or treatment with small molecules that target the machinery responsible for remodelling the genome. This suggests that the establishment of an epigenetic status approximating an ESC counterpart is largely a passive process. The mechanisms responsible remain to be established. Meanwhile, other areas of reprogramming are rapidly evolving such as, trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type to another by the forced expression of key transcription factors. When it comes to assessing their practical usefulness, the same question will also apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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40
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Jones MB, Chu CH, Pendleton JC, Betenbaugh MJ, Shiloach J, Baljinnyam B, Rubin JS, Shamblott MJ. Proliferation and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells maintained on type I collagen. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1923-35. [PMID: 20367282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) require a balance of growth factors and signaling molecules to proliferate and retain pluripotency. Conditioned medium (CM) from a human embryonic germ-cell-derived cell culture, SDEC, was observed to support the growth of hESC on type I collagen (COL I) and on Matrigel (MAT) biomatricies. After 1 month, the population doubling of hESC grown in SDEC CM on COL I was equivalent to that of hESC grown in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) CM on MAT. hESC grown in SDEC CM on COL I expressed OCT4, NANOG, SSEA-4, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and TRA-1-60; retained a normal karyotype; and were capable of forming teratomas. DNA microarray analysis was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of SDEC and the less supportive WI38 and Detroit 551 human cell lines. The mRNA level of secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP-1), a known antagonist of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, was significantly reduced in SDEC as compared with the other 2 cell lines, whereas the mRNA levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or COX-2) and prostaglandin I₂ synthase (PGIS), two prostaglandin biosynthesis genes, were significantly increased in SDEC. The level of sFRP-1 protein was significantly reduced, and levels of 2 prostaglandins that are downstream products of PTGS2 and PGIS, prostaglandin E₂ and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1α), were significantly elevated in SDEC CM compared with WI38, Detroit 551, and MEF CM. Further, addition of purified sFRP-1 to SDEC CM reduced the proliferation of hESC grown on COL I as well as MAT in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Assou S, Boumela I, Haouzi D, Anahory T, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S. Dynamic changes in gene expression during human early embryo development: from fundamental aspects to clinical applications. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17:272-90. [PMID: 20716614 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first week of human embryonic development comprises a series of events that change highly specialized germ cells into undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that display an extraordinarily broad developmental potential. The understanding of these events is crucial to the improvement of the success rate of in vitro fertilization. With the emergence of new technologies such as Omics, the gene expression profiling of human oocytes, embryos and hESCs has been performed and generated a flood of data related to the molecular signature of early embryo development. METHODS In order to understand the complex genetic network that controls the first week of embryo development, we performed a systematic review and study of this issue. We performed a literature search using PubMed and EMBASE to identify all relevant studies published as original articles in English up to March 2010 (n = 165). We also analyzed the transcriptome of human oocytes, embryos and hESCs. RESULTS Distinct sets of genes were revealed by comparing the expression profiles of oocytes, embryos on Day 3 and hESCs, which are associated with totipotency, pluripotency and reprogramming properties, respectively. Known components of two signaling pathways (WNT and transforming growth factor-β) were linked to oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Omics analysis provides tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling early embryonic development. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical relevance of using a non-invasive molecular approach to embryo selection for the single-embryo transfer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Assou
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Research in Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, INSERM U847, Montpellier, France
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Yang S, Lin G, Tan YQ, Deng LY, Yuan D, Lu GX. Differences between karyotypically normal and abnormal human embryonic stem cells. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:195-206. [PMID: 20546238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare different biological characteristics of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) between those with normal and those with abnormal karyotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Culture-adapted HESCs (chHES-3) with abnormal karyotype were compared with karyotypically normal cells, with regard to pluripotency and differentiation capacity, ultrastructure, growth characteristics, gene expression profiles and signalling pathways. RESULTS We found a new abnormal karyotype of HESCs. We observed that chHES-3 cells with normal and abnormal karyotypes shared similarities in expression markers of pluripotency; however, karyotypically abnormal chHES-3 cells had a tendency for differentiation towards ectoderm lineages and were easily maintained in suboptimal culturing conditions. Abnormal chHES-3 cells displayed relatively mature cell organelles compared to normal cells, and karyotypically abnormal chHES-3 cells had increased survival and population growth. Genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis were up-regulated, but genes associated with genetic instability (p53, Rb, BRCA1) were down-regulated in the karyotypically abnormal cells. CONCLUSION Karyotypically abnormal chHES-3 cells had a more developed capacity for proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and less genetic stability compared to normal chHES-3 cells and may be an excellent model for studying and characterizing initial stages that determine transition of embryonic stem cells into cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, P. R. China
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Schnerch A, Cerdan C, Bhatia M. Distinguishing between mouse and human pluripotent stem cell regulation: the best laid plans of mice and men. Stem Cells 2010; 28:419-30. [PMID: 20054863 DOI: 10.1002/stem.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been derived from the embryos of mice and humans, representing the two major sources of PSCs. These cells are universally defined by their developmental properties, specifically their self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential which are regulated in mice and humans by complex transcriptional networks orchestrated by conserved transcription factors. However, significant differences exist in the transcriptional networks and signaling pathways that control mouse and human PSC self-renewal and lineage development. To distinguish between universally applicable and species-specific features, we collated and compared the molecular and cellular descriptions of mouse and human PSCs. Here we compare and contrast the response to signals dictated by the transcriptome and epigenome of mouse and human PSCs that will hopefully act as a critical resource to the field. These analyses underscore the importance of accounting for species differences when designing strategies to capitalize on the clinical potential of human PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Schnerch
