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Hu L, Chen W, Qian A, Li YP. Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and disease. Bone Res 2024; 12:39. [PMID: 38987555 PMCID: PMC11237130 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnts are secreted, lipid-modified proteins that bind to different receptors on the cell surface to activate canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, which control various biological processes throughout embryonic development and adult life. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathway underlies a wide range of human disease pathogeneses. In this review, we provide an update of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and diseases. The Wnt proteins, receptors, activators, inhibitors, and the crosstalk of Wnt signaling pathways with other signaling pathways are summarized and discussed. We mainly review Wnt signaling functions in bone formation, homeostasis, and related diseases, and summarize mouse models carrying genetic modifications of Wnt signaling components. Moreover, the therapeutic strategies for treating bone diseases by targeting Wnt signaling, including the extracellular molecules, cytosol components, and nuclear components of Wnt signaling are reviewed. In summary, this paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling regulates bone formation, homeostasis, and the efforts targeting Wnt signaling for treating bone diseases. Finally, the paper evaluates the important questions in Wnt signaling to be further explored based on the progress of new biological analytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Li H, Kawatake-Kuno A, Inaba H, Miyake Y, Itoh Y, Ueki T, Oishi N, Murai T, Suzuki T, Uchida S. Discrete prefrontal neuronal circuits determine repeated stress-induced behavioral phenotypes in male mice. Neuron 2024; 112:786-804.e8. [PMID: 38228137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, including depression. Although depression is a highly heterogeneous syndrome, it remains unclear how chronic stress drives individual differences in behavioral responses. In this study, we developed a subtyping-based approach wherein stressed male mice were divided into four subtypes based on their behavioral patterns of social interaction deficits and anhedonia, the core symptoms of psychiatric disorders. We identified three prefrontal cortical neuronal projections that regulate repeated stress-induced behavioral phenotypes. Among them, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)→anterior paraventricular thalamus (aPVT) pathway determines the specific behavioral subtype that exhibits both social deficits and anhedonia. Additionally, we identified the circuit-level molecular mechanism underlying this subtype: KDM5C-mediated epigenetic repression of Shisa2 transcription in aPVT projectors in the mPFC led to social deficits and anhedonia. Thus, we provide a set of biological aspects at the cellular, molecular, and epigenetic levels that determine distinctive stress-induced behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawatake-Kuno
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Inaba
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuka Miyake
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Itoh
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ueki
- Department of Integrative Anatomy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Oishi
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shusaku Uchida
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Kyoto University Medical Science and Business Liaison Organization, Medical Innovation Center, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Department of Integrative Anatomy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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Liu Y, Du N, Qian B, Zou C, Yu Z, Xu F, Wang L, Qin S, You F, Tan X. Characteristics of Shisa Family Genes in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14062. [PMID: 37762365 PMCID: PMC10531659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shisa represents a type of single-transmembrane adaptor protein containing an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and a proline-rich C-terminal region. Nine shisa subfamily genes have been proposed in most vertebrates; however, some might be species-specific. The number of shisa genes present in zebrafish remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary relationships among shisa family genes in zebrafish (TU strain) using phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. The function of shisa-2 was preliminarily examined via CRISPR/Cas13d-mediated knockdown. Following identification in zebrafish, 10 shisa family genes, namely shisa-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9a, and 9b, were classified into three main clades and six subclades. Their encoding proteins contained a cysteine-rich N-terminal domain and a proline-rich C-terminal region containing different motifs. A specific syntenic block containing atp8a2 and shisa-2 was observed to be conserved across all species. Furthermore, all these genes were expressed during embryogenesis. Shisa-2 was expressed in the presomitic mesoderm, somites, and so on. Shisa-2 was identified as a regulator of the expression of the somite formation marker mesp-ab. Overall, our study provides new insights into the evolution of shisa family genes and the control of shisa-2 over the convergent extension cells of somitic precursors in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.)
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Na Du
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Beibei Qian
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Congcong Zou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Zhouxin Yu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.)
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Sishi Qin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Feng You
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xungang Tan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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Zhan E, Jiang J, Wang Y, Zhang K, Tang T, Chen Y, Jia Z, Wang Q, Zhao C. Shisa reduces the sensitivity of homomeric RDL channel to GABA in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105414. [PMID: 37105623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABARs) mediate fast inhibitory transmission in central nervous system of insects and are important targets of insecticides. An auxiliary subunit, Shisa7, was identified in mammals as a single-passing transmembrane protein. However, the homology gene(s) of Shisa in invertebrates has not been reported to date. In the present study, a homolog Shisa gene was identified from the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Its open reading frame had 927 base pairs and encoded 308 amino acid residues, which has a typical Shisa domain at 13th-181st amino acid residues. According to the phylogenetic tree, the invertebrate Shisa was categorized apart with those of vertebrate, and TuShisa showed closest relationship with the Shisa9 of velvet mite, Dinothrombium tinctorium (L.). In the electrophysiological assay with two-electrode voltage clamp, the GABA-activated TuRDL channel was functionally formed in the Africa clawed frog Xenopus laevis (Daudin) oocytes (EC50 = 53.34 μM). No GABA-activated current could be observed in TuShisa-expressed oocytes, whereas TuShisa could reduce the sensitivity of TuRDL/TuShisa (mass ratio of 1: 4) channel to GABA. The homology structural models of TuRDL and TuShisa were built by the SWISS-MODEL server, their interaction was predicted using Z-DOCK and three predicted hydrogen bonds and interface residues were analysed by PyMOL. Meanwhile, the key interface residues of TuShisa affected the stability of complex were calculated by Discovery Studio 2019. In conclusion, the TuShisa, as the first reported invertebrate Shisa, was explored and functionally examined as the GABARs auxiliary subunit. Our findings provide a basis for research of invertebrate Shisa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enling Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, PR China.
| | - Yiqu Chen
- College of Plant Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, PR China.
| | - Zhongqiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Chunqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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5
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Imoto Y, Nakamura T, Escolar EG, Yoshiwaki M, Kojima Y, Yabuta Y, Katou Y, Yamamoto T, Hiraoka Y, Saitou M. Resolution of the curse of dimensionality in single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201591. [PMID: 35944930 PMCID: PMC9363502 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can determine gene expression in numerous individual cells simultaneously, promoting progress in the biomedical sciences. However, scRNA-seq data are high-dimensional with substantial technical noise, including dropouts. During analysis of scRNA-seq data, such noise engenders a statistical problem known as the curse of dimensionality (COD). Based on high-dimensional statistics, we herein formulate a noise reduction method, RECODE (resolution of the curse of dimensionality), for high-dimensional data with random sampling noise. We show that RECODE consistently resolves COD in relevant scRNA-seq data with unique molecular identifiers. RECODE does not involve dimension reduction and recovers expression values for all genes, including lowly expressed genes, realizing precise delineation of cell fate transitions and identification of rare cells with all gene information. Compared with representative imputation methods, RECODE employs different principles and exhibits superior overall performance in cell-clustering, expression value recovery, and single-cell-level analysis. The RECODE algorithm is parameter-free, data-driven, deterministic, and high-speed, and its applicability can be predicted based on the variance normalization performance. We propose RECODE as a powerful strategy for preprocessing noisy high-dimensional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Imoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emerson G Escolar
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoji Kojima
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yabuta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Katou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hiraoka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Wnt antagonist as therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106191. [PMID: 35272015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a fatal malignancy in women with a low survival rate that demands new therapeutic paradigms. Cancer cells acquire various exclusive alterations to proliferate, invade, metastasize, and escape cell death, acting independently of growth-inducing or growth-inhibiting signals. The nature of cellular signaling in tumorigenesis is interwoven. Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade that has been shown to regulate ovarian cancer pathogenesis. The molecular mechanism of Wnt signaling underlying the development of ovarian cancer, drug resistance, and relapse is not completely understood. Extracellularly secreted Wnt signaling inhibitors are crucial regulators of ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and malignant properties of cancer stem cells. Wnt inhibitors arbitrated modifications affecting Wnt pathway proteins on the cell membranes, in the cytoplasm, and in the nucleus have been shown to span essential contributions in the initiation, progression, and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer. Although many extrinsic inhibitors developed targeting the downstream components of the Wnt signaling pathway, investigating the molecular mechanisms of endogenous secreted inhibitors might substantiate prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers development. Given the importance of Wnt signaling in ovarian cancer, more systematic studies combined with clinical studies are requisite to probe the precise mechanistic interactions of Wnt antagonists in ovarian cancer. This review outlines the latest progress on the Wnt antagonists and ovarian cancer-specific regulators such as micro-RNAs, small molecules, and drugs regulating these Wnt antagonists in ovarian tumourigenesis.
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Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Developing Mouse Neocortex: Intermediate Progenitors Implicated in Axon Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:686034. [PMID: 34321999 PMCID: PMC8313239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex projection neurons (PNs) are generated from intermediate progenitors (IPs), which are in turn derived from radial glial progenitors (RGPs). To investigate developmental processes in IPs, we profiled IP transcriptomes in embryonic mouse neocortex, using transgenic Tbr2-GFP mice, cell sorting, and microarrays. These data were used in combination with in situ hybridization to ascertain gene sets specific for IPs, RGPs, PNs, interneurons, and other neural and non-neural cell types. RGP-selective transcripts (n = 419) included molecules for Notch receptor signaling, proliferation, neural stem cell identity, apical junctions, necroptosis, hippo pathway, and NF-κB pathway. RGPs also expressed specific genes for critical interactions with meningeal and vascular cells. In contrast, IP-selective genes (n = 136) encoded molecules for activated Delta ligand presentation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, core planar cell polarity (PCP), axon genesis, and intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, IPs expressed several “dependence receptors” (Unc5d, Dcc, Ntrk3, and Epha4) that induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand, suggesting a competitive mechanism for IPs and new PNs to detect key environmental cues or die. Overall, our results imply a novel role for IPs in the patterning of neuronal polarization, axon differentiation, and intrinsic excitability prior to mitosis. Significantly, IPs highly express Wnt-PCP, netrin, and semaphorin pathway molecules known to regulate axon polarization in other systems. In sum, IPs not only amplify neurogenesis quantitatively, but also molecularly “prime” new PNs for axogenesis, guidance, and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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8
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Tang SH, Hsiao CW, Chen WL, Wu LW, Chang JB, Yang BH. Hypermethylation of SHISA3 DNA as a blood-based biomarker for colorectal cancer. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:51-56. [PMID: 33642344 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_89_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Taiwan, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer and the cancer with the third highest mortality rate. This may be because of the difficulty of detecting the disease in the early stages, as well as the fact that colonoscopy, a typical method used in screening for CRC, causes discomfort to the recipient and is prone to technical interference. For the earlier detection of CRC, finding an easier screening method with a simpler collection procedure is essential. Thus, in the present study, plasma samples from patients with CRC were analyzed to determine the extent of methylation in SHISA3 DNA. Studies have suggested that SHISA3, a newly identified tumor suppressor, can regulate tumor growth, and that the inactivation of its DNA can be traced to epigenomic alterations in CRC. Another study reported the presence of hypermethylated SHISA3 DNA in CRC biopsy specimens. In the present study, the plasma of 30 patients with CRC and nine healthy controls was collected and analyzed for the concentration of cell-free DNA through bisulfite sequencing. The methylation rates were determined. Our results have shown that an increasing amount of cell-free DNA in the group of CRC patient's plasma compared to the healthy group. Moreover, patients with later stages of CRC had higher concentrations of cell-free DNA. Notably, the methylation rate of SHISA3 was higher in the plasma of the CRC group than in that of the healthy group. The results indicated that the presence of tumor cells does not reduce the degree of SHISA3 DNA in the peripheral blood of patients with CRC. In other words, the hypermethylation of SHISA3, which inactivates the gene, is a potential cause of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the methylation rate of SHISA3 DNA was higher in the plasma of patients with stage II CRC than in that of those with stage I CRC. In conclusion, the combination of conventional testing and screening for SHISA3 hypermethylation in plasma could improve the rate at which CRC is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hui Tang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Hsiao
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Geriatrics Department, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Health Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Biou Chang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Heng Yang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Hu Z, Cao J, Zhang J, Ge L, Zhang H, Liu X. Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Analysis of Hanzhong Ma Duck at Different Growth Stages Using RNA-Seq. Biomolecules 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 33669581 PMCID: PMC7927120 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important poultry worldwide, ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) are raised mainly for meat and egg products, and muscle development in ducks is important for meat production. Therefore, an investigation of gene expression in duck skeletal muscle would significantly contribute to our understanding of muscle development. In this study, twenty-four cDNA libraries were constructed from breast and leg muscles of Hanzhong Ma ducks at day 17, 21, 27 of the embryo and postnatal at 6-month-old. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics were used to determine the abundances and characteristics of transcripts. A total of 632,172,628 (average 52,681,052) and 637,213,938 (average 53,101,162) reads were obtained from the sequencing data of breast and leg muscles, respectively. Over 71.63% and 77.36% of the reads could be mapped to the Anas platyrhynchos genome. In the skeletal muscle of Hanzhong duck, intron variant (INTRON), synonymous variant (SYNONYMOUS_CODING), and prime 3' UTR variant (UTR_3_PRIME) were the main single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) annotation information, and "INTRON", "UTR_3_PRIME", and downstream-gene variant (DOWNSTREAM) were the main insertion-deletion (InDel) annotation information. The predicted number of alternative splicing (AS) in all samples were mainly alternative 5' first exon (transcription start site)-the first exon splicing (TSS) and alternative 3' last exon (transcription terminal site)-the last exon splicing (TTS). Besides, there were 292 to 2801 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in breast muscle and 304 to 1950 annotated DEGs in leg muscle from different databases. It is worth noting that 75 DEGs in breast muscle and 49 DEGs in leg muscle were co-expressed at all developmental points of comparison, respectively. The RNA-Seq data were confirmed to be reliable by qPCR. The identified DEGs, such as CREBL2, RHEB, GDF6, SHISA2, MYLK2, ACTN3, RYR3, and STMN1, were specially highlighted, indicating their strong associations with muscle development in the Hanzhong Ma duck. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that regulation of actin cytoskeleton, oxidative phosphorylation, and focal adhesion were involved in the development of skeletal muscle. The findings from this study can contribute to future investigations of the growth and development mechanism in duck skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Z.H.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (H.Z.)
