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Dermitzakis I, Chatzi D, Kyriakoudi SA, Evangelidis N, Vakirlis E, Meditskou S, Theotokis P, Manthou ME. Skin Development and Disease: A Molecular Perspective. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8239-8267. [PMID: 39194704 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin, the largest organ in the human body, is a crucial protective barrier that plays essential roles in thermoregulation, sensation, and immune defence. This complex organ undergoes intricate processes of development. Skin development initiates during the embryonic stage, orchestrated by molecular cues that control epidermal specification, commitment, stratification, terminal differentiation, and appendage growth. Key signalling pathways are integral in coordinating the development of the epidermis, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The complex interplay among these pathways is vital for the appropriate formation and functionality of the skin. Disruptions in multiple molecular pathways can give rise to a spectrum of skin diseases, from congenital skin disorders to cancers. By delving into the molecular mechanisms implicated in developmental processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases, this narrative review aims to present a comprehensive understanding of these aspects. Such knowledge paves the way for developing innovative targeted therapies and personalised treatment approaches for various skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Chatzi
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Aikaterini Kyriakoudi
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Evangelidis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vakirlis
- First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Napoli M, Deshpande AA, Chakravarti D, Rajapakshe K, Gunaratne PH, Coarfa C, Flores ER. Genome-wide p63-Target Gene Analyses Reveal TAp63/NRF2-Dependent Oxidative Stress Responses. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:264-278. [PMID: 38165157 PMCID: PMC10832605 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The p53 family member TP63 encodes two sets of N-terminal isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms. They each regulate diverse biological functions in epidermal morphogenesis and in cancer. In the skin, where their activities have been extensively characterized, TAp63 prevents premature aging by regulating the quiescence and genomic stability of stem cells required for wound healing and hair regeneration, while ΔNp63 controls maintenance and terminal differentiation of epidermal basal cells. This functional diversity is surprising given that these isoforms share a high degree of similarity, including an identical sequence for a DNA-binding domain. To understand the mechanisms of the transcriptional programs regulated by each p63 isoform and leading to diverse biological functions, we performed genome-wide analyses using p63 isoform-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA sequencing, and metabolomics of TAp63-/- and ΔNp63-/- mouse epidermal cells. Our data indicate that TAp63 and ΔNp63 physically and functionally interact with distinct transcription factors for the downstream regulation of their target genes, thus ultimately leading to the regulation of unique transcriptional programs and biological processes. Our findings unveil novel transcriptomes regulated by the p63 isoforms to control diverse biological functions, including the cooperation between TAp63 and NRF2 in the modulation of metabolic pathways and response to oxidative stress providing a mechanistic explanation for the TAp63 knock out phenotypes. SIGNIFICANCE The p63 isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63, control epithelial morphogenesis and tumorigenesis through the interaction with distinct transcription factors and the subsequent regulation of unique transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Napoli
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Division of Basic Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Avani A. Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Division of Basic Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elsa R. Flores
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Division of Basic Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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3
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Dai H, Jiang D, Zhou W, Qiu X. Characteristics and Clinical Implications of Immunoglobulins Derived from Non B Cells in the Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1445:151-156. [PMID: 38967757 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-0511-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the most prominent tissue and organ, as well as the first line of defence, of the body. Because it is situated on the body's surface, it is constantly exposed to microbial, chemical, and physical factors such as mechanical stimulation. Therefore, skin has evolved substantial immune defences, regenerative ability, and anti-injury capacity. Epidermal cells produce antibacterial peptides that play a role in immune defence under physiological conditions. Additionally, IgG or IgA in the skin also participates in local anti-infective immunity. However, based on the classical theory of immunology, Ig can only be produced by B cells which should be derived from local B cells. This year, thanks to the discovery of Ig derived from non B cells (non B-Ig), Ig has also been found to be expressed in epidermal cells and contributes to immune defence. Epidermal cell-derived IgG and IgA have been demonstrated to have potential antibody activity by binding to pathogens. However, these epidermal cell-derived Igs show different microbial binding characteristics. For instance, IgG binds to Staphylococcus aureus and IgA binds to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Epidermal cells producing IgG and IgA may serve as an effective defense mechanism alongside B cells, providing a novel insight into skin immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongyang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Pan-vascular Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Yuan Y, Xu J, Jiang L, Yu K, Ge Y, Li M, He H, Niu Q, Shi X, Fan L, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Li S, Xu Y, Wang Z, Li H. Discovery, Optimization, and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Novel and Potent RSK4 Inhibitors as Promising Agents for the Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13572-13587. [PMID: 34496560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) was identified to be a promising target for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in our previous research, whose current treatments are primarily chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to the lack of targeted therapy. However, few potent and specific RSK4 inhibitors are reported. In this study, a series of 1,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimido[4,5-d][1,3]oxazin-2-ones derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel and potent RSK4 inhibitors. Compound 14f was identified with potent RSK4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. 14f significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro with IC50 values of 0.57 and 0.98 μM, respectively. It dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of RSK4 downstream substrates while exerting little effect on the substrates of RSK1-3 in ESCC cells. The markedly suppressed tumor growth and no observed toxicity to main organs in the ESCC xenograft mouse model suggested 14f to be a promising RSK4-targeting agent for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiqi Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiayu Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
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5
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Li MY, Fan LN, Han DH, Yu Z, Ma J, Liu YX, Li PF, Zhao DH, Chai J, Jiang L, Li SL, Xiao JJ, Duan QH, Ye J, Shi M, Nie YZ, Wu KC, Liao DJ, Shi Y, Wang Y, Yan QG, Guo SP, Bian XW, Zhu F, Zhang J, Wang Z. Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 promotes radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4301-4319. [PMID: 32396532 DOI: 10.1172/jci134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers and is highly resistant to current treatments. ESCC harbors a subpopulation of cells exhibiting cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties that contribute to therapeutic resistance including radioresistance, but the molecular mechanisms in ESCC CSCs are currently unknown. Here, we report that ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) plays a pivotal role in promoting CSC properties and radioresistance in ESCC. RSK4 was highly expressed in ESCC CSCs and associated with radioresistance and poor survival in patients with ESCC. RSK4 was found to be a direct downstream transcriptional target of ΔNp63α, the main p63 isoform, which is frequently amplified in ESCC. RSK4 activated the β-catenin signaling pathway through direct phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9. Pharmacologic inhibition of RSK4 effectively reduced CSC properties and improved radiosensitivity in both nude mouse and patient-derived xenograft models. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that the ΔNp63α/RSK4/GSK-3β axis plays a key role in driving CSC properties and radioresistance in ESCC, indicating that RSK4 is a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin-Ni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Liang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Juan Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and
