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Tariq S, Shah SA, Hameed F, Mutahir Z, Khalid H, Tufail A, Akhtar H, Chaudhry AA, Khan AF. Tissue engineered periosteum: Fabrication of a gelatin basedtrilayer composite scaffold with biomimetic properties for enhanced bone healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130371. [PMID: 38423439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The periosteum, a vascularized tissue membrane, is essential in bone regeneration following fractures and bone loss due to some other reasons, yet there exist several research gaps concerning its regeneration. These gaps encompass reduced cellular proliferation and bioactivity, potential toxicity, heightened stiffness of scaffold materials, unfavorable porosity, expensive materials and procedures, and suboptimal survivability or inappropriate degradation rates of the implanted materials. This research used an interdisciplinary approach by forming a new material fabricated through electrospinning for the proposed application as a layer-by-layer tissue-engineered periosteum (TEP). TEP comprises poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), PCL/gelatin/magnesium-doped zinc oxide (vascular layer), and gelatin/bioactive glass/COD liver oil (osteoconductive layer). These materials were selected for their diverse properties, when integrated into the scaffold formation, successfully mimic the characteristics of native periosteum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to confirm the trilayer structure of the scaffold and determine the average fiber diameter. In-vitro degradation and swelling studies demonstrated a uniform degradation rate that matches the typical recovery time of periosteum. The scaffold exhibited excellent mechanical properties comparable to natural periosteum. Furthermore, the sustained release kinetics of COD liver oil were observed in the trilayer scaffold. Cell culture results indicated that the three-dimensional topography of the scaffold promoted cell growth, proliferation, and attachment, confirming its non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. This study suggests that the fabricated scaffold holds promise as a potential artificial periosteum for treating periostitis and bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tariq
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Hameed
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Khalid
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Asma Tufail
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hafsah Akhtar
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Aqif Anwar Chaudhry
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Ather Farooq Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan.
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Akram S, Ali M, Mutahir Z, Ibad N, Sarmad S, Mehboob S, Saleem M. Role of TNF-α -308G/A Polymorphism in Bipolar Disorder and its Relationship with Clinical and Demographic Variables. Innov Clin Neurosci 2023; 20:60-71. [PMID: 37122575 PMCID: PMC10132278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Gene-environment interactions might play a significant role in the development of bipolar disorder (BD). The objective of the current study was to investigate the association between tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α -308 G/A polymorphism and BD and conduct a bioinformatics analysis of the protein-protein network of TNF-α. Gene-environment interactions and the relationship between stressful life events (SLEs) and substance abuse with TNF genotypes and other characteristics were analyzed. Methods The genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of 400 patients with BD and 200 control subjects were extracted and genotyped for TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism. SLEs and substance abuse were evaluated using the Life Event and Difficulty Schedule (LEDS) and a self-designed substance abuse questionnaire for the events six months prior to the onset of the disease, respectively. Gene-environment interactions were assessed by multiple statistical tools. Bioinformatics analysis of the TNF-α network and its interacting proteins was carried out using STRING and Cytoscape softwares. Results Genotyping analysis revealed a significant association between TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism and BD (p<0.009). Furthermore, analysis of gene-environment interaction revealed a significant association between TNF-α -308 G/A and SLEs (p=0.001) and TNF-α -308 G/A and substance abuse (p=0.001). Three distinct proteins, RELA, RIPK1, and BIRC3, were identified through hub analysis of the protein network. Conclusion TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism is positively associated with BD. SLEs and substance abuse might trigger the early onset of BD. Proteins identified through bioinformatics analysis might contribute to the TNF-α mediated pathophysiology of BD and can be the potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Akram
- Ms. Akram and Drs. Ali, Mutahir, and Saleem are with School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Ms. Akram and Drs. Ali, Mutahir, and Saleem are with School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Ms. Akram and Drs. Ali, Mutahir, and Saleem are with School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Ibad
- Dr. Ibad is with Shaikh Zayed Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Sarmad
- Dr. Sarmad is with Rashid Latif Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Mehboob
- Dr. Mehboob is with School of Biochemistry, Minhaj University Lahore in Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahjabeen Saleem