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10
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Han W, Shepard RD, Lu W. Regulation of GABA ARs by Transmembrane Accessory Proteins. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:152-165. [PMID: 33234346 PMCID: PMC7855156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of fast inhibitory transmission in the brain is mediated by GABA acting on GABAA receptors (GABAARs), which provides inhibitory balance to excitatory drive and controls neuronal output. GABAARs are also effectively targeted by clinically important drugs for treatment in a number of neurological disorders. It has long been hypothesized that function and pharmacology of GABAARs are determined by the channel pore-forming subunits. However, recent studies have provided new dimensions in studying GABAARs due to several transmembrane proteins that interact with GABAARs and modulate their trafficking and function. In this review, we summarize recent findings on these novel GABAAR transmembrane regulators and highlight a potential avenue to develop new GABAAR psychopharmacology by targeting these receptor-associated membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan D Shepard
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Sasai N, Kadoya M, Ong Lee Chen A. Neural induction: Historical views and application to pluripotent stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:26-37. [PMID: 33289091 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a useful experimental material to recapitulate the differentiation steps of early embryos, which are usually invisible and inaccessible from outside of the body, especially in mammals. ES cells have greatly facilitated the analyses of gene expression profiles and cell characteristics. In addition, understanding the mechanisms during neural differentiation is important for clinical purposes, such as developing new therapeutic methods or regenerative medicine. As neurons have very limited regenerative ability, neurodegenerative diseases are usually intractable, and patients suffer from the disease throughout their lifetimes. The functional cells generated from ES cells in vitro could replace degenerative areas by transplantation. In this review, we will first demonstrate the historical views and widely accepted concepts regarding the molecular mechanisms of neural induction and positional information to produce the specific types of neurons in model animals. Next, we will describe how these concepts have recently been applied to the research in the establishment of the methodology of neural differentiation from mammalian ES cells. Finally, we will focus on examples of the applications of differentiation systems to clinical purposes. Overall, the discussion will focus on how historical developmental studies are applied to state-of-the-art stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Agnes Ong Lee Chen
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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12
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Shahzad N, Munir T, Javed M, Tasneem F, Aslam B, Ali M, Mutahir Z, Akhtar Ali M, Umer M, Ahmad M, Farooq K, Hassan U, Mustafa T, Anjum RS, Shakoori AR. SHISA3, an antagonist of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, is epigenetically silenced and its ectopic expression suppresses growth in breast cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236192. [PMID: 32692756 PMCID: PMC7373276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the foremost cause of cancer related deaths in women globally. Currently there is a scarcity of reliable biomarkers for its early stage diagnosis and theranostics monitoring. Altered DNA methylation patterns leading to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes are considered as an important mechanism underlying tumor development and progression in various cancer types, including BC. Very recently, epigenetic silencing of SHISA3, an antagonist of β-catenin, has been reported in various types of tumor. However, the role of SHISA3 in BC has not been investigated yet. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the contribution of SHISA3 in BC causation by analyzing its expression and methylation levels in BC cell lines (MDA-MB231, MCF-7 and BT-474) and in 103 paired BC tissue samples. The SHISA3 expression and methylation status was determined by qPCR and methylation specific PCR (MSP) respectively. The role of SHISA3 in BC tumorigenesis was evaluated by proliferation and migration assays after ectopic expression of SHISA3. The association between SHISA3 hypermethylation and clinicopathological parameters of BC patients was also studied. The downregulation of SHISA3 expression was found in three BC cell lines used and in all BC tissue samples. However, SHISA3 promoter region was hypermethylated in 61% (63/103) tumorous tissues in comparison to the 18% of their matched normal tissues. The 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine treatment restored SHISA3 expression by reversing promoter hypermethylation in both MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of SHISA3 significantly reduced the proliferation and migration ability of these cells. Taken together, our findings for the first time reveal epigenetic silencing and tumor suppressing role of SHISA3 in BC. Henceforth, this study has identified SHISA3 as potentially powerful target for the development of new therapies against BC, as well as novel diagnostic and therapy response monitoring approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (NS); (MU)
| | - Tehreem Munir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Javed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Umer
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- * E-mail: (NS); (MU)
| | - Munir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kokab Farooq
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umair Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Mustafa
- Department of Histopathology, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rana Salman Anjum
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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13
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Murakami K, Zhifeng H, Suzuki T, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura Y. The Shisa3 knockout mouse exhibits normal bone phenotype. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:967-975. [PMID: 31222549 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is important for both skeletal development and bone disease, with Wnt inhibitory factors playing critical roles in bone metabolism. SHISA3 blocks the maturation and transportation of Frizzled receptors to the cell surface, thereby inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in lung cancer. However, the function of Shisa3 in bone biology remains uninvestigated. This study found that Shisa3 was strongly expressed in the calvarial bones of mice, especially in osteoblasts. In addition, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of murine Shisa3 significantly inhibited Wnt3a-induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin and mRNA expression of the Wnt target gene Axin2. In bone phenotype assessments of Shisa3 knockout (Shisa3 KO) mice, micro-computed tomography, mRNA expressions of osteoblast markers, and skeletal preparations all displayed no significant differences compared with Shisa3 wild-type mice. mRNA expression analysis of canonical Wnt signaling target genes (Axin2, Lef1, Dkk1, and Tnfrsf11b) in calvarial bones at P0.5 also revealed no significant findings. In Axin2Cre/ERT2 knock-in mice, the number of Axin2-expressing cells in the calvariae of Shisa3 KO and control mice were comparable. Thus, there appears to be a redundancy in the function of Shisa3 in bone development, likely with other Shisa family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, 399-0781, Japan
| | - He Zhifeng
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takako Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobayashi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
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14