| | - Yong-Zhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Chun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, and.,Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Guan Y, Yang YJ, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Transcriptional and signalling regulation of skin epithelial stem cells in homeostasis, wounds and cancer. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:529-545. [PMID: 33249665 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis and skin appendages are maintained by their resident epithelial stem cells, which undergo long-term self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Upon injury, stem cells are activated to mediate re-epithelialization and restore tissue function. During this process, they often mount lineage plasticity and expand their fates in response to damage signals. Stem cell function is tightly controlled by transcription machineries and signalling transductions, many of which derail in degenerative, inflammatory and malignant dermatologic diseases. Here, by describing both well-characterized and newly emerged pathways, we discuss the transcriptional and signalling mechanisms governing skin epithelial homeostasis, wound repair and squamous cancer. Throughout, we highlight common themes underscoring epithelial stem cell plasticity and tissue-level crosstalk in the context of skin physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youn Joo Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Guan Y, Wang G, Fails D, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Unraveling cancer lineage drivers in squamous cell carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107448. [PMID: 31836455 PMCID: PMC6995404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer hijacks embryonic development and adult wound repair mechanisms to fuel malignancy. Cancer frequently originates from de-regulated adult stem cells or progenitors, which are otherwise essential units for postnatal tissue remodeling and repair. Cancer genomics studies have revealed convergence of multiple cancers across organ sites, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a common group of cancers arising from the head and neck, esophagus, lung, cervix and skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the molecular drivers of SCCs, including these five major organ sites. We especially focus our discussion on lineage dependent driver genes and pathways, in the context of squamous development and stratification. We then use skin as a model to discuss the notion of field cancerization during SCC carcinogenesis, and cancer as a wound that never heals. Finally, we turn to the idea of context dependency widely observed in cancer driver genes, and outline literature support and possible explanations for their lineage specific functions. Through these discussions, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular mechanisms driving tumor plasticity in squamous cancers. Such basic knowledge will be helpful to inform the clinics for better stratifying cancer patients, revealing novel drug targets and providing effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle Fails
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Repression of transcription factor AP-2 alpha by PPARγ reveals a novel transcriptional circuit in basal-squamous bladder cancer. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:69. [PMID: 31772149 PMCID: PMC6879593 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of bladder cancer transcriptional subtypes provides an opportunity to identify high risk patients, and tailor disease management. Recent studies suggest tumor heterogeneity contributes to regional differences in molecular subtype within the tumor, as well as during progression and following treatment. Nonetheless, the transcriptional drivers of the aggressive basal-squamous subtype remain unidentified. As PPARɣ has been repeatedly implicated in the luminal subtype of bladder cancer, we hypothesized inactivation of this transcriptional master regulator during progression results in increased expression of basal-squamous specific transcription factors (TFs) which act to drive aggressive behavior. We initiated a pharmacologic and RNA-seq-based screen to identify PPARɣ-repressed, basal-squamous specific TFs. Hierarchical clustering of RNA-seq data following treatment of three human bladder cancer cells with a PPARɣ agonist identified a number of TFs regulated by PPARɣ activation, several of which are implicated in urothelial and squamous differentiation. One PPARɣ-repressed TF implicated in squamous differentiation identified is Transcription Factor Activating Protein 2 alpha (TFAP2A). We show TFAP2A and its paralog TFAP2C are overexpressed in basal-squamous bladder cancer and in squamous areas of cystectomy samples, and that overexpression is associated with increased lymph node metastasis and distant recurrence, respectively. Biochemical analysis confirmed the ability of PPARɣ activation to repress TFAP2A, while PPARɣ antagonist and PPARɣ siRNA knockdown studies indicate the requirement of a functional receptor. In vivo tissue recombination studies show TFAP2A and TFAP2C promote tumor growth in line with the aggressive nature of basal-squamous bladder cancer. Our findings suggest PPARɣ inactivation, as well as TFAP2A and TFAP2C overexpression cooperate with other TFs to promote the basal-squamous transition during tumor progression.
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Seifert AW, Cook AB, Shaw D. Inhibiting fibroblast aggregation in skin wounds unlocks developmental pathway to regeneration. Dev Biol 2019; 455:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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ZNF185 is a p63 target gene critical for epidermal differentiation and squamous cell carcinoma development. Oncogene 2018; 38:1625-1638. [PMID: 30337687 PMCID: PMC6755960 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Development and maintenance of healthy stratified epithelia require the coordination of complex transcriptional programmes. The transcription factor p63, a member of the p53 family, plays a crucial role in epithelial development and homeostasis. Analysis of the p63-dependent transcriptome indicated that one important aspect of p63 functions in epithelial development is the regulation of cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion programmes. However, limited knowledge exists on the relevant cell–cell adhesion molecules involved in physiological epithelial formation. Similarly, limited data are available to understand if deregulation of the cell–cell adhesion programme is important in tumour formation. Here, using the epidermis as an experimental model with the RNA sequencing approach, we identify a novel p63-regulated gene induced during differentiation, ZNF185. ZNF185 is an actin-cytoskeleton-associated Lin-l 1, Isl-1 and Mec-3 (LIM) domain-containing protein, whose function is poorly known. We found that p63 binds to a specific enhancer region, promoting its expression to sustain epithelial differentiation. ZNF185 silencing strongly impaired keratinocyte differentiation according to gene array analysis. ZNF185 is detected at the cell–cell periphery where it physically interacts with E-cadherin, indicating that it is important to maintain epithelial integrity beyond its pro-differentiation role. Interestingly, poorly differentiated, including head and neck, cervical and oesophageal, squamous cell carcinomas display loss of ZNF185 expression. Together, these studies reinforce that p63 is a crucial gene for maintaining epithelial tissue integrity and support the deregulation of the cell-cell adhesion programme,which plays a critical role in carcinoma development.
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Requirement of zinc transporter ZIP10 for epidermal development: Implication of the ZIP10-p63 axis in epithelial homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12243-12248. [PMID: 29078349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710726114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin tissues, in particular the epidermis, are severely affected by zinc deficiency. However, the zinc-mediated mechanisms that maintain the cells that form the epidermis have not been established. Here, we report that the zinc transporter ZIP10 is highly expressed in the outer root sheath of hair follicles and plays critical roles in epidermal development. We found that ZIP10 marked epidermal progenitor cell subsets and that ablating Zip10 caused significant epidermal hypoplasia accompanied by down-regulation of the transactivation of p63, a master regulator of epidermal progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Both ZIP10 and p63 are significantly increased during epidermal development, in which ZIP10-mediated zinc influx promotes p63 transactivation. Collectively, these results indicate that ZIP10 plays important roles in epidermal development via, at least in part, the ZIP10-zinc-p63 signaling axis, thereby highlighting the physiological significance of zinc regulation in the maintenance of skin epidermis.
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Rapisarda V, Malashchuk I, Asamaowei IE, Poterlowicz K, Fessing MY, Sharov AA, Karakesisoglou I, Botchkarev VA, Mardaryev A. p63 Transcription Factor Regulates Nuclear Shape and Expression of Nuclear Envelope-Associated Genes in Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2157-2167. [PMID: 28595999 PMCID: PMC5610935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of a proper nuclear architecture and three-dimensional organization of the genes, enhancer elements, and transcription machinery plays an essential role in tissue development and regeneration. Here we show that in the developing skin, epidermal progenitor cells of mice lacking p63 transcription factor display alterations in the nuclear shape accompanied by a marked decrease in expression of several nuclear envelope-associated components (Lamin B1, Lamin A/C, Sun1, Nesprin-3, Plectin) compared with controls. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR assay showed enrichment of p63 on Sun1, Syne3, and Plec promoters, suggesting them as p63 targets. Alterations in the nuclei shape and expression of nuclear envelope-associated proteins were accompanied by altered distribution patterns of the repressive histone marks trimethylation on lysine 27 of histone H3, trimethylation on lysine 9 of histone H3, and heterochromatin protein 1-alpha in p63-null keratinocytes. These changes were also accompanied by downregulation of the transcriptional activity and relocation of the keratinocyte-specific gene loci away from the sites of active transcription toward the heterochromatin-enriched repressive nuclear compartments in p63-null cells. These data demonstrate functional links between the nuclear envelope organization, chromatin architecture, and gene expression in keratinocytes and suggest nuclear envelope-associated genes as important targets mediating p63-regulated gene expression program in the epidermis.