- Ms. Akram and Drs. Ali, Mutahir, and Saleem are with School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan
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Tariq S, Mutahir S, Khan MA, Mutahir Z, Hussain S, Ashraf M, Bao X, Zhou B, Stark CB, Khan IU. Synthesis, in vitro cholinesterase inhibition, molecular docking, DFT and ADME studies of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole 2-thiol derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200157. [PMID: 35767725 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A sequence of 1,3,4-oxadiazole 2-thiol derivatives bearing various alkyl or aryl moieties was designed, synthesized, and characterized by modern spectroscopic methods to yield 17 compounds ( 6a - 6q ) which were screened for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes in search of 'lead' compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD). The compounds 6q, 6p, 6k, 6o, and 6l showed inhibitory capability against AChE and BChE, with IC 50 values ranging from 11.730.49 to 27.360.29 µM for AChE and 21.830.39 to 39.430.44 µM for BChE, inhibiting both enzymes within a limited range. The SAR ascertained that the substitution of the aromatic moiety had a profound effect on the AChE and BChE inhibitory potential as compared to the aliphatic substitutions which were supported by the molecular docking studies. In silico ADME studies reinforced the drug-likeness of most of the synthesized molecules. These results were additionally supplemented by the molecular orbital analysis (HOMO-LUMO) and electrostatic potential maps got from DFT calculations. ESP maps expose that on all structures, there are two potential binding sites conquered by the most positive and most negative districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrah Tariq
- Government College University Lahore, Department of Chemitry, Anarkaly Lahore, 54000, Lahore, PAKISTAN
| | - Sadaf Mutahir
- University of Sialkot, Department of Chemitry, Daska Road Sialkot, Sialkot, PAKISTAN
| | - Muhammad Asim Khan
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, 210000, China, 210000, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- University of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam Campus: University of the Punjab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan, Lahore, PAKISTAN
| | - Safdar Hussain
- Islamia University: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Department of Chemitry, Bahwalpur, Bahwalpur, PAKISTAN
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Islamia University: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Department of Chemitry, Bahwalpur, Government College University Lahore, 54000, Bahwalpur, PAKISTAN
| | - Xiaofang Bao
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Room No. 104. 2nd Old Chemical Building, School of Chemical Engineering, 210094, 210094, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Baojing Zhou
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Room No. 104. 2nd Old Chemical Building, School of Chemical Engineering, 210094, 210094, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Christian Bw Stark
- Universitat Hamburg Zentralbibliothek Recht: Universitat Hamburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Hamburg, GERMANY
| | - Islam Ullah Khan
- University of Mianwali, Department of Chemistry/VC Office, VC Office, Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, Pakistan, Mianwali, PAKISTAN
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Sarfaraz S, Khan A, Hameed F, Arshad A, Mutahir Z, Zeeshan R, Ijaz K, Chaudhry AA, Khalid H, Rehman I, Khan AF. Osteogenic and antibacterial scaffolds of silk fibroin/Ce-doped ZnO for bone tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Campus Pakistan
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Campus Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Hameed
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Trieste, Italy
- The ‘Abdus Salam’ International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
- Physics Department, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Arshad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Zeeshan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Ijaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqif Anwar Chaudhry
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Khalid
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihteshamur Rehman
- Bioengineering, Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ather Farooq Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Tariq A, Rehman HM, Mateen RM, Ali M, Mutahir Z, Afzal MS, Sajjad M, Gul R, Saleem M. A computer aided drug discovery based discovery of lead-like compounds against KDM5A for cancers using pharmacophore modeling and high-throughput virtual screening. Proteins 2021; 90:645-657. [PMID: 34642975 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KDM5A over-expression mediates cancer cell proliferation and promotes resistance toward chemotherapy through epigenetic modifications. As its complete mechanism of action is still unknown, there is no KDM5A specific drug available at clinical level. In the current study, lead compounds for KDM5A were determined through pharmacophore modeling and high-throughput virtual screening from Asinex libraries containing 0.5 million compounds. These virtual hits were further evaluated and filtered for ADMET properties. Finally, 726 compounds were used for docking analysis against KDM5A. On the basis of docking score, 10 top-ranked compounds were selected and further evaluated for non-central nervous system (CNS) and CNS drug-like properties. Among these compounds, N-{[(7-Methyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta [c] chromen-9-yl) oxy]acetyl}-l-phenylalanine (G-score: -11.363 kcal/mol) was estimated to exhibit non-CNS properties while 2-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-chromen-4-one (G-score: -7.977 kcal/mol) was evaluated as CNS compound. Docked complexes of both compounds were finally selected for molecular dynamic simulation to examine the stability. This study concluded that both these compounds can serve as lead compounds in the quest of finding therapeutic agents against KDM5A associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Tariq