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Intarajak T, Udomchaiprasertkul W, Bunyoo C, Yimnoon J, Soonklang K, Wiriyaukaradecha K, Lamlertthon W, Sricharunrat T, Chaiwiriyawong W, Siriphongpreeda B, Sutheeworapong S, Kusonmano K, Kittichotirat W, Thammarongtham C, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Nookaew I, Auewarakul C, Cheevadhanarak S. Genetic Aberration Analysis in Thai Colorectal Adenoma and Early-Stage Adenocarcinoma Patients by Whole-Exome Sequencing. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E977. [PMID: 31336886 PMCID: PMC6679221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal adenomas are precursor lesions of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The transition from adenoma to carcinoma in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) has been associated with an accumulation of genetic aberrations. However, criteria that can screen adenoma progression to adenocarcinoma are still lacking. This present study is the first attempt to identify genetic aberrations, such as the somatic mutations, copy number variations (CNVs), and high-frequency mutated genes, found in Thai patients. In this study, we identified the genomic abnormality of two sample groups. In the first group, five cases matched normal-colorectal adenoma-colorectal adenocarcinoma. In the second group, six cases matched normal-colorectal adenomas. For both groups, whole-exome sequencing was performed. We compared the genetic aberration of the two sample groups. In both normal tissues compared with colorectal adenoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma analyses, somatic mutations were observed in the tumor suppressor gene APC (Adenomatous polyposis coli) in eight out of ten patients. In the group of normal tissue comparison with colorectal adenoma tissue, somatic mutations were also detected in Catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1), Family With Sequence Similarity 123B (FAM123B), F-Box And WD Repeat Domain Containing 7 (FBXW7), Sex-Determining Region Y-Box 9 (SOX9), Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 5 (LRP5), Frizzled Class Receptor 10 (FZD10), and AT-Rich Interaction Domain 1A (ARID1A) genes, which are involved in the Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway. In the normal tissue comparison with colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue, Kirsten retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (KRAS), Tumor Protein 53 (TP53), and Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) genes are found in the receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS (RTK-RAS) signaling pathway and p53 signaling pathway, respectively. These results suggest that APC and TP53 may act as a potential screening marker for colorectal adenoma and early-stage CRC. This preliminary study may help identify patients with adenoma and early-stage CRC and may aid in establishing prevention and surveillance strategies to reduce the incidence of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoranin Intarajak
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Bioinformatics Unit for Genomic Analysis, Division of Research and International Relations, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Wandee Udomchaiprasertkul
- Molecular Biology and Genomic Laboratory, Division of Research and International Relations, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chakrit Bunyoo
- Bioinformatics Unit for Genomic Analysis, Division of Research and International Relations, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Yimnoon
- Cytogenetics Unit, Central Research Laboratory, Division of Research and International Relations, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Soonklang
- Data Management Unit, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Kriangpol Wiriyaukaradecha
- Molecular Biology and Genomic Laboratory, Division of Research and International Relations, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Wisut Lamlertthon
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Thaniya Sricharunrat
- Pathology Laboratory Unit, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Worawit Chaiwiriyawong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Bunchorn Siriphongpreeda
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Sawannee Sutheeworapong
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Kanthida Kusonmano
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Weerayuth Kittichotirat
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Chinae Thammarongtham
- Biochemical Engineering and Systems Biology research group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) at King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Chirayu Auewarakul
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Supapon Cheevadhanarak
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
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15
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Cheng S, Pei Y, He L, Peng G, Reinius B, Tam PP, Jing N, Deng Q. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity of Pluripotency Transition and X Chromosome Dynamics during Early Mouse Development. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2593-2607.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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16
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Zhang J, Li YQ, Guo R, Wang YQ, Zhang PP, Tang XR, Wen X, Hong XH, Lei Y, He QM, Yang XJ, Sun Y, Ma J, Liu N. Hypermethylation of SHISA3 Promotes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis by Reducing SGSM1 Stability. Cancer Res 2018; 79:747-759. [PMID: 30573520 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered DNA methylation is a key feature of cancer, and aberrant methylation is important in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development. However, the methylation mechanisms underlying metastasis of NPC remain unclear. Analyzing data from public databases and conducting our own experiments, we report here that promoter hypermethylation of SHISA3 is common and contributes to the downregulation of this gene in many types of tumors, including NPC. SHISA3 suppressed NPC cell invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by impeding the E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif containing 21 (TRIM21)-mediated ubiquitination and degradation small G protein signaling modulator 1 (SGSM1) and by inhibiting the MAPK pathway activation. Silencing SGSM1 abrogated the inhibitory effect of SHISA3 on NPC cell migration and invasion. This newly identified SHISA3-TRIM21-SGSM1 axis could be a novel therapeutic target in NPC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight the mechanism by which a newly identified tumor suppressor SHISA3 suppresses invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ran Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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17
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Liu Z, Wang C, Liu X, Kuang S. Shisa2 regulates the fusion of muscle progenitors. Stem Cell Res 2018; 31:31-41. [PMID: 30007221 PMCID: PMC6171505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscles are comprised of multinuclear muscle cells called myofibers. During skeletal muscle development and regeneration, mononuclear progenitor cells (myoblasts) fuse to form multinuclear myotubes, which mature and become myofibers. The molecular events mediating myoblast fusion are not fully understood. Here we report that Shisa2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized protein, regulates the fusion of muscle satellite cell-derived primary myoblasts. Shisa2 expression is repressed by Notch signaling, elevated in activated compared to quiescent satellite cells, and further upregulated during myogenic differentiation. Knockdown of Shisa2 inhibits the fusion of myoblasts without affecting proliferation. Conversely, Shisa2 overexpression in proliferating myoblasts inhibits their proliferation but promotes premature fusion. Interestingly, Shisa2-overexpressing nascent myotubes actively recruit myoblasts to fuse with. At the molecular level, Rac1/Cdc42-mediated cytoskeletal F-actin remodeling is required for Shisa2 to promote myoblast fusion. These results provide a novel mechanism through which an ER protein regulates myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojun Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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18
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O’Brien LL, Guo Q, Bahrami-Samani E, Park JS, Hasso SM, Lee YJ, Fang A, Kim AD, Guo J, Hong TM, Peterson KA, Lozanoff S, Raviram R, Ren B, Fogelgren B, Smith AD, Valouev A, McMahon AP. Transcriptional regulatory control of mammalian nephron progenitors revealed by multi-factor cistromic analysis and genetic studies. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007181. [PMID: 29377931 PMCID: PMC5805373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephron progenitor number determines nephron endowment; a reduced nephron count is linked to the onset of kidney disease. Several transcriptional regulators including Six2, Wt1, Osr1, Sall1, Eya1, Pax2, and Hox11 paralogues are required for specification and/or maintenance of nephron progenitors. However, little is known about the regulatory intersection of these players. Here, we have mapped nephron progenitor-specific transcriptional networks of Six2, Hoxd11, Osr1, and Wt1. We identified 373 multi-factor associated 'regulatory hotspots' around genes closely associated with progenitor programs. To examine their functional significance, we deleted 'hotspot' enhancer elements for Six2 and Wnt4. Removal of the distal enhancer for Six2 leads to a ~40% reduction in Six2 expression. When combined with a Six2 null allele, progeny display a premature depletion of nephron progenitors. Loss of the Wnt4 enhancer led to a significant reduction of Wnt4 expression in renal vesicles and a mildly hypoplastic kidney, a phenotype also enhanced in combination with a Wnt4 null mutation. To explore the regulatory landscape that supports proper target gene expression, we performed CTCF ChIP-seq to identify insulator-boundary regions. One such putative boundary lies between the Six2 and Six3 loci. Evidence for the functional significance of this boundary was obtained by deep sequencing of the radiation-induced Brachyrrhine (Br) mutant allele. We identified an inversion of the Six2/Six3 locus around the CTCF-bound boundary, removing Six2 from its distal enhancer regulation, but placed next to Six3 enhancer elements which support ectopic Six2 expression in the lens where Six3 is normally expressed. Six3 is now predicted to fall under control of the Six2 distal enhancer. Consistent with this view, we observed ectopic Six3 in nephron progenitors. 4C-seq supports the model for Six2 distal enhancer interactions in wild-type and Br/+ mouse kidneys. Together, these data expand our view of the regulatory genome and regulatory landscape underpinning mammalian nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. O’Brien