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Key Words
- cc, chromocenter
- chip-qpcr, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative pcr
- h3k9me3, trimethylation on lysine 9 of histone h3
- h3k27me3, trimethylation on lysine 27 of histone h3
- ktyi, keratin type i
- ktyii, keratin type ii
- pmk, primary mouse keratinocyte
- if, intermediate filament
- nm, nuclear membrane
- ne, nuclear envelope
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Malashchuk
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrey A Sharov
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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13
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Lee J, Lee P, Wu X. Molecular and cytoskeletal regulations in epidermal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:18-25. [PMID: 28577925 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At the surface of the body, the epidermis covers great depth in its developmental regulation. While many genes have been shown to be important for skin development through their associations with disease phenotypes in mice and human, it is in the past decade that the intricate interplay between various molecules become gradually revealed through sophisticated genetic models and imaging analyses. In particular, there is increasing evidence suggesting that cytoskeleton-associated proteins, including adhesion proteins and the crosslinker proteins may play critical roles in regulating epidermis development. We here provide a broad overview of the various molecules involved in epidermal development with special emphasis on the cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philbert Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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14
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Lee B, Watanabe K, Haensel D, Sui JY, Dai X. Overexpression of Transcription Factor Ovol2 in Epidermal Progenitor Cells Results in Skin Blistering. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1805-1808. [PMID: 28457910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kazuhide Watanabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniel Haensel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Sui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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15
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Qu Y, Zhou B, Yang W, Han B, Yu-Rice Y, Gao B, Johnson J, Svendsen CN, Freeman MR, Giuliano AE, Sareen D, Cui X. Transcriptome and proteome characterization of surface ectoderm cells differentiated from human iPSCs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32007. [PMID: 27550649 PMCID: PMC4994084 DOI: 10.1038/srep32007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface ectoderm (SE) cells give rise to structures including the epidermis and ectodermal associated appendages such as hair, eye, and the mammary gland. In this study, we validate a protocol that utilizes BMP4 and the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT to induce SE differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). hiPSC-differentiated SE cells expressed markers suggesting their commitment to the SE lineage. Computational analyses using integrated quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic profiling reveal that TGFβ superfamily signaling pathways are preferentially activated in SE cells compared with hiPSCs. SE differentiation can be enhanced by selectively blocking TGFβ-RI signaling. We also show that SE cells and neural ectoderm cells possess distinct gene expression patterns and signaling networks as indicated by functional Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Our findings advance current understanding of early human SE cell development and pave the way for modeling of SE-derived tissue development, studying disease pathogenesis, and development of regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Bingchen Han
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yi Yu-Rice
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Bowen Gao
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jeffery Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors-Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Board of Governors-Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,iPSC Core, The David and Janet Polak Foundation Stem Cell Core Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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16
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Schroder WA, Anraku I, Le TT, Hirata TDC, Nakaya HI, Major L, Ellis JJ, Suhrbier A. SerpinB2 Deficiency Results in a Stratum Corneum Defect and Increased Sensitivity to Topically Applied Inflammatory Agents. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1511-23. [PMID: 27109612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SerpinB2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2) is constitutively expressed at high levels by differentiating keratinocytes in mice and humans; however, the physiological function of keratinocyte SerpinB2 remains unclear. Herein, we show that SerpinB2(-/-) mice are more susceptible to contact dermatitis after topical application of dinitrofluorobenzene, and show enhanced inflammatory lesions after topical applications of phorbol ester. Untreated SerpinB2(-/-) mice showed no overt changes in epithelial structure, and we were unable to find evidence for a role for keratinocyte SerpinB2 in regulating immunity, apoptosis, IL-1β production, proteasomal activity, or wound healing. Instead, the phenotype was associated with impaired skin barrier function and a defective stratum corneum, with SerpinB2(-/-) mice showing increased transepidermal water loss, increased overt loss of stratum corneum in inflammatory lesions, and impaired stratum corneum thickening after phorbol ester treatment. Immunoblotting suggested that SerpinB2 (cross-linked into the cornified envelope) is present in the stratum corneum and retains the ability to form covalent inhibitory complexes with urokinase. Data suggest that the function of keratinocyte SerpinB2 is protection of the stratum corneum from proteolysis via inhibition of urokinase, thereby maintaining the integrity and barrier function of the stratum corneum, particularly during times of skin inflammation. Implications for studies involving genetically modified mice treated with topical agents and human dermatological conditions, such as contact dermatitis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Schroder
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Itaru Anraku
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thiago D C Hirata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lee Major
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Ellis
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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17
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The role of barrier genes in epidermal malignancy. Oncogene 2016; 35:5705-5712. [PMID: 27041586 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The outermost layer of the mammalian skin, the epidermis, forms a protective barrier against pathogenic microbes and tissue dehydration. This barrier is formed and maintained by complex genetic networks that connect cellular differentiation processes, enzymatic activities and cellular junctions. Disruption in these networks affects the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation resulting in barrier function impairment, epidermal hyperproliferation and in some cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent studies in wound-induced inflammation-mediated cancers in mice have identified dysregulation of core barrier components as tumor drivers. We therefore propose a hypothesis in which loss of key barrier genes, induce barrier dysfunction, and promote inflammation-driven epidermal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis over time. This emerging vision suggests that under specific genetic circumstances, localized barrier impairment could be considered as a hallmark of initiating lesions in epidermal SCC.
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18
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Spatiotemporal Expression of p63 in Mouse Epidermal Commitment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29542-53. [PMID: 26690418 PMCID: PMC4691128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic surface ectoderm is a simple flat epithelium consisting of cells that express the cytokeratins K8/K18. Before stratification, K5/K14 expression substitutes K8/K18 expression, marking the event called epidermal commitment. Previous studies show that the transcription factor p63 plays an essential role in epidermal commitment. However, detailed expression information of p63 during early epidermal development in mice is still unclear. We systematically studied the expression pattern of p63 in mouse epidermal commitment, together with K8 and K5. We show that p63 expression could be detected as early as E8.5 in mouse embryos preceding epidermal commitment. p63 expression first appears near the newly formed somites and the posterior part of the embryo, further expanding to the whole embryonic surface with particular enrichment in the first branchial arches and the limb buds. ΔNp63 is the major class of isoforms expressed in this period. Relative expression intensity of p63 depends on the embryonic position. In summary, there is a sequential and regular expression pattern of K8, p63 and K5 in mouse epidermal commitment. Our study not only contributes to understanding the early events during epidermal development but also provides a basal tool to study the function of p63 in mammals.