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Mateen
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Ali
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Roquyya Gul
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mahjabeen Saleem
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Leppiniemi J, Mutahir Z, Dulebo A, Mikkonen P, Nuopponen M, Turkki P, Hytönen VP. Avidin-Conjugated Nanofibrillar Cellulose Hydrogel Functionalized with Biotinylated Fibronectin and Vitronectin Promotes 3D Culture of Fibroblasts. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4122-4137. [PMID: 34542997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The future success of physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) cell/tissue models is dependent on the development of functional biomaterials, which can provide a well-defined 3D environment instructing cellular behavior. To establish a platform to produce tailored hydrogels, we conjugated avidin (Avd) to anionic nanofibrillar cellulose (aNFC) and demonstrated the use of the resulting Avd-NFC hydrogel for 3D cell culture, where Avd-NFC allows easy functionalization via biotinylated molecules. Avidin was successfully conjugated to nanocellulose and remained functional, as demonstrated by electrophoresis and titration with fluorescent biotin. Rheological analysis indicated that Avd-NFC retained shear-thinning and gel-forming properties. Topological characterization using AFM revealed the preserved fiber structure and confirmed the binding of biotinylated vitronectin (B-VN) on the fiber surface. The 3D cell culture experiments with mouse embryonic fibroblasts demonstrated the performance of Avd-NFC hydrogels functionalized with biotinylated fibronectin (B-FN) and B-VN. Cells cultured in Avd-NFC hydrogels functionalized with B-FN or B-VN formed matured integrin-mediated adhesions, indicated by phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase. We observed significantly higher cell proliferation rates when biotinylated proteins were bound to the Avd-NFC hydrogel compared to cells cultured in Avd-NFC alone, indicating the importance of the presence of adhesive sites for fibroblasts. The versatile Avd-NFC allows the easy functionalization of hydrogels with virtually any biotinylated molecule and may become widely utilized in 3D cell/tissue culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Leppiniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.,School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alexander Dulebo
- JPK BioAFM Business, Bruker Nano GmbH, Am Studio 2D, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piia Mikkonen
- UPM-Kymmene Corporation, Alvar Aallon Katu 1, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Nuopponen
- UPM-Kymmene Corporation, Alvar Aallon Katu 1, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Turkki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
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Abid MA, Hussain S, Intisar A, Rizwan M, Ain Q, Mutahir Z, Yar M, Aamir A, Qureshi AK, Jamil M. Synthesis, characterization, hydrolytic degradation, mathematical modeling and antibacterial activity of poly[bis((methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP). Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sakina, Khan AS, Nasrullah A, Ullah F, Muhammad N, Kubra S, Din IU, Mutahir Z. Effect of imidazolium's ionic liquids with different anions and alkyl chain length on phytotoxicity and biochemical analysis of maize seedling. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rehman SU, Khan J, Khan RM, Azam M, Mutahir Z. Molecular heterogeniety of β-Thalassemia in Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PAK J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20200323150315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kausar F, Intisar A, Din MI, Aamir A, Hussain T, Aziz P, Mutahir Z, Fareed S, Samreen B, Sadaqat K. The Volatile Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Leaves of Chorisia Speciosa. J MEX CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.29356/jmcs.v64i4.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. In this study, volatile composition of leaves of Chorisia speciosa was studied first time. The oil was extracted by microwave-assisted oil extraction and constituents were separated and characterized by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. A yield of 0.21% was obtained and a total of 25 constituents were identified. Most dominating constituents were: caryophyllene (32.26 %), bicyclogermacrene (9.88 %), humulene (9.26 %), α-selinene (9.18 %) and β-elemene (8.06 %). The anti-bacterial activity of volatile oil was also evaluated against four pathogenic strains. The oil showed different zones of inhibition against different microbes where strongest activity was found against S. aureus (25 mm), moderate activity (15 mm) against E. coli and no activity against S. typhi (9 mm) at the dose value of 3.64 mg. The observed antibacterial activity was due to the presence of various biologically active major and minor constituents.