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Emad Bahrami-Samani
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- Division of Pediatric Urology and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Hasso
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Fang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Albert D. Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Trudy M. Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | - Scott Lozanoff
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ramya Raviram
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anton Valouev
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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19
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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20
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Justice ED, Barnum SJ, Kidd T. The WAGR syndrome gene PRRG4 is a functional homologue of the commissureless axon guidance gene. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006865. [PMID: 28859078 PMCID: PMC5578492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
WAGR syndrome is characterized by Wilm's tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities and intellectual disabilities. WAGR is caused by a chromosomal deletion that includes the PAX6, WT1 and PRRG4 genes. PRRG4 is proposed to contribute to the autistic symptoms of WAGR syndrome, but the molecular function of PRRG4 genes remains unknown. The Drosophila commissureless (comm) gene encodes a short transmembrane protein characterized by PY motifs, features that are shared by the PRRG4 protein. Comm intercepts the Robo axon guidance receptor in the ER/Golgi and targets Robo for degradation, allowing commissural axons to cross the CNS midline. Expression of human Robo1 in the fly CNS increases midline crossing and this was enhanced by co-expression of PRRG4, but not CYYR, Shisa or the yeast Rcr genes. In cell culture experiments, PRRG4 could re-localize hRobo1 from the cell surface, suggesting that PRRG4 is a functional homologue of Comm. Comm is required for axon guidance and synapse formation in the fly, so PRRG4 could contribute to the autistic symptoms of WAGR by disturbing either of these processes in the developing human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Justice
- Department of Biology/ms 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Barnum
- Department of Biology/ms 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kidd
- Department of Biology/ms 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
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21
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Tokue M, Ikami K, Mizuno S, Takagi C, Miyagi A, Takada R, Noda C, Kitadate Y, Hara K, Mizuguchi H, Sato T, Taketo MM, Sugiyama F, Ogawa T, Kobayashi S, Ueno N, Takahashi S, Takada S, Yoshida S. SHISA6 Confers Resistance to Differentiation-Promoting Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Mouse Spermatogenic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:561-575. [PMID: 28196692 PMCID: PMC5355566 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the seminiferous tubules of mouse testes, a population of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha 1 (GFRα1)-positive spermatogonia harbors the stem cell functionality and supports continual spermatogenesis, likely independent of asymmetric division or definitive niche control. Here, we show that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes spermatogonial differentiation and reduces the GFRα1+ cell pool. We further discovered that SHISA6 is a cell-autonomous Wnt inhibitor that is expressed in a restricted subset of GFRα1+ cells and confers resistance to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Shisa6+ cells appear to show stem cell-related characteristics, conjectured from the morphology and long-term fates of T (Brachyury)+ cells that are found largely overlapped with Shisa6+ cells. This study proposes a generic mechanism of stem cell regulation in a facultative (or open) niche environment, with which different levels of a cell-autonomous inhibitor (SHISA6, in this case) generates heterogeneous resistance to widely distributed differentiation-promoting extracellular signaling, such as WNTs. Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the differentiation of GFRα1+ spermatogonia SHISA6 is a cell-autonomous Wnt inhibitor expressed in subset GFRα1+ cells SHISA6 confers resistance to differentiation induction by Wnt/β-catenin signaling SHISA6+ spermatogonia show stem cell-related properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Tokue
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kanako Ikami
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laborarory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Asuka Miyagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Takada
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Chiyo Noda
- Division of Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yu Kitadate
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hara
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Mizuguchi
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laborarory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Division of Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laborarory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shosei Yoshida
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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22
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Houston DW. Vertebrate Axial Patterning: From Egg to Asymmetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:209-306. [PMID: 27975274 PMCID: PMC6550305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the bilateral embryonic body axis from a symmetrical egg has been a long-standing question in developmental biology. Historical and modern experiments point to an initial symmetry-breaking event leading to localized Wnt and Nodal growth factor signaling and subsequent induction and formation of a self-regulating dorsal "organizer." This organizer forms at the site of notochord cell internalization and expresses primarily Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) growth factor antagonists that establish a spatiotemporal gradient of BMP signaling across the embryo, directing initial cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Although the basics of this model have been known for some time, many of the molecular and cellular details have only recently been elucidated and the extent that these events remain conserved throughout vertebrate evolution remains unclear. This chapter summarizes historical perspectives as well as recent molecular and genetic advances regarding: (1) the mechanisms that regulate symmetry-breaking in the vertebrate egg and early embryo, (2) the pathways that are activated by these events, in particular the Wnt pathway, and the role of these pathways in the formation and function of the organizer, and (3) how these pathways also mediate anteroposterior patterning and axial morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed on comparative aspects of the egg-to-embryo transition across vertebrates and their evolution. The future prospects for work regarding self-organization and gene regulatory networks in the context of early axis formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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23