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19
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Koh LF, Ng BK, Bertrand J, Thierry F. Transcriptional control of late differentiation in human keratinocytes by TAp63 and Notch. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:754-60. [PMID: 26013684 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that in cervical carcinoma cells, the TAp63β isoform of the p63 transcription factor is negatively interfering with the carcinogenic pathways promoting anchorage-independent growth. In this study, we have defined the mechanisms underlying the effects of TAp63β through a transcriptome analysis of human keratinocytes overexpressing this protein. TAp63β modulated expression of 1203 genes (944 activated and 259 repressed; P-value <0.05), notably genes involved in epithelial development and keratinocyte differentiation. In comparison, while TAp63γ acts similarly to TAp63β to transactivate a selected panel of target genes, other p63 isoforms, including ΔNp63α, which is highly expressed in keratinocytes, are inactive. Upon induction of differentiation of primary human keratinocytes, we observed endogenous expression of TAp63β and γ isoforms, along with transcriptional activation of selected target genes. Intriguingly, our data also indicated that TAp63β activates transcription of members of the Notch pathway, which is known to promote keratinocyte differentiation. By inhibiting and activating the Notch pathway, we revealed a subset of TAp63β-activated genes that were co-dependent on Notch for their expression. Our work demonstrates that the shorter TAp63 isoforms (TAp63β/γ) are specifically induced in human keratinocytes and cooperate with Notch signalling to activate transcription of late differentiation genes supporting their role as putative tumor suppressors in HPV-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang Koh
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Boon Kiat Ng
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Juliette Bertrand
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Françoise Thierry
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
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20
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Tadeu AMB, Lin S, Hou L, Chung L, Zhong M, Zhao H, Horsley V. Transcriptional profiling of ectoderm specification to keratinocyte fate in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122493. [PMID: 25849374 PMCID: PMC4388500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shed light into the processes that regulate epidermal specification and homeostasis. We previously showed that a broad-spectrum γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT promoted early keratinocyte specification in human embryonic stem cells triggered to undergo ectoderm specification. Here, we show that DAPT accelerates human embryonic stem cell differentiation and induces expression of the ectoderm protein AP2. Furthermore, we utilize RNA sequencing to identify several candidate regulators of ectoderm specification including those involved in epithelial and epidermal development in human embryonic stem cells. Genes associated with transcriptional regulation and growth factor activity are significantly enriched upon DAPT treatment during specification of human embryonic stem cells to the ectoderm lineage. The human ectoderm cell signature identified in this study contains several genes expressed in ectodermal and epithelial tissues. Importantly, these genes are also associated with skin disorders and ectodermal defects, providing a platform for understanding the biology of human epidermal keratinocyte development under diseased and homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Baptista Tadeu
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
| | - Samantha Lin
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
| | - Lin Hou
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Lisa Chung
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Mei Zhong
- Yale University, Yale Stem Cell Center, Genomics Facility, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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D'Assante R, Fusco A, Palamaro L, Giardino G, Gallo V, Cirillo E, Pignata C. Unraveling the Link Between Ectodermal Disorders and Primary Immunodeficiencies. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:25-38. [PMID: 25774666 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) include a heterogeneous group of mostly monogenic diseases characterized by functional/developmental alterations of the immune system. Skin and skin annexa abnormalities may be a warning sign of immunodeficiency, since both epidermal and thymic epithelium have ectodermal origin. In this review, we will focus on the most common immune disorders associated with ectodermal alterations. Elevated IgE levels represent the immunological hallmark of hyper-IgE syndrome, characterized by severe eczema and susceptibility to infections. Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a group of rare disorders that affect tissues of ectodermal origin. Hypoidrotic ED (HED), the most common form, is inherited as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked trait (XLHED). HED and XLHED are caused by mutations in NEMO and EDA-1 genes, respectively, and show similarities in the cutaneous involvement but differences in the susceptibility to infections and immunological phenotype. Alterations in the transcription factor FOXN1 gene, expressed in the mature thymic and skin epithelia, are responsible for human and murine athymia and prevent the development of the T-cell compartment associated to ectodermal abnormalities such as alopecia and nail dystrophy. The association between developmental abnormalities of the skin and immunodeficiencies suggest a role of the skin as a primary lymphoid organ. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a co-culture of human skin-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in the absence of thymic components, can support the survival of human haematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into T-lineage committed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta D'Assante
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Anna Fusco
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Loredana Palamaro
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Vera Gallo
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- a Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
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22
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Biggs LC, Goudy SL, Dunnwald M. Palatogenesis and cutaneous repair: A two-headed coin. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:289-310. [PMID: 25370680 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reparative mechanism that operates following post-natal cutaneous injury is a fundamental survival function that requires a well-orchestrated series of molecular and cellular events. At the end, the body will have closed the hole using processes like cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and fusion. RESULTS These processes are similar to those occurring during embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Palatogenesis, the formation of the palate from two independent palatal shelves growing towards each other and fusing, intuitively, shares many similarities with the closure of a cutaneous wound from the two migrating epithelial fronts. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize the current information on cutaneous development, wound healing, palatogenesis and orofacial clefting and propose that orofacial clefting and wound healing are conserved processes that share common pathways and gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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23
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Regulatory network decoded from epigenomes of surface ectoderm-derived cell types. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5442. [PMID: 25421844 PMCID: PMC4385735 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental history shapes the epigenome and biological function of differentiated cells. Epigenomic patterns have been broadly attributed to the three embryonic germ layers. Here we investigate how developmental origin influences epigenomes. We compare key epigenomes of cell types derived from surface ectoderm (SE), including keratinocytes and breast luminal and myoepithelial cells, against neural crest-derived melanocytes and mesoderm-derived dermal fibroblasts to identify SE differentially methylated regions (SE-DMRs). DNA methylomes of neonatal keratinocytes share many more DMRs with adult breast luminal and myoepithelial cells than with melanocytes and fibroblasts from the same neonatal skin. This suggests that SE origin contributes to DNA methylation patterning, while shared skin tissue environment has limited effect on epidermal keratinocytes. Hypomethylated SE-DMRs are in proximity to genes with SE relevant functions. They are also enriched for enhancer- and promoter-associated histone modifications in SE-derived cells, and for binding motifs of transcription factors important in keratinocyte and mammary gland biology. Thus, epigenomic analysis of cell types with common developmental origin reveals an epigenetic signature that underlies a shared gene regulatory network.
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24
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Roberts N, Horsley V. Developing stratified epithelia: lessons from the epidermis and thymus. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:389-402. [PMID: 25176390 PMCID: PMC4283209 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stratified squamous epithelial cells are found in a number of organs, including the skin epidermis and the thymus. The progenitor cells of the developing epidermis form a multi-layered epithelium and appendages, like the hair follicle, to generate an essential barrier to protect against water loss and invasion of foreign pathogens. In contrast, the thymic epithelium forms a three-dimensional mesh of keratinocytes that are essential for positive and negative selection of self-restricted T cells. While these distinct stratified epithelial tissues derive from distinct embryonic germ layers, both tissues instruct immunity, and the epithelial differentiation programs and molecular mechanisms that control their development are remarkably similar. In this review, we aim to highlight some of the similarities between the thymus and the skin epidermis and its appendages during developmental specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Roberts
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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25
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Beyond expectations: novel insights into epidermal keratin function and regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:265-306. [PMID: 24952920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that relies on its cytoskeleton and cell junctions to protect the body against mechanical injury, dehydration, and infections. Keratin intermediate filament proteins are involved in many of these functions by forming cell-specific cytoskeletal scaffolds crucial for the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. In response to various stresses, the expression and organization of keratins are altered at transcriptional and posttranslational levels to restore tissue homeostasis. Failure to restore tissue homeostasis in the presence of keratin gene mutations results in acute and chronic skin disorders for which currently no rational therapies are available. Here, we review the recent progress on the role of keratins in cytoarchitecture, adhesion, signaling, and inflammation. By focusing on epidermal keratins, we illustrate the contribution of keratin isotypes to differentiated epithelial functions.