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Shahzad N, Munir T, Javed M, Tasneem F, Aslam B, Ali M, Mutahir Z, Akhtar Ali M, Umer M, Ahmad M, Farooq K, Hassan U, Mustafa T, Anjum RS, Shakoori AR. SHISA3, an antagonist of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, is epigenetically silenced and its ectopic expression suppresses growth in breast cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236192. [PMID: 32692756 PMCID: PMC7373276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the foremost cause of cancer related deaths in women globally. Currently there is a scarcity of reliable biomarkers for its early stage diagnosis and theranostics monitoring. Altered DNA methylation patterns leading to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes are considered as an important mechanism underlying tumor development and progression in various cancer types, including BC. Very recently, epigenetic silencing of SHISA3, an antagonist of β-catenin, has been reported in various types of tumor. However, the role of SHISA3 in BC has not been investigated yet. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the contribution of SHISA3 in BC causation by analyzing its expression and methylation levels in BC cell lines (MDA-MB231, MCF-7 and BT-474) and in 103 paired BC tissue samples. The SHISA3 expression and methylation status was determined by qPCR and methylation specific PCR (MSP) respectively. The role of SHISA3 in BC tumorigenesis was evaluated by proliferation and migration assays after ectopic expression of SHISA3. The association between SHISA3 hypermethylation and clinicopathological parameters of BC patients was also studied. The downregulation of SHISA3 expression was found in three BC cell lines used and in all BC tissue samples. However, SHISA3 promoter region was hypermethylated in 61% (63/103) tumorous tissues in comparison to the 18% of their matched normal tissues. The 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine treatment restored SHISA3 expression by reversing promoter hypermethylation in both MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of SHISA3 significantly reduced the proliferation and migration ability of these cells. Taken together, our findings for the first time reveal epigenetic silencing and tumor suppressing role of SHISA3 in BC. Henceforth, this study has identified SHISA3 as potentially powerful target for the development of new therapies against BC, as well as novel diagnostic and therapy response monitoring approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (NS); (MU)
| | - Tehreem Munir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Javed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Umer
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- * E-mail: (NS); (MU)
| | - Munir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kokab Farooq
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umair Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Mustafa
- Department of Histopathology, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rana Salman Anjum
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Yousaf M, Shahzad N, Mutahir Z, Ali M. Rab21, an Endocytic Rab GTPase, is Involved in Drug Resistance in Prostate Cancer Cells. PAK J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20200119170115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fatima M, Syed M, Zeeshan R, Shakoori FR, Shahzad N, Ali M, Mutahir Z. Cytotoxic Effect of MTH1 Gene Silencing in Gemcitabine Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. PAK J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20200406140416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fatima M, Iqbal Ahmed MM, Batool F, Riaz A, Ali M, Munch-Petersen B, Mutahir Z. Recombinant deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster can improve gemcitabine based combined gene/chemotherapy for targeting cancer cells. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:342-349. [PMID: 30903745 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster with a deletion of the last 20 amino acid residues (named DmdNKΔC20) was hypothesized as a potential therapeutic tool for gene therapy due to its broad substrate specificity and better catalytic efficiency towards nucleosides and nucleoside analogs. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of DmdNKΔC20 for sensitizing human cancer cell lines to gemcitabine and to further investigate its role in reversal of acquired drug resistance in gemcitabine-resistant cancer cell line. The DmdNKΔC20 gene was delivered to three different cancer cell lines, including breast, colon and liver cancer cells, using lipid-mediated transfection reagent. After transfection, gene expression of DmdNKΔC20 was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and the combined effect of DmdNKΔC20 and gemcitabine based cytotoxicity was observed by cell viability assay. We further evolved a gemcitabine-resistant breast cancer cell line (named MCF7-R) through directed evolution in the laboratory, which showed 375-fold more resistance compared with parental MCF7 cells. Upon transfection with DmdNKΔC20 gene, MCF7-R cells showed 83-fold higher sensitivity to gemcitabine compared with the control group of MCF7-R cells. Moreover, we observed 79% higher expression of p21 protein in transfected MCF7-R cells, which may indicate induction of apoptosis. Our findings highlight the importance and therapeutic potential of DmdNKΔC20 in combined gene/chemotherapy approach to target a wide range of cancers, particularly gemcitabine-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Fatima