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Wada Y, Sun-Wada GH, Kawamura N, Yasukawa J. Membrane dynamics in mammalian embryogenesis: Implication in signal regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:33-44. [PMID: 26992153 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved an array of membrane compartments constituting secretory and endocytic pathways that allow the flow of materials. Both pathways perform important regulatory roles. The secretory pathway is essential for the production of extracellular, secreted signal molecules, but its function is not restricted to a mere route connecting intra- and extracellular compartments. Post-translational modifications also play an integral function in the secretory pathway and are implicated in developmental regulation. The endocytic pathway serves as a platform for relaying signals from the extracellular stimuli to intracellular mediators, and then ultimately inducing signal termination. Here, we discuss recent studies showing that dysfunction in membrane dynamics causes patterning defects in embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Yasukawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
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24
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Ruiz-Villalba A, Hoppler S, van den Hoff MJB. Wnt signaling in the heart fields: Variations on a common theme. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:294-306. [PMID: 26638115 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an essential role in development and differentiation. Heart development is initiated with the induction of precardiac mesoderm requiring the tightly and spatially controlled regulation of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways. The role of Wnt signaling in subsequent development of the heart fields is to a large extent unclear. We will discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the development of the arterial and venous pole of the heart, highlighting the dual roles of Wnt signaling with respect to its time- and dosage-dependent effects and the balance between the canonical and noncanonical signaling. Canonical signaling appears to be involved in retaining the cardiac precursors in a proliferative and precursor state, whereas noncanonical signaling promotes their differentiation. Thereafter, both canonical and noncanonical signaling regulate specific steps in differentiation of the cardiac compartments. Because heart development is a contiguous, rather than a sequential, process, analyses tend only to show a single timeframe of development. The repetitive alternating and reciprocal effect of canonical and noncanonical signaling is lost when studied in homogenates. Without the simultaneous in vivo visualization of the different Wnt signaling pathways, the mechanism of Wnt signaling in heart development remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Hoppler
- Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Hoshino H, Shioi G, Aizawa S. AVE protein expression and visceral endoderm cell behavior during anterior-posterior axis formation in mouse embryos: Asymmetry in OTX2 and DKK1 expression. Dev Biol 2015; 402:175-91. [PMID: 25910836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The initial landmark of anterior-posterior (A-P) axis formation in mouse embryos is the distal visceral endoderm, DVE, which expresses a series of anterior genes at embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5). Subsequently, DVE cells move to the future anterior region, generating anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). Questions remain regarding how the DVE is formed and how the direction of the movement is determined. This study compares the detailed expression patterns of OTX2, HHEX, CER1, LEFTY1 and DKK1 by immunohistology and live imaging at E4.5-E6.5. At E6.5, the AVE is subdivided into four domains: most anterior (OTX2, HHEX, CER1-low/DKK1-high), anterior (OTX2, HHEX, CER1-high/DKK1-low), main (OTX2, HHEX, CER1, LEFTY1-high) and antero-lateral and posterior (OTX2, HHEX-low). The study demonstrates how this pattern is established. AVE protein expression in the DVE occurs de novo at E5.25-E5.5. Neither HHEX, LEFTY1 nor CER1 expression is asymmetric. In contrast, OTX2 expression is tilted on the future posterior side with the DKK1 expression at its proximal domain; the DVE cells move in the opposite direction of the tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Hoshino
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Aizawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
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26
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EphA4 Regulates the Balance between Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Radial Glial Cells and Intermediate Neuronal Precursors in Cooperation with FGF Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126942. [PMID: 25978062 PMCID: PMC4433105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse cerebral corticogenesis, neurons are generated from radial glial cells (RGCs) or from their immediate progeny, intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs). The balance between self-renewal of these neuronal precursors and specification of cell fate is critical for proper cortical development, but the signaling mechanisms that regulate this progression are poorly understood. EphA4, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily, is expressed in RGCs during embryogenesis. To illuminate the function of EphA4 in RGC cell fate determination during early corticogenesis, we deleted Epha4 in cortical cells at E11.5 or E13.5. Loss of EphA4 at both stages led to precocious in vivo RGC differentiation toward neurogenesis. Cortical cells isolated at E14.5 and E15.5 from both deletion mutants showed reduced capacity for neurosphere formation with greater differentiation toward neurons. They also exhibited lower phosphorylation of ERK and FRS2α in the presence of FGF. The size of the cerebral cortex at P0 was smaller than that of controls when Epha4 was deleted at E11.5 but not when it was deleted at E13.5, although the cortical layers were formed normally in both mutants. The number of PAX6-positive RGCs decreased at later developmental stages only in the E11.5 Epha4 deletion mutant. These results suggest that EphA4, in cooperation with an FGF signal, contributes to the maintenance of RGC self-renewal and repression of RGC differentiation through the neuronal lineage. This function of EphA4 is especially critical and uncompensated in early stages of corticogenesis, and thus deletion at E11.5 reduces the size of the neonatal cortex.
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27
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Tsai MH, Chen WC, Yu SL, Chen CC, Jao TM, Huang CY, Tzeng ST, Yen SJ, Yang YC. DNA Hypermethylation of SHISA3 in Colorectal Cancer: An Independent Predictor of Poor Prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1481-9. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Chen CC, Chen HY, Su KY, Hong QS, Yan BS, Chen CH, Pan SH, Chang YL, Wang CJ, Hung PF, Yuan S, Chang GC, Chen JJW, Yang PC, Yang YC, Yu SL. Shisa3 is associated with prolonged survival through promoting β-catenin degradation in lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:433-44. [PMID: 25036006 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2256oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite advances in treatment and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), patient outcomes are still unsatisfactory. OBJECTIVES To reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with NSCLC, a more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms involved in cancer progression is urgently needed. METHODS By comparison of gene expression profiles in the cell line pair with differential invasion ability, CL1-0 and CL1-5, we found that Shisa3 was highly expressed in the low invasive cells. The effect of Shisa3 on invasion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and anchorage-independent growth activities in vitro and on tumor growth and metastasis in mice models were examined. The underlying mechanism of Shisa3 was explored by microarray and pathway analysis. Finally, the correlation of Shisa3 expression and clinical outcome was also calculated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified Shisa3 as a novel tumor suppressor, which induces β-catenin degradation resulting in suppression of tumorigenesis and invasion in vitro. Shisa3 decreased the tumor growth in mice with subcutaneous implantation and reduced the number of metastatic nodules in mice with tail vein injection and orthotopic implantation. Shisa3 performs the tumor suppression activity through WNT signaling predicted by microarray analysis. Our data found that Shisa3 accelerates β-catenin degradation and was positively associated with overall survival and progression-free survival of NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that Shisa3 acts as a tumor suppressor by acceleration of β-catenin degradation and provide new insight for cancer prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Chen
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology
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29