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26
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Günschmann C, Stachelscheid H, Akyüz MD, Schmitz A, Missero C, Brüning JC, Niessen CM. Insulin/IGF-1 controls epidermal morphogenesis via regulation of FoxO-mediated p63 inhibition. Dev Cell 2013; 26:176-87. [PMID: 23906066 PMCID: PMC3730059 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The multilayered epidermis is established through a stratification program, which is accompanied by a shift from symmetric toward asymmetric divisions (ACD), a process under tight control of the transcription factor p63. However, the physiological signals regulating p63 activity in epidermal morphogenesis remain ill defined. Here, we reveal a role for insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) in the regulation of p63 activity. Loss of epidermal IIS leads to a biased loss of ACD, resulting in impaired stratification. Upon loss of IIS, FoxO transcription factors are retained in the nucleus, where they bind and inhibit p63-regulated transcription. This is reversed by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FoxOs. Accordingly, transgenic expression of a constitutive nuclear FoxO variant in the epidermis abrogates ACD and inhibits p63-regulated transcription and stratification. Collectively, the present study reveals a critical role for IIS-dependent control of p63 activity in coordination of ACD and stratification during epithelial morphogenesis. Epidermal insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) regulates asymmetric cell division and mitosis IIS-controlled FoxOs bind p63 and negatively regulate p63 transcriptional activity Constitutive nuclear FoxO disturbs epidermal stratification The IIS/FoxO/p63 pathway is a major mechanism controlling epidermal stratification
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27
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Cangkrama M, Ting SB, Darido C. Stem cells behind the barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13670-86. [PMID: 23812084 PMCID: PMC3742210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells sustain the adult skin for a lifetime through self-renewal and the production of committed progenitors. These stem cells generate progeny that will undergo terminal differentiation leading to the development of a protective epidermal barrier. Whereas the molecular mechanisms that govern epidermal barrier repair and renewal have been extensively studied, pathways controlling stem cell differentiation remain poorly understood. Asymmetric cell divisions, small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs), chromatin remodeling complexes, and multiple differentiation factors tightly control the balance of stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and disruption of this balance leads to skin diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss current advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating epidermal stem and progenitor cell differentiation, and explore new relationships for maintenance of skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cangkrama
- Epidermal Development Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Stephen B. Ting
- Stem Cell Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Charbel Darido
- Epidermal Development Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-3-9903-0619
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Epidermal development in mammals: key regulators, signals from beneath, and stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10869-95. [PMID: 23708093 PMCID: PMC3709707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermis is one of the best-studied tissues in mammals that contain types of stem cells. Outstanding works in recent years have shed great light on behaviors of different epidermal stem cell populations in the homeostasis and regeneration of the epidermis as well as hair follicles. Also, the molecular mechanisms governing these stem cells are being elucidated, from genetic to epigenetic levels. Compared with the explicit knowledge about adult skin, embryonic development of the epidermis, especially the early period, still needs exploration. Furthermore, stem cells in the embryonic epidermis are largely unstudied or ambiguously depicted. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the process of embryonic epidermal development, with focuses on some key molecular regulators and the role of the sub-epidermal mesenchyme. We will also try to trace adult epidermal stem cell populations back to embryonic development. In addition, we will comment on in vitro derivation of epidermal lineages from ES cells and iPS cells.
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Liao JM, Zhang Y, Liao W, Zeng SX, Su X, Flores ER, Lu H. IκB kinase β (IKKβ) inhibits p63 isoform γ (TAp63γ) transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18184-93. [PMID: 23589370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that IκB kinase-β(IKKβ) phosphorylates and stabilizes TAp63γ. However, the effect of this phosphorylation on TAp63γ transcriptional activity remains unclear. In this study, we showed that overexpression of IKKβ, but not its kinase dead mutant and IKKα, can surprisingly inhibit TAp63γ transcriptional activity as measured by luciferase assays and real-time PCR analyses of p63 target genes. This inhibition was impaired by ACHP, an IKKβ inhibitor, and enhanced by TNFα that activates IKKβ. Consistently, IKKβ inhibited the binding between TAp63γ and p300, a co-activator of TAp63γ, and consequently counteracted the positive effect of p300 on TAp63γ transcriptional activity. Through phosphorylation site prediction and mass spectrometry, we identified that Ser-4 and Ser-12 of p63 are IKKβ-targeting residues. As expected, IKKβ fails to suppress the transcriptional activity of the S4A/S12A double mutant p63. These results indicate that IKKβ can suppress TAp63γ activity by interfering with the interaction between TAp63γ and p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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30
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Matin RN, Chikh A, Chong SLP, Mesher D, Graf M, Sanza' P, Senatore V, Scatolini M, Moretti F, Leigh IM, Proby CM, Costanzo A, Chiorino G, Cerio R, Harwood CA, Bergamaschi D. p63 is an alternative p53 repressor in melanoma that confers chemoresistance and a poor prognosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:581-603. [PMID: 23420876 PMCID: PMC3600906 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
p63 is up-regulated in melanoma and prevents nuclear accumulation of p53. The role of apoptosis in melanoma pathogenesis and chemoresistance is poorly characterized. Mutations in TP53 occur infrequently, yet the TP53 apoptotic pathway is often abrogated. This may result from alterations in TP53 family members, including the TP53 homologue TP63. Here we demonstrate that TP63 has an antiapoptotic role in melanoma and is responsible for mediating chemoresistance. Although p63 was not expressed in primary melanocytes, up-regulation of p63 mRNA and protein was observed in melanoma cell lines and clinical samples, providing the first evidence of significant p63 expression in this lineage. Upon genotoxic stress, endogenous p63 isoforms were stabilized in both nuclear and mitochondrial subcellular compartments. Our data provide evidence of a physiological interaction between p63 with p53 whereby translocation of p63 to the mitochondria occurred through a codependent process with p53, whereas accumulation of p53 in the nucleus was prevented by p63. Using RNA interference technology, both isoforms of p63 (TA and ΔNp63) were demonstrated to confer chemoresistance, revealing a novel oncogenic role for p63 in melanoma cells. Furthermore, expression of p63 in both primary and metastatic melanoma clinical samples significantly correlated with melanoma-specific deaths in these patients. Ultimately, these observations provide a possible explanation for abrogation of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway in melanoma, implicating novel approaches aimed at sensitizing melanoma to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubeta N Matin
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
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31
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Su X, Chakravarti D, Flores ER. p63 steps into the limelight: crucial roles in the suppression of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:136-43. [PMID: 23344544 PMCID: PMC4181578 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of p63 in cancer has been an area of intense debate and controversy. Is TP63 (which encodes p63) a tumour suppressor gene or an oncogene? This debate is partly due to the complexity of the gene. There are several p63 isoforms - some with tumour suppressive functions and others with oncogenic functions. In this Opinion article, we focus on the recent advances in understanding p63 biology and its roles in cancer. In this regard, we discuss the role of p63 in multiple stem cell compartments, ageing, in the response to DNA damage and in DNA repair. Finally, we highlight the importance of understanding the interactions between all three p53 family members and the potential impact of this knowledge on cancer therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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32
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Lee B, Dai X. Transcriptional control of epidermal stem cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:157-73. [PMID: 23696356 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is fundamentally important for the progression of tissue stem cells through different stages of development and differentiation. Mammalian skin epidermis is an excellent model system to study such regulatory mechanisms due to its easy accessibility, stereotypic spatial arrangement, and availability of well-established cell type/lineage differentiation markers. Moreover, epidermis is one of the few mammalian tissues the stem cells of which can be maintained and propagated in culture to generate mature cell types and a functional tissue (reviewed in [1]), offering in vitro and ex vivo platforms to probe deep into the underlying cell and molecular mechanisms of biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, D250 Med Sci I, Irvine 92697-1700, CA, USA
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33
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AP2γ regulates neural and epidermal development downstream of the BMP pathway at early stages of ectodermal patterning. Cell Res 2012; 22:1546-61. [PMID: 22945355 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibits neural specification and induces epidermal differentiation during ectodermal patterning. However, the mechanism of this process is not well understood. Here we show that AP2γ, a transcription factor activator protein (AP)-2 family member, is upregulated by BMP4 during neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Knockdown of AP2γ facilitates mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) neural fate determination and impairs epidermal differentiation, whereas AP2γ overexpression inhibits neural conversion and promotes epidermal commitment. In the early chick embryo, AP2γ is expressed in the entire epiblast before HH stage 3 and gradually shifts to the putative epidermal ectoderm during HH stage 4. In the future neural plate AP2γ inhibits excessive neural expansion and it also promotes epidermal development in the surface ectoderm. Moreover, AP2γ knockdown in ESCs and chick embryos partially rescued the neural inhibition and epidermal induction effects of BMP4. Mechanistic studies showed that BMP4 directly regulates AP2γ expression through Smad1 binding to the AP2γ promoter. Taken together, we propose that during the early stages of ectodermal patterning in the chick embryo, AP2γ acts downstream of the BMP pathway to restrict precocious neural expansion in the prospective neural plate and initiates epidermal differentiation in the future epidermal ectoderm.