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Zeeshan R, Mutahir Z, Iqbal H, Ali M, Iqbal F, Ijaz K, Sharif F, Shah AT, Chaudhry AA, Yar M, Luan S, Khan AF, Ihtesham-ur-Rehman. Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) crosslinked chitosan (CH) based scaffolds containing bioactive glass (BG) and zinc oxide (ZnO) for alveolar bone repair. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 193:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Mutahir Z, Mekasha S, Loose JSM, Abbas F, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Characterization and synergistic action of a tetra-modular lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Bacillus cereus. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2562-2571. [PMID: 29993123 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) contribute to enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose and may also play a role in bacterial infections. Some LPMOs are multimodular, the implications of which remain only partly understood. We have studied the properties of a tetra-modular LPMO from the food poisoning bacterium Bacillus cereus (named BcLPMO10A). We show that BcLPMO10A, comprising an LPMO domain, two fibronectin-type III (FnIII)-like domains, and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM5), is a powerful chitin-active LPMO. While the role of the FnIII domains remains unclear, we show that enzyme functionality strongly depends on the CBM5, which, by promoting substrate binding, protects the enzyme from inactivation. BcLPMO10A enhances the activity of chitinases during the degradation of α-chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Mutahir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jennifer S M Loose
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Faiza Abbas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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Iqbal H, Ali M, Zeeshan R, Mutahir Z, Iqbal F, Nawaz MAH, Shahzadi L, Chaudhry AA, Yar M, Luan S, Khan AF, Rehman IU. Chitosan/hydroxyapatite (HA)/hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) spongy scaffolds-synthesis and evaluation as potential alveolar bone substitutes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:553-563. [PMID: 29024920 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar bone loss is associated with infections and its augmentation is a pre-requisite for the success of dental implants. In present study, we aim to develop and evaluate novel freeze dried doxycycline loaded chitosan (CS)/hydroxyapatite (HA) spongy scaffolds where hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) was added as a crosslinker. Scaffolds displayed compressive strength of 14MPa/cm3 and 0.34 as elastic response. The interconnected pore diameter was 41-273μm, favorably provided the template supporting cells and transport. An overall 10% degradation was seen after 14day's studies at pH 7.4 in PBS. Doxycycline hyclate, a frequently used drug to counter oral infections, demonstrated an initial burst release (6-8h), followed by a sustain release profile for the remaining 64h. CS/HA/HPMC scaffolds were nontoxic and promoted pre-osteoblast cell viability as seen with live/dead calcein staining after 24h where scaffolds with 10% and 25% HPMC by weight of scaffold had more viable cells. Scaffolds with 10%, 20% and 25% HPMC by weight of scaffold showed efficient cellular adhesion as seen in scanning electron microscopy images (day 8) indicating that pre-osteoblast cells were able to adhere well on the surface and into the porous structure via cytoplasmic extensions. Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining at day 2 and 8 indicated cell proliferation which was further supported byMTT assay at day 2, 4 and 8. Although all scaffolds supported pre-osteoblast cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining demonstrated that upon induction, differentiation was pronounced in case of scaffolds with 10% HMPC scaffolds. Conclusively, these materials having all the required mechanical and biological properties are potential candidates for alveolar bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haffsah Iqbal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Zeeshan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Mutahir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farasat Iqbal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar Hayat Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Shahzadi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aqif Anwar Chaudhry
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yar
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shifang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Ather Farooq Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ihtesham-Ur Rehman