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Krtolica A, Giritharan G. Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-based Models for Male Reproductive Toxicity Screening. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 56:213-21. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2010.486470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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45
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Gao Y, Wang B, Xiao Z, Chen B, Han J, Wang X, Zhang J, Gao S, Zhao Y, Dai J. Nogo-66 regulates nanog expression through stat3 pathway in murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:53-60. [PMID: 19400741 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain transcription factor Nanog plays a critical role in maintaining murine embryonic stem (ES) cells pluripotency. However, its expression regulation largely remains unknown. In this study we show that Nogo receptor (NgR) participates in the regulation of Nanog expression via Stat3 pathway. Activation of NgR results in the phosphorylation of Stat3 and increases expression levels of Nanog mRNA and protein, which inhibits differentiation of embryoid bodies. This up-regulation of Nanog can be abolished by NgR inhibitor PI-PLC and NEP1-40, or phospho-Stat3 inhibitor AG490 and rapamycin. Immunofluorescence assay demonstrates that NgR and its ligand Nogo-A/B exist on mouse blastocysts and cultured ES cells, suggesting NgR might play a role in early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Shi Y. Induced pluripotent stem cells, new tools for drug discovery and new hope for stem cell therapies. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2010; 2:15-8. [PMID: 20021441 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210902010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning has provided great hope for stem cell-based therapies. However, therapeutic cloning has been experiencing both ethical and technical difficulties. Recent breakthrough studies using a combination of four factors to reprogram human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells without using embryos or eggs have led to an important revolution in stem cell research. Comparative analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells using assays for morphology, cell surface marker expression, gene expression profiling, epigenetic status, and differentiation potential have revealed a remarkable degree of similarity between these two pluripotent stem cell types. This mini-review summarizes these ground-breaking studies. These advances in reprogramming will enable the creation of patient-specific stem cell lines to study various disease mechanisms. The cellular models created will provide valuable tools for drug discovery. Furthermore, this reprogramming system provides great potential to design customized patient-specific stem cell therapies with economic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Shi
- Division of Neurosciences, and the Center for Gene Expression and Drug Discovery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Gene silencing in human embryonic stem cells by RNA interference. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1106-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ruiz-Vela A, Aguilar-Gallardo C, Simón C. Building a Framework for Embryonic Microenvironments and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:319-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gordeladze JO, Djouad F, Brondello JM, Noël D, Duroux-Richard I, Apparailly F, Jorgensen C. Concerted stimuli regulating osteo-chondral differentiation from stem cells: phenotype acquisition regulated by microRNAs. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1369-84. [PMID: 19801995 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and cartilage are being generated de novo through concerted actions of a plethora of signals. These act on stem cells (SCs) recruited for lineage-specific differentiation, with cellular phenotypes representing various functions throughout their life span. The signals are rendered by hormones and growth factors (GFs) and mechanical forces ensuring proper modelling and remodelling of bone and cartilage, due to indigenous and programmed metabolism in SCs, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, as well as osteoclasts and other cell types (eg T helper cells).This review focuses on the concerted action of such signals, as well as the regulatory and/or stabilizing control circuits rendered by a class of small RNAs, designated microRNAs. The impact on cell functions evoked by transcription factors (TFs) via various signalling molecules, also encompassing mechanical stimulation, will be discussed featuring microRNAs as important members of an integrative system. The present approach to cell differentiation in vitro may vastly influence cell engineering for in vivo tissue repair.
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Rao PK, Toyama Y, Chiang HR, Gupta S, Bauer M, Medvid R, Reinhardt F, Liao R, Krieger M, Jaenisch R, Lodish HF, Blelloch R. Loss of cardiac microRNA-mediated regulation leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Circ Res 2009; 105:585-94. [PMID: 19679836 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Heart failure is a deadly and devastating disease that places immense costs on an aging society. To develop therapies aimed at rescuing the failing heart, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiomyocyte structure and function. OBJECTIVE microRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, and we sought to define the global contributions made by microRNAs toward maintaining cardiomyocyte integrity. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we performed deep sequencing analysis to catalog the miRNA population in the adult heart. Second, we genetically deleted, in cardiac myocytes, an essential component of the machinery that is required to generate miRNAs. Deep sequencing of miRNAs from the heart revealed the enrichment of a small number of microRNAs with one, miR-1, accounting for 40% of all microRNAs. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of dgcr8, a gene required for microRNA biogenesis, revealed a fully penetrant phenotype that begins with left ventricular malfunction progressing to a dilated cardiomyopathy and premature lethality. CONCLUSIONS These observations reveal a critical role for microRNAs in maintaining cardiac function in mature cardiomyocytes and raise the possibility that only a handful of microRNAs may ultimately be responsible for the dramatic cardiac phenotype seen in the absence of dgcr8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash K Rao
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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