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Barthold JS, Wang Y, Robbins A, Pike J, McDowell E, Johnson KJ, McCahan SM. Transcriptome analysis of the dihydrotestosterone-exposed fetal rat gubernaculum identifies common androgen and insulin-like 3 targets. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:143. [PMID: 24174575 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.112953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens and insulin-like 3 (INSL3) are required for development of the fetal gubernaculum and testicular descent. Previous studies suggested that the INSL3-exposed fetal gubernacular transcriptome is enriched for genes involved in neural pathways. In the present study, we profiled the transcriptome of fetal gubernaculum explants exposed to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and compared this response to that with INSL3. We exposed fetal (Embryonic Day 17) rat gubernacula to DHT for 24 h (10 and 30 nM) or 6 h (1 and 10 nM) in organ culture and analyzed gene expression relative to that of vehicle-treated controls using Affymetrix arrays. Results were annotated using functional, pathway, and promoter analyses and independently validated for selected transcripts using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Transcripts were differentially expressed after 24 h but not 6 h. Most highly overrepresented functional categories included those related to gene expression, skeletal and muscular development and function, and Wnt signaling. Promoter response elements enriched in the DHT-specific transcriptome included consensus sequences for c-ETS1, ELK1, CREB, CRE-BP1/c-June, NRF2, and USF. We observed that 55% of DHT probe sets were also differentially expressed after INSL3 exposure and that the direction of change was the same in 96%. The qRT-PCR results confirmed that DHT increased expression of the INSL3-responsive genes Crlf1 and Chrdl2 but reduced expression of Wnt4. We also validated reduced Tgfb2 and Cxcl12 and increased Slit3 expression following DHT exposure. These data suggest a robust overlap in the DHT- and INSL3-regulated transcriptome that may be mediated in part by CREB signaling and a common Wnt pathway response for both hormones in the fetal gubernaculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Barthold
- Nemours Biomedical Research/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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30
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Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Ilnytskyy S, Kolb B. Persistent gene expression changes in NAc, mPFC, and OFC associated with previous nicotine or amphetamine exposure. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:655-61. [PMID: 24021241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly addictive drugs like nicotine and amphetamine not only change an individual's behaviour in the short and long-term, they also induce persistent changes in neuronal excitability and morphology. Although research has started to examine the epigenetic changes that occur immediately after drug exposure, there has been little investigation into the persistent modifications to the epigenome that likely moderate the stable maintenance of the neurological changes. Male Long-Evans rats were administered amphetamine, nicotine, or saline for 14 consecutive days, given a 14 day withdrawal period, and then sacrificed. DNA from the mPFC, OFC, and nucleus accumbens (NAc) was used for global DNA methylation analysis and RNA from the same brain regions was used for gene expression analysis. Following the two-week withdrawal period, exposure to amphetamine or nicotine was associated with a decrease in global DNA methylation in each brain region examined. Previous exposure to nicotine was associated with changes in expression of 16 genes (NAc:6, mPFC:5, OFC:5) whereas exposure to amphetamine was associated with changes in expression of 25 genes (NAc:13, OFC:8, mPFC:4). The persistent epigenetic changes associated with exposure to amphetamine and nicotine were region and drug dependent, and differ from the latent epigenetic changes that occur immediately after drug exposure. The changes in DNA methylation are consistent with the gene expression results and provide further support to the notion that DNA methylation is the key regulatory mechanism for experience dependent changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Mychasiuk
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
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Cruciat CM, Niehrs C. Secreted and transmembrane wnt inhibitors and activators. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a015081. [PMID: 23085770 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins plays important roles in embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Wnt signaling is modulated by a number of evolutionarily conserved inhibitors and activators. Wnt inhibitors belong to small protein families, including sFRP, Dkk, WIF, Wise/SOST, Cerberus, IGFBP, Shisa, Waif1, APCDD1, and Tiki1. Their common feature is to antagonize Wnt signaling by preventing ligand-receptor interactions or Wnt receptor maturation. Conversely, the Wnt activators, R-spondin and Norrin, promote Wnt signaling by binding to Wnt receptors or releasing a Wnt-inhibitory step. With few exceptions, these antagonists and agonists are not pure Wnt modulators, but also affect additional signaling pathways, such as TGF-β and FGF signaling. Here we discuss their interactions with Wnt ligands and Wnt receptors, their role in developmental processes, as well as their implication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Maria Cruciat
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Fuhrmann S. Wnt signaling in eye organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:60-7. [PMID: 19122781 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate eye consists of multiple tissues with distinct embryonic origins. To ensure formation of the eye as a functional organ, development of ocular tissues must be precisely coordinated. Besides intrinsic regulators, several extracellular pathways have been shown to participate in controlling critical steps during eye development. Many components of Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathways are expressed in developing ocular tissues, and substantial progress has been made in the past few years in understanding their function during vertebrate eye development. Here, I summarize recent work using functional experiments to elucidate the roles of Wnt/Frizzled pathways during development of ocular tissues in different vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Fuhrmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; John A. Moran Eye Center; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah USA
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Pei J, Grishin NV. Unexpected diversity in Shisa-like proteins suggests the importance of their roles as transmembrane adaptors. Cell Signal 2012; 24:758-69. [PMID: 22120523 PMCID: PMC3295595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Shisa family of single-transmembrane proteins is characterized by an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and a proline-rich C-terminal region. Its founding member, Xenopus Shisa, promotes head development by antagonizing Wnt and FGF signaling. Recently, a mouse brain-specific Shisa protein CKAMP44 (Shisa9) was shown to play an important role in AMPA receptor desensitization. We used sequence similarity searches against protein, genome and EST databases to study the evolutionary origin and phylogenetic distribution of Shisa homologs. In addition to nine Shisa subfamilies in vertebrates, we detected distantly related Shisa homologs that possess an N-terminal domain with six conserved cysteines. These Shisa-like proteins include FAM159 and KIAA1644 mainly from vertebrates, and members from various bilaterian invertebrates and Porifera, suggesting their presence in the last common ancestor of Metazoa. Shisa-like genes have undergone large expansions in Branchiostoma floridae and Saccoglossus kowalevskii, and appear to have been lost in certain insects. Pattern-based searches against eukaryotic proteomes also uncovered several other families of predicted single-transmembrane proteins with a similar cysteine-rich domain. We refer to these proteins (Shisa/Shisa-like, WBP1/VOPP1, CX, DUF2650, TMEM92, and CYYR1) as STMC6 proteins (single-transmembrane proteins with conserved 6 cysteines). STMC6 genes are widespread in Metazoa, with the human genome containing 17 members. Frequent occurrences of PY motifs in STMC6 proteins suggest that most of them could interact with WW-domain-containing proteins, such as the NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases, and could play critical roles in protein degradation and sorting. STMC6 proteins are likely transmembrane adaptors that regulate membrane proteins such as cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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Krol AJ, Roellig D, Dequéant ML, Tassy O, Glynn E, Hattem G, Mushegian A, Oates AC, Pourquié O. Evolutionary plasticity of segmentation clock networks. Development 2011; 138:2783-92. [PMID: 21652651 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vertebral column is a conserved anatomical structure that defines the vertebrate phylum. The periodic or segmental pattern of the vertebral column is established early in development when the vertebral precursors, the somites, are rhythmically produced from presomitic mesoderm (PSM). This rhythmic activity is controlled by a segmentation clock that is associated with the periodic transcription of cyclic genes in the PSM. Comparison of the mouse, chicken and zebrafish PSM oscillatory transcriptomes revealed networks of 40 to 100 cyclic genes mostly involved in Notch, Wnt and FGF signaling pathways. However, despite this conserved signaling oscillation, the identity of individual cyclic genes mostly differed between the three species, indicating a surprising evolutionary plasticity of the segmentation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie J Krol