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p53 acts as a co-repressor to regulate keratin 14 expression during epidermal cell differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41742. [PMID: 22911849 PMCID: PMC3404013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During epidermal cell differentiation, keratin 14 (K14) expression is down-regulated, p53 expression varies, and the expression of the p53 target genes, p21 and 14-3-3σ, increases. These trends suggest that the relative transcriptional activity of p53 is increased during epidermal cell differentiation. To determine the relationship between K14 and p53, we constructed K14 promoters of various sizes and found that wild-type p53 could repress the promoter activity of all of the K14 promoter constructs in H1299 cells. K14-p160 contains an SP1 binding site mutation that prevents p53 from repressing K14 expression. Using a DNA affinity precipitation assay, we confirmed that p53 forms a complex with SP1 at the SP1 binding site between nucleotides -48 and -43 on the K14 promoter. Thus, our data indicate that p53 acts as a co-repressor to down-regulate K14 expression by binding to SP1. Next, we used a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced epidermal cell differentiation model to examine the inhibition of K14 expression caused by increased p53 activity. Human ovarian teratocarcinoma C9 cells were treated with TPA to induce differentiation. Over-expression of the dominant negative p53 mutant ΔTAp53, which inhibits p53 activity, prevented the TPA-induced K14 down-regulation in C9 cells. Furthermore, treatment of normal primary human foreskin keratinocytes (PHFK) with the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α) showed that the inhibition of p53 activity relieves K14 repression during epidermal cell differentiation. Finally, we found that TPA induces the phosphorylation of p53 at residue 378, which enhances the affinity of p53 to bind to Sp1 and repress K14 expression.
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35
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Cai BH, Chao CF, Lu MH, Lin HC, Chen JY. A half-site of the p53-binding site on the keratin 14 promoter is specifically activated by p63. J Biochem 2012; 152:99-110. [PMID: 22577164 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three members of p53 family, p53, p63 and p73, can transactivate their specific target genes through a p53 consensus sequence-binding motif which consists with direct repeats of PuPuPuC(T/A)(T/A)GPyPyPy as a whole-site of p53-binding site. p63, an epidermal stem cells marker, can regulate epidermal development and differentiation, but p53 has no similar biological activity. One isoform of p63, TAp63α, can active an epidermal basal cell marker, keratin 14. However, the p53-binding site does not exist as a whole-site in the K14 promoter region, although it contains three putative p53 half-binding sites at -269 to -1 of the K14 promoter. Two of three putative half-sites of the p53-binding site can be bound by p63α by electrophoresis mobility shift assay and DNA affinity purification assay. Only mutation of the p53 half-binding site at -140 to -131, the TAp63α induced K14 promoter activity can be abolished. This half-site was specifically activated by p63, but not by p53. Once we extend this p53 half-site to a whole p53-binding site in K14 promoter, both p53 and p63 expression vectors can activate its activity. Therefore, we propose that the different length of p53-binding site would determinate the gene regulated by different p53 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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36
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A symphony of regulations centered on p63 to control development of ectoderm-derived structures. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:864904. [PMID: 21716671 PMCID: PMC3118300 DOI: 10.1155/2011/864904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-related transcription factor p63 is critically important for basic cellular functions during development of the ectoderm and derived structure and tissues, including skin, limb, palate, and hair. On the one side, p63 is required to sustain the proliferation of keratinocyte progenitors, while on the other side it is required for cell stratification, commitment to differentiate, cell adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Molecules that are components or regulators of the p63 pathway(s) are rapidly being identified, and it comes with no surprise that alterations in the p63 pathway lead to congenital conditions in which the skin and other ectoderm-derived structures are affected. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular regulations centered on p63, derived from the comprehension of p63-linked human diseases and the corresponding animal models, as well as from cellular models and high-throughput molecular approaches. We point out common themes and features, that allow to speculate on the possible role of p63 downstream events and their potential exploitation in future attempts to correct the congenital defect in preclinical studies.
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37
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Boominathan L. The guardians of the genome (p53, TA-p73, and TA-p63) are regulators of tumor suppressor miRNAs network. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:613-39. [PMID: 20922462 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 homologues, TA-p73, and p63 have been shown to function as tumor suppressors. However, how they function as tumor suppressors remains elusive. Here, I propose a number of tumor suppressor pathways that illustrate how the TA-p73 and p63 could function as negative regulators of invasion, metastasis, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) proliferation. Furthermore, I provide molecular insights into how TA-p73 and p63 could function as tumor suppressors. Remarkably, the guardians--p53, p73, and p63--of the genome are in control of most of the known tumor suppressor miRNAs, tumor suppressor genes, and metastasis suppressors by suppressing c-myc through miR-145/let-7/miR-34/TRIM32/PTEN/FBXW7. In particular, p53 and TA-p73/p63 appear to upregulate the expression of (1) tumor suppressor miRNAs, such as let-7, miR-34, miR-15/16a, miR-145, miR-29, miR-26, miR-30, and miR-146a; (2) tumor suppressor genes, such as PTEN, RBs, CDKN1a/b/c, and CDKN2a/b/c/d; (3) metastasis suppressors, such as Raf kinase inhibitory protein, CycG2, and DEC2, and thereby they enlarge their tumor suppressor network to inhibit tumorigenesis, invasion, angiogenesis, migration, metastasis, and CSCs proliferation.