- The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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18
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Zeeshan R, Mutahir Z. Cancer metastasis - tricks of the trade. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:172-182. [PMID: 28278128 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of cancer research have unraveled genetic, epigenetic and molecular pathways leading to plausible therapeutic targets; many of which hold great promise in improving clinical outcomes. Metastatic tumors become evident early on and are one of the major causes of cancer-related fatalities worldwide. This review depicts the sequential events of cancer metastasis. Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity influences local tumor cell invasion, intravasation, survival in circulation, extravasation and colonization to distant sites. Each sequential event is associated with heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, gain of competence, unique population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), circulatory pathway, compatible niche and immune system support. A tight regulation of metastasis-promoting mechanisms and, in parallel, evading inhibitory mechanisms contribute to the severity and site of metastasis. A comprehensive understanding of tumor cell fate as an individual entity, as well as in combination with different promoting factors and associated molecular mechanisms, is anticipated in the coming years. This will enable scientists to depict design strategies for targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Zeeshan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Mutahir Z, Christiansen LS, Clausen AR, Berchtold MW, Gojkovic Z, Munch-Petersen B, Knecht W, Piškur J. Gene duplications and losses among vertebrate deoxyribonucleoside kinases of the non-TK1 Family. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2017; 35:677-690. [PMID: 27906638 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1143557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) salvage deoxyribonucleosides (dNs) and catalyze the rate limiting step of this salvage pathway by converting dNs into corresponding monophosphate forms. These enzymes serve as an excellent model to study duplicated genes and their evolutionary history. So far, among vertebrates only four mammalian dNKs have been studied for their substrate specificity and kinetic properties. However, some vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, and birds, apparently possess a duplicated homolog of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). In this study, we characterized a family of dCK/deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK)-like enzymes from a frog Xenopus laevis and a bird Gallus gallus. We showed that X. laevis has a duplicated dCK gene and a dGK gene, whereas G. gallus has a duplicated dCK gene but has lost the dGK gene. We cloned, expressed, purified, and subsequently determined the kinetic parameters of the dCK/dGK enzymes encoded by these genes. The two dCK enzymes in G. gallus have broader substrate specificity than their human or X. laevis counterparts. Additionally, the duplicated dCK enzyme in G. gallus might have become mitochondria. Based on our study we postulate that changing and adapting substrate specificities and subcellular localization are likely the drivers behind the evolution of vertebrate dNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Slot Christiansen
- a Department of Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,e Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | | | - Martin W Berchtold
- b Department of Biology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Munch-Petersen
- a Department of Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,d Department of Science , Systems and Models, Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- a Department of Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,e Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Jure Piškur
- a Department of Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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Clausen AR, Mutahir Z, Munch-Petersen B, Piškur J. Plants salvage deoxyribonucleosides in mitochondria. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2015; 33:291-5. [PMID: 24940682 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.853782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides into the corresponding 5'-monophosphate deoxyribonucleosides to supply the cell with nucleic acid precursors. In mitochondrial fractions of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we detected deoxyadenosine and thymidine kinase activities, while the cytosol fraction contained six-fold lower activity and chloroplasts contained no measurable activities. In addition, a mitochondrial fraction isolated from the potato Solanum tuberosum contained thymidine kinase and deoxyadenosine kinase activities. We conclude that an active salvage of deoxyribonucleosides in plants takes place in their mitochondria. In general, the observed localization of the plant dNK activities in the mitochondrion suggests that plants have a different organization of the deoxyribonucleoside salvage compared to mammals.