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Tomás AR, Certal AC, Rodríguez-León J. FLRT3 as a key player on chick limb development. Dev Biol 2011; 355:324-33. [PMID: 21575622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Limb outgrowth is maintained by a specialized group of cells, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a thickening of the limb epithelium at its distal tip. It has been shown that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activity and activation of the Erk pathway are crucial for AER function. Recently, FLRT3, a transmembrane protein able to interact with FGF receptors, has been implicated in the activation of ERK by FGFs. In this study, we show that flrt3 expression is restricted to the AER, co-localizing its expression with fgf8 and pERK activity. Loss-of-function studies have shown that silencing of flrt3 affects the integrity of the AER and, subsequently, its proper function during limb bud outgrowth. Our data also indicate that flrt3 expression is not regulated by FGF activity in the AER, whereas ectopic WNT3A is able to induce flrt3 expression. Overall, our findings show that flrt3 is a key player during chicken limb development, being necessary but not sufficient for proper AER formation and maintenance under the control of BMP and WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Tomás
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Kurokawa D, Ohmura T, Ogino H, Takeuchi M, Inoue A, Inoue F, Suda Y, Aizawa S. Evolutionary origin of the Otx2 enhancer for its expression in visceral endoderm. Dev Biol 2010; 342:110-20. [PMID: 20353765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, the Otx2 gene has been shown to play essential roles in the visceral endoderm during anterior-posterior axis formation and head induction. While these are primary processes in vertebrate embryogenesis, the visceral endoderm is a tissue unique to mammals. Two enhancers (VE and CM) have been previously found to direct Otx2 expression during early embryogenesis. This study demonstrates that in anterior visceral endoderm the CM enhancer does not have an activity by itself, but enhances the activity of the VE enhancer. These two enhancers also cooperate for the activities in anterior mesendoderm and cephalic mesenchyme. Comparative studies suggest that VE enhancer function was most likely established before the divergence of sarcopterygians into Actinistia, Dipnoi and tetrapods, while the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the VE enhancer was already present in the last common ancestor of bony fishes. The CM enhancer sequence and function would have been also established in ancestral sarcopterygians. The VE/CM enhancers and their gene cascades in the ancestral sarcopterygian head organizer would then have been co-opted by amphibian deep endoderm cells and mammalian visceral endoderm cells for the head development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Regulation of mouse embryonic stem cell neural differentiation by retinoic acid. Dev Biol 2009; 328:456-71. [PMID: 19217899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the early blastocyst can differentiate in vitro into a variety of somatic cell types including lineages from all three embryonic germ layers. Protocols for ES cell neural differentiation typically involve induction by retinoic acid (RA), or by exposure to growth factors or medium conditioned by other cell types. A serum-free differentiation (SFD) medium completely lacking exogenous retinoids was devised that allows for efficient conversion of aggregated mouse ESCs into neural precursors and immature neurons. Neural cells produced in this medium express neuronal ion channels, establish polarity, and form functional excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Brief exposure to RA during the period of cell aggregation speeds neuronal maturation and suppresses cell proliferation. Differentiation without RA yields neurons and neural progenitors with apparent telencephalic identity, whereas cells differentiated with exposure to RA express markers of hindbrain and spinal cord. Transcriptional profiling indicates a substantial representation of transit amplifying neuroblasts in SFD cultures not exposed to RA.
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Suda Y, Kurokawa D, Takeuchi M, Kajikawa E, Kuratani S, Amemiya C, Aizawa S. Evolution of Otx paralogue usages in early patterning of the vertebrate head. Dev Biol 2008; 325:282-95. [PMID: 18848537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To assess evolutional changes in the expression pattern of Otx paralogues, expression analyses were undertaken in fugu, bichir, skate and lamprey. Together with those in model vertebrates, the comparison suggested that a gnathostome ancestor would have utilized all of Otx1, Otx2 and Otx5 paralogues in organizer and anterior mesendoderm for head development. In this animal, Otx1 and Otx2 would have also functioned in specification of the anterior neuroectoderm at presomite stage and subsequent development of forebrain/midbrain at somite stage, while Otx5 expression would have already been specialized in epiphysis and eyes. Otx1 and Otx2 functions in anterior neuroectoderm and brain of the gnathostome ancestor would have been differentially maintained by Otx1 in a basal actinopterygian and by Otx2 in a basal sarcopterygian. Otx5 expression in head organizer and anterior mesendoderm seems to have been lost in the teleost lineage after divergence of bichir, and also from the amniotes after divergence of amphibians as independent events. Otx1 expression was lost from the organizer in the tetrapod lineage. In contrast, in a teleost ancestor prior to whole genome duplication, Otx1 and Otx2 would have both been expressed in the dorsal margin of blastoderm, embryonic shield, anterior mesendoderm, anterior neuroectoderm and forebrain/midbrain, at respective stages of head development. Subsequent whole genome duplication and the following genome changes would have caused different Otx paralogue usages in each teleost lineage. Lampreys also have three Otx paralogues; their sequences are highly diverged from gnathostome cognates, but their expression pattern is well related to those of skate Otx cognates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Suda
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Satoh W, Matsuyama M, Takemura H, Aizawa S, Shimono A. Sfrp1, Sfrp2, and Sfrp5 regulate the Wnt/beta-catenin and the planar cell polarity pathways during early trunk formation in mouse. Genesis 2008; 46:92-103. [PMID: 18257070 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sfrp is a secreted Wnt antagonist that directly interacts with Wnt ligand. We show here that inactivation of Sfrp1, Sfrp2, and Sfrp5 leads to fused somites formation in early-somite mouse embryos, simultaneously resulting in defective convergent extension (CE), which causes severe shortening of the anteroposterior axis. These observations indicate the redundant roles of Sfrp1, Sfrp2, and Sfrp5 in early trunk formation. The roles of the Sfrps were genetically distinguished in terms of the regulation of Wnt pathways. Genetic analysis combining Sfrps mutants and Loop-tail mice revealed the involvement of Sfrps in CE through the regulation of the planar cell polarity pathway. Furthermore, Dkk1-deficient embryos carrying Sfrp1 homozygous and Sfrp2 heterozygous mutations display irregular somites and indistinct intersomitic boundaries, which indicates that Sfrps-mediated inhibition of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is necessary for somitogenesis. Our results suggest that Sfrps regulation of the canonical and noncanonical pathways is essential for proper trunk formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Satoh
- Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Minatojima-Minami, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
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