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38
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Obarzanek-Fojt M, Favre B, Kypriotou M, Ryser S, Huber M, Hohl D. Homeodomain-only protein HOP is a novel modulator of late differentiation in keratinocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:279-90. [PMID: 21256618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain-only protein (HOP) contains an atypical homeodomain which is unable to bind to DNA due to mutations in residues important for DNA binding. Recently, HOP was reported to regulate proliferation/differentiation homeostasis in different cell types. In the present study, we performed transcriptional profiling of cultured primary human keratinocytes and noted a robust induction of HOP upon calcium-induced cell differentiation. Immunohistochemistry of human skin localized HOP to the granular layer in the epidermis. Overexpression of HOP using a lentiviral vector up-regulated FLG and LOR expression during keratinocyte differentiation. Conversely, decreasing HOP expression using small interfering RNA markedly reduced the calcium-induced expression of late markers of differentiation in vitro, with the most prominent effect on profilaggrin (FLG) mRNA. Moreover, mRNA levels of profilaggrin and loricrin were downregulated in the epidermis of HOP knockout mice. Analysis of skin disorders revealed altered HOP expression in lichen planus, psoriasis and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Our data indicate that HOP is a novel modulator of late terminal differentiation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Obarzanek-Fojt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Medawar A, Virolle T, Rostagno P, de la Forest-Divonne S, Gambaro K, Rouleau M, Aberdam D. DeltaNp63 is essential for epidermal commitment of embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3441. [PMID: 18927616 PMCID: PMC2562986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies have demonstrated that p63 plays complex and pivotal roles in pluristratified squamous epithelial development, but its precise function and the nature of the isoform involved remain controversial. Here, we investigate the role of p63 in epithelial differentiation, using an in vitro ES cell model that mimics the early embryonic steps of epidermal development. We show that the DeltaNp63 isoform is activated soon after treatment with BMP-4, a morphogen required to commit differentiating ES cells from a neuroectodermal to an ectodermal cell fate. DeltaNp63 gene expression remains high during epithelial development. P63 loss of function drastically prevents ectodermal cells to commit to the K5/K14-positive stratified epithelial pathway while gain of function experiments show that DeltaNp63 allows this commitment. Interestingly, other epithelial cell fates are not affected, allowing the production of K5/K18-positive epithelial cells. Therefore, our results demonstrate that DeltaNp63 may be dispensable for some epithelial differentiation, but is necessary for the commitment of ES cells into K5/K14-positive squamous stratified epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Medawar
- INSERM, U898, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Virolle
- INSERM, U898, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Rostagno
- INSERM, U898, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Karen Gambaro
- INSERM, U898, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- INSERM, U898, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM, U898, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- INSERTECH, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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40
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Wang X, Pasolli HA, Williams T, Fuchs E. AP-2 factors act in concert with Notch to orchestrate terminal differentiation in skin epidermis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 183:37-48. [PMID: 18824566 PMCID: PMC2557040 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200804030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which mammalian epidermal stem cells cease to proliferate and embark upon terminal differentiation are still poorly understood. By conditionally ablating two highly expressed transcription factors, AP-2α and AP-2γ, we unmasked functional redundancies and discovered an essential role for AP-2s in the process. In vivo and in vitro, AP-2 deficiency is accompanied by surprisingly minimal changes in basal gene expression but severely perturbed terminal differentiation and suppression of additional transcription factors and structural genes involved. In dissecting the underlying molecular pathways, we uncover parallel pathways involving AP-2 and Notch signaling, which converge to govern CCAAT/enhancer binding protein genes and orchestrate the transition from basal proliferation to suprabasal differentiation. Finally, we extend the striking similarities in compromising either Notch signaling or AP-2α/AP-2γ in developing skin to that in postnatal skin, where all hair follicles and sebaceous gland differentiation are also repressed and overt signs of premalignant conversion emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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41
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MacPartlin M, Zeng SX, Lu H. Phosphorylation and stabilization of TAp63gamma by IkappaB kinase-beta. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15754-61. [PMID: 18411264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801394200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of the p53 family members is key to their regulation. Here we report the phosphorylation of TAp63gamma, but not DeltaNp63gamma, by IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta). Activation of IKKbeta by gamma radiation or tumor necrosis factor-alpha led to increased TAp63gamma protein levels in cells. IKKbeta, but not its kinase-defective mutant IKKbeta-K44A, led to this observed stabilization of TAp63gamma. This stabilization of TAp63gamma in response to gamma radiation was significantly decreased in the absence of IKKbeta. Phosphorylation of TAp63gamma blocks ubiquitylation and possible degradation of this protein. We postulate that phosphorylation of TAp63gamma by IKKbeta stabilizes the TAp63gamma protein by blocking ubiquitylation-dependent degradation of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary MacPartlin
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health & Science University Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
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42
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Guttormsen J, Koster MI, Stevens JR, Roop DR, Williams T, Winger QA. Disruption of epidermal specific gene expression and delayed skin development in AP-2 gamma mutant mice. Dev Biol 2008; 317:187-95. [PMID: 18353300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Summary Sentence: Conditional ablation of AP-2 gamma results in a delay in skin development and abnormal expression of p63, K14, K1, filaggrin, repetin and secreted Ly6/Plaur domain containing 1, key genes required for epidermal development and differentiation. The development of the epidermis, a stratified squamous epithelium, is dependent on the regulated differentiation of keratinocytes. Differentiation begins with the initiation of stratification, a process tightly controlled through proper gene expression. AP-2 gamma is expressed in skin and previous research suggested a pathway where p63 gene induction results in increased expression of AP-2 gamma, which in turn is responsible for induction of K14. This study uses a conditional gene ablation model to further explore the role of AP-2 gamma in skin development. Mice deficient for AP-2 gamma exhibited delayed expression of p63, K14, and K1, key genes required for development and differentiation of the epidermis. In addition, microarray analysis of E16.5 skin revealed delayed expression of additional late epidermal differentiation genes: filaggrin, repetin and secreted Ly6/Plaur domain containing 1, in mutant mice. The genetic delay in skin development was further confirmed by a functional delay in the formation of an epidermal barrier. These results document an important role for AP-2 gamma in skin development, and reveal the existence of regulatory factors that can compensate for AP-2 gamma in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Guttormsen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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43
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Eckhart L, Schmidt M, Mildner M, Mlitz V, Abtin A, Ballaun C, Fischer H, Mrass P, Tschachler E. Histidase expression in human epidermal keratinocytes: regulation by differentiation status and all-trans retinoic acid. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 50:209-15. [PMID: 18280705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histidase (histidine ammonia lyase) converts histidine into urocanic acid, the main ultraviolet (UV) light absorption factor of the stratum corneum. It is unknown if and how histidase is regulated in the epidermis. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the transcriptional regulation of histidase expression in epidermal keratinocytes. METHODS Human epidermal keratinocytes were cultured in vitro and exposed to UV irradiation, a number of cytokines and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) (1 microM). Keratinocyte differentiation was triggered by maintaining confluent cells in monolayer culture and by establishing three-dimensional skin equivalents. The mRNA expression level of histidase in keratinoytes as well as in the epidermis and other tissues was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Human epidermis contained higher levels of histidase transcripts than all other tissues investigated. Expression of histidase strongly increased at the mRNA and protein levels during differentiation of primary keratinocytes in vitro. Treatment of keratinocytes with UVA and UVB did not significantly change the expression level of histidase. By contrast, ATRA suppressed histidase expression almost completely. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that histidase is upregulated during keratinocyte differentiation and that ATRA but not UV irradiation modulates the expression level of histidase. Suppression of histidase-mediated production of urocanic acid may contribute to the increase in UV sensitivity that is caused by treatment with retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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44