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Konrad A, Lai J, Mutahir Z, Piškur J, Liberles DA. The phylogenetic distribution and evolution of enzymes within the thymidine kinase 2-like gene family in metazoa. J Mol Evol 2014; 78:202-16. [PMID: 24500774 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-014-9611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) carry out the rate-determining step in the nucleoside salvage pathway within all domains of life where the pathway is present, and, hence, are an indication on whether or not a species/genus retains the ability to salvage deoxyribonucleosides. Here, a phylogenetic tree is constructed for the thymidine kinase 2-like dNK gene family in metazoa. Each enzyme class (deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxythymidine kinases, as well as the multisubstrate dNKs) falls into a monophyletic clade. However, in vertebrates, dCK contains an apparent duplication with one paralog lost in mammals, and a number of crustacean genomes (like Caligus rogercresseyi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis) unexpectedly contain not only the multisubstrate dNKs, related to Drosophila multisubstrate dNK, but also a TK2-like kinase. Additionally, crustaceans (Daphnia, Caligus, and Lepeophtheirus) and some insects (Tribolium, Danaus, Pediculus, and Acyrthosiphon) contain several multisubstrate dNK-like enzymes which group paraphyletically within the arthropod clade. This might suggest that the multisubstrate dNKs underwent multiple rounds of duplications with differential retention of duplicate copies between insect families and more complete retention within some crustaceans and insects. Genomes of several basal animalia contain more than one dNK-like sequence, some of which group outside the remaining eukaryotes (both plants and animals) and/or with bacterial dNKs. Within the vertebrates, the mammalian genomes do not contain the second dCK, while birds, fish, and amphibians do retain it. Phasianidae (chicken and turkey) have lost dGK, while it has been retained in other bird lineages, like zebra finch. Reconstruction of the ancestral sequence between the multisubstrate arthropod dNKs and the TK2 clade of vertebrates followed by homology modeling and discrete molecular dynamics calculations on this sequence were performed to examine the evolutionary path which led to the two different enzyme classes. The structural models showed that the carboxyl terminus of the ancestral sequence is more helical than dNK, in common with TK2, although any implications of this for enzyme specificity will require biochemical validation. Finally, rate-shift and conservation-shift analysis between clades with different specificities uncovered candidate residues outside the active site pocket which may have contributed to differentiation in substrate specificity between enzyme clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Konrad
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA,
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Mutahir Z, Clausen AR, Andersson KM, Wisen SM, Munch-Petersen B, Piškur J. Thymidine kinase 1 regulatory fine-tuning through tetramer formation. FEBS J 2013; 280:1531-41. [PMID: 23351158 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) provides a crucial precursor, deoxythymidine monophosphate, for nucleic acid synthesis, and the activity of TK1 increases by up to 200-fold during the S-phase of cell division in humans. An important part of the regulatory checkpoints is the ATP and enzyme concentration-dependent transition of TK1 from a dimer with low catalytic efficiency to a tetramer with high catalytic efficiency. This regulatory fine-tuning serves as an additional control to provide a balanced pool of nucleic acid precursors in the cell. We subcloned and over-expressed 10 different TK1s, originating from widely different organisms, and characterized their kinetic and oligomerization properties. Whilst bacteria, plants and Dictyostelium only exhibited dimeric TK1, we found that all animals had a tetrameric TK1. However, a clear ATP-dependent switch between dimer and tetramer was found only in higher vertebrates and was especially pronounced in mammalian and bird TK1s. We suggest that the dimer form is the original form and that the tetramer originated in the animal lineage after the split of Dictyostelium and the lineages leading to invertebrates and vertebrates. The efficient switching mechanism was probably first established in warm-blooded animals when they separated from the rest of the vertebrates.
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Mutahir Z, Larsen NB, Christiansen LS, Andersson KM, Rico R, Wisen SM, Clausen AR, Munch-Petersen B, Piškur J. Characterization of oligomeric and kinetic properties of tomato thymidine kinase 1. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2012; 30:1223-6. [PMID: 22132978 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.597629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding thymidine kinase 1 from tomato (toTK1) has in combination with azidothymidine (AZT) recently been proposed as a powerful suicide gene for anticancer gene therapy. The toTK1/AZT combination has been demonstrated to have several advantages for the treatment of glioblastomas because AZT can easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and toTK1 can efficiently phosphorylate AZT and also AZT-monophosphate. In a pursuit to further understand the properties of toTK1, we examined the oligomerization properties of recombinant toTK1 and its effect on enzyme kinetics. Previously, it has been shown that human TK1 is a dimer in the absence of ATP and a tetramer if preincubated with ATP. However, we show here that ATP preincubation did not result in a structural shift from dimer to tetramer in toTK1. For human TK1 pretreated with ATP, the K(m) value decreased 20-fold, but toTK1's K(m) value did not show a dependence on the presence or absence of ATP. Furthermore, toTK1 was always found in a highly active form.
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