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Hoffman TL, Javier AL, Campeau SA, Knight RD, Schilling TF. Tfap2 transcription factors in zebrafish neural crest development and ectodermal evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2007; 308:679-91. [PMID: 17724731 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor AP2 (Tfap2) genes play essential roles in development of the epidermis and migratory cells of the neural crest (NC) in vertebrate embryos. These transcriptional activators are among the earliest genes expressed in the ectoderm and specify fates within the epidermis/crest through both direct and indirect mechanisms. The Tfap2 family arose from a single ancestral gene in a chordate ancestor that underwent gene duplication to give up to five family members in living vertebrates. This coincided with the acquisition of important roles in NC development by Tfap2 genes suggesting that this gene family was important in ectodermal evolution and possibly in the origin of NC. Here, we show that a zebrafish tfap2c is expressed in the nonneural ectoderm during early development and functions redundantly with tfap2a in NC specification. In zebrafish embryos depleted of both tfap2a and tfap2c, NC cells are virtually eliminated. Cell transplantation experiments indicate that tfap2c functions cell-autonomously in NC specification. Cells of the enveloping layer, which forms a temporary skin layer surrounding the ectoderm, also fail to differentiate or to express appropriate keratins in tfap2c deficient embryos. The role of Tfap2 genes in epidermal and NC development is considered here in the broader context of ectodermal evolution. Distinct, tissue-specific functions for Tfap2 genes in different vertebrates may reflect subfunctionalisation of an ancestral gene that consequently led to the gain of novel roles for different subfamily members in patterning the epidermis and NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L Hoffman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2305, USA
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King KE, Weinberg WC. p63: defining roles in morphogenesis, homeostasis, and neoplasia of the epidermis. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:716-24. [PMID: 17477357 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
p63 is a member of a gene family also including the p53 tumor suppressor and p73. In contrast to p53, p63 is rarely mutated in human cancers. Rather, gene amplification and dysregulated expression of p63 protein have been observed, particularly in squamous cell carcinomas. p63 is essential for development of stratified squamous epithelium, including the epidermis. The p63 gene is expressed as multiple protein isoforms with different functional capacities, and the balance of these isoforms, along with the presence or absence of the other family members, p53 and p73, can impact biological outcome. Both gene silencing and overexpression approaches have been utilized to elucidate the contributions of specific p63 isoforms to normal epidermal morphogenesis and tissue maintenance. While numerous studies have established the essential nature of p63 in the epidermis, the basis of this requirement, and the unique, as well as, overlapping functions of the individual isoforms, remain controversial. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of roles played by specific p63 isoforms within the context of epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis of the established epidermis, and the potential impact of p63 dysregulation on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E King
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ichikawa T, Suenaga Y, Koda T, Ozaki T, Nakagawara A. TAp63-dependent induction of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) plays a critical role in the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation. Oncogene 2007; 27:409-20. [PMID: 17637746 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since p63-deficient mice display severe defects in formation of epidermis, p63 has been considered to be a multi-isoform p53 family member essential for epidermal development. However, it is still unclear how p63 could contribute to keratinocyte differentiation. In the present study, we have found that TAp63alpha is induced in association with the upregulation and a secretion of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) during the keratinocyte differentiation of HaCaT cells bearing p53 mutation. Short interference RNA-mediated knockdown of the endogenous TAp63 resulted in a remarkable reduction of GDF15. Luciferase reporter assay and reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated that enforced expression of TAp63alpha significantly increases the luciferase activity driven by GDF15 promoter and the expression of GDF15. Consistent with these results, the proximal p53/p63-binding site within the GDF15 promoter region was required for the TAp63alpha-mediated transcriptional activation of GDF15, and TAp63alpha was recruited onto this site. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the endogenous GDF15 permitted cell growth and inhibited the expression of the differentiation markers such as keratin 10 and involucrin in response to differentiation stimuli. Taken together, our present results provide a novel insight into understanding the molecular mechanisms behind TAp63alpha-mediated keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ichikawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that functions as a barrier protecting the organism from dehydration, mechanical trauma, and microbial insults. This barrier function is established during embryogenesis through a complex and tightly controlled stratification program. Whereas the morphological changes that occur during epidermal development have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that govern this process remain poorly understood. In this review we summarize the current advances that have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Program in Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80010, USA.
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Koster MI, Dai D, Marinari B, Sano Y, Costanzo A, Karin M, Roop DR. p63 induces key target genes required for epidermal morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3255-60. [PMID: 17360634 PMCID: PMC1805532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611376104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking p63, a single gene that encodes a group of transcription factors that either contain (TA) or lack (DeltaN) a transactivation domain, fail to develop stratified epithelia as well as epithelial appendages and limbs. DeltaNp63 isoforms are predominantly expressed during late embryonic and postnatal epidermal development, however, the function of these proteins remains elusive. Using an epidermal-specific inducible knockdown mouse model, we demonstrate that DeltaNp63 proteins are essential for maintaining basement membrane integrity and terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Furthermore, we have identified two DeltaNp63alpha target genes that mediate these processes. We propose that DeltaNp63alpha initially induces expression of the extracellular matrix component Fras1, which is required for maintaining the integrity of the epidermal-dermal interface at the basement membrane. Subsequently, induction of IkappaB kinase-alpha by DeltaNp63alpha initiates epidermal terminal differentiation resulting in the formation of the spinous layer. Our data provide insights into the role of DeltaNp63alpha in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis, and may contribute to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying disorders caused by p63 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Dai
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Barbara Marinari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 000173 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Yuji Sano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 000173 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Departments of *Molecular and Cellular Biology and
- Dermatology and
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room T721, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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Romano RA, Birkaya B, Sinha S. A functional enhancer of keratin14 is a direct transcriptional target of deltaNp63. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:1175-86. [PMID: 17159913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Keratin14 (K14) is a prototypic marker of dividing basal keratinocytes where its gene is transcribed at high levels. Transcriptional regulation of K14 is governed by an evolutionarily conserved functional enhancer marked by DNase 1 hypersensitive sites present upstream of the gene. This enhancer is sufficient to confer epidermal-specific gene expression, which is mediated in part by binding of members of activator protein-2 (AP)-2, AP-1, Ets, and Sp1 families of transcription factors. Here we provide evidence that a keratinocyte-specific nuclear protein identified as deltaNp63 binds to a conserved motif within this enhancer. Interestingly, the selective expression profile of deltaNp63 in various cell lines correlates with both the nuclear complex and the expression of K14. Biochemical studies reveal that deltaNp63 can bind to a specific DNA sequence present in the K14 enhancer and this binding leads to transactivation. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments with deltaNp63-specific antibodies demonstrate that the enhancer is occupied by deltaNp63 in cultured keratinocytes and in mouse skin epidermal cells in vivo. Finally, we show that ectopic expression of either p63 isoform (deltaN or TA) can induce de novo expression of K14. These studies provide a potential mechanism by which deltaNp63 directly governs the expression of K14 in a keratinocyte-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Stojadinovic O, Lee B, Vouthounis C, Vukelic S, Pastar I, Blumenberg M, Brem H, Tomic-Canic M. Novel genomic effects of glucocorticoids in epidermal keratinocytes: inhibition of apoptosis, interferon-gamma pathway, and wound healing along with promotion of terminal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4021-34. [PMID: 17095510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606262200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a long history of use as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases. Surprisingly, their specific molecular effects are largely unknown. To characterize GC action in epidermis, we compared the transcriptional profiles of primary human keratinocytes untreated and treated with dexamethasone (DEX) for 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h using large scale microarray analyses. The majority of genes were found to be regulated only after 24 h and remained regulated throughout treatment. In addition to regulation of the expected pro-inflammatory genes, we found that GCs regulate cell fate, tissue remodeling, cell motility, differentiation, and metabolism. GCs suppress the expression of essentially all IFNgamma-regulated genes, including IFNgamma receptor and STAT-1, an effect that was previously unknown. GCs also block STAT-1 activation and nuclear translocation. Unexpectedly, GCs induce the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and repress pro-apoptotic ones, preventing UV-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Consequently, treatment with GCs blocked UV-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. GCs have profound effect on wound healing by inhibiting cell motility and the expression of the proangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor. They play an important role in tissue remodeling and scar formation by suppressing the expression of TGFbeta1 and -2 and MMP1, -2, -9, and -10 and inducing TIMP-2. Finally, GCs promote terminal epidermal differentiation while simultaneously inhibiting early stage differentiation. These results provide new insights into the beneficial and adverse effects of GCs in the epidermis, defining the participating genes and mechanisms that coordinate the cellular responses important for GC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Tissue Repair Laboratory, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, New York, New York 10021, USA
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